FIAT-IFTA IAFM Heritage Report 2010 by FIAT-IFTA

THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF FUNERAL OPERATIVES

IAFM INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FUNERAL MUSEUMS

Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Fédération Internationale des Associations de Thanatoloques International Federation of Thanatologists Associations

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THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF FUNERAL OPERATIVES

Table of Content 1 Dear reader Page 2 2 Shanghai Funeral Museum Page 4 3 Kuratorium Deutsche Bestattungskultur Page 8 4 Novosibirsk Museum of Funeral Culture Page 12 5 ALPAR Page 16 6 Shanghai Humanism Memorial Museum Page 20 7 MusĂŠe FunĂŠraire National Paris Page 26 8 Dia de Muertos Mexico Page 30 9 ALPAR Resolution Page 34 10 Charter Page 35 11 Constitution Page 36 12 Survey Page 45

Mr. Henry J. Keizer - Chairman FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Steering Committee

The Shanghai Funeral Culture Research Institute

Mrs. Dr. Kerstin Gernig

Mr. Sergey Yakushin

Mrs. Teresa Saavedra

Mr.Wang Jisheng

Mr. Pascal Moreaux - Mrs. Muriel Perrin-Ghys

Mrs. Teresa Saavedra

Resolution August 2010

Charter of Global Funeral Heritage

International Association of Funeral Museums

Funeral Museums and Collections

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Dear reader, 3 This report is presented to you by the members of the FIAT IFTA Heritage Committee. The Committee was formed on the initiative of FIAT IFTA in order to draw attention to the many impressive traditions, buildings and artifacts that still exist in relation to death, funerals and bereavement. We are of the opinion that they are worth to be preserved for future generations. In conjunction with the forming of the committee, the International Association of Funeral Museums (IAFM) was founded. The many funeral museums and collections in the world can play an important role in the preservation, explanation and scientific studies, concerning the topic of funeral heritage. We hope that this report will raise the interest of those active in the funeral profession, but also in governmental and non governmental organizations, charged with world wide heritage conservation. In any case, we hope that you will enjoy reading this report and the committee would be happy to answer your questions or listen to your comments and advise.

Henry J. Keizer, Chairman FIAT IFTA Heritage Steering Committee President IAFM

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

SHANGHAI

FUNERAL MUSEUM 4 The plaque “Boundless Merit” by the famous calligrapher Mr Yu You Ren made in 1946 for Lian Yi Shanghuang ornates the main hall of the Shanghai Funeral Museum located in the Long Hua Funeral Facilities Home.. By Chinese traditional conception, persons working in the funeral profession are “doing things right”. Mr. Yu You Ren’s inscription is the perfect expression for this conception. During the “cultural revolution” cemeteries were smashed and tombstones were destroyed; fortunately the this plaque was kept intact except Mr. Yu You Ren’s name was erased.

The plaque “Boundless Merit” The Shanghai Funeral Museum covers 1.500 square metes and is located on the fith floor of the Longhua Funeral Home. The main purpose of the staff of the museum is to preserve the Chinese Funeral Cultural History and to maintain a collection divided in five parts: • Traditional funeral and burial custom • History of the funeral industry • Evolution of the funeral equipment and the rise and decline of the major funeral homes • Transformation of the funeral industry and the reform of funeral customs • Inventory of the new era, people orientated funeral services.

Traditional Funeral and Burial Custom At the ruins of Fu Quan Shan, Qingpu county of Shanghai ancient relics were found dating back to 6000 or 7000 years ago of tombs of the Songze Culture, the Liangzhu Culture and the Ma Jiabang Culture. The core of the Chinese funeral culture has always been: “reverence to the ancestors – handle funeral with great care - recall the ancestors that earth is the best shelter for the deceased.” Funerals at first were handled by family members or relatives. Gradually funerals were run by professional firms and groups such as the funeral material rental shops and “Hong Bai Gang”. There were always a variety of reverence and worship activities. However strongly influenced by thousand years of self-sufficient and closed agricultural economy. People tended to follow the old funeral custom.

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

The plaque “Boundless Merit” by the famous calligrapher Mr Yu You Renat at The Shanghai Funeral Museum

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Traditional Nam Mu Coffin at The Shanghai Funeral Museum

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Traditional Nam Mu Coffin During the years of Kangxi Dynasty, the ban on sea voyage was lifted. Businessmen came to Shanghai from many parts of the country, Shanghai became a city full of immigrants and they brought theirs own customs. They also set up funeral facilities like coffin deposition rooms and mourning halls. However it was still a traditional agricultural society and the funeral facilities were only used for immigrant families and for charitable purposes

Hong Bai Gang Hong Bai Gang was an amateur profession to arrange rituals for marriages and funeral activities. They planned a funeral procession and performed the funeral rituals for the bereaved. According to the custom, the number of persons carrying the coffin was from four to sixteen depending on the deceased social status. Sixteen bearers, also called dragon head bearers ( for the Chinese people dragon is a symbol for auspicious), was the highest treatment a citizen without official title can get. While going to the cemetery, the bearer team wore special uniforms and the deceased family wore linen clothes holding flags in their hands.

The Shanghai Funeral Culture Research Institute

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

KURATORIUM

DEUTSCHE BESTATTUNGSKULTUR

Ladies and Gentlemen, I am glad to welcome you here in Düsseldorf during the fair BEFA 2010 as one of the Board members of FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Steering Committee. Due to the fact that we have our first meeting in Germany I would like to introduce very briefly my organization “Kuratorium Deutsche Bestattungskultur”. Kuratorium Deutsche Bestattungskultur organizes interdisciplinary conferences in order to promote the relevant topics in funeral culture. I like the idea of the German philosopher Walter Benjamin that we become aware at the moment of loss. Currently we are losing funeral traditions and rituals in a dramatic way. I think that’s one of the reasons why we are here together. With the conference I try to initiate discussions about what is changing in the funeral culture. In 2003 for instance I organized a conference about the current changes of funeral culture in Germany. The results are published in the conference book “Bestattungskultur – Zukunft gestalten”. In 2005 I organized a conference about funeral music because I noticed that we have a large

variety of compositions on the one hand and an enormous decrease in the choice of music pieces for the funeral service on the other. In cooperation with the Robert Schumann university of music here in Düsseldorf we published six CDs with funeral music: “Musica et Memoria – Funeral music through the centuries” The booklet is translated into English. The titles are: Gentle Death, Beautiful Death, Lamentable Death, Marching Death, Uncompromising Death, Transfigured Death. In 2006 I organized an exposition in cooperation with the funeral museum in Kassel about all the professions related to death which have been represented in the history of art. And I published a book about the development of the funeral sector from the earliest beginning

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

till this day: “Todesmutig – Das siebte Werk der Barmherzigkeit”. It’s fascinating to see that since the Middle Ages the burial has been considered the 7th work of mercy and that in the meantime an undertaker - or in modern words - a funeral director was considered more or less an outlaw. In 2007 I initiated a conference about the change of mentalities related to death and dying expressed by a discussion which is less focused on values than on prices. We have cemeteries for pets in Germany for example which sometimes seem much more cultivated than the gravesites for human beings. The contributions and discussions are published as well: “Verarmt, verscharrt, vergessen?”. Last year I organized a competition and conference about marketing in the funeral sector. We discussed the possibilities and the limits of the appropriate way to advertise in this sensitive sector. Slogans like “Which kind of music is played when you pass away?”, “Rented a house, leased a car, bought a coffin – did you already think about it?”, “What do you think about the last funeral speech?” are quite provocative.

