MacArthur Farm: Bridging the Gap Between the Built Environment and Social Justice by Felicity Amoroso

MACARTHUR FARM Bridging the Gap between the Built Environment and Social Justice

Source: Rob Stephenson, Arch Daily

Felicity Amoroso

MacArthur Farm: Bridging the Gap with the Built Environment and Social Justice By Felicity Amoroso

A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Honors in Architecture and Community Design in the Department of Art + Architecture in the College of Arts & Sciences of the University of San Francisco Approved by:

_____________________________________________ Associate Professor Seth Wachtel, Dept. of Art + Architecture

_____________________________________________ Adjunct Professor Rue Ziegler, Ph.D., Dept. of Sociology 17 May 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS RESEARCH 6-11 Food Inequality 6-7 Food Injustice in Oakland 8-9 East Oakland 10-11

Case Studies 12-15 Princess Garden 12 GrowUp Box 13 FARM: shop 14 City Slicker Farms 15

PROPOSAL 16-31 Justification 16-17 Site 18-19 Functions 20-21 Education Center & Cafe 22-23 Farm Box 24-25 The Garden 26-27 Community Partners 28-29 Business Platform 30 -31

WHAT IS NEXT? 32-22 Future PLans 32

WORKS CITED 33

RESEARCH The Need for Food Justice and Equality Thesis Statement

Food is a universal need; it binds us culturally and

Sustainable, community-orientated design can help create

socially. Unfortunately food is also a marker of injustice

commonality amongst diverse socio-economic classes,

and inequality. Food insecurity is a global problem that

bridging the gap. In this paper I address food injustice in

is found even in the wealthiest of nations. In the U.S.

both the built and social environments. I also propose to

the lack of access to nutritional and affordable food

establish an urban farm that is located in a food desert in

leads to the paradox of obesity and undernutrition. As

Oakland, California.

one of the richest countries in the world, this problem should not exist.

The urban farm will include a wide range of edible crops to provide the local low-income community with healthy and affordable food options. It will address societal needs with the creation of educational programs and a demonstration garden.

Food Access Inequality in the U.S.

Source: Tim Thornberry, NKyTribune

Fig: 1

Food insecurity is an outcome of social inequality.

in food deserts, including 6.5 million children. Residents

Areas with a high percentage of food insecure residents

of food deserts rely on convenience/liquor stores for their

generally are termed “food deserts”. A food desert is

basic necessities These urban outlets are an unreliable

an area with little to no access to a full service grocery

source of healthy foods. Any fresh foods displayed are

store that supplies the community with a wide range of

often mediocre and expensive. Residents in food deserts

foods, such as fresh produce, meat and dairy items. The

often have health related diseases- type 2 diabetes and

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) states

cardiovascular disease- due to the lack of nutrient rich

that approximately 23.5 million Americans currently live

foods.

Food insecurity is defined by the Life Sciences Research Office, an NGO, as the lack of “access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life and includes at a minimum: (1) the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, and (2) the assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways (e.g., without resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, and other coping strategies ).”13 7

RESEARCH Food Injustice in Oakland Inequality amongst the masses

Oakland is a city with a notoriously high percentage of

13,778 residents. 7 Supermarkets in the flatlands have to

food deserts. The city of Oakland is a community of polar

provide service for over seven times as many people as

opposites, regarding income, health and education.

the supermarkets in Oakland Hills. Generally supermarkets

There are a total of 399,483 residents in Oakland 5. The city

are located in neighborhoods where owners will make

is divided by the I-580 corridor, creating two distinct

the most revenue from their investment. Areas that

sectors: the Flatlands and the Oakland Hills (fig 1).

have a higher income like the Oakland Hills have more supermarkets than those with low income neighborhoods.

Census data from 2011 reveals that the majority of Oakland’s

With limited access to healthy foods residents rely on

residents of color live in the Flatlands.19 Approximately one

convenience or liquor stores for daily nutrition. However,

fourth to one third of flatland residents live below the

convenience stores lack adequate fresh produce and

poverty line and the median income is 25 percent lower

promote the consumption of processed foods and sugary

than the citywide average.

