BIOPHILIC DESIGN: The importance of nature in our life and the vision of a sustainable well-being by Fenya Kompatsiari

BIOPHILIC DESIGN: The importance of nature in our life and the vision of a sustainable well-being

ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BIOPHILIC DESIGN: The importance of nature in our life and the vision of a sustainable well-being

Supervisor: Maria Dousi

Student: Kompatsiari Theofania

2020-2021

SUMMARY This research dissertation explores the usefulness of the integration of biophilic strategies in the architectural design, while the theoretical approaches are commented on this contemporary view of the architectural creation. Specific examples of applied architectural works with integrated biophilic design strategies have been analyzed and evaluated to draw conclusions regarding their usefulness. The term biophilia describes the passionate love of human beings for life and all living things and expresses the innate tendency to connect with the natural world. Our relationship with nature has always been multifaceted and complex, as it is a relationship fundamental to our existence and survival but also necessary for the formation and continuation of our civilization. However, in modern times, this connection has been broken and the mutual relationship of respect has turned into a one-sided domination of man over nature. As we realize the effects of this imbalance on both ourselves and the natural environment, we begin to consider it necessary to review the conventional methods of architectural design and to explore new, sustainable solutions. Biophilic design is a holistic approach that incorporates the overall perception and interpretation of nature and also of the functions of living organisms and ecosystems at its core while understanding human physiology and meeting human needs. The goals of biophilic design are the reconnection of man with nature, the creation of a desirable, healthy and sustainable living space and at the same time the strengthening of the structure and function of the whole society. From the scale of the building to the scale of the city, scholars and architects have formulated the basic principles for its effective implementation and also a large number of specific strategies that can be used in the design. The strategies included in a project must support each other and work together with each other and with the overall environment in order to act as a whole. In addition, specifications and evaluation systems have been developed in order to establish a reliable implementation framework and control the results. In conclusion, biophilic design through the fusion of architecture and sustainability, technology and ecology, man and nature, promotes the vision of a therapeutic living environment and a sustainable society. Keywords: biophilia, nature, architecture, biophilic design, sustainability, wellness

CONTENTS Introduction

The relationship between mankind and nature

Conceptual content, etymology and brief timeline of the term biophilia 5 Integration of biophilia in design 6 Spectrum of application of biophilic design 8 Principles of biophilic design 11 Experiences and attributes of biophilic design 12 Direct experience of nature 14 Indirect experience of nature 24 Experience of space and place 35 Expected results from the implementation of biophilic design 42 Criticism for the implementation of biophilic design and certification systems

Case studies

Conclusions

Bibliography

Images

INTRODUCTION This paper deals with the concept of biophilia, its promising potential to be beneficially implemented in architectural design and the value of biophilic design for people, societies and the environment. The information was obtained through the study of texts, articles and the research on a number of websites of architectural interest. First, the etymology and conceptual content of the term biophilia are explained and the pioneering scientists who dealt with it are presented. Reference is made to their main texts and the need for cooperation between various scientific fields for the enrichment of the theoretical background is noted. Then, in order to constructively interpret and integrate biophilia into the design, the processes of nature and organisms in parallel with anthropogenic systems and structures are commented. The paper includes a brief description of ecosystems, their components and the interactions between them and also the concept of mutual coexistence between organisms. Moreover, the relation of the parts to the whole, the significance of change to ensure the viability of the system, natural or artificial, and also the beneficial cooperation between the different systems are discussed. Afterwards, the importance of biophilic design as a holistic approach to create a suitable living environment for mankind through the application of knowledge of nature is underlined. Furthermore, the range of application which extends from building design to urban planning and landscape design is presented. In addition, the impact of the various factors that influence the design based on the choice of biophilic practices that are appropriate to it is stressed and the need for coordination and harmonization between the practices and with the surrounding environment aiming for a unified whole is emphasized. Following, the basic principles, defining the application of biophilic design, as formulated by the researchers, are pointed out and the specific strategies that can be utilized during the design process are categorized. The strategies fall into three main categories, direct experience with nature, indirect experience and experience of space and place. Next, the expected results from the application of biophilic design in the areas of human health and well-being, employee productivity and business development, as well as the management of environmental issues are described. Additionally, some aspects of the problematic for the effective implementation of biophilic design are highlighted and specific certification systems which include biophilic criteria are presented (WELL Building Standard and Living Building Challenge 4.0). Finally, some examples of application of biophilic practices in both small and large scale (residence and visitor centre) are presented. The paper draws to an end with conclusions and comments on the possibility but also the necessity of architectural design to create sustainable and therapeutic living environments that cultivate the connection of man with the natural world and promote a relationship of harmony and respect between them.

1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANKIND AND NATURE Man's relationship with nature has always been multifaceted and complex. It is a relationship fundamental to his existence and survival but also necessary for the formation and continuation of his culture. From the beginning of his appearance on the planet, man relied on the natural environment, the means and the goods that were offered to him in order to survive and protect himself from dangers, whether they came from other organisms or from the weather and the geomorphologic conditions of his habitat. Contemporaneously, he began to accumulate experience, knowledge and skills, to evolve and progress in activities beyond his survival and perpetuation of his species. Without realizing it, he paved the way for what would later be called human civilization and that would distinguish the human species from other organisms on the planet. Driven by the vision for a better future, he never ceased to explore, learn and create, which is a fact that is demonstrated by the multitude of the unprecedented achievements he has made in countless areas. Over time, utilizing the skills he developed and the advances he made in science and technology, he was able to satisfy his needs relying heavily on his own abilities, to systematically improve his living conditions and well-being and finally to expand the anthropogenic environment on the largest part of the planet. In the process, however, he neglected the value of nature and the importance of maintaining a balanced relationship with the natural world resulting not only in a growing alienation from it but also in an increasing imposition on it.

1.1 Settlement of the African tribe Dogon, Mali

1.2 The castle city of Mystras, Greece

Houses similarly made of mud and soil with

Stone constructions with tiled roofs

thatched roofs

1.3 The urban fabric of Shanghai, China

1.4 The urban fabric of New York, USA

The third most populous area in the world

Skyscrapers made of concrete, metal and glass

Consequently, in the present day, the innate connection of man with the natural world has been disturbed and the mutual relationship of cooperation and respect has become a one-sided domination of man over nature. On the one hand, modern societies tend to act as an obstacle to the harmonious interaction of people with nature and obstruct, instead of facilitating, the development of a deeper connection with the natural environment, in which most of man’s evolutionary course has taken place. It is a fact that the anthropogenic environment has been formed in a short period of time in relation to the long stay of man in his natural environment. As a result his continuous everyday presence in this artificial space is coming into conflict with his innately associated with his body and his psychosynthesis tendencies for affiliation with life and nature. Modern design has devalued the traditional practices that had gradually evolved with references and inspiration from nature and is considered insufficient to incorporate all those elements that are crucial for human survival and spirit development. Concluding, modern man lives and breathes alienated from nature, animals and plants, but also from himself, in an artificial environment made for him but also unsuitable for him, his needs and desires. On the other hand, the relentless spread of the man-made environment takes place at the expense of the natural environment and the reckless continuation of human activities is occurring without interest for the effects on the natural world and the future generations. It is evident that uncontrolled human interventions dramatically degrade the existing environment and endanger the viability not only of human civilization but also of the entire planet. Nowadays, human beings, who are just one of the thousands of organisms that survive on this planet, exploit natural resources in every possible way without cultivating a sustainable consciousness, thus perpetuating a condition of complete imbalance that leads to disorder of the harmonious coexistence with nature and everything living.

1.5 Deforestation of the Amazon forest,

1.6 Desertification of the Sun Moon Lake

in Brazil

in Taiwan

1.7 Habitat loss and threat to domestic species in

1.8 River overflow and destruction of villages due

Borneo due to expansion of palm oil plantations

to floods in Brazil

The notion that man's current relationship with nature is neither beneficial to him nor sustainable for the natural environment has begun to take hold in recent decades and steps have been taken to reconsider it. As the consequences of the inappropriate design of the artificial environment are now being understood, the need for sustainability is beginning to emerge as a fundamental component of the architectural design. The anthropogenic environment has begun to be treated as a complex system that interacts in various ways with the natural environment, significantly affects it but is also affected by it. Buildings tend to be considered as an integral part of this system rather than autonomous units and passive objects that fill the urban space. The growing demand for bioclimatic design highlights this shift in interest towards creating sustainable environments that respect the planet and the natural resources. In addition, sustainable design arises not only to reduce the ecological footprint of the built environment but also for its active contribution to the mitigation of modern environmental issues in order to ensure the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. In parallel, another design trend which focuses on the man's connection to the natural world is emerging. It is inspired by humans’ innate need to affiliate with nature and life and can be described as a holistic approach which aims to create therapeutic living spaces for humans in order to promote a sense of well-being. The design of such a space has the potential to satisfy the human needs and desires and promote the integration of nature, directly or indirectly, in the human environment. So, what is this new trend all about?

1.9 Reconciliation of man with nature

2. CONCEPTUAL CONTENT, ETYMOLOGY AND BRIEF TIMELINE OF THE CONCEPT BIOPHILIA The word biophilia was first introduced by the American psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, who composed it from the Greek words bios (βίος) with the meaning of life and philia (φιλία) with the meaning of love and friendship. The term appears in his book "Anatomy of human destruction" (1973) and is used to describe the passionate love of life and all living things, as the etymology of the word indicates. In his texts, combining findings from different fields of science such as neurophysiology and anthropology, he examines the agony and conflict caused to humans by the realization of their mortality and their alienation from nature. He points out that humans, aiming to deal with their internal conflict, will either act backwards and lead to the manifestation of narcissistic and violent behaviour, or they will function progressively and manifest altruistic and biophilic tendencies. These tendencies express the innate instincts to connect with life, ecosystems and natural processes. The term biophilia then propagates in the literature with its appearance and further analysis in the book of the American sociologist Edward O. Wilson entitled "Biophilia" (1984). Wilson explores the importance of biophilia, maintaining the definition given by Fromm, evolving the concept and at the same time introducing and consolidating the biophilia hypothesis. It is clarified that human reactions and responses to natural elements and stimuli have been sculpted during their long evolutionary course in the natural environment and are inherited from generation to generation. In other words, the human body carries memories of hundreds of thousands of years which subconsciously and to a significant degree affect the health and psychosynthesis of modern man. Although his living environment has changed dramatically and he now survives in an artificial environment, his body and senses have not adapted to these relatively recent changes. As a result, the deeply rooted in the biology and genetic basis human need for correlation with life and nature, comes into conflict with the artificial environment in which man lives today. Wilson and Stephen R. Kellert in collaboration with academics from a wide range of fields publish the book "The Biophilia Hypothesis" (1995). The book is an amalgam of perspectives and concepts and brings together a wide range of examples that explain the origins and evolution of biophilia in human beings. The basic idea that is being investigated is the origin of biophilia as a biological need embedded in the psychosomatic profile of the human species. It is explained that the positive response to nature and everything natural appears in man due to the genetic predisposition that has been developed and engraved in his physiology and psychology. Additionally, it is hypothesized that the alienation of modern man from the physical world and the dissatisfaction of his innate need for connection with life causes significant disturbances in every aspect of his existence. Consequently, the behaviour and well-being of individuals as a whole are affected, and thus the well-being and quality of life of entire societies.

Since then, numerous books, articles and papers have been written and published in order to enrich the theoretical background of the concept of biophilia and human relationship with nature. Scientific researches are presented with results that support and confirm the theoretical approaches and promote ways of integrating biophilia in architectural design and applying its concept in modern life. Based on the above, the collaboration and the two-way flow of information, knowledge and practices from various scientific fields (humanities, natural, social, economic sciences) with the fields of design (architectural, urban, industrial, mechanical, technological) becomes necessary in order to establish a holistic approach towards the design and construction of the anthropogenic environment. The built environment is necessary not only to impede strategies for sustainability and regeneration but also to promote the human well-being and the respect towards the planet. Eventually, the ultimate goal is to manage to restore the mutually beneficial relationship and harmonious coexistence of man with the natural world. [1] [2] [3] [4] [14] [15] [35]

2.1 Nautilus shell

2.2 Fern leaf

2.3 Butterfly

3. INTEGRATION OF BIOPHILIA IN DESIGN The effective integration of the concept of biophilia in the various fields of design, presupposes the understanding and interpretation of the functions and mechanisms of living organisms and natural systems. The various organisms are entities with distinct and unique characteristics that work in collaboration with each other and with the environment around them. The ecosystem (or ecological system) includes all the biotic (the living organisms) and abiotic (the natural environment) components or factors in combination with the complex relationships and interactions that are developed between them. Through the critical study of organisms and ecosystems, the constructive and useful translation of their elements to the architectural design can be achieved and the reckless and barren copying can be avoided. The end result of biophilic design is considered successful when it incorporates the overall perception and interpretation of nature and its elements in the core and the individual stages of the design process.

A concept that appears necessary to be mentioned in this context is the mutual coexistence of organisms in a system. Two-way interactions are developed between the organisms which benefit all the involved parts and confirm the perception that each element of a system is intertwined with the rest and necessary for the operation of the system. Similarly, the various systems are inextricably linked and influence and alter each other. Proportionally at the level of human society, individuals, the elements of the built environment and the natural landscape are in constant interaction and interdependence. These relationships must be reciprocal and balanced with each unit acting collaboratively to contribute to the smooth operation and prosperity of the whole. The design of anthropogenic elements must acknowledge human society as part of a larger system and avoid treating it as disconnected from the natural world. In conclusion, it is necessary to favour the development of relations of mutual benefit and cooperation between individuals, societies and the planet in order to ensure their functioning as a single system and eventually to achieve the prosperity of this system. Moreover, it is commonplace that every organism affects and changes over time the environment in which it lives. The change that results from the overall interaction of all factors has the potential to either lead the system to improvement or to degradation. If each organism functions towards the benefit of the whole and the changes which are made are favorable, over time, the system becomes more productive and resilient and shows increased functions and features. Similarly in the anthropogenic environment, the incessant changes that take place can have positive or negative effects on its short-term and long-term course. Architectural and urban planning should consider the importance of these changes and ensure the conditions that will lead not only to the upgrade and sustainability of the built environment but also its coexistence and mutual cooperation with the natural. To summarize, biophilic design appears as a holistic approach that promotes the synergy of the knowledge about organisms and natural systems with every aspect of the design process, while understanding human’s physiology, psychology and needs, strengthening the structure and functioning of societies and, finally, enhancing the respect for the natural environment and reconnecting modern man with it. The design process includes every stage from the conceptualization and development of an idea to the implementation, management and maintenance of the built environment and the surrounding space. The result of this approach promises to be the creation of a habitat that extends across multiple scales, functions as one unit with interdependent variables and perpetual interactions between them and is recognized as desirable, healthy and sustainable. [1] [5] [14] [16] [21] [35] [42]

4. SPECTRUM OF APPLICATION OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN The spectrum of application of biophilic design, in terms of building design, includes a wide range of building types. Firstly, it can be applied in residential spaces (permanent, temporary, holiday homes), workplaces (office buildings, workshops, studios, private offices, even special areas for work at home) and educational spaces (schools, universities, other educational institutions, libraries). These spaces, where people spend most of their life, appear to be dominant in their daily routine, they have a strong influence on their behaviour and psychosomatic condition and therefore the proper attention for their design is of utmost importance. Furthermore, the application of biophilic practices in health facilities (medical units, hospitals, clinics) is particularly significant, because people resort to them when dealing with health issues and thus they must provide the appropriate environment for treatment and recovery. Additional categories of spaces that can be appropriately designed to provide a quality environment are commercial spaces (shops, department stores, shopping malls) and commuting spaces (airports, train and bus stations, other transit junctions) where people are present on almost daily basis in order to meet their needs. It is also considered beneficial to use biophilic strategies in spaces which people choose in order to satisfy their social (communication, socialization, meeting with friends) and personal needs (relaxation, relaxation, exploration) such as bars, dining areas and spaces related to entertainment , but also hotel units and tourist facilities. Finally, it can be used in cases of change of the initial use of a space (conversion of hotel lobbies into workplaces, conversion of historic buildings into spaces of artistic expression and exhibition spaces), a phenomenon that is usually observed these days. When implementing biophilic design strategies in a project, a number of factors, which are unique to each project, must be taken into account in order to make a critical and effective choice of the combination of these strategies that meet the requirements and constraints presented. For example, the climate and geomorphology of the site, the culture and social conditions of the community, the historicity of the place, the building program and the categories of users, the size and complexity of the project, the economic and time budget, the availability of raw materials and technologies are some of the factors that facilitate or discourage the implementation of particular biophilic strategies. Therefore, what matters is not the integration of all the available strategies into a project, but the critical selection and effective implementation of those that are considered appropriate in the given conditions and needs. The individual practices that are integrated in the design must support each other and mutually interact with each other and with the overall environment in order to act as a whole. [3] [18] [21]