But we wanted to figure out what young designers will create when they get the chance to design a poster for a funeral cost insurance. We received a total of 330 posters in this competition. The results of the winners and of the participants are published in the book “Wer nicht wirbt, stirbt – Werbung in der Bestattungsbranche”. And I can assure you you will laugh yourself to death, assuming that you understand German. This year I organized the exhibition “Melancholy and beauty” about mourning dresses in cooperation with the newly created Museum of World Funeral Culture in Novosibirsk and the German Textile Museum in Krefeld . The marvelous book about mourning dresses and mourning jewelry in art history “Schwermut und Schönheit – Als die Menschen Trauer trugen” will accompany the exhibition. Everybody here is not only interested in funeral culture but also in the privileged situation to organize interesting conferences, exhibitions or other events. My hope is that we will share our ideas in the future in order to make them travel around the world.

Mrs. Dr. Kerstin Gernig, Kuratorium Deutsche Bestattungskultur, Düsseldorf

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Cover photo of book: Schwermut und Schรถnheit - Als die Menschen Trauer trugen by Natascha N. Hoefer

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

NOVOSIBIRSK

MUSEUM 12

OF FUNERAL CULTURE The concept of this exhibition was suggested by the Russian designer Gleb He presented two mourning dresses made according to the fashion traditions of the 19th century. Then it was decided to extend the research of mourning etiquette in clothing. We agreed to create a unique collection of mourning dresses in Russia and to select the exhibition BEFA-2010 as the first place for demonstration of this collection. Our German partners undertook to publish a book devoted to the history of mourning clothing. Fortunately, almost three dozens of costume designers took an interest in the German-Russian project and made 175 mourning dresses reflecting the mourning culture since the 13th century. We present the 79 most interesting dresses characteristic for the 19th century to your judgment and for your aesthetic enjoyment. A lot of antique etchings, pictures, photographs of the 19th century and even grave sculptures of lamenting women in European cemeteries were used as sources for models of mourning dresses demonstrated in the exhibition.

We cannot but agree with Lou Taylor, researcher of the European mourning clothing, who says that the clothing expresses the slightest nuances of the society and reflects not only aesthetic sense of people, but also their social status and attitude to the society and its social and cultural standards. The clothing also reflected political revolutions, as well as evolution of the art. There is no doubt that the history of mourning dress facilitates better understanding of progressive changes in the society and perception of national hopes and aspirations.

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Mourning dresses were certainly the key element of the funeral procession. Novosibirsk Museum of World Funeral Culture is a historic overview of funeral traditions and burials of famous people from all over the world. There are more than 1500 engravings of XIX century depicting death and mourning, about one thousand paintings, sculptures, 60 mourning dresses of XIX century – alltogether several thousand of authentic historic funeral items from many parts of the world. It is the only museum of the kind in Russia, founded by private investors. 2 buildings with 1600 sq.m. of total area are under construction to accommodate the Museum. The artifacts are temporarily placed in the building of the Novosibirsk Crematorium where excursions take place weekly.

Novosibirsk Museum of World Funeral Culture carries out research on describing and analyzing national funeral traditions of Russia, Europe, Asia, North and Latin America and Arabian East. Special attention is dedicated to the research of funeral symbols. Novosibirsk Museum in cooperation with Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg department of “Institute of Human” and Association of Institutes of Higher Education of Russia, has organized two conferences “Philosophy of Death”, different scientific conferences and seminars are in perspective. Showpieces are mainly bought in antique shops and markets in Europe, America, Russia and China. Various showpieces for the museum are donated by funeral homes and individual collectors in various countries.

Mr. Sergey Yakushin

President of the Necropolis Exhibition, Moscow

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

A L PA R

THE LATIN AMERICAN

ASSOCIATION OF CEMETERIES AND FUNERAL SERVICES

It is an honor for ALPAR the Latin American Association of Cemeteries and Funeral Services to be able to participate in this forum. It is my hope that by sharing our concerns and point of view, we might better set forth our solid commitment to work and cooperate with this Committee to our full and most proactive capacity. We share a common bond, as is the case of most of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s civilizations, an acute awareness of our mortality, and thus contemplation about the lives we lead and the impact we will leave behind. Because of this component of inextricability of human life and death, there is undoubtedly no other aspect in human culture, so reticent to change like our attitudes and beliefs regarding death. But even these staunchly held beliefs must undergo thoughtful examination, especially in the context of the dynamic and rapid changing nature of our globalized world.

Therefore, if we are to consider the sites, the rituals and all expressions that should follow in our culture with death, we need a clear and constant understanding of our past, in order to fully comprehend the evolution of this phenomenon through the prism of diversity of culture , religion and ethnicity. For this purpose, allow me to bring a little bit of context for the case of Latin America. Our continent lies beneath strong undercurrents of cultures so dissimilar, that some might argue still are unresolved vestiges of our colonial past A strong influence of civilizations prior to

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Tubma de Mitre - Cementerio de la Recoleta - Buenos Aires - Argentina

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Spanish and Portuguese Conquest; Mayans, Incas a myriad of tribes from Amazonia, etc. – have left the people of the Americas a very complex fabric of an intertwined belief system. Social and behavioral perceptions deeply blended with not only the religious beliefs brought by the colonizers, but those remaining from these millenary cultures and more recently all thrown in the mix with modernity. The spectrum of practices regarding the rituals of death is broad: from the “pagan” if you will, like the royal mummifications in the ceremonies of Templo del Sol, Peru – to the offerings to deities - to cemeteries in churches, the “ad sanctos” model like the church of San Francisco in Quito, Ecuador, considered the largest colonial cemetery of South America. When Spain and its colonies followed the decision (Carlos III de Borbon) to create “extramural” cemeteries (cemeterios extramuros) in 1787, well before the first crie for Independence in the continent, Latin American evolved to burial grounds exemplified by those like the Cemetery of La Habana in Cuba, or what is the oldest and still preserved Cemetery of 1802 the Presbitero Maestro in Lima, Peru. Knowledge and technology transfer in the turn of the 19th century, and the close encounter with pathogens of the French or English forced funeral sites to incorporate the sanitary issue, favoring the creation of funeral grounds with distinct characteristics; beyond the city limits, surrounded by hills, lakes and trees in close resemblance to city squares, separating the city of the living and the dead. This also had an early impact in our societies with Independence leaders like Bolivar and O’Higgins creating, what we understand today as, “Cementerios Generales” or public cemeteries; where burials were held for catholic and non-catholic like the 1791