Poverty line requirements

drinks. According to People’s Grocery, a nonprofit focusing

varies by county. The federal “poverty thresholds include

on the health of West Oakland, children in the flatlands have

family income for two persons at $15,130, four persons at

an unfair disadvantage that can affect their lifelong health.

$23,050, and six persons at $38,720.

Figure 2 is based

Individuals’ lifestyles are the result of their opportunities.

on percent of families in each census tract living below

Because they live in food deserts, residents of the flatlands

the federal poverty line. The darker the red the higher the

have a significant disadvantage regarding their health and

percentage. Castlemont is depicted with dark red. Thrirty

well-being. People’s Grocery states that,

Source: Nathan McClintock, Portland State Fig: 1

five percent of families living in Castlemont live below the

“Compared with a White child in the Oakland Hills, an African American born in West Oakland of home ownership and educational achievement. is 1.5 times more likely to be born premature or Unemployment in the flatlands is two times as frequent low birth weight, seven times more likely to be as that for residents living in the Oakland Hills. According born into poverty. By fourth grade, this child is likely to live in a neighborhood with twice the to a 2009 report held by Hope Collaborative, an NGO concentration of liquor stores and more fast based in Oakland, residents in the Flatlands have a median food outlets. As an adult, he will be five times household income of $32,000, while those who live in the more likely to be hospitalized for diabetes, twice Hills have a median income of $58,000. In the Flatlands as likely to be hospitalized for and to die of heart disease, three times more likely to die of stroke, there is roughly one supermarket per 93,126 residents and twice as likely to die of cancer.” 1 poverty line. The flatlands have the lowest percentage

and in the Oakland Hills there is one supermarket per

Source: Brittany Schell, Pulse of Oakland

Fig: 2

RESEARCH East Oakland

Eastmont Town Center

Ma rth cA ur d. Blv

Arroyo Viejo Recreation Center

e. Av

. ve dA

East Oakland is an area of the Flatlands that has one of

Monterroso was the first person in her family to graduate

the lowest ratios of supermarkets to residents in Oakland.

high school. Unfortunately that claim does not hold true

East Oakland has a population density greater than 15,000

for others. Students living in East Oakland have a lower

residents per square mile. The community consists of 38%

chance of graduating high school than other Oakland

Latino, 51% African American, 4% Caucasian residents

students. There has been findings that state that those who

4% Asian and 4% other races.9 The average household

live in East Oakland have a greater risk for health problems

income is $45, 388, which is significantly lower than the

like diabetes and obesity than other neighborhoods in

city average of $ 51,683. Forty four percent of households

Oakland. Melinda Monterroso was diagnosed with type

are headed by a single parent and over half of households

2 diabetes at the age of 15. Both of her parents were

have one or more persons under the age of eighteen.

diagnosed with diabetes as well. She was eating a mixture

Many low income communities are engulfed in a perpetual

of junk food everyday: chips, hot pockets and frozen tv

cycle of poverty that hinders residents’ chances of social

dinners. Some would argue that she should eat healthier,

mobility. Residents in the Flatlands, majority low-income

but “choice” was not an option for her. Healthy food was

communities of color, desire local community grocery

not accessible, so she opted for the foods that were more

stores. These community owned grocery stores could be

convenient. Monterosso stated,

run by residents to keep the profits within the community

“If I can walk down the street and get something healthy, I’d do it. But I have three corner stores grocery chains, whose profit is taken outside of the city. around my house, all walking distance, and the It has been estimated that “for every $1 used at a local nearest supermarket is three or four miles away”22 and create a self-sustaining local economy. Unlike major

Castlemont High School

market an additional $0.58 cents could be generated in the community economy and could alleviate even more, in

Access to healthy food plays a significant role in our health

relative terms, in per capita healthcare costs.” 10 Thirty three

and lifestyle. Today there is a huge disconnect between

percent of residents believe that there is not a full-service,

consumers and their food. I hope to address this issue

Vacant Lot

convenient and cost efficient supermarket near them. East

with the introduction of an urban farm. Unlike other urban

Parcel

Oakland has great potential in being the next sustainable

farms I will support community advancement with the

food model in Oakland.

