S m a r t C i t y . s p o k a n e Was h i ng t on
St at e
F a l l
U n i v e r sity
2 0 1 5
SMARTCITY
S M A RT E N E R GY E CO N O M Y Fe r n a n d o
Fe l i x
+
N a n d i t a
Raj a ku m a r
CONTENT
What is a Smart City? Smart Energy Economy City
4 - 7 9 - 11
Smart Energy Currency and Generation
13 - 19
Harvesting of Electric Currency
21 - 25
Utilization of Energy Currency
27 - 29
Establishing System within the grid of U-District
31 - 40
Conclusion
41 - 42
References
43
WHAT IS A SMART CITY?
4
To e n h a n c e q u a l i t y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e of urban services to reduce cost and engage more efficiently and actively, the citizens of a city need to be wellinformed of the cities’ various services a n d m a n a g e m e n t ’s t h o u g h t h e a i d of information and communication technologies.
5
Smart Infrastructure
mart Mobility
Smart Technology
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Healthcare
Smart building
Smart Energy
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Technology
Smart Energy
Smart Mobility
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Healthcare
Smart building
Smart Healthcare
Smart Citizens
Smart building
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Technology
Smart Mobility
Smart Mobility
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Technology
Smart Citizens
Smart Energy
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Energy
Smart Healthcare
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Technology
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart building
Smart Citizens
Smart Mobility
Smart Healthcare
Smart Energy
Smart Citizens
Smart Infrastructure
Smart building
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Technology
Smart Mobility
Smart Energy
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Citizens
Smart Healthcare
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart building
Smart Technolog
Smart Mobility
SMART CITY Smart cities are prime locations of innovation and opportunities through developing technologies. In a smart city, All citizens are active participants in the urban services mediated through technological developments and are knowledgeable of the services constituting the city. Smart city is an inter relation of eight factors, namely, smart governance and smart education, smart citizens, smart energy,
6
smart technology, smart infrastructure, smart mobility, smart building and smart healthcare. These factors have an important role in defining a smart city.These eight factors come together in various formations to make a city smarter and its citizens more informed about the advancements. This requires certain amount of investment in time and finance.
Sma
I N T E R C O N N E C T I O N O F M U LT I P L E E L E M E N T S O F A S M A R T C I T Y
Smart Technology
Smart Healthcare
art Infrastructure
mart building
Smart Energy
Smart building
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Mobility
Smart Technology
Smart Citizens
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Energy
Smart Technology
Smart Energy
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Technology
Smart building
Smart Energy
Smart Mobility
Smart building
Smart Mobility
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Technology
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Healthcare
Smart Healthcare
Smart Citizens
Smart Citizens
Smart Healthcare
Smart Mobility
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Citizens
Smart building
Smart Technology
Smart Energy
Smart Mobility
Smart Energy
Smart Infrastructure
S
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Healthcare
Smart Mo
Smart building
7
8
SMART ENERGY ECONOMY CITY
9
Smart Infrastructure
mart Mobility
Smart Technology
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Healthcare
Smart building
Smart Energy
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Technology
Smart Energy
Smart Mobility
Smart Healthcare
Smart Infrastructure
Smart building
Smart Healthcare
Smart Citizens
Smart building
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Technology
Smart Mobility
Smart Mobility
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Technology
Smart Citizens
Smart Energy
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Energy
Smart Healthcare
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Technology
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart building
Smart Citizens
Smart Mobility
Smart Healthcare
Smart Energy
Smart Citizens
Smart Infrastructure
Smart building
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Technology
Smart Mobility
Smart Energy
Smart Infrastructure
Smart Citizens
Smart Healthcare
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart building
Smart Technolog
Smart Mobility
A CITY WITH SMART ENERGY ECONOMY Our research led us to believe that by understanding Energy use (Smart energy) through the facilities of informative and communicative technologies will all citizens to become aware of the various energy transactions that occur in the city grid and contribute to the efficiency of smart energy usage. Citizens can be educated about their energy consumption within the grid through the
10
integration of smart technology with incentives of smart mobility. This allows people to make informed decisions about their energy choice and educate them about the the transparency in the energy utilization within the city fabric. By establishing an Smart energy economy, where energy becomes the transactional commodity, and establishing an energy banking system, citizens
Sma
are better informed about the energy requirements to maintain a city, and be environmentally conscious and efficient in their energy use. The generated energy within the grid is liquidated and becomes a shared commodity which the fosters communal participation in neighborhoods.Energy currency will be governed and controlled by authorities of the city who will mediate the banking system. Through the
banking system, Citizens have the facility to pay their electric bills, maintain their generation, expenditure through various facilities and also participate in the renewable energy . By understanding the energy transactions, citizens can equip themselves with enough knowledge to make a smart city.