4.2 ETSY Office Building / New York, USA / Gensler / 2016

4.1 Residence / Tokyo, Japan / Joe Chikamori / 2011

4.3 School / Merzoug, Morocco / BC architects / 2017

4.4 NOMA Restaurant / Copenhagen, Denmark / Studio David Thulstrup / 2018

4.6 Hotel OKU Kos / Kos, Greece / Mastrominas Architecture / 2020

4.5 Gift store / National Museum, Qatar / Koichi Takada Architects / 2019

4.7 Josey Pavilion Training Center / Decatur, Texas / Flato Architects / 2014 9

4.8 Global Heart Center Hospital / Cairo, Egypt / Foster + Partners / under construction

In parallel, the application of biophilic design is possible but also necessary to be carried out at the scale of the neighbourhood, the community and the city as a whole. It is important to emphasize that biophilic design is not only suitable for building design but also for urban planning, infrastructure and landscape design. The biophilic strategies can be used in the analysis and design of settlements, pedestrian, bicycle and traffic networks, open spaces, squares, gardens, areas for cultivation, urban farms and forest areas. What is more, its implementation aims to raise awareness and mobilize the governing bodies, organizations, associations and finally the citizens themselves. With the right actions and conditions it is possible to facilitate and expand the presence of citizens in green spaces, to encourage their participation in activities carried out in them and finally to cultivate people’s connection with nature and natural processes. As a result, their active contribution to the protection and preservation of the natural landscape can be strengthened and the sense of collectivity, volunteerism and contribution to the society as a whole can be stimulated. In conclusion, the application of biophilic practices in the urban fabric aims to build a resilient and sustainable living environment, to establish social equity and to promote the well-being and health of the inhabitants of modern societies. [8] [11] [12] [13] [14]

4.9 High Line Municipal Park / New York, USA / James Corner Field Operations / 2009

4.10 Gardens by the Bay / Singapore / Grant Associates / 2012

4.11 Urban cycling intervention / Spain / Batlle i Roig Arquitectura / 2018

4.12 Urban vegetable gardens at train stations / Japan

5. PRINCIPLES OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN As mentioned, biophilia is defined as the innate tendency of human beings to connect with nature and therefore the fundamental goal of biophilic design is to satisfy this tendency. Biophilic design bears the potential to improve the modern living context of people, mostly living in cities, in order to allow them to experience the natural environment in their everyday lives, while addressing the weaknesses and shortcomings of the existing artificial environment and the negative effects it has on their lives and their sense of well-being. Biophilic strategies can be applied both at the city level and at the building scale, providing significant benefits for people, the society, the economy and the natural environment. For the purpose of the effective practice of biophilic design, some basic principles have been explored and formulated by scholars. Initially, the expression of biophilic design, either at the city level or at the building level, should encourage the constant and systematic human interaction with the natural elements. Although biophilia is an innate tendency in human beings, it is necessary to promote its cultivation through repetitive experience. Therefore, biophilic design presupposes a holistic approach to architectural creation that includes every aspect of design and not isolated or ephemeral practices. Furthermore, it is considered necessary to recognize the evolutionary course and adaptation of human beings to the natural environment but also the fundamental effect that this had on their physique and the formation of their sense of well-being. The various design decisions must be in balance, and not in conflict, with the human genetic predispositions in order to be efficient. It is worth emphasizing that any appearance of natural elements in the artificial environment can not necessarily be considered biophilic, and therefore effective, if it does not reflect the innate tendencies that have ensured man’s survival in nature and also contributed to the evolution of his physical condition and mentality. Additionally, it is important to promote the development of emotional bonds with certain places and spaces, as well as the feeling of living in a familiar and safe environment. Through the creation of emotional connections and the satisfaction of the need for a safe environment, the creativity and productivity of a person in a particular space can be encouraged while at the same time his identification with these spaces and the desire for their preservation and protection is strengthened. Finally, it is considered necessary to motivate the manifestation of positive interactions and the maintenance of essential relationships between people and their environment. These connections lead to the development of a sense of collectivity and belonging and as a result a sense of responsibility of the individual to society and nature can be promoted. After all, man is not only a biological organism that inhabits and survives in the built space, but also a social being that thrives in safe and favourable environments through the establishment of creative and essential bonds. [1] [21] [35]

6. EXPERIENCES AND ATTRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN Biophilic design experiences and attributes have been formulated and analyzed by researchers led by Stephen Kellert and Elizabeth Calabrese. Specifically, these strategies are categorized into three main groups based on the type of experience of nature that people receive and constitute the primary framework for the implementation of biophilic design. These categories are the direct experience of nature, the indirect experience of nature and the experience of space and place. Direct experience of nature includes practices that promote real contact with natural elements in the artificial environment and include the following strategies: light, air, water, plants, animals, weather, natural landscapes and ecosystems, fire. Indirect experience of nature involves the incorporation of elements that represent the natural environment and organisms, resemble the natural world or imitate processes of nature. The practices which are included are: images of nature, natural materials, natural colours, simulating natural air and light, natural shapes and forms, evoking nature, information richness, age, change and patina of time, natural geometries, biomimicry. Finally, the experience of space and place examines the critical and effective integration in the design of the spatial characteristics of the natural environment that have influenced the shaping of the human profile and includes the following practises: prospect and refuge, organized complexity, integration of parts to wholes, transitional spaces, mobility and wayfinding, cultural and ecological attachment to place.

direct experience of nature

indirect experience of nature

experience of space and place

6.1 Residence 27 Drew Lane / New York, USA / COOKFOX Architects / 2007

It is worth emphasizing that biophilic strategies respond to the human senses and the relationship of the body with a space. Sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell, but also the posture and movement of the body, are the means by which human beings perceive and recognize the environment around them. Despite the fact that the dominant sense in humans is vision, the rest do not cease to play an important role in the reception and understanding of various stimuli but also in responding to them. The stimuli which a person receives daily affect their physical, mental and psychological state and, depending on their positive or negative intake, they are able to cause them certain reactions. Specifically, elegant and attractive stimuli from the natural world arouse interest and curiosity and stimulate the imagination and creativity. In contrast, in spaces where few sensory stimuli are provided, people tend to respond with a feeling of fatigue, boredom, dysthymia, psychosomatic pain and indifference. In conclusion, the integration of biophilic strategies in the built environment enhances the integration of natural stimuli in it, favors the multi-sensory experience and intake of space and seems to act in a beneficial way for people’s physical, mental and psychological state. [1] [3] [4] [7] [22] [28] [34] [35] [36] [37]

6.1 DIRECT EXPERIENCE OF NATURE

natural light

It is commonplace that natural light is essential for the survival and growth of organisms, including humans, and the continuation of life on the planet. As man has evolved in the natural environment, the presence or absence of natural light during the day cycle, the change of its intensity, brightness and colors, but also the change of its source with the change of the position of the sun, have been embedded in human physiology and have influenced human behavior (as evidenced by the study of circadian rhythms, the production cycle of vitamin D and the change in behavior and perception depending on the amount and the quality of light in an environment). Through these changes, people are not only able to perceive the duration of the day, the change of the seasons and maintain in balance the perception of the flow of time, but also they can be oriented spatially regarding the understanding of the environment and the finding of the right course in it (wayfinding). Therefore, the exposure of modern man to natural light has positive effects on his health, psychology and behavior in space and can help improve his quality of life. The integration of natural light in the artificial environment, ensuring visual comfort and at the same time an atmospheric perception of the space, can be achieved in a variety of ways and means. Light enters the interior through openings in the walls and ceiling, all-glass surfaces, skylights and patios. The size and proportions, the location, the orientation concerning the angle of entry of light during the day, the total number and area of the apertures, but also whether it is visible or hidden determine the input and the propagation of light in space. Moreover, the type and characteristics of glass (transparency, reflectivity, gloss, color, patterns, the presence of metal mesh) are particularly important factors as they affect the human perception of space. In addition, with the proper treatment of these properties, light can acquire spatial qualities, appear variable or give the impression that it is in motion. At the same time, the use of reflective materials and colors in furniture and wall and floor coverings can enhance its transmission deeper indoors. In conclusion, it is necessary during the design process to critically examine the factors that affect the integration of natural light in the space and to choose the effective combination of them based not only on human needs but the impact on the environment. [1] [4] [6] [26] [25]

6.1.1 Factory in the Forest / Malaysia / Design Unit Architects Snd Bhd / 2017 The blinds of the canopy provide effective protection from the strong tropical sun while allowing the necessary natural light to enter the offices and the garden diffused and evenly.

6.1.2 NOMA Restaurant / Copenhagen, Denmark / Studio David Thulstrup / 2018 Natural light enters the space thought multiple openings, hidden or visible, and at the same time creative treatment of its spatial characteristics is made. 6.1.3 Brillhart Residence / Miami, USA / Melissa and Jacob Brillhart / 2014 The wooden shutters offer the possibility for natural light but also an exciting play of light and shadow during the afternoon.

6.1.4 Residence / Tokyo, Japan / Joe Chikamori / 2011 Skylights are placed on the pitched roof which allow plenty of natural light into the house and create interesting spatial situations.

6.1.5 Multi-space B Garden / Xinyang, China / 3andwich Design + He Wei Studio / 2017 Multiple openings allow plenty of natural light to enter the spaces enhancing their sensory perception.

air

Ensuring the air quality of an enclosed space is linked to the psychosomatic health of the person and the feeling of rejuvenation, with natural ventilation being considered preferable to that achieved by mechanical means. The changes in current, temperature, intensity, humidity and barometric pressure as well as the control of inlet and outlet provide a natural sense of air flow in a built environment that keeps the person awake and prevents the frequent manifestation of feelings of fatigue. In addition, with the flow of air through the proper interaction of the building and its openings with the surrounding space, the flow of natural odors from the outside environment to the interior can be enhanced, which subconsciously affects behavior. Specifically, natural odors (flowers, grass, soil, water) can introduce nature into the built environment, enhance the multi-sensory uptake of space and have a positive effect on the psychological state of man. In addition to conventional ventilation media, such as the installation of pop-ups, more sophisticated systems and technologies can be incorporated into the design to regulate these variables and provide fresh air.[1] [4] [6] [25] [26]

6.1.6 Brillhart Residence / Miami, USA / Melissa and Jacob Brillhart / 2014 The wooden blinds and the layout of the spaces allow cross ventilation.

6.1.7 Te Kura Whare Community Center / New Zealand / JASMAX / 2014 Natural ventilation, as well as natural lighting, is achieved through the use of operable windows properly placed in the premises.

water

Like natural light and air, water is necessary for human survival and inextricably linked to our psychosynthesis. Man instinctively seeks the presence of water and is attracted to it, because during his evolution in the natural environment the provision of a source of clean, drinking water was crucial for his survival. The presence of water in the space is considered charming and invigorating when the water is clear, in motion and can be perceived by multiple senses. Apart from the view of the running water, the splash and its various sounds are beneficial for human beings while they can contribute to the restoration of the feeling of peace. At the same time, the experience of water through touch and smell enhances the understanding of the environment through the activation of more senses. Although it is not always possible to introduce water into the artificial environment, the various water systems, fountains, aquariums and artificial wetlands provide this possibility and offer a wide range of design options. [1] [3] [4] [26]

6.1.8 House Am House / Vietnam / Nguyen Huu Duy + Nguyen Duy + Bui The Long / 2017 The integration of the element of water happens with the creation of a swimming pool around the perimeter of the house and creates a calm environment.

6.1.9 House 6M House / Samborondón, Ecuador / Jannina Cabal / 2019 The presence of water has healing properties, promotes a sense of peace and at the same time enhances the bioclimatic response of the home.

6.1.10 Residence Casa Barragán / Mexico / Luis Barragán / 1948 The sight of running water and the sound of splat have beneficial properties for the inhabitants.

plants

One of the most discussed and effective biophilic strategies is the integration of plants inside and outside the building. The integration of vegetation in the built environment is a direct and efficient way to create the feeling of being in the natural world and contributes in the reconnection of man with the earth and nature. Even though during the design the plants may be treated as objects (as part of the furnishing of the space with specific quantitative and qualitative characteristics), it is not considered appropriate to overlook the fact that they are living organisms that perform certain processes and therefore have specific needs and requirements (adequate exposure to natural light, adequate supply of water and nutrients, special care in case of attracting unwanted insects). It is worth emphasizing that special attention is required to the decisions that will be taken during the design process regarding the plants themselves and how to integrate them into the space. Initially it is important to study the type of plants that will be used (grasses, shrubs, trees and more specifically flowering, aromatic, succulents, climbing, edible etc.). It is proven that the characteristics of plants (colour, aroma, size, origin, lifespan, use, properties such as air purification) influence the design and use of space, the economic specifications and ultimately the users themselves. In addition, the variety of vegetation forms, the area they cover and the way they are organized in the space (individually, in groups, in combination with furniture, on a green wall, suspended from the ceiling) play a key role. At the same time, the location of the vegetation and its proximity to users are particularly important factors in the design of the space because they strongly determine they effectiveness of this strategy while the more visible the vegetation is to a larger number of users and more frequent the encounters with plants are, the more effective is their integration. Another factor that needs to be considered is their correlation with the individual elements of the design and especially the interaction with the other biophilic strategies because, as mentioned, each design decision works in conjunction with all the others in order to produce a whole. Finally, plants can be incorporated into the exterior of the building by installing and maintaining green roofs and green walls. These strategies provide a variety of design options and can be applied either to existing buildings during the restoration process or implemented in new constructions providing sustainable and useful spaces. Equally important at this level are design decisions about the species and variety of plant organisms, the soil, the attraction of other organisms, the means of construction and maintenance in order to minimize any unexpected consequences, maximize the positive effects and be in harmony with the overall design. [1] [3] [4] [6] [18] [26] [28] [31]

6.1.11 Coperaco's café / New Jersey, USA / Interiors firm Concrete 6.1.12 Citibank Bank / Singapore / Ministry of Design / 2021

Climbing plants are placed in the wooden construction, which looks like a tree house, thus introducing nature to the interior.

Office and meeting rooms nest between gardens with lush tropical vegetation in a spacious room with plenty of natural light and city views.

6.1.13 SHIROIYA Hotel / Japan / Sou Fujimoto Architects / 2020

6.1.14 City Oasis Apartments for Rent / Vietnam / K.A Studio / 2020

Abundant vegetation is placed both outside and inside the building.

Each floor of the building has curvilinear boundaries and is covered by extensive vegetation, mainly tropical plants, composing a relaxing and pleasant atmosphere.

6.1.15 City Tower / Brooklyn, New York / COOKFOX / 2016 The large green roof provides the opportunity for contact with nature and social interaction, too. Areas for growing edible plants encourage engagement with nature.

animals

Throughout the evolution of man, his interaction with animals had a key role in his life. The frequent and prolonged presence of a variety of animal species, especially those that are endogenous to the area, in the daily life of man can contribute, in combination with other factors, to his well-being. This can be achieved with strategies that include incorporating gardens, patios, green ceilings and green walls into the design of buildings. Although it is possible to implement additional strategies (such as aquariums and cages) and other technological means at the level of the interior of the building, this is often not possible due to economic factors and constraints due to the building use. Additionally, at the city level, the design of green areas, gardens and parks as well as the integration of animal feed stations and water sources in the urban area are highly effective strategies for attracting birds, insects and other animals to the built environment as they provide suitable environments and living conditions for these organisms to thrive. These interventions result in the increase of biodiversity in the urban fabric and consequently in the enhancement of the resilience of the city. [1] [11] [31]

6.1.16 ETSY Office Building / New York, USA / Gensler / 2016 A policy that allows employees to bring their pets to work has been implemented.

6.1.17 Primary school / Boulogne-Billancourt, France / Chartier Dalix Architects / 2014 The green roof hosts three different levels of vegetation creating a rich environment that favors the increase of the area’s biodiversity. The morphology of the wall attracts a wide variety of birds and allows them to build their nests in its cavities.

weather

Awareness of the weather in an artificial environment can reconnect man with the natural world and act beneficially on his psychology. Due to man’s particular dependence on weather and his instinctive response to it throughout his evolutionary course, the perception and contact with the weather in the building environment is considered beneficial. Direct or indirect exposure to external conditions can be achieved through various design strategies that enhance the communication and interaction of open and closed spaces in a building complex and blur the boundaries between them. Means such as openings with views, terraces, balconies, sheds, platforms, arcades with colonnades, patios, gardens and gazebos incorporate transitional spaces with or without coverage creating a variety of conditions and experiences that stimulate multiple senses and promote connection with the natural world. [1] [3] [4]

6.1.18 Josey Pavilion Visitors Center / Decatur, Texas / Flato Architects / 2014 The indoor conditions of the center reflect the outdoor conditions as no mechanical air conditioning and electric heating is provided. The user is given the opportunity to perceive and feel the changes of the weather in any space without necessarily having visual contact with the external environment.