implementation of cheap healthy foods, farm stewardship

Park

Liquor Store

and food education. Residents will have the opportunity

Fast Food Supermarket Fig: 3

Castlemont, a neighborhood in East Oakland, is described

to grow and learn about where their food comes from.

by residents as “deep” East Oakland. The streets are full of

East Oakland would be the ideal location for an urban

potholes, fast food restaurants and liquor stores. A resident

farm since it has the lowest percentage of residents with

of Castlemont, Melinda Monterroso depicts Castlemont

access to healthy foods.

as a tough place to grow up. With little to no support 11

CASE STUDY

Princess Garden

GrowUp Box

Berlin

London

While researching successful urban farms, I happen to

of crates and pots full of plants. These are movable and

The box is a an up-cycled shipping container that includes

aquaponics uses only 1/10th of the water of soil-based

learn about Princess Garden in Berlin.2 The garden is in

give emphasis on their original claim of being temporary.

a greenhouse and an aquaponic system. The greenhouse

gardening.14 Aquaponics uses natural fertilizer from

central Berlin on a vacant lot. The creator of the project

The garden also has a cafe on site, which takes place in

uses vertical growing techniques, which grows leafy

fish waste. The box was implemented to showcase the

wanted to bring fresh produce to the city. What interested

a shipping container. The garden has public events and

greens and herbs. The aquaponic system grows fish and

feasibility of aquaculture within the urban market. The

me about this project is how they incorporated temporary

specials. Unlike other community gardens and urban

plants together simultaneously. The box uses tilapia and

box is also uses as an educational platform that showcases

structures into farming. The farm is built on the idea

farms, Princess Garden wanted to present a template for

Carp. Aquaponics is more time and resource efficient

sustainable food production.

of being movable, and temporary. The site is made up

future temporary gardens.

that traditional gardening. It has been speculated the

Source: Princess Garden

Fig: 4

Source: GrowUp

Fig: 5

CASE STUDY FARM: shop

CASE STUDY

London

West Oakland

City Slicker Farms

The shop is business, an experiment, and a new idea.

nutrients. Aquaponics is system where fish and plants

City Slicker Farms is in West Oakland, not to far from my

farming education program aims to teach and supply

The shop wanted to bring farming into the city through

grow independently. It is a sustainable, natural food

potential site. The farm is more than just a urban farm it

residents with the skills and tools to be able to grow

means of traditional and modern means of agriculture.

system that is free of waste and chemical fertilizers. The

is a community. Over the years the farm implemented

their own food. In order to supply the community with

The FARM:shop consists of an on site cafe, aquaponic

aquaponic system produces 30kg of salads and greens,

successful campaigns that incorporate education and

an alternative, the farm must implement an educational

system, hydroponic system, chicken coop, mushroom

which the cafe uses for their salads and sandwiches.11

outreach. Their mission is â&#x20AC;&#x153;to empower West Oakland

program. I plan on using City slicker farms as a guide to

blocks and pigs. Hydroponics is agricultural system that

community members to meet the immediate and basic

understand how to successfully implement an educational

grows plants without soil, using only water and chemical

need for themselves and their families by creating high

program.

yield urban farms and backyard gardens.â&#x20AC;? 4 Their urban

Source: FARM:shop

Fig: 6

Source: City Slicker Farms

Fig: 7

PROPOSAL Macarther Farm: Justification Bridging the gap between the built environment and social justice

Urban Agriculture is when plants are grown with a city. UA

firsthand. UA helps to build a stronger regional food system.

supply communities, especially low-income communities

UA needs to be more accessible to the public to educate

with fresh produce, food variety, and cheaper prices

consumers about healthy food choices. One difficultly with

the conventional chain supermarkets. UA cuts out the

community spaces is obtaining the “community” aspect. Often

middleman, leaving the urban farmer with more revenue.