Cementerio General of Bogota Colombia or Cementerio General of Santiago in Chile. During the years of the industrial revolution these resting places flourished with ornaments, sculptures, bronze and marble monuments, allowing the growth of new commercial circuits in Latin America, transforming coffee, sugar, cacao, silver and other native products into the stone and bronze of eternity. Pieces came from international firms like Mac Farlane & Company from Glasgow, Pignone from Italy or Mott Iron Works from New York giving our cemeteries, squares and theatres the same ambiance and grandeur of other cities around the world. Examples of this beauty and craftsmanship can be found in the Cemetery of Valencia in Venezuela, the San Juan Bautista Cemetery in Manaus, Brazil or the Guanajuato Theatre in Mexico. Public cemeteries throughout the continent were mainly considered to be of the purview and responsability of local government; with some exceptions like Colombia, where burial grounds were considered a responsibility of the Catholic Church. Nevertheless, these public cemeteries were surrounded by people and institutions. The major culprit of this unplanned area of our cities can be blamed on the lack of proper city planning, administrative difficulties and poor economic structures in developing Latin American nations. Today we can observe that most of these burial grounds are either saturated, neglected and more importantly, represent a serious concern and burden to local governments. Taking this scenario in consideration, today public cemeteries remain an important reality to pop Latin American culture. In recent years

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

as a modern approach to death and its related services, in many countries of the continent, permissions have been granted not only for private enterprises to manage public cemeteries but for the construction of private memorial parks in close resemblance to the North American model. Thus, it is very important to comprehend that during all these transitions, most rural populations throughout the different countries have maintained closer ties to ancient practices, most preceding the Conquest of the Americas or have at the very least greatly influenced the customs and rituals of our practices. Keep in mind that more than 50% of the population is Indian in countries like Mexico, Ecuador or Bolivia. Therefore, it is not a surprise to find different parameters: a cremation rate as high as 70% in a city like Medellin in Colombia or a country rate of less than 2% in Bolivia; to find a funeral complex in a building in Colombia or Brazil, or to find burial grounds maintaining color and symbols representing earth and death. Throughout the continent there have been many attempts and certain progress to preserve and protect Funeral Heritage sites, expressions, rituals, some have resorted to national government policies, others with local institutions and civil society efforts, some even leaning on private initiative funding and lastly, some with the intervention of UNESCO such is the case of Cementerio de La Recoleta in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fundacion Cementerio de San Pedro in Medellin Colombia or the Red Iberoamericana de Valoracion y Gestion de Cementerios Patrimoniales.

masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of Humanity - this proclamation aims to protect the oldest forms of cultural expressions and ancient rituals. We feel great concern, that even though there is specific work that has been carried out, the level of awareness or commitment demands efforts that must be doubled. Even though normative steps have been taken, there is a great need to seek a general consensus of the overarching perspective to catalogue, evaluate, rescue and preserve this Heritage - only this joint and general outlook will allow us to act decisively and appropriately. As an association representing different organizations and enterprises from 22 countries of the continent, we want to join the efforts undertaken and, under specific guidelines contribute to this cause. If we are to think of ourselves as actors that want to share the experiences of tomorrowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s world, be relevant in our own futures, we must keep in mind that deciding the locality of future cemeteries, taking serious note of concerns of health, ecology and enviromental issues and fully understanding our own rituals, will result in a strong contribution to a healthier and more introspective society. This can only be achieved if we act in a responsible and decisive manner, always mindful of where we came from and always clear on where we are going.

Mrs. Teresa Saavedra President ALPAR

We feel that one of the most outstanding achievements in this field is the declaration of the DIA DE MUERTOS in Mexico in 2003 as a

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

SHANGHAI 20

HUMANISM

MEMORIAL MUSEUM

Shanghai Humanism Memorial Museum is the first museum in China integrating collection, exhibition, research, communication, education and other functions in the field of humanism memorial. Under the theme of “appreciating the wonderfulness of life, and cherishing city memories” in memory of celebrities in modern times in Shanghai who are resting in peace in Fu Shou Yuan, the museum is aimed at collecting, demonstrating and studying modern celebrities in modern times in Shanghai and related cultural relics and documents from different angles and enshrine a period of precious historical memories and cultural heritage for Shanghai as an international metropolis. The museum whose name is inscribed by Nan Huaijin, master of sinology, is designed by Xing Tonghe, a well-known master architect in China, covering a building area of 3,000 square meters with 2,000 square meters for exhibition. The museum boasts more than 2,500 pieces of relics and historical data of celebrities from walks of life, consisting of three basic exhibition halls, “Hymn to Lives”, “Stories of Lives” and “Message of Life”. In those special exhibition halls, various kinds of theme memorial exhibitions would be held on an irregular

basis. There are also Old-movies Mini-cinema, the Study of Celebrities, Meditation Room and other public space for humanism in the museum.

Heroic Typewriter The Tokyo Trial that lasted for 2 years is the largest international trial in the history of mankind with 28 Class-A war criminals prosecuted, 818 sessions opened, 48,412 pages

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Entrance of the Shanghai Humanism Memorial Museum

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

of trial records, 419 witnesses testifying in court, 779 written witnesses, more than 4,300 pieces of evidences and testimonies handled and a 1,213-page judgment concluded. Behind the series of numbers mentioned above, such a museum piece of Remington typewriter did made a difference, for it had ever accompanied Xiang Zhejun, the Chinese prosecutor at International Military Tribunal for the Far East throughout the Tokyo Trial to carry out his mission under extremely tough conditions to bring justice to people in China and Asian-Pacific Region persecuted by Japanese invader. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was established on January 28, 1946, representing eleven different Allied countries including the United States, China, Great Britain, France and other 6 countries. Mei Ruao was appointed by the Chinese Government as the jurist and Xiang Zhejun as the prosecutor. On February 7, Xiang Zhejun submitted a list of Japanese war criminals aggressing against China to the Tribunal. However, the Tribunal adopted the legal proceedings of Anglo-American Law under which the conviction should be based on convincing evidence and not be refuted by defendants. However, Chinese government did not pay attention to collecting and keeping evidence during the war time and Japanese invaders have destroyed mass of evidence on the pretext of keeping military secrets confidential after Japan’s surrender. Therefore, Xiang Zhejun was the first to come to Tokyo to undertake the most stressful and demanding mission of collecting evidence. He frequently paid visits to areas ever occupied by Japanese invaders in China with his colleagues to look for testimonies of witnesses and material evidences and check file inventory of Japanese Army to unearth evidence of Japan’s aggression against China.

It took 9 months to show all evidence and testimonies in court with 48412 pages of Englishbased documents and 4336 pieces of evidence and testimonies for procurators and defendants. The testimonies of witnesses and other evidentiary materials procurators provided to the court were reported to pile up a foot high. Mr. Xiang Longwan, the youngest son of Xiang Zhejun, told us that he was in primary school when the Tokyo Trial took place. In his memory, his father always came and went hurriedly and seldom stayed at home. Even when he stayed overnight at home sometimes, he had no time to join the family but used to stay up writing papers and typing in the study as usual on the typewriter that “the moving finger writes and having writ moves on”. However late at night, he could hear the typewriter sounds from the study and could but see him hurrying to Nanjing or Tokyo with the typewriter early the next morning. In spring 1946, the Tribunal began to draft up the indictment. Chinese procurators headed by Xiang Zhejun insisted that the “Huanggutun Incident” in 1928 be identified as the beginning of Japan’s preparation to start the aggression against China, which was also written into the 42-page indictment. Besides, 28 defendants were also identified. In the court, Xiang Zhejun repeatedly stood up and exposed the great sins and monstrous crimes of Japanese invaders in Nanking Massacre to the public by quoting mass of testimonies of witnesses and awe-inspiring righteousness and quick-witted and smart court debate. The wily and cunning Seishiro Itagaki and Kenji Doihara were thoroughly refuted in court and finally nailed up to history’s mast of shame. On November 12, 1948, Hideki Tojo, Seishiro Itagaki, Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui and other three defendants were sentenced to the

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

gallows. Other 16 criminals were sentenced to life imprisonment. The hanging was executed on December 23, 1948 when Xiang Zhejun and Shang Zhen, Head of the Chinese Military Delegation were invited to witness the execution. With the conclusion of the Tokyo Trial, Xiang Zhejun declined the appointment of Kuomintang government to take up the “AttorneyGeneral of the Supreme Court” and returned to Chinese Mainland. He ever acted as law professor in the Great China University and Soochow University and held the post of the professor of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics and concurrently the Head of the Foreign Language Teaching and Research Section until his retirement since 1960, during which the typewriter was in his company all along. Now, the typewriter has become one of the exhibits of the Humanism Memorial Museum. Some of its metal box has been rusted and corroded over the past more than 60 years. However, when the box is opened and the round glass button is pressed, the tinkling sound of metal immediately penetrates through the beacon of history, breathtaking and imagination-evoking.