6.1.19 Multi-space B Garden / Xinyang, China / 3andwich Design + He Wei Studio / 2017 The large circular openings offer direct contact with the external environment and the weather conditions, enhancing the multi-sensory perception of the space and the connection with the landscape.

natural landscapes + ecosystems

An ecosystem can be defined as a flowerpot, a garden, a forest or even the entire planet. In general, an ecosystem includes plant and animal organisms, inanimate elements such as water, soil, rocks and geological elements. The more diverse it appears the more interactions take place between the elements of which it consists and more self-management mechanisms are developed that ensure its survival and evolution. As a result the creation of a balanced system and a landscape rich in stimuli is promoted. The integration of ecosystems and natural landscapes in the built environment is considered beneficial for humans as it enables them to come in direct contact with the elements of the natural world and provides them with a holistic experience. Design strategies that contribute to this purpose are the construction of gardens and green areas, green roofs, wetlands and the provision of views of natural landscapes through openings and viewing platforms. At the same time, it is important to encourage contact and interaction with ecosystems that thrive in urban areas and to participate in their creation and maintenance. As mentioned, the type of vegetation and the view have a different effect on humans in general and on each individual specifically. It is worth noting that people generally have a tendency towards landscapes that resemble the type of savannah (scattered trees, high herbaceous and shrubby vegetation, presence of water) as in them most of their evolution took place. [1] [3] [8] [16]

6.1.20 Sky Garden House / Singapore / Guz Architects / 2010

6.1.21 Factory in the Forest / Malaysia / Design Unit Architects Snd Bhd / 2017

Integration of a wetland in the house.

The forest penetrates and surrounds the building providing maximum contact with the natural elements while blurring the boundaries of the interior with the exterior.

fire

The discovery of fire is a pivotal development in human history and marks a new era in the formation of societies, as it is considered the first step towards the effective use of various forms of energy and is associated with the ability to transform materials from one state to another. The presence of fire in the artificial environment offers a warm atmosphere, both literally and figuratively. Not only is it a heating medium, but it adds a special range of natural colors and shapes to the environment. Thus, a pleasant feeling is created, the interest is aroused and the manifestation of positive responses and emotions is stimulated. This strategy can be achieved, mainly indoors, by incorporating candles, fireplaces and other installations that mimic fire production. In addition, it is possible to convey the feeling through the creative treatment of light, shadow and colors. [1] [4]

6.1.22 Lieptgas Refuge Mountain Shelter / Switzerland / Georg Nickisch + Selina Walder / 2012 The multi-sensory experience of the mountain climate in the forest is enhanced by the presence of fire. The fireplace is illuminated by a circular skylight and is integrated in a peaceful space that presents intense materiality and natural textures. 6.1.23 Multi-space B Garden / Xinyang, China / 3andwich Design + He Wei Studio / 2017 Common areas are integrated between the guest rooms, one of which allows for lighting a fire and socializing around it.

6.1.24 Hotel Plesnik / Slovenia / Enota / 2015 Both indoor and outdoor areas are designed to enjoy the fire, the warmth it offers and the snowy landscape.

6.2 INDIRECT EXPERIENCE OF NATURE

images of nature

The representation of the natural environment as well as its various elements and organisms (landscapes, plants, animals, geological formations, water elements) is an indirect strategy that can enhance the experience of nature in the human environment. It can be applied either in combination with other strategies or as an alternative in some cases where it is not possible to integrate real physical elements in the space (adverse conditions, economically unprofitable solution, non-beneficial solution due to the use of space) or it is not possible to view in natural landscapes from the interior environment (adjacent buildings that cut off the view, absence of natural environment in the field of view). The means by which this strategy can be implemented include the use of paintings, sculptures, photographs, posters, electronic screens for projecting images and videos, and other. It is important to emphasize that isolated use, disconnected from the rest of the design, is inefficient but, on the contrary, the repetitive and strategically designed integration of these media should be encouraged. [1] [3] [17]

6.2.1 Maxwell House / Melbourne, Australia / Melbourne Design Studios + The Stylesmiths / 2020 Photographs or paintings that represent natural landscapes and animals are harmoniously integrated into the interior design of the house and are harmonized with the natural materials, earth tones and the multiple textures that are found in the spaces.

natural materials

An important area of biophilic design is the appropriate selection and treatment of materials in both landscape design and urban regeneration interventions as well as in building design and restoration of buildings. Regarding the building, the naturally inspired harmonious composition of the palette of materials, colors and textures that will be used in a building is a determining factor that defines and alters not only its construction and appearance but also the atmospheric perception of the spaces in it. The materials used in the various elements and furniture of a space are able to offer unique sensory experiences through the interaction with them. Materials from the natural environment which having undergone appropriate treatment tend to give a natural dimension to the experience of space and enhance its multi-sensory perception. Wood, rocks, clay, cork, bamboo, hay, hemp, rubber, cotton fabrics, wool or leather, parts of trees and other plants, local materials which depend on the local flora, climate and special geomorphological conditions of a place, are some examples of natural materials that can be considered in the design process. In fact, when the materials have a local origin, they favor the connection with the place as they stimulate the feeling of belonging to a specific environment with distinct characteristics. In addition, it can be proved beneficial to study and critically select and implement alternatives such as materials produced from the recycling of various materials (coffee grounds, wood waste, seaweed, coconut fiber). In this way it becomes possible to strengthen cooperation and mutual support with companies and craftsmen with common values and goals. Finally, it is considered important to take into account the overall life cycle of the materials (source, method and means of processing, methods of transport and distribution in the individual stages, consequences during use, recyclability or reuse) and to consider compatibility with the user and environmental friendliness in order to ensure the sustainability of their use and selection. [1] [3] [4] [7] [10] [26]

6.2.2 Lantern House / Melbourne, Australia / Timmins + Whyte / 2019 The combination of natural materials and textures in the furniture and objects of the space (oak wood, marble, fabric, ceramics) results in a serene, harmonious and aesthetically pleasing environment.

6.2.4 Am House / Vietnam / Nguyen Huu Duy + Nguyen Duy + Bui The Long / 2017 6.2.3 Residence / Tokyo, Japan / Joe Chikamori / 2011

The roof is covered with straw which is a traditional local material and offers excellent insulation.

Local hinoki wood is selected for the construction and the coating of floors and ceilings because it is light, it offers good thermal insulation properties, it has a calm and bright colour and finally it is very soft and comfortable for barefoot walking.

6.2.5 School / Merzoug, Morocco / BC architects / 2017 The design of the building incorporates the typology, construction techniques and materials of the traditional architecture of the place (natural stone and brick for the masonry, soil, straw and sand for its coating, wood and soil for the roof ). The building is designed in regards with the climatic conditions of the place allowing the bioclimatic operation of the building.

6.2.7 The Rooster Wellness Resort / Antiparos, Greece / Vois Architects / 2021

6.2.6 House / Safed, Israel / Henkin Irit, Shavit Zohar / 2015

The combination of natural materials and textures (wood, marble, fabric) reflect the spirit and culture of the place creating a calm and healing atmosphere.

The masonry and domes made of local limestone are preserved, as well as the stone staircase, highlighting the practices of traditional architecture and the history of the place.

natural colours

Color is considered a key element in biophilic design that contributes to the understanding of a space and affects people’s experience, their psychology and behavior not only when they are present in it but and after leaving from it. As vision has developed as the dominant sense of man, it allows him to perceive and evaluate the environment around him but also to orient himself towards it. Color is inextricably linked to the various processes necessary for our survival, while at the same time it directly but subconsciously affects the manifestation of emotions, mental function and the atmospheric perception and memory of a space. Therefore, creating a color palette that promotes a harmonious and balanced whole is considered a crucial choice in biophilic design. It is considered preferable to choose earthy, soft but in some cases more vivid colors observed in the elements and forms of nature (soil, rocks, water, plants, sky colors at sunrise and sunset, rainbow appearance). On the other hand, it is desirable to avoid, or use wisely, very intense, synthetic colors and also avoid the creation of strong color contrast. [1] [4] [6] [7]

6.2.8 Bar Botanique Cafe Tropique / Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Studio Modijefsky / 2016 The vibrant colour palette, mainly in natural shades of green and pink, along with the integration of wooden furniture compose an impressive and harmonious whole, creating a pleasant and warm atmosphere.

6.2.9 Lantern House / Melbourne, Australia / Timmins + Whyte / 2019 The combination of various natural materials in the furniture and objects of the space (oak wood, marble, fabric, ceramics) composes a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing environment.

simulating natural light + air

The artificial lighting and ventilation of buildings has evolved and improved significantly in recent years along with the progress made in the field of technological discoveries. However, for the most part, the methods used today do not resemble the feeling of natural light and ventilation but tend to create a static atmosphere inside buildings with negative effects on the physical and psychological health of man. According to the principles of biophilic design, special care is needed for artificial lighting so that, as far as possible and permissible, it mimics the qualities of natural light. Similarly, the design of the ventilation system in a space is useful to mimic through alternations the characteristics of a natural ventilation to offer a more stimulating and natural atmosphere in the artificial environment. [1] [6]

6.2.10 Kult Museum / Pool Leber Architekten + Bleckmann Krys Architekten / Vreden, Germany / 2018 The combination of artificial light and controlled natural input is considered the most efficient practice for museum exhibits. The use of LED technology ensures the simulation of natural light and its smooth diffusion in space.

6.2.11 Living lab / London, England / Daewha kang / 2017 The lighting of the office changes during the day in order to simulate the intensity and colour of the natural light. In the morning the colour of the light range from cold blue, at noon it appears bright white and at dusk bright orange.

naturalistic shapes + forms

Nature is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for the design of shapes and forms that can be widely used in the human environment and create attractive and fascinating spaces that mimic the dynamism and complexity of natural systems. Some sources of inspiration are plant organisms or parts thereof such as the leaves and trunks of trees, the skin, feathers and shells of animal organisms, animals’ structures such as bird nests, hives and spider webs, and finally other natural elements such as rocks, soil, waves and water flows. Organic forms exhibit common features such as a preference for curved lines, helical and tubular arrangements, the absence of straight and vertical angles and a sense of fluidity. The patterns and arrangements that result from the study and interpretation of natural elements and processes present a wide variety and multiple possibilities for their utilization in design. The integration of organic forms gives balance, symmetry and beauty to the space and favors the positive responses of people. [1] [4] [14] [33]

6.2.12 The Living Staircase / Soho district, London, England / Paul Cocksedge Studio / 2015 The spiral staircase made of wood and metal, is covered with plants and incorporates spaces for reading, relaxation and tea. It is placed on the curved patio offering a dynamic union of the four floors of the office building.

6.2.13 Regeneration pods / London, England / Daewha kang / 2017 Biophilic practices and technology are combined to build meditation spaces in an office building. Their construction draws inspiration from natural forms and shapes. Wooden elements are used. 29

evoking nature

This strategy concerns the introduction to the design of forms and shapes that do not appear as such in nature but are fantastic depictions of organic structures. As with previous practice, they draw inspiration from the principles of nature and the characteristics of the natural world which translate into spatial representations. Examples of this approach are roofs, facades and openings of buildings that resemble living organisms and even the outline of buildings on the horizon of some cities that refer to the horizontal of a forest. [1]

6.2.14 Solar Trees Marketplace / Minhang, China / Koichi Takada Architects / to be built in 2022 The construction of the community market draws inspiration from the forests of Shanghai. The pillars and the roof look like the trunks and foliage of the trees.

6.2.15 Global Heart Center Hospital / Cairo, Egypt / Foster + Partners / not yet constructed The shape of the hospital is inspired by natural forms and harmonizes with the natural landscape

information richness

The natural world is an extremely complex system that presents unlimited diversity and perpetual variability. Despite the incalculable wealth of information that is gathered from the smallest to the largest scales and expressed in organic processes and organizations, physical systems are governed by a particular organization, structure and coherence. Man thrives in environments full of colors, textures, shapes, geometries that are found in nature or draw inspiration from it. These spaces activate the human senses, arouse their curiosity and interest, mobilize thought and imagination and motivate participation and interaction. Finally, spatial conditions can create a sense of mystery and push to explore space and gain new experiences.

6.2.16 TABLEAU flower shop / Studio David Thulstrup / Copenhagen, Denmark / 2018 The materials and textures of the masonry and the roofs reveal the historicity of the building. Flower stands are made of a wide range of materials. The atmosphere, diversity and theatricality of the space are the main elements which impress the customers.

6.2.17 Residence / Tokyo, Japan / Joe Chikamori / 2011 The handmade mosaic, made of six different shades of green, creates a lively atmosphere that stimulates the senses.

6.2.18 Room B of the building for the World Artificial Intelligence Conference / Archi-Union Architecture / Shanghai, China / 2018 The room turns into a lively and bright garden that welcomes visitors and encourages them to relax and socialize. The combination of abundant vegetation and rocks, earthy color palette and wood but also structures inspired by nature composes an environment that activates the senses and fascinates.

natural geometries

The term physical geometries includes mathematical sequences that are found everywhere in the natural world (in living organisms and parts thereof, in soil and water formations, in weather phenomena). These structures exhibit specific features such as increasing complexity, repetitive patterns, and hierarchical organization of information at all scales. One of the most well-known sequences is fractals which describe highly complex geometric shapes consisting of infinite segments which are smaller copies of the overall image. Other mathematical geometries include the Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio. These geometries give both diversity and similarity to a physical structure resulting in a harmonious and balanced whole with a high degree of complexity that runs through all its scales. The application of natural geometries to biophilic design is not an unprecedented trend but the recognition and continuation of a practice that took place long before the invention of the term itself. Numerous examples from the past (creation of first settlements and buildings, Gothic and Islamic architecture, traditional architecture) express the vital connection of man with natural forms but also his primitive and fundamental need to reproduce them in his living environment. The spaces that result from the integration of a variety of fractal patterns (in surfaces, textures, colors, sounds, light treatment) are rich in information and events. At the same time, they respond to the needs and natural tendencies of man and are perceived as aesthetically pleasing as they enrich the lived experience by activating the senses and arousing interest. [1] [3] [2] [33]

6.2.19 Art Museum / Taiwan / Shigeru Ban Architects / 2019 The roof of the building is a complex metal structure in the shape of a pentagon and can be described as an expression of the geometry of the fractals.

age, change + patina of time

Nature is in constant change and adaptation, a fact that is reflected in the phenomenon of life. This fluidity is present in every aspect of the physical world and is expressed through the interrelated processes of creation, growth, decline and aging. Man is unconsciously attracted to patterns and materials in which the wear and tear due to the passage of time becomes apparent as he instinctively connects with the processes of change. In design, this can be achieved by using materials that over time erode and therefore give a sense of the flow of time and the evolution of history in the artificial environment. [1] [33]

6.2.20 Headquarters Packard Foundation / Los Altos, California / EHDD / 2012

6.2.21 Landmarke Lausitzer Seenland / Senftenberg, Germany / Architektur & Landschaft / 2008

Materials such as copper and red cedar wood were selected as they show changes in their surface over time. The deciduous trees offer a constant change of the landscape according to the change of seasons.

The observation tower is made of steel which over time shows a strong brown hue as a result of wear and tear due to weather conditions.

6.2.22 Public College / Labarthe-sur-Lèze, France / LCR Architectes / 2012 The shell of the building is covered with copper, a natural material that as it corrodes gives the feeling of the flow of time and emphasizes the importance of sustainability. The shades that appear are reminiscent of the territory of the surrounding agricultural areas.

biomimicry

Biomimicry is a practice that studies natural forms and processes, recognizes their principles and functions and uses them to solve human problems and meet needs. Some examples include the structural properties of cobwebs, the thermal properties of the hair of some animals and the anatomy of the body of birds. The application of nature's wisdom and creativity in man-made constructions promotes admiration and respect for it and contributes to the rapid evolution of human achievements. However, this reference to nature is not always apparent in the end result and not always understandable to people, and therefore for design to be considered biophilic and to contribute to human well-being it must incorporate other strategies and methods as well. [1] [4] [5] [34]

6.2.23 Elytra Filament Pavilion / ICD-ITKE University of Stuttgart / Weil am Rhein, Germany / 2016 The construction incorporates pioneering research in architecture, engineering and biomimicry. The inspiration comes from the study of the fibrous structures of the shells found on the front wings of elytra beetles.

6.2.24 Vandusen Botanical Garden Visitor Center / Vancouver, Canada / Perkins Will / 2011 The shape, construction and operation of the roof skylight draws inspiration from the termite mound. It has a multiple role as it allows natural lighting, ventilation and cooling of the space utilizing the chimney effect.