11
12
S M A R T E N E R G Y C U R R E N C Y and GENERATION
13
T ENERGY E R A
STANTIAL VALU SUB ET E O OR TR M AN
SM
TR AN SP A
S ICE RV SE
DISTORTIO N E LIM IN A TE D
MINIMUM ABUS ED
TR A
RRENCY CU GY
NOMY CO
EN ER
GO
D AN
COMMODITY BA SE D
NS IO CT SA N
NS IO T C SA
DIRE CT LIN KS TO
D O
N YI C N RE
S CTION A S AN TR
ENERGY AS CURRENCY By setting energy as currency, there are multiple advantages for the economy. Energy transaction is in its basic value and is not intrinsic. There will be minimal abuse and becomes a more substantial form of transaction. It also provides tansparency in the transactions allowing commodities to be valued at their exact value. The value is directly linked to the good and services you
14
pay for, hence leaving buyers with the satisfaction of paying for what they deserve. Energy currency also elimiates distortion within the exchange. By allowing people to generate their own energy and utilize that for certain transactions, there needs to be infrastructural changes, These infrastructural changes have an impact on the public realm of the city. By implementing the smart
Shopping Centers Concert Halls Indoor
Businesses
Blocks
Museums Libraries
Destination
Community Centers Parks Outdoor
Natural Features Neighborhoods
Pavillions Public Arts
INFRASTRUCTURE
Streets
PUBLIC REALM
Sidewalks Pedestrian
Green Belts Pedestrian Crossings Bike Lanes
TrafďŹ c
City
Medians Roads and Highways Vehicular
Transit Stations
Region
Transit Stops Parking Lots / Garages
INPUT = S M A R T E N E R GY S Y S T E M
energy economy to the infrastructure and public realm interactional flow, we can see that any change implemented to the infrastructure at any level will have an effect of the public realm . This effect on the pblic realm will later ripple back to make a change to the infrastructure. Hence the change is constant. Changes to the infrastructure and public realm will continue as long as the smart energy system is up
and working. The various scales of the infrastructure will have different changes moderated by the public realm. Smart energy economy when implemented at the Various scales will develeop changes such as incorporating banking buildings, reconfiguring road networks,etc and these infrastructural changes will govern how the public will interact wiht these
15
INPUT
INFRASTRUCTURE
PUBLIC REALM
Installation of energy generation gear
Cars Generation
SMART ENERGY ECONOMY
Buildings
Implementation
Natural resource
Spatial Planning and Zoning considerations Space for Energy conservation units
Blocks Vehicles Neighborhoods City
Storage
Buildings Storage Banks
Infrastructure reconďŹ guration
Implementation Simpler Utility Network
Portable Storage
Region
Utility needs Utilization
Parking Transportation
Installation of Energy collection machines
Implementation Simpler Utility Network
Public Amenities
Long Term Cost Reduction
Economy System Need Investments
Supplementary
Technology
Renewable Systems Operation
Transportation
Battery Operation
SMART ENERGY SYSTEM spaces. The result of what the society does within these spaces will influence further changes to the system . The Implementation of smart energy economy will also have supplemental changes to the economy, transportation and technology.
16
The smart energy economy system when implemented can be bradly classified into three phases: Generation, Energy Storage and Utilization. Various infrastructural and Public realm changes will take place for each ohase which we will look at in detail.
