Intelligent Mobility, Smart Cities: Car Sharing and the Urban Challenge
Arnd N. B채tzner Mobility Cooperative, Switzerland Member of the Board of Directors
///// Structure and Topics /////
//// Key Constraints in Urban Transport /// Space /// Time //// Approach: Shared Transportation /// Vehicle Sharing /// Ride Sharing //// Transportation for Future Cities: The Urban Challenge /// Car Sharing and the Built Environment /// Elemets and Scenarios for Future Evolutions
//// Key Constraints in Urban Transport ////
/// Availability and Use of Urban Space ///
SPACE
// Efficiency in Use of Public Space //
// New Infrastructure: Expensive in $$ and Time //
// Better Use of Existing Infrastructure //
// Key Criteria: # Slots Used per Passenger Carried //
/// Key Constraints in Urban Transport (2): The Cost of Time ///
TIME
// Congestion > Industrialization of Urban Transport //
Quest for Efficiency: New York City, 1890s Elevated Railway 405 M pax / yr
//// Approach: Shared Transportation ////
/// Vehicle Sharing ///
// Vehicle Sharing: Car Sharing //
/ Car Sharing: Vehicle Substitution up to 1 : 18 Ratio /
Goal: Considered Part of Public Paratransit Offer
/ Return Car Sharing: Station-Based Car Sharing /
/ Free-Floating Car Sharing: Use any legal Parking Space within Perimeter /
// Example: Mobility Car Sharing, Switzerland // // Operating nationwide: Serving every location > 10k inhabitants // ~ 2‘700 cars, 1‘030 of which in Rail Stations // Different vehicle classes - Smart to Delivery Van // Pod Sizes - from 1 to 30 vehicles // 15% of pods operated at a loss („Service Public“), EUR 165k / yr // Locally superimposed Free-Floating System (Basel) „Catch-a-Car“ // 115‘000 customers, ~50% members of cooperative // Fully Integrated With Transit (Location, Pricing models, Marketing) // Operation of Domestic Swiss Car Sharing // Own Software (Return + Free Floating CS) // Consulting + Selling of Turnkey Car Sharing Solutions (Corp Fleet Ops, Public) // Estimated Savings per Customer compared to Private Car Ownership ~CHF 4k (EUR 3.2 k) p.a.
// Example: Mobility Car Sharing Pod, St. Gallen Rail Station //
// Example: Mobility Car Sharing Pod, GVA Airport //
// Examples: 4x4 Vehicle, St. Moritz Rail Station Electric Vehicle (GreenWheels, Netherlands) //
// Example: Mobility Free Floating Vehicle on dedicated Rail Station Parking Space //
// Car Sharing: Growth Rates - Mobility / Communauto //
Source: LeVine et al (2014)
// Car Sharing: Members, Vehicles (Global, 2006-2014) //
Source: Frost & Sullivan (2014)
// Requirement for Car Sharing to be Successful: Powerful Transit - Integration of Modes // /// Mainline Rail
/// Private Rail Ops.