times designs lack the knowledge and the opinion of local

UA can contribute to local food security. The Farm with

community members. Before implementing an urban design,

supply fresh, cultural appropriate food options that adhere

the designer must not only understand the community, but

to local demand. UA can reconnect consumers with local

also work with it. MacArthur Farm will be a project from the

food sources and healthy food choices. By showcasing how

community to Castlemont, not a project for the community.

food is growing, consumers can learn firsthand. UA helps

One way MacArthur Farm hopes to accomplish this is with

to build a stronger regional food system. UA needs to be

partnership with local organizations.

more accessible to the public to educate consumers about healthy food choices. One difficultly with community spaces

As a result of social inequality people are forced to make

is obtaining the “community” aspect. Often times designs lack

choices that can affect their health and well-being; such as,

the knowledge and the opinion of local community members.

food. Food injustice is not just a matter of health, it is a matter

Before implementing an urban design, the designer must

of personal responsibility, promoting equality amongst the

not only understand the community, but also work with

masses. I hope to address this social inequality by showing

it. MacArthur Farm will be a project from the community

the importance of food through design. MacArthur Farm will

to Castlemont, not a project for the community. One way

serve as a successfully urban farm template that incorporates

MacArthur Farm hopes to accomplish this is with partnership

not only fresh produce, but also education, community

with local organizations. UA can contribute to local food

engagement and agricultural stewardship. By supporting

security. The Farm with supply fresh, cultural appropriate

positive change in our youth, one can provide hope for

food options that adhere to local demand. UA can reconnect

generations to come.

consumers with local food sources and healthy food choices. By showcasing how food is growing, consumers can learn

Source: Friendly Tree

Fig: 9

PROPOSAL Macarther Farm: Site

d. Blv ur rth cA

Casltemont/Eastmont Neighborhood

Throughout the city of Oakland there are numerous vacant

allows the site to have up to three beehives.24 I want to

lots. In East Oakland there are 9 promising lots. Many are

propose to lease the site for five years from the non-profit

undeveloped and have the potential to become food

to establish a pop-up urban farm, which will demonstrate

gardens. My proposal takes the space of a vacant lot and

feasibility of using vacant lots for the urban agriculture land

transforms it into a community-oriented farm. Unlike most

sector. The lot would be an ideal site since it is near a main

community gardens this farm will not only feed the local

road (MacArthur Blvd.) and multiple bus stops. The lot is

residents, but provide a space for educational programs

located in a semi-residential area with commercial lots to

and community engagement. At the corner of 83rd Avenue

the north of the site, and residential lots to the southeast.

and MacArthur Blvd. lies a vacant lot with 0.34 acres. The

The site is also near religious institutions.

e. Av d r 2

lot is owned by Oakland Community Housing Inc., which is a public charity founded in Oakland, CA. The lot is a RU-4

My design provides two entrances, one from Mac Arthur

(residential zone), which can be used as commercial land.

and one from 83rd Avenue. The community garden

The city of Oakland is working on granting land owners

will be open to the public and provide the locals with

tax reductions if they temporally lease their land for

a safe environment. My plan incorporates temporary

agriculture. The act is called Urban Agriculture Incentive

structures with semi-permanent raised garden beds.

Act, CA Assembly Bill 551.12 In the act there are two forms

This will present a diverse means of urban farming.

e. Av d r 3

of lot use: limited and extensive agriculture. By law, limited agriculture allows lots less than 1 acre to sell crops. It also

Site Liquor Store

Bus Stop

e. Av d r 4

Chruch

Fig: 10

PROPOSAL Macarther Farm: Functions

B The Farm center will

showcase different agricultural

It allows people to see the fruits of their labor, firsthand.

methods. Not only will it produce food, it will beautify

Food can be used to promote economic development and

the community, educate the youth and revitalize the site.

community vitality. MacArthur Farm has a diverse set of

Growing food has a therapeutic and a rehabilitation aspect.

functions. Each cater to a specific need.

D •

Showcase/ demonstrate agricultural methods, including hydroponics and sustainable planting methods.

