VERTICAL STADIUM: PARADIGM OF AN URBAN REGENERATION WITHIN KUWAIT CITY by firasalrakhayes

VERTICAL STADIUM PARADIGM OF AN URBAN REGENERATION WITHIN KUWAIT CITY

A DEGREE PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY OF NEWSCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

BY FIRAS ALRAKHAYES JUNE 2019 SAN DIEGO, CA

FIGURE 2: STADIUM SPECTATORS

ABSTRACT THE PROBLEM The increase in the view of sports and gaming as not only a recreational activity but a professional career led to a significant growth in the government input on sports and on the construction of stadiums. However, the typology and the design of stadiums have remained traditional with minimal change. This research pertains to the architecture of stadiums. Traditionally, stadium architectures solely focus on the iconic image that is portrayed by the buildings. Stadiums have the capacity to change the shape of a city, develop a new typology, and architectural form to play a new role in a diverse society. THE METHOD The study uses qualitative case study approach to collect information because it facilitates exploration from several sources. The method is effective because it is used to provide present and historical information on how designs for stadiums have been transformed from single to multipurpose use with the adaptation of kinetic designs. A survey questionnaire has been conducted to assess fan experience attending stadiums. THE RESULTS Designing single purpose stadiums is a great waste of resources which is why lately architects are designing stadiums for multiple purposes. This project introduces a new architectural typology of combining the stadium and a high-rise with kinetic systems to enhance integration of the stadium with the society and facilitate their functions. Therefore, one can conclude that the aim of having the unique designs on the multipurpose stadiums is for having a legacy.

VERTICAL STADIUM PARADIGM OF AN URBAN REGENERATION WITHIN KUWAIT CITY

A DEGREE PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY OF NEWSCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

BY FIRAS ALRAKHAYES JUNE 2019 SAN DIEGO, CA

VERTICAL STADIUM PARADIGM OF AN URBAN REGENERATION WITHIN KUWAIT CITY

APPROVED BY:

LEONARD ZEGARSKI

DATE

MITRA KANAANI,

DATE

HEAD OF ARCHITECTURE PROGRAM

STUDIO PROFESSOR

D.ARCH, MCP, FAIA, ICC

VUSLAT DEMIRCAY, RESEARCH ADVISOR

PH.D

DATE

DEDICATION I dedicate my degree project to my family and friends. A special feeling of gratitude to my loving parents, Saleh and Amal whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my ears. My brother and sisters Saud, Shahad and Zain have never left my side and are very special. I also dedicate this degree project to my many friends and family who stuck by my side till the end.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The completion of this study could not have been possible without the help and expertise of Mitra Kanaani, my studio professor. A debt of gratitude is also owed to Vuslat Demircay, my research advisor and Eric Farr, DAF sequence instructor. THANK YOU.

CONTENTS

TABLE OF

01 02 03 04 05

BACKGROUND

17 HISTORY OF STADIUM DESIGN AND CONFIGURATION ABANDONED STADIUMS COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SINGLE-USE AND MULTI-USE STADIUMS KINETIC ARCHITECTURE DIFFERENT PERCEPTION OF STADIUMS AROUND THE WORLD HYPOTHESIS ROLE OF FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN THE LIFESPAN OF STADIUM

RESEARCH STUDIES

IMPACT OF KINETICS STRUCTURES ON USERS’ EXPERIENCE PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY OF KINETIC STADIUMS UTILIZATION OF STADIUMS ON NON-GAME DAYS PROBLEMS/ CHALLENGES OF MULTI-PURPOSE STADIUMS VARIABLES THAT EFFECT STADIUMS

DESIGN RESEARCH

IMPACT OF LOCATION OF THE STADIUM ON USERS SUSTAINABILITY OF KINETIC DESIGN ON STADIUMS WAYS OF ENHANCING THE USERS’ EXPERIENCE CASE STUDIES

DESIGN PROCESS

VERTICAL STADIUM PROJECT GOAL THE BENEFIT OF THE DESIGN TO KUWAIT SITE ANALYSIS KUWAIT ARCHITECTURE THE MOBIUS STRIP

THE FUTURE

171 INSIGHTS DERIVED FROM THE SURVEY HOW KINETIC DESIGN OF STADIUMS PROMOTE FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS? FUTURE OF STADIUM VENUES

APPENDICES

183

SURVEY RESULTS LIST OF REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 3: BARCELONA VISION TO RENOVATE THE CAMP NOU STADIUM

FIGURE 4: COLOSSEUM IN ROME, ITALY

“

A SPORTS STADIUM CAN BE SEEN AS A HUGE THEATRE OF HEROIC ACHIEVEMENT. IT IS THIS COMBINATION OF DRAMATIC FUNCTION AND MONUMENTAL SCALE THAT LEADS TO POWERFUL ARCHITECTURE. - POPULOUS, STADIA