GENERATION HARVESTATION
CENTRALIZED
DISTRIBUTED
Energy Banks
UTILIZATION
SMART ENERGY BANKING
Power Utility
$
Other Uses
17
E F F E C I E N C Y O F E N E R GY C O N V E R S I O N 85%
15% 70%
30%
Natural Gas
65%
35% 65%
35%
Oil/ Fossil Fuel
Nuclear Power 60%
40%
Conversion to Electric energy to the grid
60%
40%
Coal
Solar Power
Wind Power 10%
90%
Hydro Power
PAY B A C K F O R E N E R GY C O N V E R S I O N S Natural Gas
3.0
Oil/ Fossil Fuel
PAYBACK RATIO =
Total Energy produced during normal life span Total Energy required to build, maintain and fuel
2.9
Coal
7.0
Solar Power
6.0
Nuclear Power
16.0
Wind Power
34.0
Hydro Power
267.0
0
25
50
150
200
250
300
ENERGY TYPES AND CONVERSION In a smart energy economy, electric energy within the grid becomes the currency. Each individual within a city, has an opportunity to generate their own electricity through any energy sources (preferably, renewable since it is most efficient), which they can use to fulfill their utility needs. The generated energy is distributed into the grid where the Smart energy banking system
18
categories them into utility power and power to be stored. Energy generated from the various sources needs to be converted to a universal electrical basis. The conversion varies based on the type of energy that is converted from. In order to establisha uniformity, the energy converted is valued based on the effeciency in conversion and the payback ratio
D I S T R I B U T I O N O F E N E R GY W I T H I N T H E G R I D Coal
Fossil Fuels
Non - Renewable Energy
Oil
Electrical Energy Natural Gas
Hydro Power
Renewable Energy
Solar Power
Wind Power
Community Level
Generation zones based on availability
Subterranean Level
Network and distribution of energy
E L E C T R I C A L E N E R GY CONVERTED Underground Level
reservoirs connected to energy banks
of the system ( The energy produced by the system during its normal time span over the total energy required to run and maintain the system.). From the effeciency of conversion and the Payback ratio of the energy type, it is evident that the renewable energy source are better options in the long run and the value for the renewable sources will be higher than that of fossil fuels.
Energy that has been converted to electrical energy is distributed into the city fabric and within the grid to be ffurther stored or utilized for power needs. The energy generate doverall is pooled within the city grid and is available for all citizens to access.
19
20
HARVESTING ELECTRIC CURRENCY
21
CENTRALIZED
Energy Banks Local to neighborhoods
MECHANICAL Pumped Storage Flywheel
DISTRIBUTED
Houses with individual storage
ELECTRIC
THERMAL
Capacitors
Molten Salts
Superconducting Electromagnets
Chillers
Compressed Air
Electric Cars with solar panels
CHEMICAL
ELECTROCHEMICAL
Hydrogen
Conventional Batteries
Methane
High Temperature Batteries Flow Batteries`
ENERGY AND STORAGE The energy generated that has been converted into electrical is mostly used for power utility needs. But the energy that is generated, since it relies heavily on the natural resources available, is intermittent. To avoid fluctuation in the energy use within the grid and to provide easy access to all, energy generated in excess is stored in storage units that vary in size and location.
22
To provide ease of access to everyone, the storage units are of two kinds: Centralized and Distributed. The centralized storage units are closer to the generation sites and are larger in scale. Their supply is mainly for the city services. For a more personal use for memeber of the city and families, Storage units of smaller scall are in Houses, connected to the solar panels as well
S TO R E D E N E R GY D I S T R I B U T I O N W I T H I N T H E G R I D
Bank Networks
Smart Energy Banks
ATM Storage
Street Energy ATM’s
as within electric Smart cars. The type of storage units associated withthe storage is based on the adaptability to the location and needs of the energy storage. With developing technlogies, newer forms of energy storage devices are better suited for the energy uses. To further facilitate the availability of energy to the community and to llow for sharing of commodity, all Banks and smaller energy ATMs
are connected to one another to allow for pooling for energy. So, in the need of energy in situations of shortage, Energy can be transmitted from other banks to the place of need.