Rosewood Elephant Makes a Couple Among the relics of the well-known director Zhang Junxiang, there is a small rosewoodcarved elephant embedded with eburnean. Zhang Junxiang loves elephant, not only because the Chinese character “Xiang” (elephant in English) is homophonic with the “Xiang” in his name, which means auspicious and peaceful, but also because he and his wife Zhou Xiaoyan fell in love with each other because of the “elephant”, which has brought sweet love

to them and also serves as the symbol of the eternal love between them. In 1951, Chinese Culture Delegation visited India and Myanmar, which is the first delegation visiting abroad organized by Premier Zhou En’lai in person since the foundation of New China. The delegation is full of talents, including those famous artists and cultural celebrities in China. Zhang Junxiang, one of the representatives of the movie circle and Zhou Xiaoyan, representative of the music circle, were among them. One is the brilliant film artist with graceful bearing and the other is the coloratura soprano with mildly sweet voice. It is coincident that Zhang Junxiang and Zhou Xiaoyan were the only unmarried man and woman in the delegation. They were introduced to each other and got to know each other on the visiting ship and gradually fell in love with each other. Together they visited the Green Valley Beach, the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the institution established by the great poet Tagore, the Shwedagon Paya in Yangon, Myanmar and took an unforgettable group photo in front of the elephant. Their hearts got closer and closer to each other and got married when they returned to China soon after the conclusion of the visit. Calligrapher and painter Wu Zuoren, member of the delegation, knew both of them loved elephant and thus especially drew several pieces of Chinese ink and wash paintings of lovely elephants for both of them respectively. After marriage, Wu Zuoren presented a piece of painting of two elephants to the couple as wedding gift. On the painting, an active small elephant nestles up to a tall and strong elephant. Zhou Xiaoyan couldn’t help pointing to the painting and said to her husband, “Look, how much that big and tall male elephant is like you and the small active elephant is like me.” In India, elephant is the symbol of auspiciousness and holi-

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

ness. During the visiting, they bought many woodcarving elephants and took them back to China, which were either demanded by friends or presented as gifts. But they were always reluctant to present the rosewood elephant to others but kept it until the death of Zhang Junxiang. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Elephantâ&#x20AC;? pulls Zhang Junxiang and Zhou Xiaoyan together in a foreign country and the rosewood elephant still accompanies Zhang Junxiang to rest in peace in the backyard of his life in Fu Shou Yuan. It is destined to accompany for all life and never leave him alone.

General Manager Mr.Wang Jisheng Fu Shou Yuan Group, Shanghai

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

MUSÉE

FUNÉRAIRE NATIONAL PARIS

Amis du Musée Funéraire National Les funérailles en France La France dispose d’un considérable patrimoine funéraire, chaque commune dispose, de par la loi d’au moins un cimetière, et plusieurs selon le nombre d’habitants. Ces cimetières sont placés sous la responsabilité du maire de la commune qui doit offrir une sépulture à tous les habitants domiciliés dans la commune, aux personnes décédées sur le territoire de celle-ci et à tous ceux qui ont droit à une concession située dans le territoire communal ainsi qu’aux personnes vivant à l’étranger mais votant dans la commune.

Du moyen âge au 18ème siècle L’église était le point central de la vie des villes et villages, les défunts sont inhumés dans les cimetières paroissiaux, les pauvres dans des fosses communes et les riches, les notables et les célébrités sont inhumés dans les églises parfois sous le dallage des églises. Les reliques des saints déposés dans les églises font aussi l’objet d’un culte, qui rejoint le respect dû aux défunts.

Au 18ème siècle et après une enquête, le parlement prit, le 21 mai 1765, un arrêt prescrivant le transfert hors des limites des villes les cimetières intra-muros et pour limiter, à un très petit nombre, les personnes à inhumer dans les églises. Le clergé se montra d’abord réticent à accepter cette réforme, mais les protestations des voisins des cimetières continuèrent. C’est le roi Louis XVI qui, par édit royal, mit fin à l’autorisation d’enterrer dans les églises. Le roi Louis XVI interdit le 10 Mars 1776, par déclaration royale, les inhumations dans les

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Entrée Cimetiére Père Lachaise

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

églises, toutefois la mesure prit du temps à se mettre en place.

Le premier cimetière qui fut fermé fut le Cimetière des Innocents situé en centre ville et cause de nombreuses nuisances. Il fut décidé de fermer ce cimetière, mais où mettre les ossements ? Paris doit son aspect à uniformité des pierres qui construisent ses immeubles. Mais d’où viennent ces magnifiques pierres de taille ? Tout simplement du sous sol parisien. Le sous-sol de la ville est en effet creux. Les sous sols de la ville, instables, avaient été récemment consolidés. Un Inspecteur Général des Carrières, Charles Axel Guillaumot propose de déposer les ossements dans les carrières de la ville. Cette idée fut acceptée, avec l’accord des autorités religieuses et du Lieutenant de police Thiroux de Crosnes en date du 9 novembre 1785, et Charles Guillaumot fut chargé du transfert

Le développement de la pompes funèbres du 19ème siècle jusqu’au début du 20ème siècle.

Période Napoléonienne Napoléon Bonaparte devient Premier Consul après le coup d’état du 18 brumaire an VII (9 novembre 1799), il est sacré empereur le 18 mai 1804 et il abdiquera en 1815. Outre ses ambitions militaires pour la domination de l’Europe, dont l’utilité peut être contestée, Napoléon 1er est un grand juriste et un admirable organisateur. Le code Napoléon est la base du code civil toujours en vigueur en France et dans grand nombre de pays de part le monde, et ce, non seulement dans les pays conquis ou dominés par les Français.

Il nomme Nicolas Frochot préfet de la Seine et le charge de la création des grands cimetières hors du centre de Paris. Il fait définitivement fermer les petits cimetières de la ville et les ossements vont aussi être déposés dans les catacombes. Il fait aménager des catacombes et organiser les ossements de manière harmonieuse et non pas déposés sans ordre comme précédemment. Le décret du 23 prairial an XII (12 juin 1804) interdit les inhumations dans les églises, supprime les fosses communes et demande des sépultures individuelles, oblige de construire les cimetières à l’extérieur des agglomérations, permet la création de cimetières confessionnels, donne aux autorités municipales le pouvoir de police des cimetières et crée les concession. De plus la liberté de culte mise en cause par la Révolution est rétablie par Napoléon 1er, les fabriques et consistoires peuvent confier le service des pompes funèbres à des entrepreneurs privés. Cette étape de la création de cimetières à l’extérieur des villes a été appliquée dans à peu près toutes les villes d’Europe à la même époque. Ce fut un véritable bouleversement dans les mentalités. On peut s’étonner que la fermeture de nombreux cimetières et l’exhumation des défunts se soient passées dans l’indifférence de la population, le culte des morts va se développer au cours du 19ème siècle.