” 17

FIGURE 5: PALIO DI SIENA HORSE RACE IN SIENA, ITALY

01 BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND

HISTORY OF STADIUM DESIGN AND CONFIGURATION A stadium is considered as a ground, a venue or a place where outdoor sports, athletics, and other events and concerts take place. Stadiums are therefore designed to contain a stage or a field surrounded by tiered structures that allow spectators to watch the events. Important sporting and athletics events such as Olympics have played a critical role in the evolution and rapid changes in the stadium architecture particularly during the 20th century (Kiuri, and Teller, 2015). Historical and ancient stadiums were simply stages or platforms. The main factors that significantly contributed to the need for evolution of stadium relate to design issues such as the architecture, space, and the general effects on the surrounding environment. The structural factors linked to development or need for evolution in-

cludes construction methodologies and materials used thereon. The overall objectives for the evolution are to improve performances in sports, to enhance safety and standards of the events. The Greeks are responsible for the design of the horseshoe- styled stadiums while the Romans are accredited with the design of the high-rising seats stadiums. All these were developed in the 18th century, when the earliest stadia came about. The word stadium itself is coined from a Greek word (Culley, 2015). The earliest stadia were constructed in Greece and were made of stands surrounding u-shaped tracks. The stands were carved from hillsides so that the spectators could have a stair-stepped view to watch foot races. In as much as the Greeks gave us the earliest stadia, more credit should be directed to Romans for coming up with the various designs years later. The Colosseum, for in21

HISTORY OF STADIUM CONFIGURATION

ANCIENT STADIUM

Simple, flat, rectangular tracks near hills for spectators to have views

AMPITHEATRE

Elongated “U” shaped with seating around three sides

CIRCUS

“U” shape from previous model with fourth side closed by buildings

FIGURE 6: STADIUM CONFIGURATIONS

Central circular stage with seating tiers surround

MODERN STADIUM

Rectangular stage with seatingon four sides, no corner seats

Rectangular stage with continuous circular seating

stance, which was built in 80 AD, serves till today, as the father of all modern stadiums, courtesy of the Rome designers (John, Sheard, and Vikery, 2007). The design of this “Roman amphitheater” include a 50,000 seat capacity, with 76 entries to the stadium. This stadium was designed in a way that sitting was based on social hierarchy, with the farthest seats from the event belonging to those that rank low in the social standing. This sitting arrangement is still applicable in the design of modern stadia. The first stadium in the world is to have been built in the 8th century that was built around an athlete’s track. The stadiums was an elongated U-shape which had its starting and finishing points at both ends. Further, there was a stand made of stone, with two separate entry points. The popularity of sport led to the construction of stadiums in various Greek towns. The stadiums built at the time were so similar in character and dimension and were used for horse games. These stadiums were vestiges, but in 331 BC the Panathenaic Stadium was constructed. Later, it was reconstructed for the pioneer Olympics that happened in 1896. Recently, the stadium was characterized by an open structure and was U shaped. It was also built by escalating tiers along a slope and was built at a specific elevation on the flat ground leading to the fusion of two classic typological models of theatre and amphitheater. The theatre has been a mainstream of Greece since the sixth century and was basically an extension of three main foundations, i.e., the cavea, orchestra, and scene. The cavea tiers were organized on a slope in a hemispherical alignment in the direction of the stage and the adjoining setting which transformed into a significant portion of the sight. Famous theaters include the Epidaurus, Peloponnessus Mountains,

Hellenistic, Taurmina theatre, and Etna Amphitheater was a significant feature of the Roman era which was more urban in nature compared to the compared theatre (Worldstadiums, 2018). Tiers were built on raised superimpose rows. Some of the ancient Amphitheaters include the Verona arena, Flavian amphitheater and the Colosseum. Along with the change from theatre to the amphitheater, ancient sports facilities also moved to Rome. The transition facilities also moved to Rome. The transition occurred as a result of the beginning of the circus. Stadiums in the era were constructed with inspiration form the U shaped used in previous models, but it was different since it had four closed sides. The spectators’ side was arranged on a natural slope. Additionally, it was made of stone, the upper tiers made from wood, and the fourth side sometimes had monuments such as horses. The courses were continuous to allow more laps during the horse races. The circuses were normally constructed the walls and next to the castle to make it easier for the emperor and his household to access the stadium. The circuses were multi-purpose, and the Circus Maximus was the first notable circus characterized by huge dimension and capacity. The circuses were 600 meters in length and 200 meters in width. After the legalization of the Christian cult, the design of stadiums changed into cathedrals, castles, and towers (Worldstadiums, 2018). The initial Greek and Roman designs formed a basis for the modern age stadiums that started in Britain during the end of the 19th century and spread to other continents. Modern-day stadiums have come a long way from the ancient designs, and much of the success can be attributed to advances in technology.

ABANDONED STADIUM A significant number of stadiums which previously reverberated with life have currently been abandoned. The reasons for abandonment include a general lack of interests, lack of money and a shift in local priorities. Whereas some of those stadiums have been demolished, others are still seen standing. Challenges that lead to the abandonment of such stadiums could be solved by designing stadiums that support more use, extended lifespan and lighter and more sustainable footprints. The abandonment of stadiums comes along with huge losses. Some cities are left paying huge debts of the abandoned stadiums at the cost of taxpayers. Several stadia initially used to grow talent and earn revenue to the respective authorities, presently lie unused and abandoned. A number of reasons can be attached to the abandonment: lack of money, lack of interest, shift in priorities, etc. Examples of abandoned stadia across the world include: Pontiac Silverdome, in Michigan, USA; the Washington Coliseum in USA; the Lluis stadium in Mallorca Spain; the Osaka Stadium in Japan, to mention just a few. These abandoned stadia, at their prime, used to be thronged to capacity to provide entertainment. Presently though, these expensive monuments lie unutilized, and are a sore to the sight. Several reasons are the cause for the abandonment. One of the major reason for abandonment of these stadia could be that they were initially designed for a single sport, and therefore, the cost of maintaining them is far much higher than the revenue these stadia generated. Which explains why, presently, the design and construction of multi-purpose stadiums is fronted by sports stakeholders. (John, Sheard, and Vikery, 2007)

The worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stadiums are popular places in many cities, with some of them being key touristsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; attraction sites. Further, many people gather to celebrate culture and talent, and for athletes, these stadiums are venues where careers are mainly made. However, some of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s popular stadiums have collapsed due to various reasons such as lack of funds, a shift in local priorities. Consequently, the stadiums are closed and once popular platforms are deserted. However, there have been efforts to redeem some of the stadiums while have others have remained abandoned. Famous abandoned stadiums include the Pontiac Silverdome which was located in Michigan and was an 80,000-seater sports stadium that was abandoned due to the low economy in Detroit. The Washington Coliseum that was constructed in 1941 declined in the 1970s. Later, it was converted into a temporal jail for war protesters. Other abandoned stadiums include The Astrodone, located in the United States, The abandoned Softball Stadium in Athens, and the Faliro Olympic Beach Volley Centre (Comoli, 2015).

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SINGLE-USE AND MULTI-USE STADIUMS The single purpose stadiums are designed to host a single sport or event, whereas the multiple stadiums can host an array of different sports. The design of such stadium plays a critical role in the achievement of multi-purpose goals (Louvis, Babu, George, Baby, and Francis, 2017). Some previous research studies have identified that the design of single-use stadium is a significant waste of resources. For that reason, recent architectural designs are plac-

ing more emphasis on the construction of multi-purpose stadiums. The stadium owners have become quite competitive and thus they are searching for ways in which the venues can be modified. To boost their business, they build stadiums that can support all the sports functions that are molded in a modern format. Constructing the multi-purpose stadiums enhances the optimization of resources because they offer targeted services. Enhancing the range of services that are offered both inside and outside the stadium and transformation of the traditional

FIGURE 7: MARINE STADIUM IN MIAMI

FIGURE 8: ABANDONED PONTIAC SILVERDOME STADIUM

facilities to modern facilities has enhanced development. In addition to this, it is evident that in many states, the government is spending a lot of money on building modern multipurpose facilities that change the images of their cities. Although this attracts many people to play their sports or hold events in these stadiums, the tax revenues could be used in other important investments that could help in economic development. The single-purpose stadiums are utilized for fewer purposes because they cannot be used to host many sporting activities on an annual basis. However with the multi-purpose stadiums, it is possible to accommodate many sporting activities at the same time which is quite effective.

Majority of these stadiums are financed privately because they are designed in a profit oriented manner unlike those of the government that are mainly soccer stadiums. In the past, there have been proposals to construct these structures although there have been other concerns that are being voiced concerning the appropriateness of the location of these stadiums. This is a concern that has to be investigated during the decision-making process. Developing a stadium is a complex process that has to begin from the main reason and purpose for its construction and also the activities that will be taking place. Although most of the multi-purpose stadiums are constructed by the private developers there are numerous parties that 26

have to be involved to ensure that such a project becomes successful. The main issue is that the architectural designs of these stadiums and the structures themselves not only have economic effects but also social effects on individuals. The sustainability of the architectural designs and cultural significance also play a huge role when it comes to determining their effectiveness. Therefore, the main problem in this research is the effects of the different modernized multi-purpose stadium designs on the society and how they can be re-designed to ensure that they are utilized in a more effective manner. KINETIC ARCHITECTURE The term kinetic architecture represents an architectural design which allows building in a fixed place to change its form, configuration and purpose with an objective to meet certain need or purpose. Kinetic architectural design assists users to move certain parts of the structure such as roofs, building spaces, interior components, facade components and furnishing (Park, 2016). Kinetic architecture is a development that allows the stadiums to achieve the multi-functional goals. Such stadiums can alter their functions within a short period. The implementation of kinetic architecture in stadiums also involves the conversion of such structures into multipurpose buildings. The stadiums are therefore designed with the capacity to hold other major events such as conventions, live concerts, and exhibitions. The movement of different structures within the stadiums is important for controlling seasonal conditions which have a significant influence on the outcomes of the event. The movements of structure within the stadiums also allow fresh air and light circulation which is

important for spectators and living plants such as field grass. Kinetic structures, therefore, allow the stadiums to meet the play standards expected of the design. The kinetic designs are provided with appropriate strategies for optimizing sustainability in architecture. The multi-purpose structural designs have cost benefits in the long-term and are designed to host some different events during the year. The ever-improving technological innovations as well as expanding user needs have necessitated the need for kinetic architectural designs. Some places, kinetic structures are seen as essential strategies to implement conventional seismic designs that reduce structural the risk as a result of external factors such as earthquakes. (Phocas, 2013) DIFFERENT PERCEPTION OF STADIUMS AROUND THE WORLD Different countries have different opinions of stadiums designs and location. The attitudes are influenced by factors which include regeneration, social-cultural, economic, infrastructure and business marketing. For instance, there has been a significant consideration of the social impact of sustainable stadium designs in the northern parts of America. The sporting and athletics bodies are demanding for a reduction in the levels of adverse effects of the facilities to the natural environment. In Europe, the design influences the perceptions of safety, comfort and general satisfaction levels. Such attitudes create the need for personal space and are essential in the determination of the general satisfaction levels towards the stadium experience. In the Middle East, stadiums were seen as expensive to build and operate and were identified as white elephants. However, there have been changes in per27