6.3 EXPERIENCE OF SPACE AND PLACE

prospect + refuge

A biophilic strategy that can only be experienced to be understood concerns the design of space in such a way that it resembles the specific conditions that man has been looking for since the beginning of his evolution in choosing his living environment. The spatial concepts of perspective and refuge are intertwined with the geometry and morphology of space and the possibilities and opportunities that can be offered to man. During the design process, a variety of means and a large number of individual combinations are identified which can contribute to the utilization and the constructive application of the characteristics of these spatial conditions. At the same time, it is considered beneficial to combine the functionality and usability of the spaces with the feeling of comfort, satisfaction and pleasure of the users. At this point, it is useful to note that the properties and effects of applying these conditions are complementary, but not directly dependent on each other. However, balancing their effects is essential in the manifestation and effective implementation of biophilic design. The concept of perspective concerns the provision of openness to the surrounding space and therefore enhances the ability to monitor the space and quickly perceive impending difficult or beneficial events and situations (risks or opportunities). This practice can be accomplished by providing an unobstructed view of the outside environment and especially when the focal depth extends to 30 m. This condition can be achieved through the proper placement and orientation of the building, openings, corridors and of the stairwell, the use of transparent materials to cover specific areas (such as those mentioned above), the general layout and concentration of uses, but also the preference for views of the natural landscape especially when they include shading trees and water. It is also nexessary to take into account the height of the observation (sitting or standing person) and to avoid optical barriers (with proper planning of the height of the railings and vegetation). At the same time, it is considered important to create visual connections between the interiors and the possibility of multiple spaces that show a clear separation between them. On the other hand, the concept of refuge describes a space clearly separated from the wider environment where the feeling of security and protection from external conditions and current activities is encouraged. The person can retire to work or relax, individually or in small groups, but it is not necessary to be completely isolated from the environment but to be able to maintain a degree of integration and participation.

The refuge can be understood as a protective and easily accessible embrace that is spatially expressed by covering the person from above and from behind or even perimeter (the perspectives that are outside the field of view when it is oriented straight and looking forward). Another feature is the restriction of visual access from the outside to the inside of the shelter, but not necessarily the other way around. In addition, these areas provide protection from climatic conditions, visual and acoustic privacy, coverage and shading. These conditions can be achieved with the proper use of partitions, curtains, shades, canopies, ledges, ceilings, the ability to adjust these elements, the integration of translucent surfaces, but also the management of light, color and brightness. [1] [35]

6.3.2 Henderson Waves Bridge / Singapore / RSP Architects 6.3.1 Regeneration pods / London, England / Daewha kang The meditation and relaxation capsules offer the feeling of refuge to the employees while maintaining a view to the outside.

The recesses along the bridge offer the feeling of refuge while providing views of the landscape and the city.

6.3.3 Artists ’Studio Bridge / San Diego, California, USA / Safdie Rabines Architects / 2005 The sense of perspective is given by the large opening to the natural landscape and at the same time the feeling of gerefu is created due to the proportions of the space.

organised complexity

This concept describes diverse and variable environments rich in stimuli and choices which are governed by internal organization and harmony while balancing between the simplistic and the overly complex. The various elements that compose them can show spatial hierarchy, careful proportions, scaling, symmetry and coherence. These spaces offer a multi-sensory experience, spark interest and provoke positive psychological and mental responses, but without creating confusion, stress and a feeling of fatigue. It is necessary to understand, critically select, organize and arrange their spatial elements and properties so that the result approaches a naturally harmonious whole. Examples of application at the building level are the structural and functional elements (exposed frame and mechanical systems), the morphology and shaping of the building facades, the shape of the roofs, the openings and details of the windows, the interior design and the furniture, the organization of the movement and the mobility in the space but also of the transitions from space to space, either internal or external. In addition, it is beneficial to integrate this strategy in landscape design and urban planning (urban fabric, pedestrian paths, vehicle traffic). [1] [35]

6.3.4 Office Building Mosaic Center For Conscious Community And Commerce / Alberta, Canada / Manasc Isaac / 2015 The use of a palette of natural materials in combination with the harmonious and hierarchical arrangement of various spatial elements inspired by natural shapes creates a diverse environment that stimulates the senses.

6.3.5 Factory in the Forest / Malaysia / Design Unit Architects Snd Bhd / 2017 The design of the building shows hierarchical organization of the various levels and coherence in the movement between the spaces. The spaces are functional and at the same time offer a multi-sensory experience.

integrations of parts to wholes

This biophilic strategy encourages the hierarchical organization of the spaces between them and in relation to the general context and favors the perception of the composition of a whole by individual sections. Practices that promote the integration of the parts in the whole are the successive connection of the different spaces, the clear separation, the clear boundaries but also the existence of a central reference point in the spaces. [1]

6.3.6 Google Headquarters / Chicago, USA / VOA The atrium together with the staircase function as the central point of the building which unites all the elements that appear on the floors in a single whole. Repetition of columns from place to place maintains coherence, even if other elements change.

transitional spaces

Another strategy that can be used in biophilic design is the proper treatment and organization of accesses and transitions from place to place. The various connections between the spaces can be made either from outside to inside or between inside or between outside. At the same time, the distinction of spaces can be made according to the criterion of privacy (transition between spaces that extend on the scale of public and private), according to the dynamics of a space (dynamic or static spaces) and according to whether the spaces are natural or man-made. In general, transitional spaces do not have a strictly functional purpose to perform either a design constraint to satisfy or a specific standard to follow. The perception and interpretation of their operation and contribution to the whole depends on a number of factors such as location and climatic conditions, culture and needs of society, the purpose of the project and the preferences of users, but also the values and identity of the designer.

They can be spaces with limited functionality or intense versatility, they can have mainly environmental orientation or symbolic extensions, they can unite but also separate. Therefore, during their design and integration, there is a wide margin for flexibility, interpretation, innovation and exploration of new solutions and combinations. Of course, the transitional spaces must be in line with the overall design and interact with the other biophilic practices in order to fit harmoniously into the whole. Furthermore, it is considered beneficial to be distinct and easily perceived so as not to cause ambiguity and confusion in humans. The possibilities and cases of their application are multiple and varied with some examples of transitional spaces to be the following: corridors, foyers, thresholds, entrances, gates, colonnades, paths, terraces, courtyards, patios, bridges, ramps, ramps, pergolas, sheds. [1] [36]

6.3.7 Sustainable Buildings Research Center / Wollongong, Australia / Cox Architecture / 2016 The building program is organized in two buildings which are connected by various paths that encourage direct experience with the natural landscape.

6.3.8 Josey Pavilion Training Center / Decatur, Texas / Flato Architects / 2014

6.3.9 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital / Singapore / RMJM / 2009

The training center provides a number of semi-outdoor transitional spaces connecting exterior to interior. The possibility of transforming the spaces dissolves their clear boundaries and offers spaces from where users can enjoy the landscape protected from the climatic conditions.

Multiple bridges connect the various wings of the hospital offering direct contact with the lush gardens that embrace the building.

mobility + wayfinding

In biophilic design, the appropriate structure of mobility and organization of the movement in a space but also from space to space is considered important in order to facilitate the orientation and navigation of people in them. At the same time, it is considered necessary to offer appropriate guidance to people, especially when they are present in an unknown, complex space, in order to enhance the feeling of comfort and security during their arrival, presence and movement. The practices and means for establishing effective mobility in a space are varied and are based on the ability of people to recognize and perceive the environment around them, to understand the information it provides and to unconsciously store these interpretations in their memory. Initially, entry and exit points must be strategically located, need to be visible and allow free and comfortable passage. In addition, it is considered beneficial to provide landmarks and signs in a space to facilitate orientation in it and to make it easier for people to immediately understand their position in relation to the general context. It is also important to integrate the appropriate visual communication system and the signaling of spaces, passages and directions, but also to create areas with a distinct visual character. Finally, the geometry and the construction of the space are important factors that encourage the movement and facilitate finding the way in it. [1] [37]

6.3.10 The Johns Hopkins Hospital / Baltimore, USA / Perkins + Will The complex is organized around a hierarchical circular path ("Main Loop") which is related to topology, connects existing and new buildings, directs the movement of pedestrians and guides them to specific locations. At the same time, a clear communication system (signage, maps) and landmarks (transitional spaces with plenty of natural light, works of art) are integrated.

6.3.11 Technology Center Here East / London, England / dn & co The integration of signaling system indoors and outdoors based on the use of graphics in bright colors offers clear guidance but also an interesting experience.

cultural and ecological attachment to place

Biophilic design should promote emotional attachment to place and cultivate a sense of familiar and safe environment. Man's survival during his evolutionary course depended and was directly related to his environment and the security and protection it offers him and therefore his preference for familiar places is considered a reflection of this dependence. The emotional connection is presented in relation to the cultural conditions of a place (culture, history, social context) but also in relation to the environmental conditions of the area (natural landscape, climate, endemic fauna and flora, geomorphological conditions, presence of water). Enhancing a sense of place and connection with it contributes to social cohesion and encourages people to protect and preserve their environment, whether artificial or natural. [1] [3] [20]

6.3.12 Hotel OKU / Kos, Greece / Mastrominas Architecture / 2020 The design of the hotel is inspired by the culture and history of the place and interprets the traditional architecture of the island in a modern, functional and minimalist proposal.

6.3.13 Silver Oak Winery / California, USA / Piechota Architecture / 2018 The shape of the buildings and the roofs are inspired by the traditional architecture and bear references to the typology of the area's stables.

7. EXPECTED BENEFITS FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN According to the research that has been done and the literature that has been written, the benefits of biophilic design can be discovered in all aspects of human activity. First, it is important to analyze its multidimensional contribution to people’s physical, mental and emotional health. Following, its contribution to the working environment, the employee's performance and the development of the company will be explained. Finally, the effort to mitigate environmental issues and restore the natural environment through the application of biophilic design will be commented. At this point it is important to stress that the application of biophilic design to building complexes and the urban fabric can bring positive economic results in multiple areas which have been calculated by a large number of studies.

physical, mental + emotional human health

By applying the strategies of biophilic design, a considerable effort is made to reconnect people with nature and to meet their innate needs for affiliation with it. This action offers significant benefits to humans on multiple levels (physical, mental, psychological) and radically affects how they feel, behave and live in a space. Research has shown that daily contact with the natural elements in the built environment reduces the stress people experience in their everyday lives and alleviates the feeling of pressure from their usually demanding external environment. At the same time, their physical function can be strengthened and maintained at normal levels (blood pressure, heart rate, hormone levels in the blood, circulatory system function) and thus they can be protected from the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders and other diseases associated with too much stress and also the disconnection from the physical world.

7.1 Lantern House / Melbourne, Australia / Timmins + Whyte / 2019 Biophilic design offers a beautiful and therapeutic environment to enjoy life

Biophilic design is also associated with the creation of a therapeutic and serene environment which acts as a catalyst in the recovery and restoration of health and well-being. Spaces inspired by the natural world offer comfort, encourage a sense of security and cultivate a sense of belonging. Moreover, it has been observed that people’s mood is beneficially improved and the sense of vitality and energy is enhanced. In addition, a significant contribution is made to the increase of mental function and concentration, to the alleviation of the feeling of fatigue from the attachment to a task and to the restoration of attention. Finally, with the utilization of biophilic strategies, the space is enriched with multi-sensory stimuli, as a result of which interest is aroused, imagination and creativity are activated and the appropriate conditions are offered to people to experience the beauty and joy of being alive in this world. [1] [2] [4] [6] [8] [9] [18] [20] [22] [23] [24] [25] [19] [35]

7.2 Global Heart Center Hospital / Cairo, Egypt / Foster + Partners / not yet constructed The view of the natural landscape and the play of light and shadows offer peace, tranquility and pleasure to the patients.

employee productivity + business development

Research has been conducted that negotiates the application of biophilic design in the work environment and its correlation with the performance and the health of the employee, but also the development and the efficient operation of the company. It has been observed that a work environment that incorporates several principles of biophilic design (provision of natural light and natural ventilation throughout the day, ensuring thermal and acoustic comfort, satisfactory vegetation presence, views towards natural landscapes) has not only a significant effect on the degree of concentration, productivity and efficiency of the employees in their work but also in their sense of satisfaction from the outcome. Consequently, the company can be benefited as a whole and can have more chances for success and progress.

To begin with, it has been determined that the biophilically designed space helps in the restoration of the cognitive function of the employees and the renewal of their attention. As a result, their mental energy is not immediately depleted from the continuous engagement with their work and thus their range of attention can be extended. At the same time, the integration of biophilic practices contributes not only to the restoration of their psychological state but also to the reduction of stress and nervousness that they experience daily in the workplace, resulting in the best individual performance and consequently the best performance of the company. Moreover, studies report that in this way the phenomena of systematic absence of employees from the workplace without a valid reason (absenteeism) are reduced, which is a fact that has significant financial consequences for the company. In conclusion, the application of biophilic strategies in the design of workplaces has a great potential to lead to the development of quality working conditions by offering significant and measurable benefits to both the workforce of a company and the company itself ensuring its progress and further development. At this point it is worth mentioning that the various elements of biophilic design, and especially the most obvious and noticeable, are not perceived by all employees in the same way. A company, in order to offer improved working conditions to its employees, in order to increase their productivity and therefore its operation and success, has to show genuine interest in their special needs and desires and promote practices that can be accepted by the majority of its workforce. At the same time, in this way, the company retains and encourages the existing staff to offer to the maximum and in addition attracts new employees in the context of the competition between the companies for finding talents. [1] [2] [3] [6] [10] [17] [18] [23] [24] [25] [26] [29] [35]

7.4 Office building Carazo Architecture / San Jose, Costa Rica / Carazo Arquitectura / 2019 The design of the office spaces emphasizes the assurance of comfort and quality of life, the integration of the green elements, the multifunctionality of the spaces and the sustainability of the building.

7.3 Pasona Urban Farm / Tokyo, Japan / Kono Designs / 2010 The existing nine-storey building was renovated combining the requirements of an office building with the creation of an urban farm. Employees have the opportunity to cultivate and consume their own food as part of daily work.

society

The application of biophilic design in the urban environment aims at the creation of sustainable and resilient cities and at the same time just and equal societies. Biophilic cities are characterized by the abundant and diverse presence of nature in the urban fabric. Additionally, they are able to provide equal and multiple opportunities to citizens for planned and repetitive or spontaneous and ephemeral engagement with activities that strengthen their connection with the natural landscape and thus provide a deeper understanding of the interdependence of human beings with the natural environment. Therefore, when urbanization is governed by biophilic values, not only nature is reintegrated into people's lives promoting a daily enjoyment of the natural world, but also the sense of belonging to the community and also the sense of collectivity can be cultivated. In addition, the active participation in group activities is encouraged and the sense of responsibility of each individual for the protection and preservation of both the natural landscape and the urban and cultural one nature is stimulated. By cultivating strong ties with the place and the community and by responsibly activating the citizens in collective actions, the development of the local economy and entrepreneurship is favoured and consequently the establishment of a long-term framework for achieving autonomy, resilience and sustainability of the city is strengthened. Summing up, biophilic cities are a complex and interconnected system that integrates citizens, society, the artificial and the natural environment in an unbroken chain where each link has an active role and contributes dynamically to ensure the progress and prosperity of the whole system. [11] [12] [13] [41]

7.5 Urban Regeneration / Larimer Square, Colorado, USA / Bio-Logical Capital + Urban Villages / 2019 The renovation of the area includes the creation of green roofs and gardens, but also the integration of small-scale urban farms, in order to develop local food production and strengthen the community economy.

7.6 Agripolis / Paris, France / 2019 The largest urban farm in the country functions as a community space in order to reconnect citizens with the cultivation and production of food and to enhance the environmental and economic resilience of the city.

environment

Studies have shown that the implementation of biophilic strategies in the anthropogenic environment can have a beneficial effect on addressing the environmental problems plaguing modern societies. As biophilic design promotes the use of passive lighting, ventilation and cooling systems in buildings but also the abundant presence of plants in the built environment, it can actively contribute to mitigating the negative effects that this has brought to the planet. In parallel, the extensive use of green roofs and green walls, the integration of gardens and trees, the coverage of public space with soft soils, green areas and vegetation are some practices that can be used in urban planning to create a healthy, therapeutic and sustainable environment with respect for the natural world. First of all, in terms of air pollution, climate change and the greenhouse effect, the contribution of plants is particularly important. It has become known that vegetation and the organisms in the soil not only have the ability to absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis but also they are able to clean the air, soil and water from pollutants. Especially indoors, green walls in combination with ventilation systems can act as biological air purification filters. Furthermore, concerning the phenomenon of the urban runoff, significant reductions can be achieved due to the ability of plants and soil to absorb water. It is a fact that the extensive use of hard surfaces and materials such as cement, concrete, asphalt in modern urban environments prevents the absorption of rainwater into the subsoil and intensifies their runoff on the soil surface. This fact in combination with the insufficient sewerage systems results in the contamination of the water channels. Moreover, it is possible to use domestic wastewater and collected rainwater to irrigate green ceilings and walls, a practice that contributes to the reuse of large amounts of water that the otherwise would be unexploited and thus its rational management is promoted.

7.7 Residence Desert Rain / Oregon, USA / Owners and team of professionals / 2010 The design of the residence has a significant environmental response as it utilizes the full potential for natural light, natural ventilation and passive air conditioning while integrating a system of photovoltaic elements, rainwater collection, gray water utilization and composting.

7.8 Urban Park Shanghai Greenland Center / Shanghai / Nikken Sekkei / 2017 The complex of green spaces is designed above the metro and contributes dynamically to addressing the phenomenon of the thermal urban island and promotes the rejuvenation of the city air.