Deux lois vont considérablement changer les funérailles La loi de 1889 qui autorise la crémation, le premier crématorium ouvert en France est celui de Père Lachaise œuvre de l’architecte Formigé

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

est ouvert la même année. En réaction l’Église Catholique prive ceux qui ont choisi la crémation de funérailles religieuses. La loi du 28 décembre 1904 qui précède la loi de Séparation de l’Église et de l’État confie aux communes le monopole du service public des pompes funèbres. Cette loi est suivie par la loi de séparation de l’Église et de l’État du 9 décembre 1905. 1962-1965 Le Concile Vatican II qui change profondément les rituels et la liturgie catholique a un profond impact sur les funérailles. En autorisant la crémation et l’autorisation de célébrations catholique à ceux qui ont choisi ce mode de disposition de leur corps, et en supprimant les classes et les tentures. Le monopole des pompes funèbres va être la caractéristique de la France confiant les services funéraires aux régies et à une grande entreprise qui détiendra jusqu’à 50 % du marché. En 1993, la loi Sueur va considérablement modifier les pratiques funéraires et surtout abolir les monopoles, laissant ainsi libre concurrence à tous ceux qui veulent s’installer dans cette profession.

Le développement de l’art funéraire, des rituels et de la pompe funèbre Au 19ème siècle la bourgeoisie se développe et s’établit, l’industrie se développe, les établissements financiers sont créés, les classes privilégiées qui ont vécu dans de riches hôtels particuliers se font construire d’imposants monuments funéraires. Pour la construction de ces monuments, ils feront appel aux architectes et aux sculpteurs les plus renommés. David d’Angers, Étex, Bartholdi, …La possibilité d’acquérir une concession funéraire est une étape décisive dans l’art funéraire Pour

ceux qui en ont les moyens financiers, le fait d’être assurés d’avoir la jouissance du terrain pour une durée illimitée, pour les concessions à perpétuité, permet de faire construire un monument imposant qui sont le reflet de la position sociale.

La mort est un évènement social Le deuil obéit à des règles bien précises, vestimentaires et de la vie sociale. Le défunt est installé dans plus belle chambre de la maison, revêtu des ses plus beaux habits. Le portail de la maison du défunt est orné de tentures, plus ou moins riche selon la classe des obsèques. Lors des funérailles qui avaient généralement lieu à l’église, le corps placé dans un corbillard, plus ou moins décoré selon la classe. Le cortège part de la maison jusqu’à l’église, puis au cimetière. A la tête du cortège le clergé : au moins un prêtre et des enfants de chœur, les hommes les plus proches du défunt dont on dit qu’ils « conduisent le deuil », les femmes de la famille et le reste des amis et relations. L’église est aussi décorée de tentures, qui couvrent le portail de l’église et parfois tout le chœur et la nef. Il faut présenter ses condoléances lors de la visite au domicile, puis à l’église et au cimetière. En raison du nombre élevé des personnes assistant aux funérailles, cela durait des heures.

Extrait de l’article. Mr. Pascal Moreaux

Président de l’Association : Les Amis du Musée Funéraire National à Paris.

Mrs. Muriel Perrin-Ghys

Déléguéé Générale de l’Association : Les Amis du Musée Funéraire National à Paris.

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DIA DE MUERTOS MEXICO

UNESCO has set among its highest priorities the identification and the value of live patrimony which constitutes the identity of thousands of social groups. We can not deny that there are many threats that lay upon ancestral cultures due to the rapid social transformations of our multi-ethnic societies of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s world.Nonetheless, each individual as part of his society and each society as part of a nation should consider this precedence as their own and actively participate to value and protect all legacies upon which our cultural identities were built. Under these circumstances, Mexico decides to submit to the consideration and recognition of UNESCO, the nomination of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Festivity of the Deadâ&#x20AC;?, as the most important and significant cultural expression of its indigenous groups. For these groups which inhabit Central and the Southern regions of the country, the practices and traditions prevail in their communities to commemorate the dead or their ancestors and until today, it represents the most transcendental social acts of their life in community. For the Maya, Zapotec, Nahua and Mixtec regions the celebration further implies the nuclei of their identity and cosmovision. Despite the many cultural differences among

these groups, they all share the history of two traditions that met in the XVI century during the Spanish Expansion. Historical and anthropological studies have clearly shown that the celebrations dedicated to the dead not only share an ancient ceremonial foundation, where Catholic and Pre-Columbian traditions coexist, but also a wide range of manifestations that are supported by the ethnic and cultural plurality of the country. This broadens the spectrum of diversity in symbolic and ritualistic architecture that is expressed in many works of art, handcrafts and ephemeral artwork. It has also been the inspiration of Mexican musicians, painters and poets. For the majority of the indigenous groups of

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Mexico, death and life are not extremes of a straight line but two points diametrically situated in a moving circle; therefore, their representation of the life cycle establishes a very narrow link between death and reproduction. “This has led them to the belief that death initiates a purgatory process by which the soul prepares itself for another birth”. The dead directly contribute to the fertility of the fields and in return during the festivities they should “feed” themselves from the first harvests. The feast of the Day of the Dead in Mexico coincides with the end of a ritual calendar and to the end of an agricultural cycle. We should keep in mind that this succession also represents the fact that within a short time span the communities will go from scarcity to abundance: no crops-crops, dry fields-green fields, no flowers-flowering land; enlightening their constant preoccupation of symmetry and reciprocity. The Festivity will be the bond to attach the initiation of the offerings and retributions; the offerings will resemble what is received during the year. The feast of All Saints and the liturgical celebration of the Blessed Souls (November1st, 2nd) have a long history in western Christianity. There is interesting data to consider: towards the beginning of the Christian era, both the Germanic and Celtic tradition celebrated festivals with direct association with the ending of autumn and the beginning of the summer season. Christian martyrs were “remembered” in May, but Pope Gregory IV moved the date to November 1st, when he institutionalized the celebration of All Saints in the IX century to commemorate the martyrs that had died before Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Catholic Liturgy kept the specific moment to celebrate Blessed Souls in its calendar, apparently motivated by ancient beliefs in which “the souls

from heaven would come and bless the homes of their families during the eve of November 1st. The following day the souls from Purgatory would come to intimidate those who had harmed them”. Food offerings would be presented in these occasions as a way to gratify the souls from Heaven and to diminish the dangers of the souls from Purgatory. November 1st and November 2nd represent the most vital celebrations that take place in Mexico. The Catholic calendar, the first (1) is dedicated to All Saints and the second (2) to Blessed Souls. The celebration of the Dia de Muertos is celebrated throughout Mexico; even though the festivity has become more famous in places like Patzcuaro, Janitzio, Zirahuen or Tzintzuntzan: the first (1) is dedicated to those who died when they were children (“muertos chiquitos”) and the second (2) to those who died as adults. The Festivity is a carnival of food, colors, smells reflecting the gala of love between those alive and their deceased ones. A celebration where death and the deceased become present to create a marvelous scenography where time does not necessarily represents the present but a future of eternity beyond our understanding. The Dia de Muertos above all is a constant celebration to “memories”, a time of collective reminiscence which should overcome oblivion. On November 7th, 2003, UNESCO proclaimed, the indigenous festivity of DIA DE MUERTOS, as a masterpiece of ORAL AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE OF HUMANITY. Beyond this proclamation it is a challenge to all those parties involved to educate, to inform and to permanently innovate with legal or other instruments the proper safeguarding of this legacy.

