BASIC
By Fernando Diniz
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1
WHAT´S YOUR NAME?
Practice
How Do You Spell ? Personal Pronouns I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY
When you listen a name or a word and you need to write but don’t know for sure what are the words that you have to write, you need that the peron spell the name or word that you have to write. Now spell your last name for a partner. And you write the name of your partner here: ___________________________________________
Improvise You know your Classmates”first names. Circulate around the room. Decode your Classmates’last names. Then spell the names out loud.
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“Para Cumprimentar alguém usamos algumas expressões que podem ser Formais e Informais”
Greet someone informally
Hello
HI Maria– Hello, Steve Steve—Hi, Marta. How are you ? Maria—Fine, thanks. How are you? Steve—Not Bad.
How are you? What’s Up ! Thanks
Greet someone formally When you Greet someone formally you use : Miss or Ms - with single women Mrs or Ms - with married women Mister - with men
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Verb To Be
Grammar Point
O verb to be significa “ser” e “estar”. Veja as formações de sua forma nos tempos afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo. Negative
Affirnative Forma Longa Forma Curta I am You are
I’m You’re
Interrogative
Forma Longa
Forma Curta
Forma Curta 2
Forma
I am not You are not
I’m not You’re not
— You aren’t
Am I ? Are You ?
He is
He’s
He is not
He’s not
He isn’t
Is He ?
She is
She’s
She is not
She’s not
She isn’t
Is She ?
It is We are
It’s We’re
It is not We are not
It’s not We’re not
It isn’t We aren’t
Is It ? Are We ?
You are
You’re
You are not
You’re not
You aren’t
Are You ?
They are
They’re
They are not
They’re not
They aren’t
Are They ?
Examples; I am Brazilian - Jake is tall .
They are Happy.
I’m not Lucy. - We aren’t Tired. - Laura isn’t from Germany. Are we late? - Are you and Tom American ? - Am I right ?
Practice Practice the conversation uisng contractions Maggie— I am Maggie Sloane. Carolyn— My name is Carolyn Duval I am your new neighbor. Maggie— It is nice to meet you, Carolyn. Carolyn— It is noce to meet you, too Complete the sentences conjugating verb to be : A) B) C) D) E)
We ................ Students and she ............. The teacher. The boys ............ In front of the club. ........... The girl at home? She ......... My girlfriend. ........... You fine today?
Atenção! Veja que nas “short answers” na afirmativa não se usa contração do verbo e o pronome—Yes, He is
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How to ask questions with verb to be Você faz perguntas usando o verbo to be na forma interrogativa, onde pode-se iniciar um diálogo ou apenas saber algumas informações, pois não há muito vocabulário a se usar além do verbo to be; Ex: Are you the English teacher? Is she your girlfriend? Mas para melhorar o diálogo vamos acrescentar os WHs questions, que são: What - where - when - why - who - How
Artigos Indefinidos: A e An a e an são os artigos indefinidos no inglês, e correspondem ao um (ou uma) no português. Não há diferença nenhuma entre a e an quanto a significado. Veja:
A bear is an animal. Um urso é um animal. I'm a Brazilian actor. Eu sou um ator brasileiro.
Os substantivos em inglês não tem feminino ou masculino, portanto a e an são usados à frente de qualquer substantivo. A diferença entre eles é que an é usado à frente de palavras que começam com som de vogal. Veja exemplos:
an animal a machine an hour a day
IMPORTANTE!!!! Em frases no Plural, os artigos A / An não são usados.
Quando dizemos "uma casa antiga" ou "um ator famoso" em inglês, devemos lembrar que o adjetivo virá sempre à frente do substantivo. Por exemplo, não dizemos a house old para "uma casa antiga", ou an actor famous para "uma ator famoso". Dizemos an old house e a famous actor - assim, a e an são usados à frente dos adjetivos. Veja como fica:
a house ---> an old house [uma casa antiga] an actor ---> a famous actor [um ator famoso]
Atenção: apesar das letras Y e W soarem como vogais para nós, usa-se a (e não an) à frente de palavras que começam com essas letras. Veja estes exemplos:
a woman ---> a young woman a year ---> an excellent year I'm a teacher. They are teachers Maria is a lawyer. Paula and Tadeu are lawyers.
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NUMBERS
0 oh, zero, love 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten
11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty
21 twenty-one 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a/one hundred
Soletrando os números Cardinais: Apenas adicione TH no numero:
four - fourth eleven - eleventh
Exceções: one - first two - second three - third five - fifth eight - eighth nine - ninth twelve - twelfth 421st = four hundred and twenty-first 5,111th = five thousand, one hundred and eleventh
1,000 a/one thousand 10,000 ten thousand 100,000 a/one hundred thousand 1,000,000 a/one million 1,000,000,000 a/one billion
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EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with the correct answers: ___ Mary's brother doesn't play ___ soccer but he plays ___ guitar and ___ drums. a) The - the - the - X b) X - X - X - the c) X - the - X - X d) X - X - the - the e) The - X - X – the "I want ___ one-dollar bill to buy ___ envelope and ___ useful book", said ___ boy who has just arrived. a) the - an - an - an b) an - an - an - the c) an - a - a - a d) the - the - the - an e) a - an - a – the Neste exercício você terá que completar os diálogos abaixo com as frases de cortesia e demais vocabulários que você aprendeu durante esta aula de Inglês. A. Good morning sir. Are you a new principal? B.Of course I am. A. name, sir? B. My name is Andrew ! A. Pleased ! Andrew . Welcome to our school! B. ! A. Mary I would like my new boyfriend. A: Michael my new boyfriend. B. Hi! Nice to meet you! Michael. C. too. Complete as frases abaixo com o verbo to be conjugado corretamente : a) I the school's director. b) Only Anne allowed to enter in this room. c)It my cat called lazycat. d)Steven and I cooking the dinner. e)He a security guard at the bank. f)They our new neighbors. g)You our best salesperson! h) I waiting for an email from my teacher.
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FAMILY Vamos falar sobre os membros da família, de forma detalhada e simplificada para tirar as dúvidas e para acrescentar mais o vocabulário. Segue abaixo a lista dos membros: Pais e filhos Wife: esposa Husband: esposo Parents: pais Father: pai Mother: mãe Son: filho Daughter: filha Brother: irmão Sister: irmã
Avós e netos Great great grandfather: tataravô Great great grandmother: tataravó Great grandfather: bisavô Great grandmother: bisavó Grandparents: avós Grandfather: avô Grandmother: avó Great grandson: bisneto Great granddaughter: bisneta Grandson: neto Granddaughter: neta Tios, sobrinhos e primos Uncle: tio Aunt: tia Cousin: primo e prima Nephew: sobrinho Niece: sobrinha
In-law Father-in-law: sogro Mother-in-law: sogra Brother-in-law: cunhado Sister-in-law: cunhada Padrinho e madrinha Godfather: padrinho Godmother: madrinha Step Stepfather: padrasto Stepmother: madrasta Half Halfbrother: meio irmão Halfsister: meia irmã
1 Choose the INCORRECT alternative: Your father's father is your grandfather. Your mother's sister is your cousin. Your brother's son is your nephew. Your sister's husband is your brother-in-law.
O alemão quase tornou-se a língua oficial dos EUA. Com a independência, o "Congresso Continental" resolveu escolher um novo idioma para a nova pátria, conforme alguns historiadores, a fim de cortar toda e qualquer relação com a Inglaterra. O alemão era o favorito entre os confressistas, por várias razões: Haviam muitos falantes de alemão em diversos estados (hoje 22 % dos americanos descendem de alemães); os inúmeros colonizadores holandeses poderiam aprender o alemão facilmente; e os próprios americanos não teriam tanta dificukdade, já que o inglês tem uma raiz em comum com o alemão (ao contrário do Francês, por exemplo)... Mas quando a proposta foi votada, o inglês foi escolhido como a língua da nova república; Pela diferença de apenas um voto!
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2
WHERE ARE YOU FROM?
Nationalities
Where are you from ?
Cheng James: Hello. Lisa: Hi. James: How are you? Lisa: I'm good. How are you? James: Good. Do you speak English? Lisa: A little. Are you American? James: Yes. Lisa: Where are you from? James: I'm from California. Lisa: Nice to meet you. James: Nice to meet you too.
CURIOSIDADE A palavra “ GOODBYE” em inglês é corruptela da expressão “ God be with you” algo como “ Vá ou fique com DEUS” que as pessoas usavam ao se despedirem antigamente
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THERE IS / THERE ARE
Grammar Point
There is e there are representam o nosso há ou existe(m). A diferença é que usamos there is para uma só coisa, pessoa ou situação. Quando dizemos que há mais de uma coisa ou pessoa, usa-se a forma plural there are. forma longa
forma contraída
exemplos
significados
there's
There is a man in the car.
Há um homem no carro.
---
There are 40 students in my class.
Há 40 alunos na minha classe.
there is há, existe there are
há, existe
Veja que em português falamos na conversa de todo dia "Tem um homem no carro" ou "Tem 40 alunos na minha classe" ao invés de usar há. No inglês, não se usa o verbo have (ter) para isso. There is a man in the car. e não Has a man in the car. / There are 40 students in my class. e não Have 40 students in my class.
afirmativa
negativa
negativa
negativa
There is
There is not
There's not
There isn't
There are
There are not
---
There aren't
afirmativa
interrogativa
There is
Is there?
There are
Are there?
Any é uma palavra muito usada em perguntas com there is e there are. Neste uso específico, any significa aproximadamente 'algum(a)': Are there any apples in the refrigerator? [Há alguma maçã na geladeira?] Yes, there are. [Sim, há.] Usamos any na resposta também com o sentido de 'nenhum(a)': Is there any milk in the refrigerator? [Tem (algum) leite na geladeira?] No, there isn't any. [Não, não tem (nenhum).]