Another area in which the application of biophilic design can have a positive effect is the energy sector associated with the rational consumption of energy resources with a view to their sustainable management. The green roofs and green facades as well as the urban green, contribute to the reduction of the phenomenon of the urban thermal island, the improvement of the microclimate of the cities, the mitigation of the temperature fluctuations and the upgrade of the thermal behaviour of the buildings. Therefore, there can be achieved a reduction in energy consumption for heating and cooling and an increased thermal comfort in buildings. In addition, the integration of natural light and natural ventilation, the use of passive air conditioning techniques and the coverage of energy needs from renewable energy sources in building design leads to a significant reduction of the energy requirements of the buildings and therefore their impact on the environment. Finally, it is important to mention the contribution of biophilic design not only to the reduction of biodiversity loss but also to its increase in the artificial environment through the reintegration of endemic plant and animal organisms into the urban fabric and the creation of a suitable environment for them to thrive and grow. [2] [30] [31] [42]

7.9 The Nanjing Vertical Forest / China / Stefano Boeri Architetti / 2016-ongoing The aim of the project is to create a vertical forest, with 27 endemic species, which stimulates local biodiversity, reduces carbon dioxide emissions and produces large amounts of oxygen.

8. CRITICISM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN AND CERTIFICATIONS SYSTEMS Although the theory of biophilic design is highly coherent and structured, offers a variety of design strategies and tools for its implementation and promises multiple benefits at various levels, concerns are expressed for its effective implementation and critical evaluation. As it is a relatively recent practice, the field of research and studies has not yet covered the whole theory to provide substantiated answers to the number of questions that arise during the transition from theory to practice. Therefore, further research is needed in order to better document the selection of appropriate strategies, the necessary degree of implementation, the context in which they should be applied and last but not least the interaction between them. Additional areas in which further research is needed include whether the various applications of biophilic design are viable, their effects on the wider social fabric and their impact on the culture and historicity of the sites. At the same time, an important aspect of the critique of biophilic design concerns the financial investment for its implementation and maintenance, the evaluation of the expected results and the time frame of their appearance. [2] [3] [18]

8.1 New York Times Headquarters / New York, USA / Renzo Piano / 2003 Patio with moss and birches.

In order to establish a reliable framework for the implementation of biophilic design but also to promote it, some organizations have included in their certification system specific criteria that describe and evaluate the biophilic practices in a project. Each organization sets the standards according to its values and goals, describes in detail the standards and ways of documenting them and encourages designers to create a healthier and more sustainable environment. Some of these organisms and the biophilic criteria that have been included in their rating system are described below.

The International Well Building Institute (IWBI) has developed the world-renowned Well Building Standard certification system which focuses on the design of building complexes that support and improve human health and well-being. The standard includes more than one hundred criteria under the categories air, water, nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, mind and finally innovation. In the mind category there are two criteria concerning biophilic practices, one qualitative and one quantitative. More specifically, the qualitative criterion (88: Biophilia I) focuses on the cultivation of human connection with nature and includes three sections which must be verified with a Professional Narrative by the designers. These sections require the integration of nature (description of the way and means by which the natural world is included in the work with emphasis on environmental elements, natural light and the layout of the space), the integration of natural motifs in the design and the reinforcement of human interaction with natural elements (both inside the building and in the surrounding area). At the same time, the quantitative criterion (100: Biophilia II) focuses on the psychological and emotional well-being of the user and includes three parts which should be verified by a report from the owner or the architect (Letters of Assurance) and a field control (On-Site Assessment). These parts concern the integration of biophilia in the outdoor area (25% of the project area must be covered with greenery and trees and additional landscaping of gardens or green roofs with user access), the integration of biophilia indoors (coverage with plants at least 1% of the area of each floor and in addition the presence of a green wall on each floor with an area greater than 2% of the floor area) and finally the integration of water elements (the quantity and spatial characteristics depend on the size of the project). [38] [39]

8.2 Logo and criteria

air

water

nourishment

light

fitness

comfort

88: Biophilia I – qualitative 100: Biophilia II – quantitative

mind

Another institute that has included biophilic design practices in its certification systems is the International Living Future Institute. Its intense efforts to form a just, culturally rich and ecologically sustainable society reveal an unshakable vision for the future and the reconciliation of man with the natural world. One of the certification systems it has developed is the Living Building Challenge 4.0 which focuses on consolidating sustainable design and maximizing the positive impact on societies (the term Regenerative design is used in the sense that design not only does not degrade the natural and cultural environment but also restores, improves and regenerates). Additionally, the different challenges and opportunities presented in each project are taken into account and achievable goals are set. The certification system includes the following categories of criteria (petals): place, water, energy, health and happiness, materials, equity, beauty. The biophilic practices can be detected in all categories and their subsections, while a specific report is presented in the criterion 19: Beauty and Biophilia. This indicator encourages the cultivation of the innate tendency of humans to connect with nature and promotes the integration of biophilic elements in design with prudence and meaning. The design team should develop a strategic framework for integrating biophilic practices and provide a detailed description of how they affect the project. Emphasis is placed on the integration of natural elements, natural shapes and forms, natural patterns and processes, light treatment, landscaping, adaptation to climatic conditions, connection to place and culture and finally the integration of art and design elements for pleasure, joy and spirituality. [14] [40]

8.3 Logo and petals

CASE STUDIES 1. AM HOUSE Residence / Vietnam / Nguyen Huu Duy + Nguyen Duy + Bui The Long / 2017

The AM House project is the result of the collaboration between three architects, Nguyen Huu Duy, Nguyen Duy and Bui The Long, and was designed as a holiday home for the family of a sales manager on a 3,500-square-meter plot in the rural province of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The aim of the project is to create a peaceful environment and a place of relaxation and tranquility away from the hustle and bustle of the city with emphasis on the reconnection of the residents with nature. The design of the building incorporates a number of biophilic strategies that interact harmoniously with each other and result in the creation of a pleasant and therapeutic residential environment. Initially, the house offers a breathtaking view of the lake, which surrounds two of its sides, and also towards the lush vegetation that stretches around it. Covering an area of 184 square meters, it includes a living room, kitchen, dining room, two bedrooms, bathroom, utility rooms, a staff room, but also a covered outdoor area above the lake which is connected to the living room by a series of stone steps. The arrangement of the spaces is carried out freely and seemingly randomly based on five units that are organized under the sloping roof and next to the lake. Both in the construction and the furniture of the spaces, natural materials and colors are used, composing a harmonious and pleasant whole. At the same time, special attention is given to ensuring the bioclimatic operation of the building through the design and organization of spaces, the utilization of natural light and ventilation and the integration of natural elements such as the lake. In conclusion, the house is an excellent example of biophilic design that connects residents with the place and the natural environment, meets their needs and desires and finally presents a positive environmental behavior.

9.1.1 East side of the house

9.1.2 North side of the house

Biophilic strategies Natural light The wide implementation of glass surfaces in the building provides plenty of natural light in all its spaces throughout the day. The combination of fixed glass walls, folding elongated openings that replace the solid masonry, but also smaller openings strategically placed, either on the walls or on the roof, creates unique illuminating conditions in each space. In fact, the long narrow opening that is placed in the middle of the roof penetrates it like a slit and leads the light deeper into the spaces. These practices add spatial qualities to light and create an interesting play of light and shadow. Changes in light and its characteristics, such as changes in intensity, brightness and colors, are perceived by residents and allow them to feel the movement of the sun during the day and experience the flow of time. In addition, the number and variety of openings offer magnificent views both from the inside of the house to the landscape and from the outside to the premises of the building. Air The layout and the adjacency of the spaces, the number and surface of the openings and the sloping roof allow the ventilation of the house and ensure the natural flow of air in the spaces. Furthermore, not only is the air quality inside ensured, but the flow of natural odors from the outside environment is enabled, causing positive psychosomatic responses. Finally, the placement of the building next to the lake contributes to the cooling of the air before entering the building.

9.1.3 Plenty of light illuminates the house

9.1.4 Glass wall

9.1.5 Narrow window in the kitchen area

9.1.6 The opening in the roof

Water The presence of the lake in close proximity to the house can be particularly beneficial for the mental health of the inhabitants. The sight of water and at the same time its experience through touch and smell enhances a multi-sensory perception of the space, rejuvenates and offers peace. Plants The abundant vegetation of the plot can be described as an embrace to the house. The large number and variety of species of trees and plants compose a charming landscape that changes with the change of seasons. The location of the house and the configuration of the surrounding area manage to reconnect the residents with the earth and the elements of nature. Animals The lake is home for a large number of endemic fish which offer color and beauty. At the same time, many birds, insects and animals find shelter in the green areas of the plot.

9.1.7 The lake with the

9.1.8 Abundant vegetation

9.1.9 Natural materials and colors

colorful fish

Weather The openings are designed in such a way that they allow the residents to turn the interiors into semi-open spaces, blurring the borders of the exterior and the interior of the house. Folding glass doors, which extend from the ground to the bottom of the roof, can be concentrated at the edges of the spaces. Thus, the residents can have direct connection with the natural landscape and experience the weather conditions of the external environment. In addition, through the integration of natural light and ventilation, they are able to feel the changes of the weather in any space without necessarily having visual contact with the outside environment.

Natural materials / natural colours The choice of materials is made not only according to their properties, suitability and cost, but also their aesthetic and tactile qualities and at the same time the harmonization between them and the landscape. Both in the construction and the furniture of the space, a harmonious and interesting palette of natural materials and textures is used. The roof is covered with straw, which is a local material used in the traditional architecture of the place, while the roof is covered with wooden planks in the colors of the masonry. The walls are made of concrete, while their final surface is formed using handmade wood planks which leave the texture of wood on it. The floor is also covered with concrete providing walking comfort and reducing costs, while the terrace is covered with wooden planks. Also, most of the furniture, such as the tables, the chairs, the bed, the kitchen furniture and the bookcase, but also the doors are made of wood, giving a natural feeling to the touch. Finally, the colors and textures of the materials used compose a balanced set that stimulates the senses and calms the residents.

9.1.10 Connection with the external environment and experience of weather conditions

9.1.12 Palette of materials, textures and colors

9.1.11 Connection with the external environment and experience of weather conditions

9.1.1 Palette of materials, textures and colors

Age, change and patina of time Signs of wear and tear due to the passage of time are reflected on the surfaces of natural materials used in the home, such as wood and straw, reflecting the flow of time and the variability of life. Prospect and refuge The house presents a number of spaces that provide openness to the outside environment and give a sense of perspective. At the same time, spaces of refuge are created where the feeling of security and protection from external conditions is encouraged.

9.1.14 Sense of perspective and refuge

9.1.15 Sense of perspective and refuge

9.1.16 Visual connections to the premises

9.1.17 Visual connections to the premises

Transitional spaces / Mobility and wayfinding The transition from one place to another, both inside and outside, is carried out with comfort and naturalness. The movement of the inhabitants is fluid and is not interrupted by obstacles. The layout of the spaces provides visual connections between them and facilitates the orientation and correlation of the human position with his environment. Cultural and ecological connection to place The roof construction system with its straw cover, which is a local material, is inspired by the traditional architecture of the southwestern regions of Vietnam, thus connecting the house with the culture and environmental conditions of the place.

Benefits The design of the house, the provision of plenty of natural light and the natural ventilation, the use of harmonious and natural palette of materials, colors and textures in the construction and furniture and the integration of the building in the natural landscape as well create a pleasant and multi-sensory environment that promotes the feeling of relaxation and calmness. Residents have the opportunity to put aside the worries and problems of everyday life and find peace while enjoying the simplicity and beauty of life. Regarding the environmental behavior of the house, the main means that contribute to its bioclimatic function are the provision of natural light and natural ventilation and cooling. A combination of practices offers the best possible solution in the given climatic conditions. To begin with, the roof system consists of three levels. The straw cover is the outer level and offers excellent insulation. Below this is placed the metal roof which is lined with wooden planks. This system reduces the heat that penetrates the roof and helps maintain the indoor temperature at lower levels than the outside. Additionally, natural ventilation is achieved due to the layout of the openings and the shape of the roof. Finally, the lake is an element of bioclimatic design as it allows the air to cool before entering the house especially during the summer months. [69]-[72]

9.1.18 Floor plan of the house

9.1.19 Diagram of air cooling due to the lake

9.1.20 Ventilation diagram of the house

2. ETSY’s New Headquarters Κτήριο γραφείων ETSY / Νέα Υόρκη, Η.Π.Α. / Gensler / 2016

ETSY's new headquarters in Brooklyn, New York is an innovative workplace project which combines the principles of sustainable and biophilic design with the company's wishes and needs. ETSY is a popular e-commerce platform that allows artists and creators to sell their handmade products or the vintage items they have in their possession. Gensler Architects worked closely with a large number of external collaborators and experts but also with the owners and executives of the company with a common target to create a sustainable, biophilic and beautiful environment that expresses the principles and the vision of the company and at the same time contributes and supports the progress and the resilience of the company, the sense of well-being and health of the employee, the empowerment of the local community and the protection of the environment. The main goals of the design harmonize with the goals of the company to create an environment that shares its story and vision through a narrative journey in space, accentuates the beauty and significance of the art of handicraft and artistic expression, integrates nature and finally relies on sustainable, ecological practices and utilizes authentic, local materials. It is important to emphasize that this project is one of the largest certified projects by the International Living Future Institute with the Living Building Challenge. The project meets all the requirements of four of the seven criteria (petals) of the certification (place, health and happiness, materials and beauty) and some of the rest (water, energy and equality).

9.2.1 Company’s logo

9.2.2 Entrance of the building

The design and construction of the project lasted three years and was completed in 2016. A historic, industrial building was chosen to house the headquarters in order to save materials, preserve a significant sample of the community's cultural heritage nad thus honour the historicity of the place. The office building is a harmoniously complex and diverse environment which extends over nine floors covering an area of approximately 18,600 square meters. Each floor functions as an ecosystem in balance and in cooperation with the others. Most floors incorporate a variety of workspaces and meeting rooms that are organically connected to each other and form a single unit. Both standard workplaces and alternative forms are presented, sometimes for individual use sometimes for group use, thus enabling employees to choose the appropriate environment according to their needs and preferences. At the same time, meeting rooms are plentiful at various levels and cover a wide range of options. There are spaces for private use between two people, areas for group meetings and also open spaces for daily and spontaneous gatherings. In addition, there are dining areas with kitchen on each floor which offer access to recycling and composting bins, various workshops, recording rooms, green library, bicycle parking and wellness suite with amenities such as rooms for new parents, places for meditation, relaxation and yoga but also showers. Finally, there are multiple outdoor areas for activities and everyday meetings.

9.2.3 Workplace

9.2.4 Dining area

9.2.5 Outdoor space

9.2.6 Composting and recycling area

9.2.7 Bicycle parking

9.2.8 Space for yoga and meditation

Biophilic strategies Natural light The access to natural light in the spaces is achieved with the strategically designed integration of plenty of manually opening windows and glass walls. After an extensive lighting study, in order to increase the light entering the premises and at the same time reduce the reflections, the appropriate location and size of the openings was selected. In addition, manual awnings are placed mainly on the south and west sides because they have direct exposure to sunlight. Moreover, the spaces are designed with open floor plans and all the offices are placed near the windows (maximum 12m away from them) offering the maximum possible access to natural light and simultaneously unobstructed views of the city and the landscape.

9.2.9 Office space near the openings

9.2.10 Large windows

Air The constant natural ventilation in combination with the integration of advanced ventilation systems, the presence of abundant plants but also the use of carefully selected materials have as a result the assurance of the air quality inside the building. In addition, during the construction phase, measures were taken to avoid pollution during the installation of the electromechanical equipment and specific products were selected for the coatings and paints which were utilized and the waterproofing and welding which were required. Products that meet certain specifications (Environmental Protection Agency’s Safer Choice) were used to clean the premises in order to avoid chemicals and other substances that are harmful to humans and the environment. Finally, smoking was decided to not be allowed in all areas of the building, both indoors and outdoors (roof and terraces). Plants Inside the building can be found abundant vegetation on green walls, green columns, planting containers and dividers with hydroponic crops providing a visual connection with nature in all areas. Outside, two green terraces and a green roof are created, which host 60 species of endemic plants, creating a rich environment for the development of biodiversity and the attraction of birds, insects and pollinators.

Animals The company policy allows the presence of employees' pets (dogs) in the office premises in order to maintain a tangible connection with living organisms inside the building.

9.2.12 Green walls and pots for plants

9.2.11 Outdoor space

Natural materials The materials used from the construction to the furnishing of the spaces were selected according to strict criteria, provided by the Red List Materials, in order to be in accordance with the company's vision and the objectives of the certification. Initially, all materials were tested for harmful or toxic substances (more than 1,500 different materials were evaluated). Their supply was largely made by producers and manufacturers in the local community (more than 60% comes from manufacturers within a radius of 500 km). At the same time, the materials found in the existing building were reused (wood recycling, reuse of industrial doors). The waste generated during the construction processes was donated through a non-profit organization to other projects (approximately 90% did not end up in a landfill). Furthermore, the recycling of materials takes place daily in the offices as a recycling and composting system has been integrated in order to reduce consumption and ultimately zero waste production. Finally, regarding the furniture and the decoration of the spaces, handmade objects from natural materials were used, which were supplied by the company from local manufacturers and artists. Natural colours The color palette used for the architectural elements of the space, the masonry but also the mechanical installations is neutral, in tones of white and gray. The color is introduced dynamically in the space through the furniture, the decoration and the vegetation. A wide colour spectrum is observed in the various spaces, with colours sometimes more natural and sometimes more vivid. The result is a pleasant and harmonious whole, which brings to mind natural landscapes and stimulates the imagination.