Mrs. Teresa Saavedra,

from “La Festividad Indígena dedicada a los Muertos en México”, Conaculta.

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

CHARTER

of Global Funeral Heritage DEFINITION:

Global Funeral Heritage consists of the expressions, customs, rituals, sites, buildings, constructions and instruments associated with death, loss and grief.

DECLARATION:

The preservation and protection of Global Funeral Heritage is the responsibility of families, local communities, religious institution and governments. FIAT-IFTA affirms the importance and significance of Global Funeral Heritage for societies and individuals. Funeral Heritage Association of FIAT-IFTAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role is to inform all parties concerned and strives to work with local, national and international institutions to preserve and to protect Global Funeral Heritage for the future of humanity.

OBJECTIVES:

To support and endorse funeral museums and exhibitions worldwide To study and understand Global Funeral Heritage in order to preserve and protect it To promote understanding and appreciation of Global Funeral Heritage To promote publications and studies related to Global Funeral Heritage with respect to local and national concerns.

PRIMARY ACTIONS: 1. To cooperate with the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in order to establish and extend the presence of Funeral Heritage sites on the World Heritage List and to bring in expert knowledge 2. Establishment of the Funeral Heritage Expert Committee 3. Foundation of the Association of Funeral Museums and Collections.

Charter of Global Funeral Heritage (Adopted by the General Assembly of FIAT-IFTA, June 2008, Barcelone)

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

CONSTITUTION International Association of Funeral Museums 36

NAME AND SEAT Article 1 The name of the Association is: The International Association of Funeral Museums. The Association has its seat in Amsterdam. The office address of the Association is the address of the Associationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Secretary or such other address as may be specified by the Board. OBJECTS Article 2 1. The objects of the Association are: a. to advance and promote the preservation of collections in the field of international funeral history; b. to encourage and promote international cooperation between organizations and persons in volved in the creation and preservation of collections in the field of international funeral history; c. to collect and give access to information, to provide information to the public and to offer advice and support in the field of international funeral history; 2. The Association endeavours to achieve its objects by: a. promoting international contacts and arranging agreements between funeral museums, scientists, scholars, researchers, the media, public authorities and other stakeholders; b. providing public information on the nature and importance of the international heritage in respect of funerary customs, practices, rituals, objects and items; c. organizing meetings, providing information and advice to organizations and persons involved in the creation and preservation of collections in the field of international funeral history; d. establishing funds to support the creation and preservation of collections, the carrying out of relevant research, the publication of texts and the organization of meetings. 3. The Association is not affiliated with any political party or religious organization and is a not-for-profit organization. FINANCIAL YEAR Article 3 The financial year of the Association coincides with the calendar year.

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MEMBERS Article 4 INTERNATIONAL 1. The Association has the following categories of members: ASSOCIATION OF FUNERAL - Ordinary Members; MUSEUMS - Associate Members; - Honorary Members: Honorary Members are individuals who have rendered meritorious service to the Association or who have made a significant contribution towards achieving the Associationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objects, and who have been appointed Honorary Members by the Board. 2. Applications for membership must be submitted in writing to the Secretary. The Board shall decide on the admission of new members within three months of receipt of the relevant application. 3. The Board shall keep a register listing the names and addresses of all members. ORDINARY MEMBERS Article 5 1. Ordinary Members are legal entities which do not seek to make a profit, are accessible to the public, serve the interests of society and its development and which aim to acquire, preserve, research, present, document and raise awareness of the tangible and intangible testimonies of people and their environment in respect of death and funerary customs and traditions for study, educational and leisure purposes. The legal entity should focus on all funerary objects, phenomena or concepts that are of academic interest to or have a spiritual value for a particu lar community. On incorporation of the Association, Stichting Nederlands Uitvaartmuseum, a foundation having its seat in Amsterdam, is admitted as Ordinary Member. 2. A candidate for Ordinary Membership must endorse the principles of the International Council of Museums, in particular the ICOM Code of Professional Ethics, before being eligible for membership. 3. Ordinary Members must be represented by a natural person, appointed to that end by the Ordinary Member in question, who may exercise the membership rights of the Ordinary Mem ber he or she represents. The Board must be notified in writing of the appointment of a natural person as representative of an Ordinary Member. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Article 6 1. Associate Members are all natural persons and/or legal entities other than Ordinary Members that have been admitted to membership in the manner set out in Paragraph 2 of Article 4. 2. Associate Members do not have any rights and obligations other than those granted to or im posed on them in or pursuant to the Constitution. 3. The rights and obligations of an Associate Member may be terminated at any time by either party giving notice to that effect, with the proviso that the full annual membership fee remains due for the then current financial year. Notice of termination of membership by the Association shall be given by the Board.

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

TERMINATION OF MEMBERSHIP Article 7 1. Membership of the Association will terminate: a. if a member dies; a transfer of membership by inheritance is not permitted; if the member is a legal entity: at the time of its dissolution; b. if a member resigns from membership; c. if the Association gives notice of termination of membership. The Association may give notice of termination of membership if a member no longer meets the membership requirements set out in the Constitution or fails to meet its obligations to the Association, or if the Association cannot reasonably be expected to allow membership to continue; d. if a member is expelled. A member may be expelled only if it acts in contravention of the Constitution, standing orders, regulations or resolutions of the Association, or unreasonably prejudices the Association. 2. Notice of termination of membership by the Association shall be given by the Board. 3. Notice of termination of membership by a member shall be given in writing to the Board. 4. A member or the Association may give notice of termination of membership only with effect from the end of a financial year; the minimum notice period is four weeks. However, membership may be terminated with immediate effect if the Association or the member cannot be expected to allow membership to continue. 5. If notice of termination is given in contravention of the preceding Paragraph, membership will terminate with effect from the earliest possible date following the date for which notice has been given. 6. A member is not permitted to give notice of termination of membership in order to evade the consequences of a resolution by which the membersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; financial obligations are increased. 7. A resolution to expel a member shall be passed by the Board. 8. A member may appeal to the General Meeting against a resolution of the Association to termi nate its membership on the grounds that the Association cannot reasonably be expected to al low membership to continue, and against an expulsion resolution; such an appeal must be lodged within one month of receipt of the notice of the resolution in question. To that end, the member in question shall be notified of the resolution and of the reasons for the resolution in writing as soon as possible. During the period in which an appeal may be lodged and pending the appeal, the member in question shall be suspended from membership. 9. If membership is terminated in the course of a financial year, the full annual membership fee remains due. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE Article 8 1. The members are required to pay an annual membership fee as determined by the General Meeting. 2. Associate Members may be required to pay an annual membership fee as determined by the General Meeting.