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VOCABULARY BODY
This, That, These, Those This, that, these e those são palavras usadas no inglês de maneira similar à que usamos o grupo de palavras isso, aquele, essas, aquelas, etc., ou seja, quando queremos demonstrar ou especificar algo/alguém com relação à distância no espaço ou tempo. This e these referem-se a algo ou alguém próximo no espaço ou no tempo. This corresponde a isso, esse(a) ou este(a): EX- This ruler is orange. [Essa régua é laranja] These é a forma plural de this: EX- These pencils are yellow. [Esses lápis são amarelos] / These are yellow pencils. [Esses são lápis amarelos] That e those referem-se a algo ou alguém distante no espaço ou no tempo. That é usado, quase sempre, como aquilo/aquele(a). That wallet is brown. [Aquela carteira é marrom] That is a brown wallet. [Aquela é uma carteira marrom.] Those é a forma plural de that: Those books are blue. [Aqueles livros são azuis] Those are blue books. [Aqueles são livros azuis.]
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EXERCISES 1 -Complete as frases a seguir com there is ou there are. __________ a few eggs in the fridge. __________ a good movie on TV later. __________ two universities in this city. There's also a small college. __________ so much meat in the fridge! Let's have some of that for dinner. __________ several kinds of toys to choose from. __________ no way I'm going to go out tonight. __________ money on the kitchen table. 2—Complete as sentenças conjugando o verbo to be: A) B) C) D) E) F) G)
We ________Students and she _______ the teacher. The boys _________ in front of the club. __________ the girl at home? This _______ my house and my bike ______ in front of it. _______ that your English school? These _______ the soccer players. This ______ my friend and those _____ my parentes.
3—Put the articles A / NA ou THE nos espaços em branco quando necessário: A) B) C) D) E) F)
He plays _______ guitar very well. I´m ______ engineer. Are you coming to playchess after ______ breakfast? You have _______ class on Monday. I eat _____ big breakfast in ______ morning. English is _____ importante language.
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Presente Simples Afirmativo Usamos o Present Simple para falar de fatos reais, hábitos e rotinas. I live in São Paulo. [Eu moro em São Paulo.] You work for a big company. [Você trabalha em uma empresa grande.] They play tennis every afternoon. [Elas jogam tênis toda tarde.]
Perceba possui presensoa do recebe
I work
eu trabalho
you work
você trabalha
he works
ele trabalha
she works
ela trabalha
it works
ele(a) trabalha
we work
nós trabalhamos
you work
vocês trabalham
they work
eles(as) trabalham
que, ao contrário do português, o inglês não muitas variações na conjugação dos verbos no te. A única exceção é feita para a terceira pessingular (he, she, it) que, na maioria dos verbos a letra "s" no final.
Presente Simples Negativo negativa
forma contraída
significado
I do not work
I don't work
eu não trabalho
you do not work
you don't work
você não trabalha
he does not work
he doesn't work
ele não trabalha
she does not work
she doesn't work
ela não trabalha
it does not work
it doesn't work
ele(a) não trabalha
we do not work
we don't work
nós não trabalhamos
you do not work
you don't work
vocês não trabalham
they do not work
they don't work
eles(as) não trabalham
Presente Simples Interrogativo resposta curta interrogativa
significado
resposta longa (short answer)
Do I like ice cream?
Eu gosto de sorvete?
Yes, I do. No, I don't
Yes, I like ice cream. No, I don't like ice cream.
Do you like ice cream?
Você gosta de sorvete?
Yes, you do. No, you don't
Yes, you like ice cream. No, you don't like ice cream.
Does he like ice cream?
Ele gosta de sorvete?
Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
Yes, he likes ice cream. No, he doesn't like ice cream.
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Para fazermos perguntas usando o Presente Simples, também podemos usar os WH questions: WHAT— WHERE—WHEN—WHY—WHO—HOW—WHICH
rati P os Vam
car
Leia a conversa a baixo, depois tente descobrir alguma informação dos seus colegas de classe: A What´s your date of birth? B Excuse me? A When were you born? B October 15th, 1965. A Where were you born?
Check (_) the correct sentence. Example: Where do you from? Where are you from? X Where do you are from?
5a. What’s your name last? 5b. What’s your last name? 5c. Your last name what is it?
1a. Why do you study English? 1b. Why are you study English? 1c. Why are you doing study English?
6a. What’s your address? 6b. Your address what are? 6c. What are your address?
2a. What does you do? 2b. What do you do? 2c. What do you are doing?
7a. Where was you born? 7b. Where were you born? 7c. Were where you born?
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3
WHERE IS THE GROCERY?
Tom Excuse me—Where´s the Grocery, please? Woman Hmm.... I think it´s that way. Or is it that way? I´m not sure.
Tom Excuse me—Where´s the Grocery? Man That way. Woman No dear, it´s that way. Man Honey, you´re wrong. The Grocery is on Second avenue, next to Fred´s Restaurant. Woman No, it´s not dear. It´s on the corner of State and Fifth. Man No dear....
Tom Excuse me—Is the grocery near here? Man I´m sorry, I don´t know. Tom Thanks anyway. Tom Excuse me, Sir—Where is the Grocery, please? Man Just walk to the corner and turn left. That´s Second Avenue. VGo straight ahead for two blocks, and it´s on the right, Tom Let´s see—left at the corner and straight for two blocks. Man That´s right. It´s across from the park, between Main and High. Tom Thank you very much. Man You´re welcome But hurry! It closes at five.
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DIRECTIONS Para pedir informações sobre a localização de um ponto da cidade e ou de algum endereço existem algumas expressões que ajudam muito, veja abaixo: Could you help me, please? Você poderia me ajudar, por favor? Excuse me, I’d like to know… Com licença, eu gostaria de saber… Where is the restroom (US)/toilet (UK) / bathroom Onde fica o banheiro? Excuse me. Where is the bank? Com licença, Onde fica o [banco]? Excuse me, could you tell me where [the bank] is? Com licença, você poderia me dizer onde é o [banco]? How can I get to… Como posso chegar a…? It’s seven blocks north. Fica sete quarteirões ao norte. It’s on the right / left. Fica à direita / esquerda. It’s near the.. É perto do / da… It’s next to the… Fica ao lado de / junto do (a)… It’s not far from…
Não fica longe da / do… In front of… ————- Em frente de… Between [the trees]. ———— Entre [as árvores]. Downtown. ——————— No centro da cidade. On the corner. —————— Na esquina. Go straight ahead. —————- Siga direto em frente. Turn right / left at the traffic light. Vire à direita / esquerda no semáforo. Walk to the corner. ——— Caminhe até a esquina. Make a left / right turn. Faça uma curva à esquerda / direita. Walk for two blocks. — Ande por dois quarteirões. By bus / by subway / by taxi / on foot De metrô / de ônibus / de taxi / a pé Bakery —————— Padaria Movie Theater —————— Cinema News stand ——————- Banca de Jornal Restaurant —————— Restaurante Bus stop ——————— Ponto de ônibus
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Grammar Point
Para lembrar! Nós usamos o Simple Present para indicar rotina, coisas que fazemos todos os dias ou com frequência.
One Day in my Life I usually get up very early—at about 6 o´clock. I have breakfast with my wife, and then leave for work at 7:15. I go to work by train, and get to the office just before nine. When I arrive at the office. I Always check my e-mail. I get a lot of messages from our overseas officers. Then I usually have a meeting with my team from 11 to 12 o´clock. I have lunch ikn the office cafeteria at 12. The food isn´t very good, but it´s cheap. After lunch I sometimes meet clientes, or write reports. I usually finish work at about 6 o´clock, although I occasionally work overtime. I get home about na hour later, and have dinner with my Family.
AM
In the evening, I help my children with their homework, and watch television with my wife.
Time
Activity
6:00
He gets up
7:15 11:00—12:00
PM
12:00 6:00 7:00 Escolha o verbo, e escreva na forma correta.
GET 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
WRITE
HAVE
CHECK
He ............... Breakfast with his wife. He ............... His email. He ............... Clientes in the afternoon. He sometimes ..................... Reports. He occasionally ................ Overtime. He .................. Home at about 7 o´clock
WORK
MEET
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Practice Point
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
....................................................................................? ....................................................................................? ....................................................................................? ....................................................................................? ....................................................................................? ....................................................................................? ....................................................................................? ....................................................................................?
He gets up at about 6 o´clock. He has breakfast with nhiks wife. He goes to work by train. He gets to the office just before nine. He has lunch in the office cafeteria. The food isn´t very good, but it´s cheap. He meets clientes in the afternoon. He finishes work at about six.
VOCABULARY Food and Beverages Fruits
bread butter candy cake cereal cheese chocolate cookie dessert egg flour honey ice cream jam
Other jelly mustard oil peanut pepper pie salad salad dressing salt sauce sugar vanilla vinegar
apple banana berry cherry coconut grape lemon orange peach pear pineapple plum strawberry watermelon
Vegetables asparagus avocado beans cabbage carrot cauliflower corn cucumber garlic lettuce mushrooms onion potato pumpkin radish rice vegetable
Meats beef chicken fish ham hamburger hot dogs pork meat loaf roast sausage turkey Drinks coffee coke cream ice juice lemonade milk orange juice tea water wine
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What Time Is it?
Para perguntar as horas podemos falar: What’s the time? ou What time is it?. Usamos a forma It’s + time para dizer que horas são e quando for a hora exata acrescentamos o’clock.