9.2.13 Composition of a pleasant ensemble

9.2.14 Furniture adds color

Simulating natural light and air The installation of artificial lighting is carried out based on the needs of employees and at the same time is designed in an imaginative and playful way to arouse interest and curiosity. The uneven hanging of the lamps from the ceiling and the presence of various models can be seen to resemble a night sky, cloud formations and other natural elements. In addition, the use of LED lamps facilitates the simulation of the temperature and intensity of natural light. At the same time, specialized equipment which is able to monitor and evaluate carbon dioxide levels, temperature and humidity is installed in the interior spaces offering an effective control system of the air quality. Images of nature Works of art, paintings, murals, handicrafts and three-dimensional constructions, which draw inspiration from natural motifs and incorporate natural materials, are harmoniously and in abundance integrated in all areas of the building. These artistic expressions emphasize the complexity that appears in the natural world and promote critical and creative thinking. All works come from local creators or artists with whom the company collaborates. Naturalistic shapes and forms The organization, construction, furnishing and decoration of the spaces draw inspiration from natural forms and patterns. Where possible, straight lines and right angles are avoided and objects with oval, tubular, curved and irregular shapes are favoured.

9.2.15 Painting on wood

9.2.16 Murals and handcrafts

Information richness The interior of the building can be described as a diverse and interactive environment which is filled with colours, shapes, textures, shapes, sounds, thus offering a multi-sensory perception and atmospheric experience of the spaces. Age, change and patina of time The exposed architectural elements in the indoor spaces and the natural wood used for the pergolas and the seats in the outdoor spaces show changes in their colour and texture over time due to withering because of the sun and the weather conditions. Additionally, the original concrete floors and the markings on them which show the year of their construction are preserved. These decisions compose a whole that honours the history of the building and creates a sense of the flow of time.

9.2.17 Three-dimensional constructions

9.2.18 Handmade creations

Organized complexity The spaces and their various elements show spatial hierarchy and coherence, composing a balanced environment with references to the natural world. The organization and the layout, the furniture, the exhibition of the mechanical equipment but also the fluidity of the transitions from space to space intensify the sense of complexity and create a multi-sensory environment. Transitional spaces The various transitional spaces ensure the smooth and interesting transition of employees from one space to another and offer comfort and naturalness. Staircases, ramps, internal wooden bridges and external stairs compose an environment with multiple levels and different views while moving around the office building.

9.2.19 Central staircase

9.2.20 Central staircase 62

Prospect and refuge The layout of the spaces, corridors and staircases on each floor creates a sense of openness and offers various perspectives to other areas. The open floor plan and the layout of the spaces according to their different uses and functions, offer multiple visual views to different areas and allow the visual connection between them. Furthermore, transparent materials are utilized in the dividing surfaces between some spaces and furniture with appropriate height so that no visual barriers that obstruct the view are accidentally created. Both indoors and outdoors spaces allow unobstructed views of the city and the landscape, enhancing the sense of prospect. At the same time, a wide range of refuge spaces to which employees have direct and daily access are integrated in the open floor plans. Small rooms for private meetings and gatherings between a limited number of people, recesses in close proximity to workplaces that act as living rooms and creative spaces can be seen as the right environment for relaxation or quiet engagement with tasks. Consequently, in this way the need for prospect and the safety of the refuge are harmoniously combined composing an interesting, comfortable and desirable environment. Cultural and ecological connection to place The company chooses to use an existing building of historical and cultural value in Brooklyn's Dumbo neighborhood, honoring its roots and supporting the community.

9.2.21 Views to spaces

9.2.22 Views to spaces

9.2.23 Refuge space

9.2.24 Refuge space

Benefits Etsy's office design promotes the creation of a workplace which combines combination a beautiful and healthy environment with a sustainable and resilient system. The integration of biophilic practices offers a comfortable and lively space for employees where they can practice their profession happily, creatively and productively. Moreover, the company's policy is in line with its vision of an equal and just society, as it promotes the formation of a multicultural workforce and the equal treatment of employees regardless of national and social background, age, gender and sexual orientation. At the same time, the project actively supports the local community, strengthening local businesses and the local economy. Most of the materials, furniture and decorative elements that were used as well as all the meals and food offered in the cafeteria of the building are obtained from local producers and sellers. In addition, the building which was chosen offers multiple commuting possibilities as it is connected to footpaths, bike paths and public transport routes. Consequently, a community that relies on pedestrian movement rather than the automobile is promoted and thus a reduction on carbon dioxide emissions due to the movement of workers from home to work can be achieved. Finally, the environmental behaviour of the project is considered particularly satisfactory. Regarding the energy needs the use of natural light results in a significant reduction in electricity consumption (80,000 kWh per year). Furthermore, the installation of a photovoltaic system ensures the operation of a part of the office while there is a goal to cover in the future the remaining costs from renewable energy sources. LED lamps are used for artificial lighting and specialized systems have been installed to turn them off when a room is empty. Concerning the water management, water has been treated as an invaluable resource. The installation of an innovative rainwater collection system helps to reduce the amount of water flowing into the neighbourhood streets and provides enough water to irrigate the plants on the green walls and the green roof. This creates a self-sustaining ecosystem that significantly reduces water waste. The integration of abundant vegetation and the creation of green rooms contribute to the increase of biodiversity by the integration of endemic species and the creation of a suitable environment for them to grow. [43] - [50]

9.2.25 Eatsy, Local Food Economy

9.2.26 Accessible roof

3. VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre Botanic Garden Visitor Center / Vancouver, Canada / Perkins Will / 2011

The new VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Center in Vancouver, Canada is a landmark building for the city and an international model of sustainability. The new green facilities not only revitalizes the traffic but also contributes to the awakening of the citizens concerning environmental issues and raises their awareness of the necessity of protection of the natural world. The project stimulates the interest of the visitors and promotes the understanding of the inseparable connection and interaction of people with nature. The design of the building is based on biophilic strategies as it integrates natural and man-made systems in a balanced body of architecture and landscape, both visually and ecologically. Its function and construction draws on references from the natural world while the morphology of its roof is inspired by organic forms and can be described as a wavy composition of orchid petals that flow over the earthen masonry of the building. In conclusion, the project meets the objectives of bioclimatic design, contributes to maintaining the ecological balance of the place, while providing a harmonious, beautiful and stimulating environment for visitors and an iconic building for society. The design of the center by Perkins & Will began in 2007 and the construction was completed in 2011. The building is one-storey, covers an area of about 1,800 square meters and includes both indoor and outdoor areas. It is located on the southeast side of the garden and serves as an entrance which prepares the visitors and invites them to explore the garden. To begin with, the solid walls of the building isolate visitors from the hustle and bustle of the city while the transparent surfaces provide a visual connection with the garden. Multiple surfaces around the building act as entrances to it. Its central point is the atrium while the rest of the spaces are organized organically around it. Visitors have access to a variety of facilities such as a library, shop, volunteer areas, office space, flexible meeting rooms, lectures, workshops, teaching and cafeteria. Finally, the undulating roof is an innovative engineering system, is prefabricated with organic panels that resemble orchid petals and has a circular opening with multiple roles.

9.3.1 VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Center

Similarly to the previous project, the VanDusen Botanical Garden's visitor center meets a large number of the Living Building Challenge criteria and is the first building in Canada to vigorously follow this standard. It was also designed to exceed the LEED Platinum specifications in order to achieve the sustainability goals set by the botanical garden managers. From the beginning of the design it was deemed necessary to harmonize the philosophy of the building with the mission of the garden to protect and preserve the natural wealth. As a result, the visitor centre is inspired by the principles that govern the natural world, integrates the knowledge about the functions and the mechanisms of particular ecosystems and organisms and finally meets the sustainability goals that were set by the owners and designers.

Biophilic strategies Natural light Natural light enters abundantly in all areas of the center. The carefully designed integration of glazing that extends to the entire surface of the wall in some cases but also glazing as skylights over the solid walls provides the necessary natural light according to the use and function of the spaces. At the same time, the extensive transparent surfaces offer unobstructed views of the gardens and the outside environment. In addition, the light that enters from the special opening of the roof (oculus) creates a fascinating and changing lightscape in the patio that invites visitors to relax, contemplate and realize the importance and value of the place where they are. Air The natural ventilation and cooling of the spaces is achieved through the skylight of the roof which is located in the center of the atrium which also in the center of the overall geometry of the building. The solar chimney system is integrated in combination with the utilization of a perforated aluminum heat sink and the painting with dark colors of some elements. These are techniques were chosen in order to intensify the phenomenon of the solar chimney.

9.3.3 Glass facades

9.3.2 Skylight of the atrium

Plants The undulating roof of the building and the surrounding area are covered with extensive vegetation which includes exclusively endemic species and enhances the biodiversity of the place. A number of distinct ecological zones are created (meadows, wetlands, forest landscape) which attract a large number of insects, birds, frogs and other animals as they are the suitable environment for their survival and increase of their populations. Animals The building not only does not prevent but supports the integration of many animal organisms in the botanical garden. In fact, a piece of the roof goes down to the north and touches the ground, connecting it with the earth and thus allowing the animals to climb on it.

9.3.4 The undulating green roof

9.3.5 The undulating green roof

Natural materials For the construction and furnishing of the building, mainly natural local materials are used, which have been thoroughly tested in order to meet the suitability criteria set by the specifications. Local wood is used for the construction of the roof panels and for various coatings, wall coverings, furniture and other constructions. Wood is considered a renewable construction material as it is abundant in this area and also has the ability to store carbon dioxide throughout the life of the building. Also, the various types of local soil (rammed earth) used to build some masonry create interesting color combinations on the walls and connect visitors with the place and its geological character. Finally, it was chosen to use concrete on the floor and in some masonry as it is a durable material and is a healthier alternative than other materials. Natural colours Extensive use of natural, local materials results in the creation of a neutral, natural palette and consequently a color-balanced ensemble. Wood, as a dominant material in construction and furnish, gives a strong natural color to all areas, creates a healthy environment and composes a warm atmosphere that manages to connect the visitor with the forest landscape of the area.

9.3.6 Walls made of rammed earth

9.3.7 Masonry and concrete floor

9.3.8 Curved masonry

9.3.10 The wavy roof

9.3.9 The oculus

9.3.12 Wooden pillars 9.3.11 Wooden panels of the roof

Naturalistic shapes and forms The morphology, construction and function of the roof are inspired by a species of local orchid (White Bog Orchid). The wavy, organic geometry of the roof sections resembles the orchid petals and mimics their complex organization system. Each section consists of a series of wooden panels which are supported on wooden pillars which are placed at the ends of each of them according to the post and beam construction system. For the design of the curvature and the location of each individual panel but also for the determination of the most efficient way of their construction, parametric design programs were utilized and innovative solutions were introduced. The petals are shown to converge on the skylight of the atrium which is also the central area of the building. At the same time, the masonry of the building shows minimal straight lines and angles. Their curvilinear arrangement results in the creation of organic spaces that allow smooth transitions and favors the composition of a harmonious building whole.

Evoking nature/Information richness The building integrates into the landscape and becomes a harmonious continuation of it. The organic and asymmetrical shapes of the ceiling and the walls create the feeling of being surrounded by natural constructions. The balanced combination of natural forms, materials and colors evokes admiration and awe for the nature and its beauty. The complex geometries, with obvious reference to the natural world, stimulate the senses and curiosity. The environment, although unusual, creates a feeling of intimacy and pleases the visitor. Age, change and patina of time The materials used show a patina over time due to the natural withering that occurs. Additionally, the overall landscape including the colors, odors and shapes, changes with the change of seasons. Biomimicry The shape, construction and function of the skylight draw inspiration from the termite mound the function of which is based on the chimney effect. The warm air rises from the inside of the room and is blown out through the operable windows. With the use of the aluminum heat sink and the dark colors, a greater temperature difference is created between the floor and the opening, and as a result the phenomenon is intensified. Therefore, the skylight shows a multiple role as it allows natural lighting, ventilation and cooling of the space. Transitional spaces/ Mobility and wayfinding The building functions as a transitional space from the city to the botanical garden, which prepares and inspires the visitor. The atrium functions as a central point that guides the visitor, while the other spaces are organized on either side of it in an organic fluid way which facilitates the natural transition from one space to the other. Cultural and ecological attachment to place The project achieves the inseparable connection of the building with the place on an ecological and cultural level. The building manages to become one with nature and to combine the architectural design with the wisdom of ecosystems. It is a symbol of the value of nature for man and a tangible reminder of the need to protect it.

9.3.13 Crossing through a wooden bridge

9.3.14 Harmonization 69

with the landscape

Bioclimatic behaviour The project is an excellent example of understanding natural systems and interpreting their functions, with a remarkable bioclimatic behaviour while maintaining the ecological balance between building and place, man and nature. A variety of passive and active systems are integrated, as well as innovative technologies that utilize the renewable resources provided by the site and contribute to ensuring the bioclimatic behavior of the building. Initially, zero net energy consumption is achieved on an annual basis, as the total energy required for the operation of the building is covered by renewable sources (solar hot water pipe systems, photovoltaic panels and geothermal drilling are used). Maximizing the use of natural light leads to a significant reduction in electricity requirements for daytime lighting. In addition, maximum efficiency of the water management is ensured by the integration of a rainwater collection and a reuse system of liquid waste. The total amount of wastewater produced is filtered by the biological reactor which is placed at a specific point in the garden and then is transported to the filtration field. The forest vegetation and the integration of wetlands and rain gardens allow the natural filtration of rainwater. Moreover, the choice of materials is based on their life cycle and long-term impact on the environment. The materials which are used have the potential to be recycled, bear a minimal carbon footprint and are concerned to be the most suitable and durable for the given conditions and requirements. Furthermore, the building protects and enhances the biological diversity of the place and causes the least possible disturbance in the natural space. The vegetation displaced from the building is replaced by the green roof while the location chosen for its construction does not threaten the rare species of trees, shrubs and plants in the garden. In conclusion, the building, like a flower rooted in a location, collects all the energy and water it needs, adapts to the climate and the place, works in harmony with its environment without causing any issues on it and finally promotes the health and well-being of users and the vision for a more biophilic society. [51] - [59]

9.3.15 Diagram of the solar chimney effect

9.3.16 Floor plan 1 Entrance 2 Arrival Hall 3 Patio 4 Offices 5 Intrep. Center 6 Food service 7 Volunteer 8 Services 9 Loading Bay 10 Great Hall 11 Flex 12 Classroom 13 Library 14 Garden shop 15 Outdoor store 16 Livingstom Plaza 17 Livingstom Lake Dock 18 Vegetated land ramp 19 Administration building 20 Floral Hall

9.3.17 Section - Water management 1 City water supply 2 Roof water collection 3 Rain water collection/treatment 4 Blackwater treatment/bioreactor 5 Percolation field

Section 9.3 - Energy Management 1 Solar chimney 2 Solar hot water pipes 3 Radiant slab 4 Heat pump 5 Electrical innverter 6 Photovoltaic panels 7 Geoexchange field

9.3.19 Diagram of construction of wooden panels and placement of columns

4. Gardens by the Bay (Bay South) Urban Gardens / Marina Bay, Singapore / Grant Associates / 2012

The Gardens by the Bay is the largest landscape architectural project in Singapore and one of the largest in the world, covering more than 100 ha. The interdisciplinary team that undertook the design and construction in 2006 includes a number of professionals (architects, landscape architects, engineers, botanists, arborists, researchers, experts in specific plant species) who worked closely together for six years with the common goal of creating one of the most important gardening and botany projects. The gardens include distinctive habitats that host a huge variety of plant species from different climatic zones of the planet and present the plant kingdom in a pioneering and unique way. The project aims to entertain and offer a green area of unparalleled beauty and diversity to all visitors to enjoy nature and its wonders. At the same time, it aims to inform citizens about environmental issues, both locally and globally, and to motivate them to change their mentality and take action to address them. To date, the project has received numerous awards and accolades as tens of millions of people from around the world have visited the gardens elevating them to one of the most popular botanical destinations as well as an innovative landmark for the city that supports Singapore's identity as a "City in a Garden".