TOP SPORTS MARKET SECTORS ARCHITECTURE FIRMS

FIGURE 9: SPORTS SPECIFIC MARKET SECTOR ARCHITECTURE

ceptions in recent years. Designers are working together with governments and interested parties in the development of more flexible and adaptable multi-usage stadiums (McBride, 2018). The construction of the stadiums depends on the availability of the public space in the country. In most cases, public space host numerous activities and serves various functions including, reflecting the local culture, promoting human contact and has unique architectural designs (Kiuri and Teller, 2012). For this reason, while designing and building the stadiums, it is important to ensure that they meet the features of a public space. Construction of multipurpose stadium is considered be complex and complicated work (Fischer, 2013). This is because the stadiums can consume a lot of energy and requires huge space. It is therefore important to ensure that sustainable strategies are employed during the construction process. The multipurpose stadiums not only consume the natural resources, including land, energy and waters, but also generates large amounts of waste, noise, traffic from the people and other factors that affect sustainability. The purpose of implementing sustainable strategy is to ensure that the environment hosting the stadiums is protected (Kellison, Trendafilova and McCullough, 2015). Feasible solutions entail transformation of the stadiums and it involves changing the form of the stadiums, and configuring the initial properties (Mohamed and Elfadle, 2013). Some of the transformation that can be implemented to ensure that the stadiums serve multi-purposes include changing the roofing structure so that it can be moved in a different way. The transformation of the stadiums provides many solutions, which can be in terms of economic aspects, aesthetic, functionality and sus-

tainability. The construction of multipurpose stadiums is affected by the concept of critical regionalism. Critical regionalism can be explained as the local architectural tradition. The construction of the stadiums depends on the traditional culture of the region. In the urban typology of stadiums, it has been difficult to construct the modern stadium, but still maintain the culture of the region. Critical regionalisms have denied the architecture of individuality, thus becoming difficult to construct multipurpose stadiums. HYPOTHESIS The increase in the view of sports and gaming as not only a recreational activity but a professional career has over the past number of years led to a significant growth in the government input on sports and on the construction of stadiums. However, the typology and the design of stadiums have remained traditional with considerably low change. This research pertains to the architecture of stadiums. Traditionally, stadium architectures solely focus on the iconic image that is portrayed by the buildings. With the understanding that stadiums have the ability to change the shape of a city, rethinking their typology, architecture as well as the role they play in the society is imperative in the design and construction of modern stadia. Owing to the huge amount of investment required to construct and maintain a stadium, ensuring that the stadium integrates with the surrounding society as well as with the dynamic societal requirements is essential. This research focuses on assessing the means and methods that can be employed in order to change the typology of the existing as well as the future stadia in an aim to enhance integration of these stadia with the society and facilitate their 29

functions. The research aims to rethink the place of stadium in the society and how architectural design affects its function within the society. Moreover, the research will assess how stadiums can be redesigned to ensure efficiency in utilization rather than laying unused for days before a public event is performed. Designing stadiums that are of single purpose is a great waste of resources which is why the recent architects are constructing stadiums for multiple purposes. While making designs for the world class stadium, the purposes are usually for a short term for instance for preparations for the World Cup or athletics. More attention is given to the legacy that is sustained by the structures considering the investments that are made. Considering the successful stadium designs that have the modern architect, they are not only used for the purpose of sports but also for prestigious events. Therefore, one can conclude that the aim of having the unique designs on the multi-purpose stadiums is for having a legacy. There are several reasons that support the idea of building a multipurpose stadium, instead of building several structures. For instance, there a lot of funds involved in constructing the stadiums therefore it is difficult for a country to incur the cost of building mega structure for a single purpose. This paper therefore seeks to analyze the effect of multipurpose stadiums on the society, and identify their feasibility and utilization before, during as well as after major events to prove the hypothesis that it is better to construct multipurpose stadiums than arrays of single-use stadiums.

nents, then an array of sports can be held in one place than in many single purpose stadiums. We would see a more authentic emphasis on user experience of the event by increasing the performance of the stadium to act statically in a dynamic structure which provide the conditions needed for difference venues to take place. The kinetic architectural technology can be adapted to design multipurpose stadiums where an array of sports can be held under one roof. Implementation of kinetic architectural designs can assist in enhancing the user experience of the event through improved performance. Dynamic structures can provide the conditions necessary for the different events to take place.

If the multipurpose stadiums can be constructed using adaptable kinetic techniques and sustainable stadium networking of combining other community compo30

ROLE OF FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN EXTENDING THE LIFESPAN OF STADIUMS Mega Sporting Events have turned into a method for changing urban communities around the globe. Be that as it may, the manageability of these extensive scale changes is addressed. Flexible architectural design for stadiums implies an architecture that can respond to changes. Flexibility in architecture includes an ability to adapt, move, interact and transform. The topological structure is flexible in a manner that allows it to be moved to another location and reassembled for other purposes. The flexibility and adaptability, therefore, ensure that the stadium is not abandoned after holding a major sporting event, and is used for other community events.

USER EXPERIENCE

For instance, The plan of the London Olympic Stadium for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games spoke to a move in conventional arena structure for significant game occasions on the size of the Olympics or World Cup. Stressing plan with a concentration towards post-Olympics use, the London Olympic Stadium through highlights like a demountable second seating level, recovered steel components, and fundamentally detached faรงade, set a solid point of reference for adaptable Olympics arena development (Delaney and Eckstein, 2003).