•

Provide youth development opportunities

•

Foster a wide range of cultural and educational services, such as cooking demonstrations, nutrition seminars and art exhibits

•

Serve as a social hub for the neighborhood

•

House a demonstration farm

•

Present diverse means of agricultural production

•

Provide a local cafe that also functions as a market, serving fresh foods from the garden

Legend A:

Cafe Container

Compost

Education Center

Fruit Trees

Outdoor Seating

Outdoor Area

Native Plants

Hydroponic Farm

Raised Bed

Southeast Entrance

Beehives

Northeast Entrance

F G

K Fig: 11

PROPOSAL MacArther Farm: Education Center & Cafe Community Hub

Oakland is historically known as a major port city for the

the community with fresh prepared meals from the garden.

East Bay. Everyday shipments make their way into the city

The cafe can inspire residents with new and exciting recipes

in shipping containers, which are readily available. The pre-

easily used at home. The structure will include one movable

fabricated structures makes it easy for one to dismantle and

siding that provides shade during the day and locks up the

reconfigure. Shipping containers will be 40’ x 8’ x 9.5’. My new

structure at night. The cafe is tangent to the educational

farm will have three main structures: a cafe, an educational

container, which will house demonstrations, cooking seminars

center and an interior hydroponic farm. By using shipping

and art displays from the community. The educational center

containers, the farm will have movable, temporary structures

will also feature an interactive aquaponic tank, which allows

that signify Oakland’s historical

industry. The possible

residents the opportunity to witness a closed loop system

ramifications are infinite; that is why I will be working with

where fish and plants grow independently. Cafe goers will be

architects or designers that have experience/ expertise

able to purchase meals made directly from the aquaponic,

with container construction. The community center will

hydroponic and garden beds. Meals will be mostly vegetarian

be comprised of the cafe, education center, and outdoor

with exceptions for the fish from the aquaponic tank and

seating. This will be located at the north end of the site near

chicken products from Castlemont High School’s garden. The

the entrance that comes from MacArthur Blvd. Unlike many

exterior of both the cafe and education containers will have

community gardens, my farm will incorporate a small cafe that

murals from local artists, representing the local culture and

also functions as a shop for locals to purchase low cost, fresh,

social values.

and culturally appropriate produce. The cafe will also serve

Fig: 12

Fig: 13

PROPOSAL MacArther Farm: Farm Box Tons of Leafy Greens

The third container will be insulated and will house an indoor

act as a template for future temporary community gardens

hydroponic system. Hydroponics is a method for growing

that want to demonstrate and provide a local safe haven.

plants without soil, using only water and chemical nutrients. The majority of greenhouse tomatoes, basil and lettuces produce in the US are grown with hydroponic methods.7 Major cities like Boston have introduced various forms of

“Students will grow up to 1,200 heads of healthy greens a week in an upcycled box at New York’s State University at Stony Brook.” 23

shipping container farms. Planting in a 40’ shipping container can yield more than one acre worth of crops. This compact design saves urban areas money and time from transporting food from rural farms since it cuts out the middleman. Fright Farms, a contained hydroponic farm manufacturer, uses shipping containers to grow fresh produce. The company states that one farm shipping container uses only 10 gallons of water a day and 80 kilowatt hours of energy. They also state that the farm box requires on average $300 dollars a month to run it.18 The shipping containers will serve the community and

Source: Hydroponiacs

Fig: 14

Source: Stony Brook

Fig: 15

Fig: 16

PROPOSAL MacArther Farm: The Garden Education Platform

The centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s farm will include a traditional garden with raised

harsh chemicals. Another sustainable agriculture method

beds, outdoor seating, compost, and beehives. Raised beds

is permaculture, which mimics natural ecosystems. Perma-

will be placed in the interior of the site, while perimeter of

culture farms are characterized by having high biodiversity

the site will contain native drought tolerant plants, such as,

and low-put. It uses methods, such as intercropping trees,

the Apricot Mallow and the Lester Rowntree Manzanita.