/// Rural Coach Travel
/// Boats (Lakes)
/// Cable Transport
/// Urban Transport
/// Vehicle Sharing: Bike Sharing ///
/// Ride Sharing ///
// Ride Sharing: Fill Unused Capacities //
// Ride Sharing - Economic Impact: The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 (1) //
/ The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955: Rosa Parks /
/ The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 (3): Black Patrons Walk... /
/ The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 (4): ...or share private vehicles /
// Ride Sharing Today: Setting Incentives e.g. use of HOV Lanes //
//// Transportation for Future Cities The Urban Challenge ////
// Post WW II: Decline of Urban Rail Transit „The Great American Streetcar Scandal“ //
Dismantling of urban and suburban electric rail in favour of motorbuses: /// 1935: 90% of US Population Relies on Public Transportation /// 1946: „National City Lines“- stakeholders: GM, Standard Oil, Firestone Tires controls 80% of urban and suburban rail networks /// 1955: Over 1000 systems controlled, over 900 motorized
// Post WW II: Urban Sprawl //
San Mateo County (2013)
/// /// /// /// ///
Los Angeles (1972)
Anonymous (2010)
Main driver behind increase of daily distances travelled only conceivable with cheap, readily available individual mobility one of the most unsustainable ever developments in urban planning ever extremely difficult to serve by public transportation loss of progress, loss of efficiency, „limits of growth“ become visible
/// Transit ? ///
// The Rise of the Mall //
Strategic Implementation of Malls in Detroit (2013)
Valley Fair Mall, San JosĂŠ CA (1956)
/// Spatial unbundling of daily-life Infrastructure /// Strategic positioning of malls /// Fostering Economic Decline of Inner Cities > No-Go-Areas, Ghettos
// The Age of Free Parking //
Southdale Center, Minneapolis (1956)
// inhibitor to efficient land use // Free Parking = „Fertilizer Drug for Cars“ (D. Shoup) // 99 % of US automobile trips end up in free parking spaces (2012)
Riverside Plaza, San Bernardino (1950)
// The Social Stigma of the Transit Bus //
Daly City CA, 2012
Palo Alto, CA, 2012
// Transit buses shunned by middle-class citizens // Reputation much worse than for rail services // Considered transportation for the poor and underprivileged
Silicon Valley CA, 2012
/// Car Sharing and the Built Environment: What is to be done? What can Car Sharing address? ///
// Further Aggravation of Capacity Issues: Road... //
// ...Rail: Further Overload of Critical Infrastructure //
Shanghai, Wed 22:35
// Data is the New Oil: Re-Thinking the Political Economy of Urban Territories //
// malls increasingly appearing as dinosaurs of a bygone era // IT-driven service economy gradually taking over > understanding urban mobility is understanding retail > the urban vehicle of the future is the delivery van
// Retail: Towards hyper compact Convenience Stores //
// New Distribution Models: e.g. Food Trucks //
// New Delivery Modes: Cargo Bikes - Shared! //
// New Retail Logistics: Cargo Transport by Taxi //
// Taxi Queue: Shared Vehicles for Cargo //
// Mobility Pricing: ERP //
// Spatial or Temporary Access Limitation for Vehicles in Urban Areas: Towards Privileges for Shared Modes // • Not a new Idea: „From the next 1st of January it is not allowed to anybody, between sunrise and the 10th hour, to use the streets of the City of Rome with a Vehicle. Excepted from this are freight transports for temple construction or other public works and for removal of debris. Permitted are further... [...] racing vehicles...and the vehicles of Circus Maximus.“ (Lex Iulia Municipalis, 45 B.C.)
// Smart Streetscapes //
Source: Jurgen Mayer H.
// Future Cities: Layered? //
// Elevated Proximity Transportation //
/// Future Evolution: Elements and Scenarios ///
// Modesty as the Ultimate Prestige //
// Integrate New Scaled, Shared, Networked Mobility Tools //
e-Bike Rental, Zurich (2014)
/ e-Bikes as game changers - user profile of car, not bike
// Shared Cargo-eBikes //
// Expressways for Shared Bikes: SkyCycle - Sir Norman‘s Vision for London ///
// Shift to Vans in Car Sharing //
// Visions: Stackable City Cars // •!Mitchell Joachim, MIT Media Lab • Approach: Save Precious Urban Space •!Not possible without Car Sharing technology
60
// Dedicated Car Sharing Vehicles //
//!New Urban Vehicle // Heavy-Duty Design // Easy to Clean
61
// Need for Curbside Space: Loading + Idling //
// Autonomous Vehicles: Taking over Taxi Services and Car Sharing from 2025 //
// Convergence of Modes //
Trip Sharing Agencies
Ride Sharing MODAL CO NVERGEN
CE
Delivery Vans Car Sharing
Private Cars Taxi Limousine Service
Bikes
NVER O C L A D O M e-Bike Sharing Bike Sharing
2014
Time
GENCE
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
Urban Reach
Corporate Shuttles
Cargo-e-Bike Sharing
Zeit
///// Discussion /////