URBAN

UTILIZATION

MULTIPURPOSE STADIUM PERFORMANCE

EFFICIENCY

KINETIC/ ADAPTABLE DESIGN

FIGURE 10: VENN DIAGRAM OF HYPOTHESIS

THE 11 PLAYER PLAN FOR AN IDEAL STADIUM

ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY

KINETIC

MATERIALITY

EXPERIENCE

SAFTEY AND SECURITY

CIRCULATION

FIGURE 11: A PLAN WITH 11 IMPORTANT SUBJECTS THAT LEADS TO AN IDEAL STADIUM

UTILIZATION

MULTI-USE

SIGHTLINE

ADAPTABLE

FIGURE 12: LONDON OLYMPIC STADIUM BY POPULOUS

RESEARCH STUDIES 35

RESEARCH STUDIES IMPACT OF KINETIC STRUCTURES ON USERS’ EXPERIENCE The kinetic stadiums are implemented to enhance user experience. The user experience can be defined as the general satisfaction and include judgments about qualifications or quality of events. Satisfaction and user experiences are crucial in athletics and sports industry. As such, advanced design techniques which include critical elements including retractable roofs and flexible floor construction are employed in the architectural designing of stadiums. The advanced design techniques are im-

plemented to enhance performances in sports and to improve the safety and standards of the events. The design methodologies are also applied to improve the presence of open view and ensuring a proper distance and space between seats. Another importance of the advanced design techniques is to improve the movements within the stadium (İlerisoy, And Pekdemir Başeğmez, 2018). As aforementioned, kinetic architectural design should assist users to move certain parts of the structure such as roofs, building spaces, interior components, facade components, and furnishing. 37

I II III

TRANSFORMABLE STRUCTURES RETRACTABLE ROOF FLEXIBLE SEATING

FLOOR CONSTRUCTION

V VI

ETFE MEMBRANE MOTION SENSORY FACADE

I. TRANSFORMABLE STRUCTURE Transformative architecture can be considered a technology that is responsive to user need. Stadiums are hence designed with transformative and mechanized formations that can adjust based on needs, purpose and climatic conditions. Transformable structures include transformable objects sharing common physical space with the aim of creating an adaptable spatial construction (AkgĂźn, Gantes, Kalochairetis, and Gkagka, 2017). Transformable structures in architectural designs can be categorized into three main types which include deployable kinetic, embedded systems and dynamic systems. Embedded systems are those systems in a fixed location within a sizable architectural system whose primary function include to control and to respond to the extensive network. The easily transportable structures that exist within a temporary position are consid-

ered as deployable kinetics. The dynamic systems are regarded as transformable, incrementally kinetic and mobile. Such structures can act independently within the large architectural system. The structure of stadium is obtained as a result of several disciplines. As the designing phase requires detailed insights into the all three geometrical dimensions. Hand craft challenges are also present in order to put all the components together. However, the floating compressions are different in empty or occupied stadium.

FIGURE 13: THE SHED IN NEW YORK BY DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO

II. RETRACTABLE ROOF Retractable roofs are complex stadium structures that require advanced architectural and engineering efforts. The successful design of roofs maximizes fan experience and hence return on investments (Liu, Li, Huang, Shi, and Chen, 2018). Retractable roofs are convertible and opened during good weather to allow sunshine and closed during bad weather to improve the atmospheric conditions in the stadium. Translucent roofs are added to retractable roofs to ensure to enhance lighting required by field grass (Kim, and Kang, 2017). The retractable roof can, therefore, consist of thin sections that allow free circulation of air. Two thin layers of the membrane can be used to ensure that the interior parts of the stadium receive enough natural light.

These retractable roofs have been of great assistance to the stadiums as they save up huge maintenance and working costs. These roofs can be adjusted as per the weather conditions which not saves the heating and cooling costs but also helps the environment stay free from the pollutants (Tuthill, 2014). Since the roofs can be closed, it saves the grassy area from exposed sunlight and also saves the seating area from the harms of sun, winds and rains. The roofs are custom-designed therefore they can be made for any specific size and color as per the scheme of the stadium. Being so versatile and easy to handle, these roofs are high in demand due to their ease of adjustments and use. These retractable roofs have surely been of great assistance to all the stadiums and other places such as homes, restaurants and open air places.

FIGURE 14: MINUTE MAID PARK STADIUM IN HOUSTON, TEXAS WITH THE RETRACTABLE ROOF

III. FLEXIBLE FLOOR CONSTRUCTION The adjustable floor construction materials in stadiums and events venues should be designed to withstand the demands of high foot traffic as well as other activities likely to take place in stadiums. Such activities include cleaning and preparation of foods and beverages within stadiums. The floors are also expected to be exposed to adverse weather and external environmental elements. The flooring systems should be incredibly strong and durable to hold external aspects. The flooring systems for multipurpose stadiums should be versatile and can employ epoxy and other related construction materials such as natural rubber floorings. The flexible flooring system is of high importance to the stadiums and the spectators as it could be adjusted according to the needs of the hour. If the certain walkway is crowded, the floor could be adjusted in such a way that it connects to another exit and makes it hassle free for the visitors

to move. Also the flexibility of the floors makes it easier for other people such as the cleaning staff, food and beverages personnel, the visitors, the management to roam about and have an eye on the match along with the whole scenario. There are many problems associated with stadium floors. The major problem is floor vibration caused due to different activities occurring in the stadium. The main reason of underlying these vibrations is Resonance. Resonance typically occur when loads are exerted on the floor at varying frequencies. Different activities have different frequency levels (Iwano and Morihama, 2011). Floor vibration disturbs the comfort level of the audience and create fears of structural collapse. These vibrations effects peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of wellbeing and the ability of carry out different tasks.