23
S TO R E D E N E R GY D I S T R I B U T I O N W I T H I N T H E G R I D
Energy banks and Street ATM’s
Energy Storage Units in shomes
ENERGY AND SMART CARS The smart cars with their energy storage units help in moving stroed energy from the banks to places of need. Smart cars themselves have solar panels on them which allow them to generate their own energy . This energy generated is used to run the cars. In times of excess, the energy can be deposited into citizens account as energy currency for later use or can be stored in storage units within the car to
24
be transferred later to places of need. In situations where energy generated in low, energy can be withdrawn from the bank to fuel the cars.
optimum situation
over-ow situation
low fuel situation
25
26
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENCY
27
SMART ENERGY BANKING
$
Other Uses
Power Utility
Public Transportation
Fare payment
Taxes
Joint ownwership
Rideshare
C O N S E R V E D U S E O F E N E R GY
Conserved use of energy expecting energy currency in return for effecient use
Power and utility needs of a average household sent through the grid
20%
$
Saving more than 20% of a median household usage to earn as energy currency
ENERGY CURRENCY AND ITS USES The stored energy is used to fulfill the intermittent energy requirements, but also owned as energy currency. The excess energy generated by individuals are returned to the owners as energy currency that they utilize to pay for certain amenities provided by the city such as public transportation, Public parking, certain taxes, etc. Smart technology facilitates citizens to be constantly updated about
28
each of these phases that they are participating in. An App installed in smartphones allows owners of smart cars, solar panels and energy wallets to keep track of all transaction that they make with the city grid. The smart energy economy appeals to all sectors of income. Earning energy currency from the grid is as simple as conserving their energy in
SMART ENERGY BANKING
$
Smart App acts as a wallet to process the expenditure of energy currency.
homes and apartment units by more than 20% of the median value to earn it back as energy currency for expenditures. Energy within the system is tightly knit and looped within the grid. Energy generated is mediated by the bank and categorized based on necessities and storage. The stored energy as currency can be moved either using the smart car,
when in need aof large amounts of enregy or as energy currency for public services and amenities. The car acts as a distributive storage unit and citizens can choose to store their energy generated in the form of car batteries.
29
30
ESTABLISHING SYSTEM WITHIN THE GRID OF U-DISTRICT
31
S M A R T E N E R GY E C O N O M Y
INFRASTRUCTURE
S M A R T T E C H N O LO GY
IMPLEMENTATIONS WITHIN SPOKANE Smart energy economy system can be implemented in any city viable of the required infrastructure. U-District is one such sector of Spokane city that has ample space to support the infrastructure required. The empty lots and parcels within U-District are identified and segregated based on the size to support site needs. The sites close to the spokane river can support hydrokinetic power generation,
32
hence hydro banks are located along the river. The availability of sunlight is quite widespread in the U-District. Solar farms and solar power banks are dispersed throughout the U-District. All the banks are further interconnected allowing for the energy to pool in the U-District, avoiding creation of rich sites. To provide increased availability of energy throughout the city, smaller parcels are converted
Empty Parcels
FIRST: the empty lots in the U- DIstrict are located. These empty lots could be parking lots, vacant lots that can be adapted or annexed lots by programs already existent.
into Energy ATM sites. The main access roads such as the 2nd Avenue, Sprague avenue are converted into street ATMs where the parallel parking spots become Kiosk venues for energy transactions. The mplementation of the smart energy economy within any city would require necessary investment in infrastructural change and the use of smart technology. WIth the change in the
infrastructure of the city, people are better able to adapt to the energy effeciencey within the grid and will be able to make informed choices of their expenditure of the energy.
33
Hydro banks Solar Banks Empty Parcels
SECOND: Based on the availability of natural resources close to the selected sites, the banks can be identified. This is done by identifying the larged parcels . Since Spokane river is a resource for hydro energy, Empty parcels around the river adopt Hydrokinetic Energy. Since sunlight is an available resource throughout the rest of the U-District, Solar plants are innvested in other larger Parcels.
34
Hydro banks Solar Banks Empty Parcels Bank - Bank connection
THIRD: These banks once identified are connected to one another to share the energy generated. So the hydro and solar energy generated can be pooled to be the energy source available to everybody within the U- District.
35
Energy ATM lots Street Energy ATMs
FOURTH: Other smaller parcel become lots for the energy ATMs, which are smaller energy withdrawal sources. These can be incorporated with the public realm, to take on a multi role of communal interaction sites, generation sites for solar energy and as a place for transactions. Main access ways of the U-District can adapt to become Street ATMs with Kiosks on the side of the road, where cars can park and conduct transactions.