It´s three o´clock It´s one o´clock It´s six twenty –five— weny—Fi past six It´s ten five - Five past tem It´s One and Thirty - One and a half It´s Two fifteen - Two and a quarter - a quarter past two It´s eight Forty Five - A quater to Nine It´s four and a half
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EXERCISES Preencha os espaços em branco com a forma adequada do verbo destacado - Tempo verbal: Presente simples A)John...............with his parents in a country town.(Live) B)That guy..................a lot of important information.(Have) C)Our great grandfather................a pension.(Get) D)She.......English well but her brother.................it.(Know/hate) E)Ronaldo......................goals when he´s in good shape.(Score) F)We...............control of our lives due to bad habits.(Lose) G)Mary and Anna.................to college in the evening.(Go) Faça perguntas para as respostas abaixo usando os “Questions Words” . 1) _______________________________________________________________________________________________? They're AT THE CLUB right now. 2) _________________________________________________________________________________? She's from POLAND. 3) _________________________________________________________________________________? Anna is angry BECAUSE THE PARK IS CLOSED. 4) _________________________________________________________________________________? She's TWENTY YEARS OLD. 5) _________________________________________________________________________________? The party is NEXT SATURDAY.
Complete os espaços com a conjugação correta dos verbos no Presente Simples do inglês. Kristin_____________ (wake up) everyday at 7. She ___________(brush) her teeth and then __________ (take) a shower. Then she __________(meet) with her friend Jennifer and together they _______________(have) breakfast at a little diner near the office. They ______________(get) to the office at around 8:30. Kristin ___________(go) to the first floor, where she _____________(work), and Jennifer _____________ (take) the elevator to the 11th floor, where her office ____________(be). Later, they ___________ (meet) again at 12 to have lunch.
WHAT TIME IS IT?
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4
WHERE ARE YOU GOING?
Kate linda! Linda Kate! How are you? Do you work around here? Kate Yes, I work in that building across the street. Linda Really! What do you do? Kate I´m a Lawyer Linda Oh, that´s interesting. Kate What about you? What do you do? Linda I work at the memorial Hospital Kate Oh... Are you a doctor? Linda No, I´m a biologist. I do research.
Linda Here´s my bus Kate That´s my bus too Linda Oh, where do you live? Kate On Grand Avenue Linda Really? Where on Grand ? Kate At 356 Linda You´re Kidding ! We are Neighbors. I live on the next block.
Kate Do you live alone, Linda? Linda No, I don´t. I live with my Family How about you? Kate I´m married now. I got married Last year. Linda Really? Congratulations.
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Grammar Point
Present Continuous Utilizamos o presente contínuo para indicar ações que estão em andamento. Ou seja, estamos "no meio" da ação. Sua forma é Verbo to be + verbo+ING I'm watching TV. Estou assistindo TV. / She is dancing. Ela está dançando. afirmativa I am working you are working he is working
forma contraída I'm working you're working he's working
significado eu estou trabalhando você está trabalhando ele está trabalhando
Atenção: os verbos que terminam em VC (vogal + consoante) dobram a última letra, desde que essa sílaba seja tônica: Sit --> sitting swim --> swimming / Run --> running forget--> forgetting Veja este caso: open --> opening / visit --> visiting (não dobra-se a letra pois, apesar de terminar em VC, não é a sílaba tônica) Por fim, os verbos que terminam em "e" perdem a vogal final e acrescenta-se "ing": Have - having / Live - living / Make - making What are you doing? I'm having a sandwich. [O que você está fazendo? Estou comendo um sanduíche.] negativa I am not working you are not working he is not working
forma contraída I'm not working you're not working you aren't working he's not working he isn't working
significado eu não estou trabalhando você não está trabalhando ele não está trabalhando
Alguns exemplos: I am not learning Italian. [Não estou aprendendo italiano.] The cat isn't drinking milk. [O gato não está bebendo leite.] It isn't raining at the moment. [Não está chovendo no momento.]
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Veja a formação do presente contínuo na interrogativa: interrogativa Am I working? Are you working? Is he working?
significado eu estou trabalhando? você está trabalhando? ele está trabalhando?
resposta curta (short answer) Yes, I am / No, I'm not Yes, you are / No, you aren't Yes, he is / No, he isn't.
Is she working? Are they working?
ela está trabalhando? eles(as) estão trabalhando?
Yes, she is / No, she isn't. Yes, they are. / No, they aren't
Alguns exemplos: Are they sleeping? [Eles estão dormindo?] Is he waiting for the bus? [Ele está esperando pelo ônibus?]
Pronomes Pronome Objeto na oração tem como função de objeto direto ou indireto:
Possessive adjectives vão concordar com o possuidor, sendo ele sujeito ou não:
me – me, mim you – te, ti, o, a, lhe him – o, lhe her – a, lhe it – o, a us – nos you, vos, os, as, lhes them – os, as, lhes
Ex.: I Love him very much. (Eu o amo muito.) Ex.: Tell her the news. (Conte-lhe a novidade.) Ex.: They never talk to us.(Eles nunca conversam conosco.)
my – meu, minha, meus, minhas your – teu, tua, teus, tuas, seu, sua, seus, suas his – dele, seu, sua, seus, suas her – dela, seu, sua, seus, suas its – dele, dela, seu, sua, seus, suas our – nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas their – deles, delas, seu, sua, seus, suas
Ex.: Where are your parents? (Onde estão seus pais?) Ex.: He always drives her cars. (Ele sempre dirige os carros dela.) Ex.: She was in my car. (Ela estava em meu carro.)
Possessive pronouns é usado para substituir a construção possessive adjective + substantivo:
mine – meu, minha, meus, minhas yours – teu, tua, teus, tuas, seu, sua , seus, suas his – seu, sua, seus, suas, dele hers – seu, sua, seus, suas, dela ours – nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas theirs – seu, sua, seus, suas deles, delas Ex.: They aren’t her books. They are mine. (Eles não são os livros dela. Eles são meus.) Ex.: A teacher of mine is Italian. (Um de meus professores é italiano.)
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PLURAL RULES Existem algumas regras para se escrever as palavras no plural, aqui vão as regras com os exemplos para que fique mais fácil de memorizar. A regra geral do plural você acrescenta o s ao substantivo:
Nos substantivos terminados em ch, sh, ss, x, z e o acrescentamos es:
Boy – Boys River – Rivers Notebook – Notebooks
Church – Churches Brush – Brushes Glass – Glasses Box – Boxes Topaz – Topazes Potato – Potatoes
Os substantivos abaixo terminados em f ou fe, Os substantivos terminados em y precedido de mudam o f para v e recebem es para formar o consoante substitui o y por ies: plural. As demais palavras terminadas em f ou fe fazem o plural regular com s. City – Cities Family – Families Wife – Wives Calf – Calves Story – Stories Life – Lives Leaf – Leaves Knife – Knives Loaf – Loaves Os substantivos terminados em y precedido de Wolf – Wolves Thief – Thieves vogal seguem a regra geral: Shelf – Shelves Half – Halves Self – Selves Sheaf – Sheaves Boy – Boys Day – Days As palavras estrangeiras conservam geralmen- Substantivos com plural irregular: te o plural de origem: Tooth – Teeth Datum – Data Foot – Feet Phenomenon – Phenomena Child – Children Genius – Genii Mouse – Mice Crisis – Crises Woman – Women Nucleus – Nuclei Man – Men
25
Exercises Complete com os pronomes apropriados nos espaรงos em branco: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
The green book and the yelow book are ____________(HE). ___________ (I) brother is the one with the red hair. I saw _________(YOU) father last week. He was looking well. These socks are ___________ (YOU). Those one are ___________(HE). Here is __________(I) English book and this is __________(SHE).
Coloque a forma correta do plurak nas palavras abaixo: 1) desk 2) pencil 3) bike 4) cat 5) invitation 6) watch 7) game 8) cage 9) cake 10) box -
___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________
Complete com o verbo correto as frases abaixo: The children__________________ questions. (not/to ask) Nick__________________ to the gym? (to go) I________________ the door. (not/to open) He_____________ jokes. (to tell) The baby_____________ now. (to cry) We ___________________ a farm. (not/to visit) __________They ______________ the phone? (to answer) Complete as perguntas conjugando o Presente Continuo corretamente: __________Richard________________ in the garden? (to work) __________she ________________ a cup of tea? (to have __________the children ______________ their homework? (to do) __________you _____________ the kitchen, Tom? (to clean) __________the cat ________________ in the basket? (to sleep) __________Cliff and Oliver ________________ friends? (to meet) __________your mother _______________sandwiches? (to make)
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VOCABULARY Months of the Year! 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Across
Down
3) Month 02
1) Month 12
5) Month 10
2) Month 01
6) Month 07
4) Month 11
8) Month 03
7) Month 08
9) Month 06
8) Month 05
11) Month 09
10) Month 04
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5
WHAT´S THE DIFERENCE?
Já estudamos nas lições anteriores os tempos verbais usados para se referir as ações no presente, SIMPLE PRESENT e o PRESENT CONTINUOUS, porém ainda há bastante dúvidas no uso deles, nesta unidade vamos exercitar os dois para termos a certeza de que usaremos de maneira correta. SIMPLE PRESENT— é usado toda vez que falamos de ações rotineiras, coisas que fazemos ou que acontece com frequência. Pronome + Verbo no presente ( os verbos usados com os pronomes da 3° pessoa no singular HE / SHE / IT terminarão com “S” . EX: I play tennis every week. / They go to church on Sundays. She does the homework everyday. PRESENT CONTINUOUS—é usado para ações que acontecem no exato momento que se esta falando, na sua maioria usamos NOW ou AT THE MOMENT. Pronome + Verbo TO BE + Verbo +ING EX: We are talking on the phone now. / I am walking to school at this moment.