9.4.1 View of the gardens from above

9.4.2 The supertrees grove and the aerial bridge

The main inspiration for the design, the multi-level organization and the complex infrastructure of the project was the form and function of the orchid plant, which is considered the national flower of Singapore. The Gardens can be described as a rich and harmonious combination of nature with architecture, technology and sustainable management of the environment. They are divided into three parts, the Bay South, the Bay East and the Bay Central. The Bay South is the largest in area and includes two greenhouses (the mediterranean Flower Dome and the tropical mountain Cloud Forest), two groups of theme botanical gardens (the world's heritage gardens and plant gardens), the Dragonfly Lake wetland and finally the Supertrees grove (18 concrete structures 25-50 m high that resemble trees and are covered with vertical gardens).

Additionally, there are dining areas, shops, a garden for children, spaces for events and activities, an aerial bridge and multiple routes for exploration. The Bay East is a public space, with prospects for future development, which offers a peaceful environment overlooking the sea and the city where visitors have the opportunity to relax, play sports and enjoy the scenery. Finally, the Bay Central will connect the above with a three-kilometer coastal route with breathtaking views.

9.4.5 The garden at night

9.4.3 The grove of supertrees

9.4.4 Group of three supertrees

9.4.7 The Flower Dome greenhouse 9.4.6 The Cloud Forest greenhouse

9.4.9 The greenhouses

9.4.8 The aerial bridge

9.4.10 Space for children

Biophilic strategies The Gardens can be seen as a fascinating environment that praises the beauty, wisdom and complexity of nature. Rich in stimuli, colors, smells, sounds, textures and forms, it encourages multi-sensory interaction with the countless elements which are present and creates unique spatial experiences. Both during the day, when the natural light is abundant, and at night, when the whole garden and the constructions are illuminated with colorful lights and artistic projections, the landscape impresses and provokes instinctive positive responses to the visitors. The richness of information that is found in every corner of the gardens captivates and excites the visitors and leaves them with magical memories. The internal harmony and coherence that governs the work in all its scales, but also the conscious integration of the parts in the overall picture, compose a balanced whole as it is presented in the organic structures and the ecosystems. The organization and spatial hierarchy of the individual elements of the project, from a small flower garden to large structures, but also the diversity, variability and beauty that characterizes them embody the basic principles of biophilic design. Moreover, the form of the constructions but also the layout of the spaces and the management of the mobility in them are inspired by natural shapes and motifs that are found in the animal and plant organisms. Each element is designed with curved lines, like an organic structure, resulting in the absence of straight and vertical lines and thus the simulation of the whole garden in a natural landscape. Initially, Supertrees resemble trees with tall trunks and long branches covered with vegetation, while the two greenhouses are designed as curved glass domes. The same curvilinear logic can be found in the floor plans of the gardens and in general of all the spaces, both indoor and outdoor. The paths and bridges that connect the spaces are also designed with curved lines and provide visitors with comfort and naturalness while moving but also enhance the feeling of flow in the space. Therefore, the overall design of the gardens, inspired by the shapes and forms found in nature and utilizing the practices of biomimicry, manages to transform an artificial environment into a charming expression of natural wealth and beauty. Finally, the work is inextricably linked to the cultural and ecological aspect of the society of Singapore and at the same time embraces and brings to one place wonders of nature from all over the world. On the one hand, the Gardens are an organically shaped artificial environment which favors the understanding and connection with the special environmental conditions of this particular place, but also with the culture of the society and is addressed both to the local population and to the visitors from other countries. On the other hand, visitors are given the opportunity to get to know ecosystems found in other parts of the world and to enjoy a wide variety of plant species that are not endemic to the area. As a result, the richness of the natural environment and its value for humans is realized and therefore the need for the preservation of biodiversity and the protection of the natural landscape is emphasized.

Bioclimatic behaviour The Gardens by the Bay project is not only an excellent example of sustainable design but also introduces innovative construction and technological solutions and new design and planting methods that become apparent in large garden constructions. As for the greenhouses, they are 58 meters high and cover a total area of over 20,000 square meters in an area where previously there was no natural landscape. Their bioclimatic design is achieved by minimizing their energy needs, covering them from renewable energy sources and utilizing passive climate control techniques. Specially selected glazing systems are used that allow the passage of a sufficient amount of sunlight while at the same time significantly reducing the heat that penetrates into the greenhouses. Their roof is covered with sensors that work with the shading system (computer-controlled shading system) in order to provide the appropriate shading when necessary. Furthermore, pioneering carbon neutral cooling technologies are incorporated in order to achieve and maintain the appropriate climatic conditions for the type of vegetation they host with the least possible energy consumption. In fact, for this purpose, thermal stratification of the air takes place and only the lower layers are cooled through the chilled water pipes which are placed on the floor. Finally, the heat dissipated during the cooling process is used for the operation of the air dehumidification system. The dehumidification process is performed before cooling in order to further reduce the required energy.

9.4.11 Flower Dome Greenhouse

9.4.12 Cloud Forest Greenhouse

9.4.13 Flower Dome Greenhouse

9.4.14 Cloud Forest Greenhouse

9.4.15 Map of origin of greenhouse species

In addition, Supertrees are constructions which incorporate rainwater collection systems that are used for both the irrigation of the constructions themselves and for the greenhouses too. At the same time, in eleven of them, photovoltaic panel systems are installed which produce sufficient energy to supply them and the greenhouses. It is worth mentioning that during the day they provide a shady shelter from the intense, tropical sun and help to alleviate the high temperatures that prevail due to the climatic conditions of the place. Finally, a wide variety of plants is introduced as they are covered with over 700 species of climbing plants, epiphytes, orchid and fern which were selected based on certain criteria (suitability for vertical planting, weight, durability, non-need for soil, low maintenance requirement, compatibility with climate, visual interest). The abundant and varied vegetation of the gardens as a whole can be described as the suitable environment for the living of a large number of insects, birds and other animals, thus contributing to the increase of the biological diversity of the place. In short, the principles which govern the functions and mechanisms of ecosystems are integrated, the development of complex symbiotic relationships between the various elements is encouraged and the harmonious interaction of artificial with the natural environment is promoted.

9.4.16 Supertrees

9.4.17 The vegetation on the trunk

9.4.18 The space between the supertrees

In conclusion, the project succeeds to provide a harmonious expression of biophilic design practices which embodies the biophilic goals in every detail. According to the head of Grant Associates, the Gardens are able to reconnect man with nature while meeting global environmental challenges, such as urbanization, climate change and biodiversity loss. Through the combination of architectural design and ecological sciences, the creation of a space with a distinct identity which manages to impress and inspire citizens but also to promote the vision of a therapeutic living environment and a sustainable society can be achieved. [60] - [68]

CONCLUSIONS Biophilic design can be considered as an approach to the architectural creation which stems from man's innate tendency and need to connect with the natural world and incorporates at its core a deep understanding of nature. The presentation of the theoretical background of biophilia demonstrates the fact that nature is an integral part of human life and a necessary component for our prosperity and the progress of our culture. As the evolutionary course of human beings took place for the most part in the natural environment, our physiology and psychology have been influenced and determined by it to such an extent that it is considered absurd to ignore our relationship with nature in modern times. Moreover, the analysis of how biophilia is integrated into architectural design reveals the great importance of the critical study and interpretation of the construction, organization and operation of natural systems and organisms, as well as the complex relationships that are developed between them. Ecosystems and all the elements that make them up are governed by natural laws that allow mutual cooperation and benefit and ensure their resilience and sustainability, which are characteristics that anthropogenic systems must also have. Following, the description of the fundamental principles and various strategies for the effective implementation of biophilic design prove the usefulness of integrating the principles of the natural world in the design process in order to meet people’s needs and desires. Biophilic strategies express the possibility of architectural design to utilize the wisdom of nature in order to create the appropriate living environment for modern man. As natural wealth is inexhaustible, it is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for design. Biophilic practices not only do not limit the design process but provide creative tools for extracting references from the natural world and integrating them into it. Through the extensive study of the selected examples and the presentation of a large number of projects, either implemented or expected to be constructed, the scope of application of biophilic design becomes apparent. The number of different types of projects that embrace its philosophy and incorporate biophilic practices indicates the wide range of its application. Examples of building design have been presented (residence, office, training center, elementary school, college, hospital, shop, hotel, apartment complex, resort, mountain shelter, restaurant, cafeteria, museum, visitor center, winery, wine cellar, winery, restaurant , meeting room in a conference room, community center, outdoor market), examples of urban regeneration and landscape design (municipal park, large-scale urban garden, urban farm, urban intervention) but also various constructions (meditation capsule, stairwell, shelter, civil bridge landmark). The variety of examples demonstrates that biophilic design can be applied effectively to both small-scale and large-scale projects, whether in building design or in urban and landscape design. At the same time, the examples presented have been implemented in a large number of countries on all continents of the world, revealing the universality of biophilic strategies, the flexibility they offer and their adaptability to climatic and geomorphological conditions, as well as to the cultural and social conditions of each place. Examining the examples demonstrates the multiple benefits of biophilic design for humans, society and the environment. Initially, it becomes apparent that the biophilically designed space has a positive effect on the psychology, mental function and physical condition of man, as it is a pleasant and healing environment that promotes a sense of serenity and at the same

time offers a multi-sensory experience that fascinates. Biophilic design promotes the creation of a healthy living environment which contributes to the cultivation of a sense of well-being but also a beautiful and creative environment for human development and enjoyment of life. Next, it is shown that the application of biophilic design in the urban fabric contributes to the creation not only of sustainable and resilient cities but also of just and equal societies. As the sense of belonging to the community and the specific place is cultivated, the active participation of citizens in the collective actions and processes of society is encouraged, while at the same time the sense of responsibility for the protection and preservation of social infrastructure, cultural heritage and natural wealth is stimulated. In addition, the appropriate framework for achieving autonomy, economic stability and community prosperity in accordance with the principles of sustainable development is established. Finally, the benefits of biophilic design in addressing environmental issues and creating a sustainable artificial environment that not only does not compete with the natural but also works collaboratively with it are proven. Its contribution is evident in a number of areas, such as the rational management of water, the reduction of energy consumption and the sustainable exploitation of energy resources, the loss of biodiversity in cities and the reintegration of endemic species into them. At this point, it is important to note that in order to reap the benefits of biophilic design and reduce the risk of inappropriate or inefficient implementation, its philosophy should guide the design process and promote the coupling of architectural thinking with wisdom of the natural world. At this point it is necessary to comment that most of the biophilic design strategies, such as the integration of natural light, natural ventilation, the use of natural materials but also the formation of perspective and shelter conditions in the space, are practices that we have already encountered in traditional architecture of each place and are practices of what we would call a good architecture. In other words, biophilic design did not discover all these tools it offers but essentially created a flexible framework for their application where special emphasis is given to the multiple interactions of the practices with each other, the consequences of these interactions to people, communities, cities and environment and above all to the reconnection of mankind with the natural world and the integration of the interpretation of nature in the architectural design. In other words, biophilic design does not appear as a magic formula that can be applied everywhere in the built environment and solve all the problems we face, but combines all the good practices of architecture, engineering and ecology with the love and interest in nature and the world in which we live in. The architect is the one who has to be critical of the issues of modern societies, to understand the deeper reason for their existence and to use the biophilic tools and the knowledge of the natural world to design innovative solutions transforming the existing artificial environment into a sustainable and balanced framework for a harmonious and happy coexistence of man and nature. In conclusion, biophilic design is an expression of architectural creation that incorporates the interpretation of the natural world and promotes the reconnection and reconciliation of man with nature. As it offers a creative and flexible framework for reviewing conventional design methods, it allows the exploration of new innovative solutions to modern human needs, contributes to the empowerment of societies and the preservation of the natural environment as well. Architecture has the ability to create a pleasant living environment for man where he can enjoy the beauty of life but also bears the responsibility towards the future generations to ensure mutual benefit, cooperation and balance between man and nature, thus realizing the vision for a sustainable well-being. 78

BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] The Practice of Biophilic Design_Stephen R. Keller t, Elizabeth F. Calabrese [online] available: https://www.biophilic-design.com/ [access: 17/03/21] [2] Biophilic architecture: a review of the rationale and outcomes [online] available: http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/environsci.2015.4.950 [access: 19/03/21] [3] A Review of Psychological Literature on the Health and Wellbeing Benefits of Biophilic Design [online] available: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings/special_issues/build_environ#published [access: 17/03/21] [4] The impact of biophilic design elements on the atmospheric perception of the space [online] available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348150900_THE_IMPACT_OF_BIOPHILIC_DESIGN_ELEMENTS_ON_THE_ATMOSPHERIC_PERCEPTION_OF_THE_INTE RIOR_SPACE [access: 19/03/21] [5] An architectural love of the living: Bio-inspired design in the pursuit of ecological regeneration and psychological well-being [online] available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261477280_An_architectural_love_of_the_living_Bio-inspired_design_in_the_pursuit_of_ecological_regeneration _and_psychological_well-being [access: 17/03/21] [6] The SALIENT Checklist: Gathering up the Ways in Which Built Environments Affect What We Do and How We Feel [online] available: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings/special_issues/build_environ#published [access: 16/03/21] [7] Nurturing Biophilic Design and Nature-Inspired Design in Furniture Design Projects [online] available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337910638_Nurturing_Biophilic_Design_and_Nature-Inspired_Design_in_Furniture_Design_Projects [access: 19/03/21] [8] Human responses to vegetation and landscapes [online] available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169204686900058 [access: 16/03/21] [9] Mindfulness and Subjective Well-being in the Sustainability Movement: A Further Elaboration of Multiple Discrepancies Theory [online] available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006941403481 [access: 20/03/21] [10] Why Biophilic Design Matters [online] available: https://interfaceinc.scene7.com/is/content/InterfaceInc/ec_am-biophilicdesigninsert-82019singlepagespdf [access: 18/03/21] [11] What makes a city 'biophilic'? Observations and experiences from the Wellington Nature Map project [online] available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322784690_What_makes_a_city_%27biophilic%27_Observations_and_experiences_from_the_Wellington_Nature _Map_project [access: 18/03/21] [12] Biourbanism for a healthy city: biophilia and sustainable urban theories and practices [online] available: https://derby.openrepository.com/handle/10545/294089 [access: 18/03/21] [13] Biophilic Cities Are Sustainable, Resilient Cities [online] available: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/5/8/3328 [access: 19/03/21] [14] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Biophilic design [online] available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilic_design [access: 21/03/21] [15] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Biophilia hypothesis [online] available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis [access: 21/03/21] [16] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Ecosystem [online] available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem [access: 21/03/21] [17] Why you can’t afford to ignore nature in the workplace [online] available: https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20161125-why-you-cant-afford-to-ignore-nature-in-the-workplace?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F [access: 22/03/21] [18] The Impact and Benefits of Biophilia in the Workplace [online] available: https://www.coalesse.com/blog/the-impact-and-benefits-of-biophilia-in-the-workplace/ [access: 22/03/21] [19] How Biophilic Design Promotes a Mindful Office [online] available: https://www.coalesse.com/blog/how-biophilic-design-promotes-a-mindful-office/ [access: 22/03/21] [20] To Feel the Love: A Conversation with Barry Svigals [online] available:

[[21] What Is and Is Not Biophilic Design? [online] available: https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/what-is-and-is-not-biophilic-design/ [access: 24/03/21] [22] Biophilic design: What is it? Why it matters? And how do we use it? [online] available: https://www.bdcnetwork.com/blog/biophilic-design-what-it-why-it-matters-and-how-do-we-use-it [access: 24/03/21] [23] Biophilic Design – connecting with nature to improve health & well being [online] available: https://www.oliverheath.com/biophilic-design-connecting-nature-improve-health-well/ [access: 24/03/21] [24] Biophilic Design [online] available: https://www.interface.com/US/en-US/design/biophilic-design/Biophilic-Design-en_US [access: 24/03/21] [25] 7 Ways to Enhance Indoor Environments with Biophilic Design [online] available: https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/7-ways-to-enhance-indoor-environments-with-biophilic-design_o [access: 25/03/21] [26] Biophilic design consultants [online] available: https://biofilico.com/biophilic-design [access: 26/03/21] [27] Biophilia hypothesis [online] available: https://www.britannica.com/science/biophilia-hypothesis [access: 25/03/21] [28] The Principles and Benefits of Biophilic Design [online] available: https://www.ansgroupglobal.com/news/principles-and-benefits-biophilic-design [access: 25/03/21] [29] How Hospital Gardens Help Patients Heal [online] available: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nature-that-nurtures/ [access: 27/03/21] [30] Does Being around Trees Help People Feel Good? [online] available: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-being-around-trees-help-people-feel-good/ [access: 27/03/21] [31] How a Living Wall Can Provide for Biodiversity in our Urban Spaces [online] available: https://www.ansgroupglobal.com/news/how-living-wall-can-provide-biodiversity-our-urban-spaces [access: 28/03/21] [32] A Profile of Biologist, Warrior, Poet, Philosopher Edward O. Wilson [online] available: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/a-profile-of-biologist-warrior-poet-philosopher-edward-o-wilson/ [access: 29/03/21] [33] An Introduction to Biophilic Design [online] available: https://en.aspectaflooring.com/sustainability/biophilic-design/ [access: 14/04/21] [34] Wikipedia, Biomimetics [online] available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetics [access: 15/04/21] [35] 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design: Improving Health & Well-Being in the Built Environment [online] available: https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/#prospect [access: 17/04/21] [36] Transition Spaces and how they translate [online] available: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/article/transition-spaces-and-how-they-translate/ [access: 20/04/21] [37] Introduction to wayfinding [online] available: https://www.designworkplan.com/read/wayfinding-introduction [access: 23/04/21] [38] Biophilia I - Qualitative. WELL Building Standard [online] available: https://standard.wellcertified.com/mind/biophilia-i-qualitative [access: 28/04/21] [39] Biophilia II – Quantitative [online] available: https://standard.wellcertified.com/mind/biophilia-ii-quantitative [access: 28/04/21] [40] Living Building Challenge [online] available: https://living-future.org/ [access: 30/04/21] [41] Creating Resilient Communities through Biophilic Design [online] available: https://www.biologicalcapital.com/blog-roll/2018/2/22/creating-resilient-communities-through-biophilic-design [access: 5/05/21] [42] Biophilic Design and Climate Change: Performance Parameters for Health [online] available: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2019.00028/full [access: 5/05/21]