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BOARD Article 9 INTERNATIONAL 1. The Association is managed by a Board consisting of no fewer than three (3) ASSOCIATION members. FUNERAL 2. The members of the Board shall be appointed by the General Meeting. BoardOF members may be MUSEUMS appointed from outside the membership of the Association. Board members shall be appointed for a term of four (4) years. A retiring Board member shall be eligible for immediate re-election. 3. The international federation: “International Federation of Thanatologists Associations - FIAT- IFTA”, having its seat in Hilversum, hereinafter referred to as: “FIAT-IFTA”, shall have the right to nominate a candidate for appointment to one position on the Board of the Association, which nomination shall be binding. If such a right of nomination exists with respect to a va cant position on the Board, FIAT-IFTA shall nominate a candidate within sixty (60) days. However, the General Meeting may set aside the binding nature of the nomination at any time by a resolution passed by a majority of at least two thirds of the votes cast, with the proviso that such majority represents more than two third of the members with voting rights. The nomination shall be included in the notice of the General Meeting at which the appoint ment in question will be considered. 4. The Board (with the exception of the first Board whose members are appointed to office) shall elect a Chair, a Secretary and a Treasurer from its number. The positions of Secretary and Treasurer may be held by one person. 5. If the number of Board members falls below three, the Board shall nevertheless retain its powers. However, the Board shall be required to convene a General Meeting as soon as possible to ad dress the filling of the vacancy or vacancies. 6. The Secretary shall take minutes of the proceedings at each Board meeting, which will be ap proved and signed as a true and accurate record of the meeting by the Chair and the Secretary. The provisions of Paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 17 apply by analogy. 7. Standing orders may be adopted to provide further procedural guidance in relation to Board meetings and decision-making by the Board. TERMINATION OF BOARD MEMBERSHIP Article 10 1. Each Board member may be suspended or removed from office by the General Meeting at any time. If a Board member is suspended but not removed from office within three months, the suspension will end on expiry of such period. 2. Board membership will also terminate if a Board member steps down or dies or, if the Board member is a legal entity, by its dissolution.

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

REPRESENTATION Article 11 Without prejudice to the provision in the final sentence of Paragraph 2 of Article 12, the Association may be represented: a. either by the Board; b. or by two Board members acting jointly.

DUTIES OF THE BOARD Article 12 1. The Board is charged with the management of the Association, subject to the restrictions set out in the Constitution. 2. Subject to the approval of the General Meeting, the Board may decide to enter into agreements for the acquisition, disposal and encumbrance of property subject to compulsory registration and to enter into agreements by which the Association binds itself as surety, guarantor or joint and several debtor, warrants performance by a third party or guarantees third-party debts. The absence of such approval may be invoked against third parties. ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Article 13 1. The Board is required to keep such records of the Association’s financial position as to ensure that the Association’s rights and obligations can be ascertained at any time. 2. At a General Meeting held within six months of the end of the Association’s financial year, barring extension of this period by the General Meeting, the Board shall report on the affairs of the Association and the policies pursued in the past financial year, and present a balance sheet and a statement of income and expenditure with accompanying notes for the past financial year to the General Meeting for approval. The balance sheet and the statement of income and expenditure with accompanying notes must be signed by all Board members; if the signature of any of them is missing, this shall be noted along with the reason. After the expiry of the aforesaid six-month period, each member of the Association may request the court to order the joint Board members to meet the obligations set out in this Paragraph. 3. Each year, the General Meeting shall appoint a committee from within the Association’s mem bership, consisting of no fewer than two persons who may not be members of the Board. The committee shall audit the financial statements prepared by the Board and report on its findings to the General Meeting. 4. The General Meeting may disband the committee at any time, on condition that another committee is appointed at the same time. 5. The adoption of the financial statements by the General Meeting shall discharge the Board from liability. 6. The Board is required to retain the documents referred to in Paragraphs 1 and 2 for a period of seven years.

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GENERAL MEETING Article 14 INTERNATIONAL 1. The Board shall convene a General Meeting at least once a year and, furthermore, whenever it ASSOCIATION OF FUNERAL considers a meeting appropriate or whenever it is required by law or the Constitution to MUSEUMS convene a General Meeting. The working language of meetings is English, unless the Chair decides otherwise. The annual General Meeting of the Association should be scheduled to coincide with the annual general meeting of FIAT-IFTA as far as possible. 2. Notices of meeting shall be sent to the membersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; addresses. 3. Moreover, the Board is required to convene a General Meeting at the written request of at least ten members with voting rights, which General Meeting must be held within four weeks of the request. If the Board fails to comply with such a request within fourteen days, the members requesting the meeting may convene a General Meeting themselves, either in the way in which the Board convenes General Meetings or by placing an advertisement in at least one national daily newspaper. 4. The agenda for the meeting referred to in Paragraph 2 of Article 13 shall also include the following items: a. the filling of any vacancies, b. the appointment of the members of the committee referred to in Paragraph 3 of Article 13, c. the determination of the annual membership fee. ADMISSION AND VOTING RIGHTS Article 15 1. All Ordinary Members, all representatives of the Associate Members referred to in Article 6, all Honorary Members and all Board members may attend the General Meeting. Suspended members and suspended Board members may not attend the General Meeting, with the proviso that a suspended member is entitled to attend the General Meeting at which the suspension resolution is considered and to address the meeting in relation to the suspension resolution. 2. The Chair shall decide on the admission of any persons other than those referred to in Paragraph 1. 3. All Ordinary Members, all representatives of the Associate Members referred to in Article 6, all Honorary Members and all Board members are entitled to address the General Meeting. 4. Each non-suspended Ordinary Member has one vote. Other members have no voting rights. Each non-suspended Board member who is not a member of the Association has one vote, with the proviso that the total number of votes cast by such Board members may not exceed fifty per cent of the number of votes cast by the Ordinary Members. 5. Each Ordinary Member shall designate a representative and a deputy representative. An Ordi nary Member may appoint another Ordinary Member in writing to act as its proxy; such an appointment is valid for one meeting only. An Ordinary Member may act as proxy for no more than two other Ordinary Members. An Ordinary Member may also appoint the Chair in writing to act as its proxy; such an appointment is valid for one meeting only.

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

MINUTES Article 16 The Secretary or another person designated for that purpose by the Chair shall take minutes of the proceedings at each meeting, which must be confirmed as an accurate record of the meeting at the same meeting or at a subsequent General Meeting.

CHAIRING OF GENERAL MEETINGS Article 17 1. The General Meetings shall be chaired by the Chair of the Association or his or her deputy. If they are both absent or unable to act, the meeting will be chaired by one of the other Board members designated by the Board. If no such Board member is designated, the meeting itself will appoint someone else to chair the meeting. 2. The opinion expressed by the chair of the General Meeting that a resolution has been passed by the meeting is decisive. The same applies to the subject matter of a resolution that has been passed, in so far as the motion voted on was not recorded in writing. 3. However, if the opinion of the chair of the meeting, referred to in Paragraph 2, is challenged immediately after it is expressed, a new vote shall be taken if so desired by the majority of the meeting or, if the original vote was not taken by roll call or by ballot, by a person who is present and entitled to vote. The legal consequences of the original vote become null and void as a result of such a new vote. DECISION -MAKING Article 18 1. All resolutions of the Associationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s governing bodies are passed by an absolute majority of the votes cast, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution or the law. 2. Votes on motions concerning persons are taken by ballot, votes on motions not concerning persons are taken orally, unless the chair of the meeting decides otherwise. Blank (protest) votes and invalid votes will not be counted. If the votes are equally divided on a motion concerning persons, a second vote will be taken between the two persons who secured the largest number of votes. If the votes are equally divided again, lots will be drawn to decide the issue. If the votes are equally divided on a motion not concerning persons, the motion is defeated. 3. A unanimous resolution passed by all Ordinary Members, even if it is passed without holding a meeting, has the same effect as a resolution of the General Meeting, on condition that it is passed with the prior knowledge of the Board. 4. As long as all members are represented at a General Meeting, valid resolutions may be passed with respect to any business, even if no notice of meeting has been given or if the meeting has not been convened in the prescribed manner, or if any other provision relating to the convoca tion and holding of meetings or any formality relating thereto has not been observed, with the proviso that such resolutions are passed by unanimous vote.