DICA: Existem alguns Advérbios de tempo que usamos no Presente :
always every ... often normally usually sometimes seldom Never
Também podemos usar— Once / Twice / Three Times...
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PREPOSIÇÕES As preposições em inglês têm poucas regras e temos de seguir algumas para usá-las corretamente. Aqui estão os principais usos para as Preposições de tempo: AT - IN - ON AT Usamos at com horários e alguns períodos do dia. at six o’clock (às seis horas) at nine-thirty (às nove e meia) at around eight (lá pelas oito horas) at midnight (à meia-noite) at noon (ao meio-dia) at night (à noite) at the end of the year (no final do ano) at the beginning of October (no começo de outubro)
IN Usamos in com anos, meses do ano, estações e alguns períodos do dia.
ON
in 2010 (em 2010) in April (em abril) in the summer (no verão) in the spring (na primavera) in the fall (no outono) in the winter (no inverno) in the morning (de manhã) in the afternoon (de tarde) in the evening (de noite)
Usamos on com dias da semana e datas com dia e mês.
Também usamos in com o sentido de “daqui a …”.
on Sunday (no domingo) on Sundays (aos domingos) on weekdays (nos dias de semana) on business days (em dias úteis) on the weekend (no fim de semana) on weekends (nos fins de semana) on Monday morning (na segunda-feira de manhã) on Friday night (na sexta-feira à noite) on March 19 (no dia 19 de março)
in two weeks (em duas semanas, daqui a duas semanas) in six months (em seis meses, daqui a seis meses) in a few days (em alguns dias, daqui a alguns dias) ATENÇÃO Não usamos as preposições at, in ou on com as palavras this (este), next (próximo), last (último, passado) e every (todos, cada um). next Monday (na próxima segunda-feira) e não on next Monday this Friday (nesta sexta-feira) e não on this Friday every day (todos os dias) e não on every day
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PREPOSIÇÕES DE LUGAR 5 4 3 1
6
2
1) The Cat in ON the chair. 2) The foot rest is UNDER the table. 3) The bigger Computer is BETWEEN the others 4) The pprinter is NEXT to the scanner. 5) There is a Clock ABOVE the TV. 6) There is a notebook BESIDE the chair. 7) The Table is IN FRONT OF the kitchen. 8) The fridge is BELOW the bedrooms. 9) The chairs are AT the table. 10) The vase is BEHIND the table.
7
8 9
10
The Cat is IN the Wardrobe. The Dog is OUT OF the Wardrobe.
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EXERCISES 1.
Complete as sentenças abaixo usando Simple Present Tense ou Present Continuous Tense dos verbos em parênteses:
a) Jane ______________________ to learn how to swim every day. ( to try) b) They often ______________________ in the club on weekends. ( to dance) c) She ______________________ her mother every day. ( to kiss) d) The children ______________________________ in the park now. ( to play) e) At this moment I ______________________________ apples to make a pie. ( to cut) f) I always ______________________ newspaper at the corner. ( to buy) g) The boy ______________________ the bus to school at 10 o’clock every day. ( to catch) h) We ______________________________ for school now. ( to leave) i) Ted and I __________________________________ in the park at present. ( to run) j) We never ______________________ dinner after 8 o’clock in the evening. ( to have) k) My friend ____________________________ in London now. ( to live) l) She usually ______________________ her hair before going to sleep. ( to brush) m) Karen and I frequently ______________________ our homework together. ( to do) n) Linda _________________________________ now. ( to study) o) We often ______________________ out of town. ( to go) p) Terry seldom ______________________ her tennis lesson. ( to enjoy) q) The girls _________________________________ now. ( to swim) r) Mr. Taylor ______________________ his shop at 8 o’clock every day. ( to open) Complete com a alternativa correta as questões abaixo: 2. “Hello, Ann, What are you doing?” “I _________________ my books”. a) were looking b) has been looking c) looks d) had looked e) am looking for 3. Everybody ____ waiting, because the American people ____ working on the project. a) is / are b) are / are c) was / is d) is / is e) are / is 4. Jane is an excellent student. At this moment she ________________ her lesson. a) studys b) is studied c) is studying d) studied e) has studying
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10. He can’t talk to us now because he ________ a bath. a) has b) has having c) have d) having e) is having 11. Smith always ___________________ to classes on time. a) is coming b) come c) had come d) comes e) cames 12. Usando-se corretamente os verbos “to live “e “to have” (present tense), a frase seguinte: “Peter __________ in Spain and __________________ a bride there”. a) lives – have b) lived – had c) live – has d) lives – had e) lives – has 13. Escolha a pergunta cuja resposta é: “No, he isn’t”. a) Are the students cheating? b) Is Mary worrying about the future? c) Is Tom working in the lab? d) Is the lesson interesting? e) Does he know to enjoy his life? 14. “What _________________________? “ “Peter _____________ and Alice ________________.” a) are Peter and Alice doing / is working / is cooking. b) Peter and Alice are doing / is working / is cooking. c) Do peter and Alice do / is working / is cooking. d) Is Peter and Alice doing / is working / is cooking. e) Peter and Alice’s doing / works / cooks 15. John is a good student, so he ______________ to school every day. a) go b) goes c) to go d) going
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Preencham os espaços em branco com a preposição mais adequada: in, at ou on. 1. We were_______the farm last weekend. It was great fun. 2. They're living_______Brazil but they are from the USA. 3. I'm______my bedroom now. Where are you now? 4. He was________home when the accident happened. 5. She was_________the bus when I saw her. 6. There are many people________a big city. 7. Don't talk about it_______work. Don't worry. 8. The animals slept_______the floor. Escolha a opção que melhor preenche os espaços em branco. 1.I don´t like it much but they say it´s good....you. a.For b.To c.With 2.They are.....the entrance.Are they waiting....you? a.In/to b.At/for c.At/to 3.It is.....the border of Brazil and Argentina. a.In b.On c.At 4.He´s been living ....the farm.It´s not very far....here. a.In/from b.On/of c.On/from 5.You´re just....time for dinner. a.On b.In c.At 6.Don´t be rude....your parents. a.For b.To c.By 7.The picture is.....the wall. a.In b.At c.On 8.What do you mean.....that? a.With b.By c.To
33
6
WHEN WILL YOU PLAY?
Grammar Point
O futuro é uma forma verbal utilizada para expressar eventos que ainda não aconteceram, O futuro simples em inglês é construído pelo verbo to be no futuro will, ou pelo menos comum shall, seguido do verbo principal no infinitivo, sem to. O simple future é formado da seguinte maneira: WILL + verbo Affirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
I Will / I´ll
I Will Not / I´ll Not / I Won´t
Will I ?
You Will / You´ll
You Will Not / You´ll Not / You Won´t
Will You?
He Will / He´ll
He Will Not / He´ll Not / He Won´t
Will He?
She Will / She´ll
She Will Not / She´ll Not / She Won´t
Will She?
It Will / It´ll
It Will Not / It´ll Not / It Won´t
Will It?
We Will / We´ll
We Will Not / We´ll Not / We Won´t
Will We?
You Will / You´ll
You Will Not / You´ll Not / You Won´t
Will You?
They Will / They´ll
They Will Not / They´ll Not / You Won´t
Will They?
O futuro também pode ser expressado pela forma Be going to e para utilizá-la é necessário conjugar o verbo to bede acordo com a pessoa a que o verbo se refere e acrescentar o verbo principal no infinitivo.
34
Os usos mais comuns são: · Fazer um convite. · Falar sobre uma decisão que está sendo tomada no momento da fala. Ex: Will you join us tonight? (Você se juntará a nós esta noite?). Ex: I’ll give you the money right now. (Eu te darei · Falar a respeito de acontecimentos sobre os o dinheiro agora mesmo). quais você não está totalmente certo. Neste caso, usa-se advérbios que indicam probabilidade, · Fazer uma oferta. como: perhaps (talvez), maybe (talvez), certainly (certamente), probably (provavelmente), it’s poEx: I’ll get the money. (Eu darei o dinheiro). ssible/probable that... (É possível, provável que) Ex: I’ll probably be late tomorrow. (Eu provavel· Fazer uma predição sobre o futuro. mente estarei atrasado amanhã). Ex: You’ll be very rich. (Você será muito rico). Geralmente são acompanhados por alguns advérbios ou locuções adverbiais, como: tomor· Fazer um pedido. row, soon, next month/week/year, in a few days, Ex: Will you ask them to be quiet? (Você pedirá a in a short time, in hours... eles para ficarem quietos?). Observação: é possível usar shall para expressar o futuro, seguido de verbo no infinitivo sem · Recusar alguma coisa. to. O Shall é mais usado para as primeiras pesEx: No, I won’t be quiet. (Não, eu não ficarei qui- soas (I e We). Quando usado para as demais pessoas dá ênfase à frase. Ex: I will go, he shall. eto). (quer dizer que eu irei à algum lugar, mas o fato · Fazer uma promessa, ameaça, dar um aviso ou de ele também ir merece ser detacado.) um comando. Ex: I’ll call the teacher. (Eu chamarei o professor).
leiam o texto abaixo My plans for the future I will work in a big city and I will be rich. I will have a happy life I will have a beautiful wife – my wife will have six children. My children will love me and I will love my children. I won’t have serious problems and I won’t feel down every day. I will work from Monday to Saturday - on Sundays, I won’t work. My wife will help me and I will help her. We will be more than husband and wife: we will be best friends. I will have a great job and I will love my job. My family will be a very special family and we will love each other. In our family, there will be peace, love, faith, dedication, respect and sincerity. This is my dream. - Allan Jones
35
Responda as perguntas do Texto: a. Where will Allan Jones work? ______________________________________________________ b. Will Allan Jones be rich? ______________________________________________________ c. Do you think Allan’s dream is possible? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________ 3. Marque Verdadeiro ou Falso a. Allan Jones will not have a happy life. (………) b. Allan Jones won’t have children. (……..) c. Allan Jones will feel down every day. (………) d. Allan Jones will have a very good wife.(………) e. Allan Jones will have faith.(……..) f. Allan Jones will love his job, his wife and his children.(………) 4. Corrija as frases se necessário: Some people say that you’ll be the champion. Will you? Maybe, I do. Come on! Won’t you run as fast as you can? I’d try my best, but it depends on the others. 5) Coloque as palavras na ordem correta: a) be able competition won’t you for the. b) hard he will for test the study. c) they will gift some give me? 6) Choose the correct answer in the parenthesis: a) They ___ (will find / found) work at New York next month. b) He ___ (won’t get / get) up early tomorrow, because he slept at 4am! c) It ____ (will rain/will rains) for days and days. d) We ____ (will make/will made) our best, ok? 7) Choose the correct answer for the following question: Who will be able for the war that is about to begin? a) They will cry a lot before the war. b) Richard will be here in a couple of days and he’s a soldier. c) We will pray for those at the war. d) I will be able for being at home under my blankets.