36
S T R E E T AT M
st We
S
g pra
ue
en Av
ue
A S K LOT S LO C AT I O N S
Within the U-District, The banking system pans out in such a way that the energy is localized and is available to all owning a smart car, With a Smart car, the energy stored is able to move and be mobile in multiple levels.
37
SMITH FAMILY Electric Cars with solar panels
Houses with individual storage
Erik Smith and his family of four live in spokane in the residential neighborhood of Logan. With the help of the smart App, They are able to keep track of all the energy generated by their solar panels installed on their roof and log the amount of energy currency that they are saving by conserving electricity in their house. The app also keeps record of all the desposits and withdrawal Mr. Smith makes with his smart car and keep track of his families expenditures for other amenities through the smart wallet feature.
Hello, Smiths !
Public Transportation
$
Fare payment $
SMART WALLET
$
SMART HOME
SMART CAR
BANK NEAR ME
Taxes Local restaurants Rideshare
SMART TECHNOLGY AND ITS USE Using a smart controlling application, every individual is able to maintain their energy use and use energy currency generated or conserved in their everyday life. The mobile App allows each individual to keep track of their energy generated either through their privately owned solar panels installed in houses, Solar panels from the community gardens or energy currency generated through efficient
38
utilization of resources. The smart app also acts as an energy wallet to pay fares for public transportation, parking fees, entry fees for public amenities such as museums galleries and other amenities which accept energy currency. The app provides a unique aspect of controlling the energy stored in the car and allows one to manage the transactions between the car and the energy grid. The app also has smart location
which allows for finding the closest bank to citizens to make transactions. The above Smart App example is of Smith family, A family of four who live in Logan. Their facilities involve owning of a smart car, smart panels on their house. Through the generation of energy, they are able to pay their utilities and save some energy as energy currency.The Smart App is
customised to provide Mr. Smith with information about how much his car has in store as energy, the energy the house generates and utilises and also keeps track of expenditure of the energy currency by the family. Through the application, Mr. Smith can also locate the closest energy bank to him. In our scenario, Mr. Smith and his family are close to Gonzaga University.
39
Hence, the closest bank is a Hydro bank as illustrated in the image. The rendered images captures the conceptual design of a hydro bank within the limits of U-DIstrict. Since, The site is located within Gonzaga University,In order to foster public interactions on the site and create a purpose for the bank site, we have incorporated an educatorium within the functions of the massing. This allows
40
citizens to actively interact with the infrastructure of the Smart Energy System while learning about the energy itself. The Inerior rendering of the Bank conveys that there are face to face kiosks within the hydro bank where people can manage their energy transactions. The educatorium which is integral to the hydrokinetic bank is a way for citizens to learn about how their energy gets generated and stored.
S M A RT E N E R GY
+
STORAGE
S M A RT E N E R GY ECONOMY
SMART CITIZENS
ENERGY EFFICIENT
SHARE COMMODITIES
ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
CONCLUSION Through the concept of establishing a Smart energy economy system in the U-District, where energy is generated stored and utilized by the people, Citizens are better informed about their eergy utilization. The shared commodity aspect of the energy economy allows people to be more energy effecienct, environmentally conscious of the type of energy they use and participate in a community
oreinted sharing system. This allows the people of Spokane to be Smart citizens of a city where the enrgy is smart, established by smart infrastrutcure and Technology.
41
cture
Smart Energy
Smart Technology
42
Smart Governance and Smart Education
Smart Energy Smart Healthcare
Smart Governance Smart and Mobility Smart building Smart Education
Smart Citizens
Smart InfrastructureSmart Citizens Smart Technology
Smart Energy
Smart Governance and Smart Healthcare Smart building Smart Education
Smart MobilitySmart Citizens Smart Infrastructure
REFERENCES http://tc4.iec.ch/FactSheetPayback.pdf http://www.theperfectcurrency.org/ http://cities.media.mit.edu/
http://www.smart-cities.eu/ http://smartcitiescouncil.com/ http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/ http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:291348/FULLTEXT02 http://www.eia.gov/electricity/sales_revenue_price/ https://www.academia.edu/9005661/CALCULATIONS_OF_SOLAR_ENERGY_OUTPUT solarworld.com
43
Th a n k
Yo u