FIGURE 15: UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX STADIUM WITH THE FLEXIBLE FLOOR CONFIGURATION

IV. SEATING CONSTRUCTION The design of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Roman amphitheaterâ&#x20AC;? introduced the aspect of setting the seating arrangement based on the social ranking of spectators (Culley, 2015). As such, those high in the social rankings sit close to the event, with those further down in the social rankings having their seats farthest from the event. With multipurpose stadiums, it is possible to have guests that surpass the capacity reserved for the guests section, hence the need to have a flexible seating arrangement. Important design should allow a seating arrangement that ensures seats as closer to the event as possible. Flexible seating also ensures that seats can be removed in the event the capacity surpasses the sitting capacity, but can comfortably contain the population sitting on the stairs. Flexible seating also makes it possible to replace the seats in the case of hooliganism and vandalism, without significantly touching on other parts of the stadium.

There is a continuing trend in multipurpose stadiums for a smooth shift from sports to other forms of entertainment. One of the current significant trends is an increased demand for flexible use of space and premium seating upgrades to provide a flexible platform for outdoor applications. Flexible seatings are hence built to plan for new venues. A good example is a onepiece designed contour seat designed with lumbar support that can permanently attach onto any new bench seating (Beacham, 2015). Flexible seating can quickly change the capacity for specials events through the use of folding chairs with removable ganging brackets. Another significant trend is the need for a transition from current seating models to luxurious premium seating areas where high paying clients are allowed to have a great experience.

FIGURE 16: RIVER SHOW THEATRE IN RICHMOND, CANADA WITH FLEXIBLE SEATING

V. ETFE MEMBRANE Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene membranes are durable, light in weight and highly transparent as compared to other structures. ETFE membranes have provided sustainable building materials that fulfill human structural needs as well as respect nature (Hu, Chen, Zhang, Yin, Li, and Yang, 2018). ETFE membranes are applied as single, double or triple layered and supported with wire cables and lightweight aluminum or steel cables to ensure stability and to maintain desired shape (Zhao, Liu, and Chen, 2017).

FIGURE 17: SECTION VIEW OF ETFE MEMBRANE FACADE

ETFE membranes have an exceptional light transmission capacity which can enhance plants growth within the stadiums. ETFE membranes are also crucial for solar controls and shading. ETFE membranes also provide structural resistance as well as elasticity and are long-lasting. Such layers contain elastic films that can withstand harsh weather and chemical conditions. The lightweight nature ensures that construction is cost-effective and sustainable energy efficiency. ETFE membranes are recyclable, and waste products can be remodeled into other products. The shading coefficient of ETFE differs it from conventional glazing. Whenever the lightening levels increase, the cooler climate can realizes overall energy saving. In the hot climate, low lighting levels make it easier for the ETFE membrane to act energy saver.

FIGURE 18: ALLIANZ ARENA IN GERMANY SHOWING LARGEST ETFE MEMBRANE 47

VI. MOTION SENSORY FACADES Sensory facades can play a critical role in the defining of indoor environmental and quality of exterior structures of the building. Facades are surrounded by environmental conditions that change regularly depending on factors such climate, cultures and urban development. The facades are therefore designed to interact with the effects of the environment such as the movement of natural light from the sun. They are instruments fitted with motion sensors that detect and adjust the environmental conditions inside and outside the building, the stadium in this case, so that the desired conditions are achieved (Earle, 2003). Conditions like temperature, humidity, air flow, need to be adjusted so that they are conducive for the spectators. They have the advantage of utilizing less energy as compared to other mechanical equipment that served the same purpose, like say the air conditioners. The facades contain detectors and actuators which re-

spond to the outside conditions to yield the best environmental conditions desired by the occupants of an arena. The most beneficial part is the auto detection and auto adjustment of the sensory facades along with adding beauty to the stadium (Ramdan & Alawsey, 2016). They are designed so beautifully that they attract the visitors and give them an ambiance which is hard to forget. The fact that they are adjustable makes them more beautiful. Along with each adjustment, a new shape is created which gives the stadium a fresh and new look. It also allows proper passage of light and air in the stadium and keeps it airy throughout the matches.

FIGURE 19: ALBAHAR TOWERS BY AEDAS WITH RESPONSIVE FAÃ&#x2021;ADE INSPIRED BY MASHRABIYA

PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY OF KINETIC STADIUMS The maintenance of kinetic stadiums plays a critical role in the performance and efficiency of the stadiums. Maintenance ensures that small and preventable faults in stadium facility do not occur. Maintenance of the stadium, therefore, assures safety and standards to potential visitors and spectators. Maintenance also means prevention of occurrences that would later prove to be expensive during the repairs and other construction activities. Maintenance also ensures that facilities are upgraded and fixed before they malfunction thus saving on construction costs. In recent times, new technologies are continuously being developed in order to achieve the desired trends. The most common trend is Transformable Architecture. It can be demonstrated as the building which can alter its properties and configuration when needed. It can be used for rotating the roof structures, faรงade components, furnishing and interior components. This transformable structure introduces a pool of solutions which improves the functionality of buildings and other such properties. Functional properties includes configuration to host another event. Environmental properties includes the energy efficiency of the stadium. Aesthetic properties includes overall ambience of the stadium (Lam et al., 2015). All these properties, at the end improves the economic condition of the stadia.