36
DO A O ID Ã U N C RA AR A P R ER
Existem palavras que parecem ter um significado, mas na verdade tem outro significado, são os chamados False Friends! RECORD / REMEMBER Ex: I Can´t record his voice. It´s too low. I Can still remember her name.
ACTUALLY / NOWADAYS Ex: I´m out of work, actually. Nowadays very few men wear hats.
You probably think that the hambúrguer is a typical American food. Americans often have a hambúrguer for a quick lunch or snack. But do you know that the favorite American “ fast food” actually comes from many diferents countries?
The Hamburguer is made of beef, not ham. The idea of chopping meat into very small pieces comes from Turquey. The name Hamburguer comes from the town of Hamburguer in Germany, The Pickle, or pickled cucumber, copmes from EasternEurope. It is popular in Poland and Russia. The Word Ketchup comes from China. “Ke-tsiap” is the Chinese name for a sauce made of pickled fish and spices. The first recipe for tomato Ketchup is in 1792 American cookbook.
Mayonnaise, sometimes called “mayo”, is a yellow-white sauce made of eggs, oil, and lemon juice. It comes from the Spanish island of Minorca, but its name is French. Mayonnaise is also used as a dressing for salads. The bun is a kind of Bread. It comes from na English recipe, and the sesame seeds on top come from the Middle East. So, the “American” hambúrguer is a truly international meal!
37
Grammar Point
Future - continuation
BE GOING TO – Uso Entre as diversas formas de indicar o futuro em inglês, utilizamos a estrutura BE + GOING TO + VERB para indicar: 1. Previsões baseadas em evidências, sobre algum evento futuro. Temos certeza que algo acontecerá. Look at the those clouds! It‘s going to rain this afternoon. [Olhe aquelas nuvens! Vai chover hoje à tarde.] That car is going to hit the wall. [Aquele carro vai bater no muro.] 2. Intenções, planos (note que as decisões já foram tomadas). I‘m going (to go) to France next month. [Irei à França no próximo mês.] He is going to graduate in December. [Ele vai se formar em dezembro.] They are going to discuss this topic. [Eles discutirão esse assunto.]
Forma Affirmativa I am going to work. You are going to work. He is going to work. She is going to work. It is going to work. We are going to work. You are going to work. They are going to work.
Forma Contraída I'm going to work. You're going to work. He's going to work. She's going to work. It's going to work. We're going to work. You're going to work. They're going to work.
Forma Interrogativa Am I going to work? Are you going to work? Is he going to work. Is she going to work. Is it going to work. Are you going to work. Are you going to work. Are they going to work.
Forma Negativa
forma contraída
I am not going to work. You are not going to work. He is not going to work. She is not going to work. It is not going to work. We are not going to work. You are not going to work. They are not going to work.
I'm not going to work. You aren't going to work. He isn't going to work. She isn't going to work. It isn't going to work. We aren't going to work. You aren't going to work. They aren't going to work.
38
VOCABULARY
living room – sala de estar dining room – sala de jantar kitchen – cozinha bedroom – quarto closet – guarda-roupa bathroom – banheiro garage – garagem office – escritório garden – jardim stairway – escada balcony – sacada, varanda lobby – corredor first floor – primeiro andar second floor – segundo andar upstairs – andar superior downstairs – andar inferior roof –telhado intercom – interfone bed – cama table – mesa
39
7
WHERE DID YOU GO? Passado Simples To Be O verbo be geralmente significa ser ou estar em português. Veja sua formação no tempo passado simples, com sentenças afirmativas:
negativo, forma longa I was not you were not
negativa, forma contraída I wasn't you weren't
he was not
he wasn't
we were
she was not it was not
she wasn't it wasn't
we were not
we weren't
Were we?
you were
you were not
you weren't
Were you?
they were
they were not
they weren't
Were they?
afirmativa I was you were he was she was it was
ADE SID ” em
interrogativa Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it?
IO by e a CUR “Good rruptel E B ra co
v ma OD ala A p ês é u são ‘ G l ing xpres e ” da YOU H WI T
Passado Simples Afirmativo - Outros Verbos Usamos o Past Simple para falar de fatos ocorridos no passado e, na maioria das vezes, ele vem acompanhado de expressões que indicam o tempo da ação: yesterday (ontem), two hours ago (duas horas atrás), last week (semana passada), in 1980 (em 1980) etc. I lived in São Paulo im 1999. [Eu morei em São Paulo em 1999.] You worked for a big company. [Você trabalhou em uma empresa grande.] They played tennis yesterday. [Elas jogaram tênis ontem.] It rained a lot in London last year. [Choveu muito em Londres ano passado.]
40
Perceba que, ao contrário do português, o inglês não possui nenhuma variação na conjugação dos verbos no passado simples. Bastou acrescentar -ed no final do verbo. Isso ocorre para todos os verbos que chamamos de verbos regulares. Afirmativa I worked you worked he worked she worked it worked we worked you worked they worked
Alguns exemplos: We watched TV last yesterday. [Nós assistimos TV ontem.] You washed your car. [Você lavou seu carro.]
A para tenção: as a para terceira regras o pess de ort stud simple o past oa do sin grafia q y - st : ue u g inglê d ular s em ied I stu no p aprend e rese died 199 play nte v mos 9.] Engl - pla alem ish in ye stop 199 - sto d He pla 9 pped yed . [Eu th The estu polic e piano. dei e sto [Ele to pped the b cava pia n lue c ar. [A o.] po-
VERBOS IRREGULARES Alguns dos verbos mais comuns em inglês são os chamados verbos irregulares. Isso pois eles não seguem a regra de acrescentar -ed para formar o passado nem obedecem a uma regra específica. Veja alguns exemplos:
Presente
Passado Simples (irregulares)
I run everyday.
I ran last night.
I speak English with Tom. You write an email in the morning.
I spoke Spanish with her. You wrote an email last Sunday.
I have a blue car.
I had a green bike.
I drink a lot of coffee. I drank water. I put the book on the I put the pen on the table. desk yesterday.
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Passado Simples Negativo e Interrogativo - Outros Verbos Passado Simples Negativo o presente usamos o auxiliar do/does + not para as frases negativas. Para o passado, atulizaremos apenas o did+not para todas as pessoas (sujeitos). negativa
forma contraída
significado
I did not work
I didn't work
eu não trabalhei
you did not work
you didn't work
você não trabalhou
he did not work
he didn't work
ele não trabalhou
she did not work
she didn't work
ela não trabalhou
it did not work
it didn't work
ele(a) não trabalhou
we did not work
we didn't work
nós não trabalhamos
you did not work
you didn't work
vocês não trabalharam
they did not work
they didn't work
eles(as) não trabalharam
Repare que utilizamos o auxiliar did not + infinitivo. Ou seja, não usamos "I didn't played" ou "He didn't came", mas sim "I didn't play" e "He didn't come".
Passado Simples Interrogativo No presente usamos o auxiliar do/does antes do sujeito para as frases interrogativas. Para o passado, utilizaremos apenas o did para todas as pessoas (sujeitos).
interrogativa
significado
Did I work?
eu trabalhei?
Did you work?
você trabalhou?
Did he work?
ele trabalhou?
Did she work?
ela trabalhou?
Did it work?
ele(a) trabalhou?
Did we work?
nós trabalhamos?
Did you work?
vocês trabalharam?
Did they work?
eles(as) trabalharam?
resposta curta
resposta longa
Yes, I did. No, I didn't. Yes, you did. No, you didn't. Yes, he did. No, he didn't. Yes, she did. No, she didn't. Yes, it did. No, it didn't. Yes, we did. No, we didn't. Yes, you did. No, you didn't.
Yes, I worked. No, I didn't work. Yes, you worked. No, you didn't work. Yes, he worked. No, he didn't work. Yes, she worked. No, she didn't work. Yes, it worked. No, it didn't work. Yes, we worked. No, we didn't work. Yes, you worked. No, you didn't work.
Yes, they did.
Yes, they worked.