planting perennials, water harvesting, and resource recy-

The perimeter walls will act as a buffer between the street

cling. The Farm will also have three beehives on site, which

and the garden. Native plants will aid with water runoff and

will provide the garden with pollen and honey. The beehives

soil regeneration. The plants will be aesthetically pleasing,

are located at the intersection of MacArthur Blvd. and 83rd

attracting residents and insects; such as butterflies and

Blvd. The hives will be surround by shrubbery on 2 sides. The

hummingbirds. The raised beds will also be more acces-

farm will have a chainlink fencing surrounding the site with

sible for residents since the plants will be elevated above

two gates one from the northeast and one from the south-

ground level. The sides of the raised beds can also function

east. A portion of the fence will be solid to aid in providing

as seating by adding a horizontal platform for a seat. The

the beeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and residents separation. A 6ft wall directly next

raised beds will incorporate sustainable agriculture meth-

to the bees will force the bees flight upward and out. This

ods; such as companion planting. Companion planting is

will reduce the chance of beeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s colliding into a passerby.

when different plant species that are naturally beneficial

The farm will consist of diverse array of systems and act as a

are located next to each other. An example of this would be

model of self-sufficiency. By working with nature, I can create

planting potatoes near beans. The beans ward off the com-

an ecological sound farm, producing healthy alternatives to

mon pest, the Mexican bean beetle from eating the potato

industrial farming practices.

plant. Companion planting will allow the farm to be free of

Fig: 17

Fig: 18

PROPOSAL MacArther Farm: Community Partners Sustainable Urban Design Academy, SUDA

Just a couple blocks south of the site lies the public

I can provide benefits to the community, adding jobs and

Castlemont High School. The school has a program called

volunteer opportunities for the locals. I will provide local

Sustainable Urban Design Academy or SUDA. SUDA hopes to

residents, especially the youth and elderly with positions

encourage students to pursue a career through sustainability

on the farm center. Employees will introduce visitors and

with an engaging and supportive community.20 By working

residents to the growing green industry. This will create

with SUDA, the farm center can engage local youth. There is

a sustainable business platform within the community.

another youth program in Oakland, called Community Grows,

The farmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main purpose is to help educate and promote

which is a community service garden program. This program

sustainable values, such as in low-income areas.

promotes healthy eating and also provides environmental education.21 By creating an educational program on the site

Source: SUDA

Fig: 19

Source: SUDA

Fig: 20

Source: SUDA

Fig: 21

PROPOSAL Sustainable Business Platform Expenses/ Revenue

At the beginning of the program the farm will rely on private

be less than $300 to run. One thing to note would be water.

sources for donations and building supplies. The initial costs

Who will be providing it and how much does the farm need?

would include: three shipping containers, cafe equipment,

The revenue made from the cafe will need to be higher than

gardening tools, kitchen equipment, raised beds, plants and

the total expenses in order to be self-sustaining. To truly

outdoor seating. Once the farm is successfully introduced,

understand the business platform, the project would need

then the income from the cafe will support the program.

a business professional to further research possible expense

Recurring costs would have to be considered. The hydroponic

strategies.

container costs around $300 monthly.18 The cafe and the education center requires less energy; therefore, it would

Fig: 22

Source: Princess Garden

Fig: 23

WHAT IS NEXT? Supporting Economic Development & Food Justice Local Food Systems

Developing local food systems can assure food security,

By incorporating a holistic approach, MacArthur Farm can

improving health and nutrition. Local food production

tackle food inequality and injustice. The farm will have a

can also promote economic development. Spending

set of programs that address key elements such as; human

money at a local business stimulates wealth, which

capacity training, food engagement, and land stewardship.

promotes

local economic transactions. On the other

Food inequality is not just the result of income, but equal

hand, revenue from large grocery chains sends money

access to healthy foods. Through means of programatic

out of the community. Urban farming provides local jobs.

elements and design, the farm can establish a template

It also promotes the development of marketable trades.

for future urban farms.

“Food insecurity in the US is not the result of a shortage of food or of resources; it it the result of poverty and of policies and programs that fail to prioritize the needs of low-income Americans” -Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, NYU

Source: Walker’s Point

Fig: 24

Source: Food Tank

Fig: 25

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;When health is absent, wisdom cannot reveal itself, art cannot manifest, strength cannot fight, wealth becomes useless, and intelligence cannot be applied.â&#x20AC;? - Herophilus