FIGURE 20: GOLDEN 1 CENTER BY AECOM IN SACRAMENTO, CA

UTILIZATION OF STADIUMS ON NONGAME DAYS The multipurpose stadiums can be utilized to serve other community purposes during the non-game days. The multipurpose stadiums can connect to the society by acting as public spaces during the non-games days. The utilization of space for events and other public activities, the facilities are put into maximum usage and hence positively influence the economic activities in the community. PROBLEMS/ CHALLENGES OF MULTI-PURPOSE STADIUMS Multi-purpose stadia are centers of recreation, since they offer an array of entertainment facilities apart from hosting a variety of sports. The availability of swimming pools, hotels, and other recreational centers in these facilities means that the operational cost is high, because there is need to retain a workforce to work on the day-to-day maintenance of the recreational facilities in the stadia (Culley, 2015). Another challenge of multi-purpose stadia is the huge maintenance fee incurred in its renovation for a given sport. For instance, if the stadia hosted field events like javelin and the next event is soccer, it will require thorough re-carpeting before soccer can be hosted, to avoid injuries due to rugged surface. Also, multi-purpose stadia face the challenge of the huge initial capital invested in, and if they cannot generate enough revenue to break-even, they risk abandonment. Moreover, due to the advancements in technology and the era of smartphones, everyone expects to use and bring their phones in the arena and use the networks available. This creates a bottle-neck and disturbance since everyone would want

to use their device and the available networks (Roback, 2015). The cellular coverage becomes another issue in that particular area. There comes the need of installation of charging docks which again is an added cost. Plus, the security of the devices and the people is another major challenge. The people from all sectors and different parts of the world come for different matches and games so it is hard to decide between who and when can cause disruption. Therefore, this demands high security and keeps the whole management on high alert. Nevertheless, there are so many rapid advancements and changes in terms of technology, design, infrastructure and the way people have started expecting things so the pressure is definitely on the stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s management. The quarterly renovations, daily changes as per the games and the yearly renovations which are mandatory create a huge impact. The management is always on their toes as maintaining a multi-purpose stadium is not a piece of cake. It requires great effort, time, dedication and innovation to retain the fans and updated to keep the games going. Although, none of the above mentioned challenges could be ignored, the major issues lies in the financial resources (Roback, 2015). Once the stadium is built, it must attract the stakeholders to keep the investments and funds running. Getting the returns on the investments, at times, is quite difficult therefore, multi-purpose stadiums are preferred these days over a single purpose one. For these, the return of investments are great but these returns surely come with a higher price and effort.

FIGURE 21: PERKINS + WILL DESIGN FOR ECO-FRIENDLY DUBAI STADIUM

FIGURE 22: NELSON MANDELA PORTRAIT

“

SPORTS HAS THE POWER TO CHANGE THE WORLD. IT HAS THE POWER TO INSPIRE. IT HAS THE POWER TO UNITE PEOPLE IN A WAY THAT LITTLE ELSE DOES. SPORT CAN AWAKEN HOPE WHERE THERE WAS PREVIOUSLY ONLY DESIRE. - NELSON MANDELA

” 55

FIGURE 23: HERZOG & DE MEURON REVAMP CHELSEA FC FOOTBALL STADIUM

DESIGN RESEARCH 57

FIGURE 24: DANISH FIRM BIG VISUALS FOR A NEW BASEBALL STADIUM IN OAKLAND, CA

DESIGN RESEARCH VARIABLES THAT EFFECT STADIUMS There are some political, economic and urbanism factors that affect the design and performance of stadiums. Stadiums and other sporting facilities are relatively expensive to construct and design. As such, governmental intervention is required to provide a significant portion of funds in form subsidies. The construction of stadiums has a significant impact on the community including the urban areas where such stadiums have been constructed. It, therefore, becomes difficult to separate the sporting and political activities. The governmental agencies also provide guidance and regulatory policies to ensure the

safety of the citizens within the stadiums. The ability of the investors to recover the initial investment amount depends on the economic performances of the spectators. Stadiums likely to be constructed in non-economically viable regions are likely to be abandoned after a short period. The league table ranking is another major factor which holds more attendance for the match. Obviously, more audience supports the success of the event and eventually, raises the economic growth.

FINANCIALS 2%

Climate and event use are the main factors that effect the cost of the event area and floor surfaces for multi-use stadiums this cost is high.

66%

FLOOR ROOF

ACCOMODATION

Accomodation accounts for the facilities within a stadium. Specifically the facilities can be broken down into five subcategories including, Spectator, Hospitality, Operational, Participant, and Non-core.

THE BOWL

VERTICAL TRANSPORT

10%

The roof cost is directely coorilated with the capacity of the crowd and the event surface. But if this is a retractable roof, the cost will be higher.

15%

The entirety of the general spectator viewing arena. Complexity and Construction can vary the cost.

As capacity increases, so does the need to further control the flow of spectators. Vertical transport is directly related to the bowl form.