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Base
Past
Form
Tense Participle
-------
Past
-------
-------
Portuguese Base Form -------
-------
Past
Past
Portuguese
Tense Participle -------
-------
-------
arise arose arisen
erguer-se
dig
dug
dug
cavocar
awake awoke awoken
despertar
do
did
done
fazer
be
was,were been
ser, estar draw
drew
drawn
desenhar
beat
beat
bater
drink
drank
drunk
beber
become became become
tornar-se
drive
drove
driven dirigir
befall befell befallen
acontecer
eat
ate
eaten
begin
comeรงar
fall
fell
fallen cair
beaten
began
begun
comer
behold beheld beheld
contemplar feed
fed
fed
alimentar
bend
bent
bent
curvar
feel
felt
felt
sentir
bet
bet
bet
apostar
fight
fought fought lutar
bite
bit
bitten
morder
find
found
found
achar
bleed
bled
bled
sangrar
fly
flew
flown
voar
blow
blew
blown
assoprar
forget forgot forgotten
esquecer
break
broke
broken
quebrar
forgive forgave forgiven
perdoar
bring
brought brought
trazer
freeze froze
frozen
congelar
build
built
built
construir
get
got
gotten
obter
buy
bought
bought
comprar
give
gave
given
dar
catch
caught
caught
pegar
go
went
gone
ir
choose chose
chosen
escolher
grind
ground
ground
moer
come
came
come
vir
grow
grew
grown
crescer
cost
cost
cost
custar
have
had
had
ter
creep
crept
crept
rastejar
hear
heard
heard
ouvir
cut
cut
cut
cortar
hide
hid
hidden
deal
dealt
negociar
hit
hit
hit
dealt
esconder bater
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Base
Past
Form
Tense Participle
-------
Past
-------
-------
Portuguese Base Form -------
-------
Past
Past
Portuguese
Tense Participle -------
sent
-------
sent
-------
hit
hit
hit
bater
send
hold
held
held
segurar
shake shook shaken
sacudir,
hurt
hurt
hurt
machucar
shine shone shone
brilhar
keep
kept
kept
guardar
show
showed shown
mostrar
know
knew
known
saber
sing
sang
sung
cantar
lay
laid
laid
assentar
sink
sank
sunk
afundar
lead
led
led
liderar
sit
sat
sat
sentar
leave left
left
partir
sleep slept slept
dormir
let
let
let
deixar
speak
spoke
spoken
falar
lose
lost
lost
perder
spend
spent
spent
gastar
make
made
made
fazer
stand
stood
stood
mean
meant meant
significar steal
stole
stolen
roubar
meet
met
met
encontrar
swear
swore
sworn
jurar
pay
paid
paid
pagar
sweep
swept
swept
varrer
put
put
put
colocar
swim
swam
swum
nadar
quit
quit
quit
abandonar
take
took
taken
tomar
read
read
read
ler
teach
taught taught
ensinar
ride
rode
ridden
andar
tell
told
contar
ring
rang
rung
tocar
think
thought thought pensar
rise
rose
risen
erguer-se
throw
threw
thrown
arremessar
run
ran
run
correr
wear
wore
worn
vestir
saw
sawed sawn
serrar
win
won
won
vencer
say
said
said
dizer
write
wrote
written escrever
see
saw
seen
ver
sell
sold
sold
vender
told
mandar
parar de pĂŠ
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EXERCISES 1)
Making Negatives.
Write the questions: a. I went to Asia in 19______ . When_______________________________________________________________ ? b. I went to _______ on my last vacation. Where_______________________________________________________________ ? c. We stayed in _____ . Where_______________________________________________________________ ? d. We stayed there for _______ weeks. How Long ___________________________________________________________ ? e. We had ________ weather. Did _____________________________________ good weather ? 2) Making Negatives Correct the sentences A. Shakespeare wrote stories. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ B. Christopher Columbus discovered India _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ C. Beethoven came from France. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ D. Leonardo da Vinci lived in Mexico. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ E. Americans landed on the moon in the nineteenth century. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
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CHOSING TH RIGHT VERB Complete the text with a verb from the Box in the Past Simple Fall Find Laugh spend Lose need Celebrate save Can´t (past= couldn´t)
break leave take
LOST, ALONE, AND INJURED ON A MOUNTAIn
Yesterday Gary Smith ______________ his twenty-first birthday, but He´s Lucky to be alive. In March this year, He was mountain climbing, when He (1) _____________ his way and (2) _____________ 16 hours in sub-zero temperatures. “My friends (3) _____________ at me for having so much survival equipament, but it (4) _____________ my life.” On the first night, the weather was so bad that it tore his new mountain tent to pieces, so He moved into a Youth Hostel. He (5) ____________ the hostel at10:00 the next
morning, but that afternoon He was in trouble. “ I (6) ____________ off a rock and (7) ___________ my left leg. I (8) ____________ move.” Mountain rescur teams went out to look for Gary, and (9) ______________ him at 9:00 the next morning, A helicopter (10) _____________ him to a hospital, where He (11) ___________ several operations. “Next time I´ll go with my friends, not on my own!” He joked.
Put one of these verbs in each sentence: buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach throw win write 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Mozart ..................... More than 600 pieces of music. ‘How did you learn to drive?’ ‘My father ......................................... Me.’ We couldn´t afford to keep our car, so we ............................. It. I was very thirsty. I .............................. The water very quickly. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He´s much better than me, so He ......................easily. Don ............................ Down the stairs this morning and ....................... his leg. Jim ............................. The Ball to Sue, Who ........................ It. Ann .............................. A lot of Money yesterday. She ................................ A dress which ................................ £ 100.
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MODAL VERBS Os verbos modais são verbos distintos dos outros, pois possuem características próprias, como: 1. Não precisam de auxiliares; 2. Sempre após os modais, o verbo deve vir no infinitivo, só que sem o “to”; 3. Não sofrem alteração nas terceiras pessoas do singular no presente. Logo, eles nunca recebem “s”, “es” ou “ies”. São verbos modais: can (pode), could (poderia), may (pode, poderia), might (pode, poderia), should (deveria), must (deve), ought to (precisa) e used to (costumava). Can: pode ser usado para expressar permissão, habilidade. Can I drink water? (Posso beber água?). I can speak English. (Eu posso falar inglês). Could: é empregado para expressar habilidade, só que no passado. É usado também com o sentindo de poderia, em um contexto mais formal. I could ride a bike when I was 5 years old. (Eu podia/conseguia andar de bicicleta quando tinha 5 anos de idade). Could you bring me a sandwich and a coke, please? (Você poderia me trazer um sanduíche e uma coca, por favor?). May: é usado para expressar uma possibilidade no presente ou no futuro. Também pode ser usado para pedir permissão, no entanto, may é usado em contextos mais formais que o can. It may rain tomorrow. (Pode chover amanhã). May I go to the bathroom? (Eu poderia ir ao banheiro?). Might: é usado para expressar possibilidades no passado ou no presente. She might have come to the party. (Ela poderia ter vindo à festa). He might have lunch with us tomorrow. (Ele pode vir almoçar com a gente amanhã). Should e ought to: é usado para expressar um conselho. You should go to the doctor. (Você deveria ir ao médico). You ought to quit smoking. (Você deveria parar de fumar). Must: é usado para expressar obrigação. You must go to school. (Você deve ir à escola). She must study more. (Ela deve estudar mais). Used to: é empregado para expressar um hábito do passado. I used to watch cartoons when I was a child. (Eu costumava assistir desenhos quando era criança). She used to play on the street when she was 8 years old. (Ela costumava brincar na rua quando
47
EXERCISES 1)
Complete the sentences with can / can´t / could / couldn´t + one of these verbs:
come eat hear run sleep wait A— I´m afraid I ......................... To your party next week. B— When Tim was 16, He was a fast runner. He .......................................100 meters in 11 seconds. C— ‘Are you in a hurry?’ ‘ No, I´ve got plenty of time. I ........................................’ D— I was feeling sick yesterday. I .............................................. Anything. E— Can you speak up a bit? I .......................................................... You very well. F— ‘ You look tired.’ ‘ Yes, I ............................................ Last night.’ 2) Leia as situações abaixo e escreva o que você deve dizer. Use as palavras em parênteses (...) A— You want to borrow your friend’s câmera. What do you say to him/her? (could I ....?) ............................................................................................................................................. B— You have a car and you want to give somebody a lift. What do you say? ( Can I ...?) ............................................................................................................................................. C— You have to go to the airport, but you Don´t know how to get there. You ask a passerby. (Could you ....?) ............................................................................................................................................. D— You are at a meeting with your boss. You want to smoke a cigarette. What do you ask first? (May I ....?) .............................................................................................................................................. E— You want to invite someone to come and stay with you for the weekend. ( Would you like....?)
CURIOSIDADE: Algumas palavras em inglês possuem a mesma origem de outras palavras em português—que dificilmente imaginaríamos! Alguns exemplos: - A palavra “pen” (caneta) tem a mesma origem da palavra “pena” em português! (as primeiras “canetas” eram feitas de penas de aves, e a língua inglesa pegou o nome emprestado do latim “Penna”...) - A palavra “Exit” (saída) tem a mesma origem da palavra “êxito” ! (ambas do verbo latino “exire” que significa “sair”. “Exito”, em, português , é a saída de uma dificuldade ou problema...)
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8
WHAT´S THE HISTORY?
The British and American Flags colors, e e r h t ás sh flag h n of three cro s i t i r B n io he taposit he union of E x u j a s t It´ ng resenti rthern Ireland s. p e r s e s o ie d and N endent countr n a l t o c gland, S ce were indep White with na n s which o of England wa d of Scotland fla The flag d cross. The nal White cros re o upright with two diag d was White e an was blu the flag of irel osses. ses and iagonal red cr od ee with tw hás thr d o s l a g n a tripes a rican fl he Ame hás thir teen s tripes res It colors, . The thriteen hich wers w fifty sta teen colonies ing the the thir ted States dur ty stars t n e s e i if pr f the Un olution. The f w form o t r a p v e re no dence r y states than n e p e d in if t nt the f e s e r p re
T
T
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Synonyms Definition: A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language. We often use synonyms in conversation because we Don´t want to repeat words.