[43] Etsy's headquarters in Brooklyn blur the lines between workplace and habitat [online] available: https://www.archisearch.gr/architecture/etsy-headquarters-brooklyn-gensler-architects/ [access: 20/05/21] [44] A Tour of Etsy’s Super Cool Brooklyn Headquarters [online] available: https://www.officelovin.com/2017/02/13/tour-etsys-super-cool-brooklyn-headquarters/ [access: 20/05/21] [45] Gensler completes etsy's vibrant headquarters in Brooklyn [online] available: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/etsy-headquarters-gensler-brooklyn-new-york-12-01-2016/ [access: 20/05/21] [46] Etsy Headquarters [online] available: https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/etsy-headquarters_o [access: 20/05/21] [47] Designing our living, breathing headquarters [online] available: https://www.etsy.com/living-building-challenge [access: 20/05/21] [48] ETSY HEADQUARTERS [online] available: https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/etsy-headquarters/ [access: 20/05/21] [49] Petal Certified Etsy HQ [online] available: https://living-future.org/lbc/case-studies/etsy-headquarters/#health-happiness [access: 20/05/21] [50] Etsy Headquarters [online] available: https://www.aia.org/showcases/6280254-etsy-headquarters [access: 20/05/21] [51] VANDUSEN BOTANICAL GARDEN VISITOR CENTRE [online] available: https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre-2/ [access: 26/05/21] [52] VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre [online] available: https://living-future.org/lbc/case-studies/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre/ [access: 05/06/21] [53] VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre [online] available: https://perkinswill.com/project/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre/ [access: 26/05/21] [54] VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre / Perkins&Will [online] available: https://www.archdaily.com/956788/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre-perkins-and-will [access: 26/05/21] [55] VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre / Perkins+Will [online] available: https://www.archdaily.com/215855/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre-perkinswill [access: 05/06/21] [56] VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre [online] available: https://archello.com/project/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre [access: 05/06/21] [57] VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre [online] available: https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre_o [access: 05/06/21] [58] VANDUSEN BOTANICAL GARDEN VISITOR CENTRE BY PERKINS+WILL [online] available: https://aasarchitecture.com/2013/06/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre-by-perkinswill.html/ [access: 05/06/21] [59] VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre [online] available: https://structurecraft.com/projects/vandusen-botanical-gardens-visitor-centre [access: 05/06/21] [60] Official website [online] available: https://www.gardensbythebay.com.sg/en.html [access: 17/06/21] [61] Gardens by the Bay, Singapore [online] available: https://grant-associates.uk.com/projects/gardens-by-the-bay [access: 17/06/21] [62] Gardens by the Bay / Grant Associates and Wilkinson Eyre Architects [online] available: https://www.archdaily.com/155467/gardens-by-the-bay-grant-associates-and-wilkinson-eyre-architects [access: 17/06/21] [63] Gardens by the Bay / Grant Associates [online] available: https://www.archdaily.com/254471/gardens-by-the-bay-grant-associates [access: 17/06/21] [64] Cooled Conservatories at Gardens by the Bay / Wilkinson Eyre Architects [online] available: https://www.archdaily.com/324309/cooled-conservatories-at-gardens-by-the-bay-wilkinson-eyre-architects [access: 17/06/21] [65] "Cooled Conservatories, Gardens by the Bay" Wins the 2013 RIBA Lubetkin Prize [online] available: https://www.archdaily.com/435531/cooled-conservatories-gardens-by-the-bay-wins-the-2013-riba-lubetkin-prize [access: 17/06/21] [66] Gardens by the Bay by Grant Associates and Wilkinson Eyre Architects [online] available: https://www.dezeen.com/2012/06/19/gardens-by-the-bay-by-grant-associates-and-wilkinson-eyre-architects/ [access: 17/06/21] [67] How The Landscape Architects Behind Gardens By The Bay Connect Architecture To Nature [online] available: https://sg.asiatatler.com/life/grant-associates-landscape-architect-gardens-by-the-bay-sentosa-brani [access: 17/06/21] [68] Sacred Sustainability: Singapore, Greening, and Biophilic Design [online] available: https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/sacred-sustainability-singapore-greening-and-biophilic-design/ [access: 17/06/21] [69] AM House [online] available: https://www.thecoolector.com/am-house/ [access: 19/06/21] [70] AM House is a Vietnamese holiday home surrounded by a pond and tropical gardens [online] available: https://www.dezeen.com/2021/04/21/am-house-vietnam-holiday-home-tropical-thatched-roof/#/ [access: 19/06/21] [71] Am house // CTA – Creative Architects [online] available: https://architizer.com/blog/projects/am-house-cta-creative-architects-1/ [access: 19/06/21] [72] Incorporating nature into everyday life. AM House by Nguyen Huu Duy, Nguyen Duy and Bui The Long [online] available: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/incorporating-nature-everyday-life-am-house-nguyen-huu-duy-nguyen-duy-and-bui-long [access: 19/06/21]

IMAGES The relationship between mankind and nature 1.1 https://www.flickr.com/photos/bdinphoenix/364617397/ 1.2 http://manivoice.gr/sites/default/files/styles/fullnode/public/field/image/h-2-mystras-ruins.jpg?itok=zlQL7vVY 1.3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pudong,_Shangai.png 1.4 https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%A5%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7 1.5 https://phys.org/news/2019-11-amazon-deforestation-summer-year.html 1.6 https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/47795/images-reveal-extent-of-taiwan-drought/ 1.7 https://theconversation.com/habitat-loss-doesnt-just-affect-species-it-impacts-networks-of-ecological-relationships-117687 1.8 https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/47545/climate-emergencies-in-2021/ 1.9 https://www.sustrana.com/blog/the-biophilic-office-designing-with-nature/

Conceptual content, etymology and brief timeline of the term biophilia 2.1 https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61cnLwZTJPL._AC_SL1500_.jpg 2.2 https://posterstore.com/au/posters-prints/nature-botanical/fern-poster/ 2.3 https://soundartus.com/butterfly/

Spectrum of application of biophilic design 4.1 https://www.dwell.com/article/house-in-kyoto-07beach-d34b2460 4.2 https://www.officelovin.com/2017/02/13/tour-etsys-super-cool-brooklyn-headquarters/ 4.3 https://www.archdaily.com/896832/bio-climatic-preschool-bc-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects 4.4 https://studiodavidthulstrup.com/NOMA-RESTAURANT 4.5 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/04/18/koichi-takada-national-museum-qatar-interior/ 4.6 https://www.thegreekfoundation.com/architecture/oku-in-kos-island-by-mastrominas-architecture 4.7 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/betty-and-clint-josey-pavilion/ 4.8 https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/14/foster-partners-magdi-yacoub-global-heart-centre-cairo-hospital/ 4.9 https://www.laidbacktrip.com/posts/high-line-new-york 4.10 https://www.archdaily.com/254471/gardens-by-the-bay-grant-associates 4.11 http://www.batlleiroig.com/en/landscape/cycling-and-pedestrian-connection-beweent-barcelona-esplugues-de-llobregat/ 4.12 https://www.archdaily.com/957558/vertical-greenery-impacts-on-the-urban-landscape/601d2e1cf91c8166d3000272-vertical-greenery-impacts-on-the-urbanlandscape-image

Experiences and attributes of biophilic design 6.1 https://cookfox.com/projects/27-drew-lane/

Direct experience of nature 6.1.1 https://www.archdaily.com/947771/factory-in-the-forest-design-unit 6.1.2 https://studiodavidthulstrup.com/NOMA-RESTAURANT 6.1.3 https://www.archdaily.com/603088/brillhart-house-brillhart-architecture?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 6.1.4 https://www.dwell.com/article/house-in-kyoto-07beach-d34b2460 6.1.5 https://www.archdaily.com/890974/b-garden-3andwich-design-he-wei-studio 6.1.6 https://www.archdaily.com/603088/brillhart-house-brillhart-architecture?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 6.1.7 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/te-kura-whare/ 6.1.8 https://www.dwell.com/article/am-house-creative-architects-34d5df21 6.1.9 https://www.archdaily.com/947995/6m-house-jannina-cabal 6.1.10 https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/02-65458/clasicos-de-arquitectura-los-clubes-cuadra-san-cristobal-y-fuente-de-los-amantes-luis-barragan

6.1.12 https://www.dezeen.com/2021/03/02/citibank-singapore-ministry-of-design-banking-conservatory/ 6.1.13 https://www.archdaily.com/951093/shiroiya-hotel-sou-fujimoto-architects?ad_source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmark-show&ad_content=current-user 6.1.14 https://www.archdaily.com/962505/city-oasis-apartments-ka-studio?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 6.1.15 https://cookfox.com/projects/city-tower/ 6.1.16 https://www.officelovin.com/2017/02/13/tour-etsys-super-cool-brooklyn-headquarters/ 6.1.17 https://www.archdaily.com/585862/primary-school-for-sciences-and-biodiversity-chartier-dalix-architectes 6.1.18 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/betty-and-clint-josey-pavilion/ 6.1.19 https://www.archdaily.com/890974/b-garden-3andwich-design-he-wei-studio 6.1.20 https://www.archdaily.com/112766/sky-garden-house-guz-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 6.1.21 https://www.archdaily.com/947771/factory-in-the-forest-design-unit 6.1.22 https://www.archdaily.com/606567/refugi-lieptgas-architektin-aam 6.1.23 https://www.archdaily.com/890974/b-garden-3andwich-design-he-wei-studio 6.1.24 https://www.archdaily.com/887178/wellness-plesnik-enota

Indirect experience of nature 6.2.1 https://design-milk.com/an-award-winning-house-in-melbourne-is-lauded-for-its-biophilic-design/ 6.2.2 https://www.dwell.com/article/lantern-house-timmins-whyte-architecture-80c08e0c 6.2.3 https://www.dwell.com/article/house-in-kyoto-07beach-d34b2460 6.2.4 https://www.dwell.com/article/am-house-creative-architects-34d5df21 6.2.5 https://www.archdaily.com/896832/bio-climatic-preschool-bc-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects 6.2.6 https://www.dwell.com/collection/a-250-year-old-stone-house-in-israel-with-a-surprisingly-modern-interior-facdd185 6.2.7 https://www.thegreekfoundation.com/travel/the-rooster-antiparos-wellness-and-lifestyle-resort 6.2.8 https://www.archdaily.com/792592/bar-botanique-cafe-tropique-studio-modijefsky?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 6.2.9 https://www.dwell.com/article/lantern-house-timmins-whyte-architecture-80c08e0c 6.2.10 https://www.archdaily.com/901168/kult-pool-leber-architekten-plus-bleckmann-krys-architekten?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 6.2.11 https://www.designboom.com/architecture/daewha-kang-design-experimental-workspace-biophilic-technology-shard-11-04-2018/ 6.2.12 http://www.paulcocksedgestudio.com/the-living-staircase/ 6.2.13 https://www.designboom.com/architecture/daewha-kang-design-experimental-workspace-biophilic-technology-shard-11-04-2018/ 6.2.14 https://www.archdaily.com/961118/koichi-takada-architects-designs-biophilic-marketplace-in-shanghai 6.2.15 https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/14/foster-partners-magdi-yacoub-global-heart-centre-cairo-hospital/ 6.2.16 https://studiodavidthulstrup.com/tableau-copenhagen 6.2.17 https://www.dwell.com/article/house-in-kyoto-07beach-d34b2460 6.2.18 https://www.archdaily.com/902285/venue-b-of-shanghai-westbund-world-artificial-intelligence-conference-archi-union-architecture?ad_source=search&ad_ medium=search_result_projects 6.2.19 http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/works/2019_tainan/index.html 6.2.20 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/david-and-lucile-packard-foundation/ 6.2.21 http://www.architekturundlandschaft.de/landmarke-lausitzer-seenland/ 6.2.22 https://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/28/middle-school-labarthe-sur-leze-france-lcr-architectes-copper/ 6.2.23 https://www.archdaily.com/806242/elytra-filament-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects 6.2.24 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre-2/#natural-shapes-and-forms https://perkinswill.com/project/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre/

Experience of space and place 6.3.1 https://www.designboom.com/architecture/daewha-kang-design-experimental-workspace-biophilic-technology-shard-11-04-2018/ 6.3.2 https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/#nature-of-the-space 6.3.3 https://www.safdierabines.com/portfolio/artists-studio-bridge/#img6 6.3.4 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/mosaic-centre-for-conscious-community-and-commerce/

6.3.6 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/google-chicago/ https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/blue-sky/ct-google-new-office-bsi-photos-20151203-photogallery.html 6.3.7 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/sustainable-buildings-research-centre/ 6.3.8 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/betty-and-clint-josey-pavilion/ 6.3.9 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/award-winner-khoo-teck-puat-hospital/ 6.3.10 https://contractdesign.com/practice/healthcare/designing-for-health-when-solving-wayfinding-is-a-true-cliffhanger/ 6.3.11https://www.dezeen.com/2016/11/21/dn-co-signage-design-wayfinding-orange-graphics-here-east-london-tech-hub-quee-elizabeth-olympic-park/ 6.3.12 https://www.okuhotels.com/oku-kos/rooms/ 6.3.13 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/25/silver-oak-winery-piechota-architecture-california/

Expected results from the implementation of biophilic design 7.1 https://www.dwell.com/article/lantern-house-timmins-whyte-architecture-80c08e0c 7.2 https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/14/foster-partners-magdi-yacoub-global-heart-centre-cairo-hospital/ 7.3 https://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/12/pasona-urban-farm-by-kono-designs/ 7.4 https://www.archdaily.com/957902/carazo-architecture-office-carazo-arquitectura?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 7.5 https://www.biologicalcapital.com/blog-roll/2020/1/7/a-year-at-larimer-uprooted 7.6 https://www.archdaily.com/923857/the-worlds-largest-urban-farm-opens-next-year-in-paris?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 7.7 https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/desert-rain/ 7.8 https://www.archdaily.com/957400/the-diverse-scales-of-green-in-chinese-urbanism?utm_medium=email&utm_source=ArchDaily%20List&utm_campaign= monthly&utm_term=&lt;&lt;monthlytopic_green&gt;&gt;&kth=1,664,082 7.9 https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/project/nanjing-vertical-forest/?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com

Criticism for the implementation of biophilic design and certification systems 8.1 https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/#nature-of-the-space 8.2 https://www.nicepng.com/maxp/u2t4e6y3o0a9e6r5/ https://www.dahlingroup.com/perspective/Insights/Three_Most_Common_Sustainability_Rating_Systems 8.3 https://kingcounty.gov/~/media/depts/dnrp/solid-waste/green-building/images/living-building-logo.ashx?la=en https://living-future.org/

Case studies 9.1.1-9.1.20 https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/incorporating-nature-everyday-life-am-house-nguyen-huu-duy-nguyen-duy-and-bui-long 9.2.1-9.2.3, 9.2.6-9.2.8, 9.2.14, 9.2.15, 9.2.16, 9.2.20, 9.2.23, 9.2.25 https://www.etsy.com/living-building-challenge 9.2.4, 9.2.5, 9.2.9-9.2.13, 9.2.17-9.2.19, 9.2.21, 9.2.22, 9.2.24, 9.2.26 https://www.officelovin.com/2017/02/13/tour-etsys-super-cool-brooklyn-headquarters/ 9.3.1-9.3.14, 9.3.16-9.3.18 https://www.archdaily.com/956788/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre-perkins-and-will 9.3.15 , 9.3.19 https://perkinswill.com/project/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre/ 9.4.3, 9.4.6, 9.4.10, 9.4.18 https://grant-associates.uk.com/projects/gardens-by-the-bay 9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.4, 9.4.5, 9.4.8, 9.4.11, 9.4.16, 9.4.17 https://www.archdaily.com/254471/gardens-by-the-bay-grant-associates 9.4.7, 9.4.9, 9.4.12-9.4.15, https://www.archdaily.com/155467/gardens-by-the-bay-grant-associates-and-wilkinson-eyre-architects