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AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION AND DISSOLUTION OF THE ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL Article 19 ASSOCIATION 1. The Constitution of the Association may be amended only by a resolution ofOF theFUNERAL General MUSEUMS Meeting, passed at a meeting convened by a notice stating that a motion to amend the Constitution will be considered at that meeting. 2. Not less than seven daysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; notice shall be given of such a meeting. 3. Resolutions to amend this Constitution or to dissolve the Association may only be passed by a majority of at least two thirds (2/3) of the valid votes cast. 4. The persons convening a General Meeting at which a motion to amend the Constitution is to be considered shall, at least five days before the meeting, deposit a copy of that motion, containing the exact wording of the proposed amendment, at an appropriate location, where it must be available for inspection by the members until the end of the day on which the meeting is held. 5. A resolution to amend the Constitution may be passed only with the prior approval of the Executive Committee of FIAT-IFTA. 6. An amendment to the Constitution shall not take effect until it has been laid down in a notarial deed. Each Board member shall be entitled to arrange for the deed of amendment to be executed. Article 20 1. If the Association is dissolved, its affairs will be wound up and its assets will be liquidated by the Board. The provisions of this Constitution will remain in force as far as possible during the winding-up and liquidation period. 2. Any surplus on winding up must be appropriated in line with the Associationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objects as far as possible. STANDING ORDERS Article 21 1. The General Meeting may adopt standing orders containing more detailed provisions regarding membership, the amount of the membership and admission fees, the duties and responsibilities of the Board, the meetings, the exercise of voting rights and any other matters requiring further regulation. 2. The standing orders may be amended by a resolution passed by the General Meeting by a majority of at least two thirds (2/3) of the valid votes cast, at the written request of at least one third of the members of the Association. 3. The standing orders may not contain any provisions that derogate from or conflict with the provisions of the law or the Constitution, except where such derogation is permitted by law or the Constitution.

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

COMMITTEES , REGULATIONS Article 22 1. The Board may appoint committees, including a committee of experts, and set their terms of reference. The Board may disband a committee. 2. The duties, responsibilities, procedures and working practices of the committees referred to in Paragraph 1 will be set out in regulations prepared by the Board. The Board shall be entitled to amend and repeal such regulations.

FINAL PROVISION Article 23 The following are appointed as the first members of the Board: Mr J.M.H.J. Keizer, the person appearing named above under 1, as Chair; Mr D. van Vuure, the person appearing named above under 2, as Secretary; Mr F. Sรกnchez, residing at @, born in @ on @, as Treasurer; Ms K. Gernig, residing at @, born in @ on @, as Board member. The persons appearing are known to me, civil law notary, and I, civil law notary, have established their identity by reference to the aforesaid documents which are intended for that purpose. THIS DEED was executed in The Hague on the day and in the year first above written. After the sum and substance of this deed had been stated and its contents had been explained to the persons appearing, they unanimously declared that they had taken note of the contents of this deed in good time prior to its execution, that they did not require the deed to be read out in its entirety and that they agreed to its contents. Thereupon this deed was signed, after a partial reading, by the persons appearing and by me, civil law notary.

IAFM INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FUNERAL MUSEUMS

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SURVEY of Funeral Museums and Collections AUSTRIA Bestattungsmuseum Wien Goldeggasse 19 1041 Vienna

P.R. OF CHINA Shanghai Funeral Industry Museum 210 Caoxi Road., Shanghai Shanghai Humanism Memorial Museum No. 600, Lane 7270 Waiqingsong Road 201700 Shanghai FRANCE Musée Funéraire National (Museum to be established) 29, Square Saint Charles 75012 Paris GERMANY Zentralinstitut und Museum für Sepulkralkultur Weinbergstraße 25–27 D-34117 Kassel Museum Ohlsdorfer Friedhof Fuhlsbüttler Straße 756 22337 Hamburg HUNGARY The Kegyeleti Museum: Piety Museum Fiumei ut. 16. 1086 Budapest

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Survey of Funeral Museums and Collections MEXICO Museo de la Muerte Plaza del Estudiante 1 Aguascalientes

RUSSIA The Museum of World Funeral Culture (Museum to be established) Voenny Gorodok 96 630530 Kamenka – Novosibirsk SPAIN Museu de Carrosses Fúnebres C Sancho de Avila, 2 08018, Barcelona SWITZERLAND Sammlung Friedhof am Hörnli Hörnliallee 70 CH - 4125 Riehen THE NETHERLANDS Nederlands Uitvaart Museum Tot Zover Kruislaan 124 1097 GA Amsterdam UNITED KINGDOM National Funeral Museum (Museum to be established) Victoria House, 10 Woolwich Manor Way, Beckton, London E6 5PA USA The National Museum of Funeral History 415 Barren Springs Drive Houston, Texas 77090 Museum of Funeral Customs (Museum temporarily closed) 1440 Monument Avenue Springfield, Illinois 62702

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

Private Funeral Collections accessible to the public CANADA Écomusée de l’Au-Delà C.P. 365, succ. C Montréal, H2L 4K3 FRANCE Musée des Augustins, Collection Funéraire Gothique 21, Rue de Metz 31000 Toulouse USA Ferguson Funeral Home Museum 105 Spring Street Scottdale, PA 15683 Heaton-Bowman-Smith and Sidenfaden Chapel Funeral Museum 3609 Frederick Ave. St Joseph, MO Herr Funeral Service Memorabilia 501 W. Main St. Collinsville IL Jackson’s Funeral Museum 1900 Block Malcolm Avenue Newport, AR 72112 Redinger Funeral Museum P.O. Box 236 Seiling, OK 73663 Museum of Funeral Memorabilia 168 North McDonough Street Jonesboro, GA 30236

FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Report 2010

IAFM INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FUNERAL MUSEUMS

THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF FUNERAL OPERATIVES

IAFM INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FUNERAL MUSEUMS

At the FIAT-IFTA Barcelona Convention 2008 Members of FIAT-IFTA establish the FIAT-IFTA Funeral Heritage Steering Committee. Its mission is formulated in the Charter of Global Funeral Heritage. This Report is the first of the planned biannual publications in collaboration with Members of IAFM – International Association of Funeral Museums established in the Netherlands. With this publication FIAT-IFTA and IAFM aim to preserve and to safeguard the Global Funeral Heritage in joint effort with other organizations and to create awareness in governments and international bodies. Contributions of all individuals and institutions are welcomed.