EX:
Word
Synomys
about
approximately
to administer
to manage
almost
nearly
to answer
to reply
anyway
besides
class
lesson, course
to desert
to abandon
disaster
catastrophe
enormous
huge, immense
fantastic
great, brilliant
Complete the conversations using na adjective of similar meaning from the Box. sick of generous great enormous modern wealthy
1. A “Mary´s family is very rich.” B “ Well, I knew her uncle was very ___________.” 2. A “Look at all these new buildings!” B “Yes, This city´s much more __________ than I expected.” 3. A “Wasn´t that movie wonderful?’ B “Yes, it was ______________.” 4. A “George doesn´t have much Money, but He is thoughful.” B “Yes, He is. He´s one of the most ______________ people I know.” 5. A. “Steve and Elaine´s house is huge,’ B. “Yes, it´s absolutely _______________.”
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Grammar Point
some / any / no O uso de some, any e no é relativamente simples , já que existem regras "lógicas" para empregá-los. O erro mais comum é traduzir any genericamente como "nenhum", o que acaba causando alguns erros em seu emprego. Também costuma-se generalizar dizendo que some é para frases afirmativas e que any é para perguntas e frases negativas. Isso ocorre em alguns casos, mas não em todos. Vejamos: Affirmative: I have some English books. Negative: I don´t play any sports. Interrogative: Do you have any brothers or sisters? Mas existem casos, e são muitos, em que any é utilizado em afirmações: Ex: I´m free tomorrow. We can meet at any time. Assim como existem os casos em que se emprega some em perguntas (como, por exemplo, quando se oferece algo para comer ou beber) e frases negativas: Ex: Would you like some coffee? Some students didn´t do the test. Note que any só tem o sentido de nenhum quando antecedido de not. I don´t eat any meat. (not + any) No tem o mesmo significado de not + any Ex: I have no free time. = I don´t have any free time. Em perguntas significa algum e em afirmações, qualquer.
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A.Escolha a opção que melhor preenche os espaços em branco. 1.He´ll buy........juice for his friend.She´s thirsty. a.Some b.Any c.No 2.I´m going to choose........thing better this time.I promise you. a.Some b.Any c.No 3.We had........way of calling you up.We were on a distant farm. a.Some b.Any c.No 4.I don´t have........time to get it ready. a.Some b.Any c.No 5.........body can do that.It´s very easy. a.Some b.Any c.No 6.Would you like.......sugarcane juice?It tastes good! a.Some b.Any c.No 7.I didn´t drink.......beer.I´m not drunk! a.Some b.Any c.No 8..........people believe the world is coming to an end in 2012. a.Some b.Any c.No
Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, And Nobody This is a little story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, and Nobody. There was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought that Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn't do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done
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Language Point
THE PONY EXPRESS The Pony Express is one of the most exciting stories in American history. Although it lasted only a short time, people still remenber the daring riders Who carried the mail across the country on horseback. Until 1860, cross-country mail moved only by stagecoach or ship. It took at least four weeks for newsto cross the cotinent. In that year, a company called Russell, Majors, and Waddell bought 500 fast Indian ponies and built 190 stations along a 1966 mile route from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California. They hired about 80 courageous riders, including “Buffalo Bill” Cody and “Pony Bob” Haslan. These men carried the mail. Each man rode about 75 Miles and changed his pony at each station, about every tem Miles.
The riders faced danger and discomfort. Humans beings and wild animals attacked them . The route crossed mountain ranges, deserts , and wide Rivers. Many riders were hurt. But only once did the mail noy get through. The first mail pouch left St Joseph on April 3, 1860 and reached Sacramento in tebn days. Later trips were made in eight or nine days. The fastest trip, made in 1861, took only seven days. The Pony Express lasted less than two years, however. In October, 1861, the Western Union Telegraph Company started telegraph service across the continent. News could now accross from coast to coast by wire. Soon the Pony Express was only a memory—and a bad dream to Russell, Majors, and Waddell, Who lost $200,000.
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LET´S PRACTICE
Write a Composition : My Family _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
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9
ADVICES
1 These problems come from a newspaper column where people write in with a problem, and other members of the public give their advice. Read the problems. What advice would you give?
Dilemmas THIS WEEK´S PROBLEMS Do I have to act my age? Laura is 47. She is single, and her children have left home. She is veru successfulin her carrer and hás a lot of friends, but she isn´t satisfied. She longs to change her life. She wants to live abroad, paint, and write poetry, but her friends tell her she should stop being silly and act her age.
Do I have to be a slave to my cell phone? Jason´s company bought him a cell phone. They want him to carry it with him all the time, so that they can contact him anywhere, anytime.He dislikes the idea of always being available, and he hates the way people use cell phones to have private conversations in public.
Should I throw my son out? Sarah´s 24 yea-old son lives at home, stays in bed until late, and watch TV all Day. He´s a member of a gang that sometimes causes troubles in the neighborhood. He´s inteligent, but he dropped out of school. He´s never had a job. His father wants to throw him out, but Sarah worries that he could end up getting into trouble and put in prison.
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READER´S ADVICE
3 Where do these lines go? Put the lines into the correct letter.
1 Children always need the support of their parents, whether they´re four or twenty-four. I thnk you should pay for him to get some job training, and when he´s ready,__________ find somewhere to live. Meanwhile, __________ him all the Love that he needs. Jane Wong, Los Angeles, CA 2 I decided to give it all up and change my life dramatically three years ago. Since then, __________ the most exciting three years of my life. It can be scary, but If you Don´t do it, you won´t know whatyou´ve missed. I Don´t think _________. Go for it. Mike Garfield, Vancouver, BC, Canada 3 He´s using you. I think ______. It´s time for him to go. Twenty-four is too old to be living with his parents. He has to take responsability for himself. And ________ about his gang activities. Sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind. Luis Antonio Cruz, Miami, FL 4
Why ________ it? He isn´t their slave; they Don´t own him. And I also can´t stand the way people use their cell phones in restaurants and on trains and buses. They think that the people around them are invisible and can´t hear. ___________. Jane Sandowski, Chicago, IL
5
I think _________ before she gives up her job and goes to live abroad. Does she think that the Sun Will always shine? If there is something in her life that makes her unhappy now, this Will follow her. She should take her time __________ . Marie Pucci, Dallas , TX
6
________ ! He should have a talk with his supervisor and come to an agreement. Why can´t he turn it off sometimes? Cell phones are great, and IF he hás one for free, __________ . They are one of the Best inventions ever. Pete Gold, Phoenix, AR
a b c d e f g h i j k l
... you should tell him to move out. ... she should be very carefull ... ... you should help him... ... you should worry. He hás to keep it! ... before making a decision. It is so rude. ... he´s very lucky. I have had ... ... you must tell the police ... ... You have to give ... ... Should he accept ...
4 Which letter writer ... ? ___ suggests waiting ___ thinks Love is the answer ___ hás been adventurous ___ thnks that employers shouldn´t do. ___ Their employees ___ loves cell phones ___ suggests being tough
5 What do you think?
How old are children when they move out of their parents´home in your country? What do you think of people who use cell phones in public? Do you think older people should act their age? Why / Why not? “ You have to be cruel to be kind.” Can you think of an example?
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EVERYDAY ENGLISH A Vist to the doctor On the table below we have the ilnesses and the symptoms. diarrhea food poisoning the flu
It hurts when I walk on it. My glands are swollen, and it hurts when I swallow. I can´t stop sneezing, and my nose is runny.
Illnesses
Symptoms
I have a cold I have ______________
I have a temperature, my whole body aches, and I feel awful
I twisted my ankle. I have ______________
I keep going to the bathroom.
I have a sore throat. I have ______________
I keep throwing up, and I have diarrhea.
Imagine that you are not feeling well and you go to the doctor, below you have a conversation. You justneed to put in order to make sense! ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
She took my temperature and examined me. After a few days, I started to feel better. I didn´t feel very well. I went to the clinic and saw the doctor. I went to the pharmacy and got the prescription Filled. I called the doctor´s office and make an appoint ment. She told me I had na infection. I explained what was wrong. She gave me a prescription for some medication.
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COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE We use the comparative to compare a person or a thinh with another person or thing; We use the Superlative to compare a person or thing to more than one people or things. There are three things that I have to remind, when we talk about Comparative and Superlative: 1 Adjectives with one silable; 2 Adjectives with two silables 3 Adjectives with thre or more sílables. Comparatives
Note: With some adjectives of two silables like (clever, common, narrow, pleasant, quiet, simple, stupid) we can use trhe two forms. cleverer ou more clever commoner ou more common etc Superlatives One Silable: We use “est” to the adjective: I have the smallest car. Eu tenho o menor carro (de todos).
One sílable: We add ( er ) to form the compartive of clean - cleanest / cold - coldest / tall - tallest the majority of the adjectives with one silable: Two silables with 'y' (heavy): If the adjective Curitiba is smaller than Sao Paulo. with two silables end in 'y', we change 'y' for 'i' Curitiba é menor que São Paulo. and we add (est): clean - cleaner / cold - colder / tall - taller
He is the heaviest Ele é o mais pesado (de todos)
Note: Adjectives like hot, big, fat, sad, wet ( verbs with consonant, vowel, consonant), we Double the busy - busiest / pretty - prettiest / noizy - noifinal consonant: siest hotter, bigger, fatter, sadder, wetter. Two silables with 'y' (heavy): If the adjective with two silables end in 'y', we change 'y' for 'i' and we add (er): Is an elephant heavier than a horse? Um elefante é mais pesado que um cavalo?
Three or more silables: we use “most” before the adjectives with three or more silables: Who has the most comfortable car? Quem tem o carro mais confortável? (de todos) expensive - most expensive beautivul - most beautiful handsome - most handsome
busy - busier / pretty - prettier / noizy - noisier Irregular comparatives: Three or more silables: We use “more” before the adjectives with three or more silables: This car is more comfortable than that one. Este carro é mais confortável que alquele. expensive - more expensive/ beautiful - more beautiful handsome - more handsome upset - more upset boring - more boring
Bad - worse - the worst Far - farther - the farthest Good - better - the best Little - less - the least Much, - Many - More - the most
58
EXERCISES 1) Abby skipped two years of school, so she's _____ person in our 9th grade class. the younger / the youngest / youngest 2) Who's _____ , Julie or Jennifer? Smarter / the more smart / smartest 3) Why don't you take a nap, before you get even _____? Tireder / less tired / more tired 4) David thinks the Guggenheim Museum is _____ than the Whitney Museum of American Art. the more interesting / more interesting / the most interesting 5) Joe took you out for your birthday and then said he forgot his wallet? He's ____ guy I know! the cheapest / cheapest / the cheaper 6) This spring was ____ than last spring. It rained just about every day! the wetter / weter / wetter 7) Let's watch a Woody Allen film instead of this war documentary we're watching. It'll be ____. Funnyer / funnier / the more funny 8) Why don't you heat that in the microwave? It'll be _____ than in the regular oven. Quicker / the quickest / quickier 9) I can't believe you're giving Don the job offer. I thought he was ____ qualified of all of our candidates! the least / less / lesser 10) Many people think that the pandas are _____ animals at the National Zoo in Washington, DC. the cuter / the cutest / cutest
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LET´S PRACTICE
Write a Composition : The Best film that I saw was.... ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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10
DO YOU BELIEVE?
Ghost stories Do you believe in ghosts? What would you do if you saw a ghost? Would you talk to it? Would you run away? You are going to read about a man named John Roberts. He is a Ghostbuster. Do you think he ... ? believes or doesn´t believe in ghosts? tries to find ghosts? tries to get rid of ghosts?
“ I´m a GHOSTBUSTER” John Roberts, 79, used to be a clergyman. He´s retired now, but he still works as a ghostbuster. He helps people who have ghosts in their houses to get rid of them.
ting on the end of the bed. The old man told him to get out of his bed and go downstairs. For Mr. Roberts this was an easy problem to deal with. He moved the boys bed from one part of the room to another. “The ghost was the boy´s great-grandfather and the bed was in his way”, he explains. The family was never troublked again.
“I´m a kind of social worker for ghosts,” he explains. “Some people die and they still have problems when they leave this world, so they come backagain as ghosts to work them out. I Don´t think ghosts might exist. I know they do exist.” “ Most of the time the ghosts are memHe says he hás met thousands of ghosts bers of the family. I tell people that if trapped between this world and the next. they want me to get rid of them, I might He helps them work out their problems so be throwing their grandmother out of the they can move on to the next world. house. I worry that they might miss her.” One example is typical. At exactly nine every night a three-year-old boy got out of bed and came downstairs. When his parents asked him to explain why, he Said that he saw an old man in a funny hat sit-
Mr Roberts calls ghosts “yesterday´s people.” His advice is simple. “You Just need to tell them, firmly, to go away and leave you alone
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Are the statements below true ( √ ) or False ( X ) ? Correct the false ones. 1.
Mr Roberts is a social worker.
2.
He helps to work out problems for both people and ghosts.
3.
He is sure that ghosts exist.
4.
The boy knew it was his great-ghrandfather sitting on the end of his bed.
5.
The old man made the boy laugh.
6.
Mr Roberts solved the boy´s problem easily.
7.
Ghosts are not usually members of the family.
8.
Mr Roberts says you should never talk filmly to ghosts.
Telling Stories Do you know any ghost stories? In small groups, tell your ghost stories. Which is the most frightening?
EVERYDAY ENGLISH Social expressions Hurry up, all right. Uh-oh! Just a minute! I have no Idea.
A. ________! Look at the time! _________, or we´ll miss the train. B. is?
________! I can´t find my umbrella. Do you know where it
A. ________. But you won´t need it. It´s a beautiful Day. Just look at the Sky!
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Grammar Test— Review 1)
Which is wrong?
9) Which sentence is wrong?
( ) in the bus
( ) I often play football on Sundays.
( ) in the picture
( ) I play often football on Sundays.
( ) in the street
( ) Often I play football on Sundays.
2) Which is wrong?
10) Which sentence is correct?
( ) bad - worse - worst
( ) The telephone is calling.
( ) good - better - best
( ) The telephone is ringing.
( ) little - more - most
( ) The telephone is sounding.
3) What is the answer to this question: I like tennis. ( ) I am also. ( ) So do I. ( ) So like I. 4) Which is wrong? ( ) at Easter ( ) at Easter Sunday ( ) in January 5) Which is wrong? ( ) the Alps ( ) the Oxford Street ( ) the United States of America 6) Which number is spelled wrongly?
11) Which sentence is wrong? ( ) He lives in Australia. ( ) I life in Asia. ( ) We live in Africa. 12) Who's the boss of a tennis match? ( ) leader ( ) manager ( ) umpire 13) Which sentence is correct? ( ) He went abroad for business. ( ) He went abroad in business. ( ) He went abroad on business. 14) Which answer to the following question is wrong: Whose book is it?
( ) forteen
( ) It's mine.
( ) forty-four
( ) It's my book.
( ) four
( ) It's my.
7) What is the opposite of to buy?
15) Which sentence is correct?
( ) to lend
( ) I didn't get some apples.
( ) to sell
( ) I haven't got any time.
( ) to take
( ) There's any milk in the fridge.
8) What is the opposite of dangerous? ( ) comfortable ( ) easy ( ) safe
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Vocabulary and Reading
1) Which of the following would you consider a suitable gift from a lover? Can you think of any other suitable gifts? Apple rose onion wrench ring
chocolates
Chrysanthemums snake limousine champagne
One Perfect Rose
2) You´re going to red One Perfect Rose, by
. nt me, since we met A single flow´r he se Dorothy Parker, which is a põem about a Love senger he chose; All tenderly his Mes dew affair. Decide if it is set at the begining, in the Deep-hearted, purê, with scented middle, or at the end of the love affair. still wetOne Perfect Rose
3) Answer the questions about some words which may be unfamiliar to you.
Scented– Something which is scented hás so-
methng to do with one of the senses. Which one? Do you think it´s a pleasant or unpleasant sensation?
dew– This is something which is still wet and
which you can find on a rose. What do you think it is?
floweret– Does this refer to the size or the type of the flower, do you think?
fragile– Are rose leaves delicate or strong ? enclose– The fragile leaves enclose his heart. Does it mean something like contain or reject?
amulet– Could this mean lucky charm or symbol or evil?
of the floweret; I knew the language it Said, “ his heart “My fragile leaves,” enclose.” n for his amulet Love long hás take One perfect rose sent me yet Why is it no one ever ne, do you suppose? One perfet limousi Just my luck to get Ah no, it´s always One perfect rose.
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Reported Speech Use We use "Reported Speech" (discurso indireto) to say what hapened in a dialogue without need the use of the quotation marque or do any explanation. The "Reported Speech" do the text more organized, beautiful and easy to read. Ex.: Direct Speech --> He said: "I don't want to go to school." Reported Speech --> He said he didn't want to go to school. To say a phrase that was Said for somebody in the past, we use a introdutory verb as, say, tell, explain, in the past form (said, told, explained), and then the phrase, with the necessary altyerations according with the table below: Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple Present Present Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Present Perfect Going to- Future Must
Example He said: "I want some oranges." Simple Past He said he wanted some oranges. They said: "We are studying hard." Past Continuous They said they were studying hard. She said: "I needed you, but uou weren't here." She said she had needed him, but he hadn't been Past Perfect there. Past Perfect Tom said: "I was talking to Mary." Continuous Tom said he had been talking to Mary. They said: "We've worked together." Past Perfect They said they had worked together. I said: "I'm going to visit Jim"! was/were going to. I said I was going to visit Jim" She told me: "I must hurry up." Had to* She told me she had to hurry up.
Atention! Pessonal Pronouns, Objective Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives must be changed according to the phrase context; Ex.: "I will call my father", said Angela. --> Angela said she would call her father.
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Informal Letter Last week you told a lie to your cousin. Write a letter telling your cousin that you are sorry. Explain why you told the lie and how you felt afterwards. 1. Have you ever told a lie that you regretted afterwards? Did you apologize? Did the person you lied to, accept your apology? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. How would you feel if somebody lied to you? Would you forgive them if they sincerely apologized? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why do you think people sometimes lie? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Dear Jenny, How are you? __________________ I feel terrible about the lie I told you last week. I’d like to _________________________ why I did it. When my best friend Tania called to tell me that she was going to have a party for her birthday, I realized that your theatrical performance was on the same day. I thought I’d be able to attend both, as her party was at 7 and your performance didn’t start until 9:30. but when I was at Tania’s party, I completely lost track of time. At some point I looked at my watch and it was 9:15. I knew I wouldn’t manage to get to the theatre on time with all the traffic, so I sent you a text message saying that I was ill. After that, I felt ___________________ and I deeply regretted sending you that message. It was stupid and unjustifiable. __________________, I know I would feel really hurt and it would be difficult for me to forgive you. I’m so sorry and I hope that you can forgive me. Jenny, I really didn’t mean to offend you. ______________ nothing like that will happen again! Lots of love, Sarah Add these sentences to the text. I’m writing because / terribly guilty / I promise that / apologize and explain If I were in your shoes