FIGURE 25: FINANCIAL PERCENTAGE OF CONSTRUCTING A STADIUM

IMPACT OF LOCATION OF THE STADIUM ON USERS The location of the stadium affects the overall levels of satisfaction to the users. The suitability of the urban, semi-urban and suburban areas depends on the population density, complexity and urban environmental factors that affect transportation planning. The designing and maintenance of sporting facilities within the core market areas are affecting the affordability of the tickets and other subscription fees. Other factors such as accessibility due to heavy traffics, and limited parking surrounding sporting facilities and stadiums have a di-

rect effect on location decisions. The majority of stadiums are therefore leaving the inner cities and preferring suburban spaces due to the availability of larger spaces for larger facilities at a lower price. In the course of recent years, transformative advances in innovation have happened. Subsequently, going to a brandishing occasion is never again about the sightlines, situate widths, or concessions. The games business is advancing toward another model in which the arena is a mechanical and business stage. While the stage idea requires an authoritative and operational mentality move for groups and 62

arena administrators, sports associations that grasp it in arena plan, development, and task will be in the vanguard of offering their fans the best involvement in the arena of things to come (Islam, 2017). From an arranging point of view a games arena proposed in an around the local area will have supportability of the improvement and the foundation arrangement to help the proposed plan. Therefore on arranging grounds, the local area advancement proposition for a multi-purpose sports arena will think about the potential effects on movement age and blockage, essentialness whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more, reasonability of the downtown area; benefits determined in people in general intrigue, proof of the consecutive methodology; natural quality and engaging quality of the urban shape. Arranging approach stresses the significance of an around the local area for arena improvement decided on its ability to recover urban territories and to advance supportability results.

large amounts of people visiting the area. This will also cause traffic congestion, pollution and disturbance within the city on the day of the match. Moreover, if the stadium is in the outskirts, it eases so many things for the people and the visitors. Only those who are interested in the match will go that way so there will be no traffic congestion, less disturbance and less hassle within the city. The construction and renovation work can also take place very conveniently. The costs of outskirt locations will also be less as compared to the city locations which will be beneficial financially and help in affordable construction (Fenwick, BornĂ¸, Favre, & Tusell, 2011).

The location of the stadium is another major point to be considered. Location of the stadium should be in the center of the city or in the outskirts depending on how busy the city is. This plays a vital role in the popularity and usage of the stadium. If the stadium is within the city and is under use quite often, it will create chaos due to

SUSTAINABILITY OF KINETIC DESIGN ON STADIUMS Stadiums and sporting facilities are complex and intricate buildings occupying huge spaces and can consume a lot of energy. For that reason, the development of sustainable strategies and concepts in design is necessary (Stinnett, and Gibson, 2016). The sustainability design strategies are implemented to ensure the surrounding environment is protected and that the surrounding communities benefit from such facilities. The current architectural design technology for multipurpose stadiums employs strategies such as on-site renewable energy and alternative transportation methods to deal with the challenge of large energy consumption. To solve the challenge of large water consumptions, strategies such as onsite water retention and native landscaping methodologies are employed (Scott, and Pauline, 2016). The recycling and use of e-waste drivers are strategies implemented to deal with the challenge of large waste streams in the constructions site. Kinetic stadiums have, admittedly, high initial cost of construction. However, their major advantage is the prolonged lifespan they offer. They can be maintained at a relatively lower cost, since their maintenance does not entail overhaul, rather replacement of the various parts. With the ability for future expansion on kinetic stadiums, without the need to demolish the stadia, it means that the kinetic stadia are long term projects hence sustainable (John, Sheard, and Vikery, 2007).

FIGURE 26: QUZHOU SPORTS CAMPUS BY MAD ARCHITECTS IN CHINA WITH LUSH FORESTLAND

I II

SIGHTLINE ACOUSTICS

WAYS OF ENHANCING THE USERSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; EXPERIENCE I. SIGHTLINE Other methods used to enhance the user experience include C-VALUE technique, enhancing connectivity, maintaining safety and providing quality standard performances (Shepherd, 2015). The sightlines evaluate the ability of the spectators to see the area of activity. With a better sightline, the spectators are more likely to remain seated for long periods of time (Patel, Kohli, And Tyrer, Pattern Design Ltd, 2016). Stadiums are hence designed with transformative and mechanized structures that can adjust based on needs, purpose and climatic conditions. The stadiums are therefore designed with the capacity to

hold other major events such as conventions, live concerts, and exhibitions. The movement of different structures within the stadiums is important for controlling seasonal conditions which have a significant influence on the outcomes of the event. Another current major trend to enhance user experience is an increased demand for flexible use of space and premium seating upgrades to provide a flexible platform for outdoor applications.

FIGURE 27: SIGHTLINES FOR SEATED SPECTATORS FIGURE 28: SIGHTLINE DIAGRAM OF C-VALUE

II. ACOUSTICS Acoustics assume a huge role considering the ancient and also present-day performance spaces. The spectators expect a listening knowledge of most astounding quality, regardless of if the execution viewed is a wearing occasion or of a musical kind (Rougier et al., 2010). To accomplish the required acoustic execution for any space originators need to take into a variety of components, for example, size of the space, building materials utilized, wanted sound dimensions, expected reason for the space, assimilation, reflection, resonation time, separation of the audience members to the source, intensity of the source. To assess long existing or recently constructed spaces, a few methodologies are accessible. The three-dimensional beamforming strategy is unquestionably the most extensive approach to audit acoustic execution. The utilization of receiver exhibits (Acoustic Cameras) in acoustic estimation innovation has expanded throughout the years, and todays progressed registering limits permit the change from two-dimensional acoustic maps to complex three-dimensional acoustic models. Creating a stadium atmosphere isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just about the production of the most possible noise (Magdalena et al., 2012). The new age of stadiums presently

fuses incorporates the use of trapping and amplifying technology. Most people assume that larger crowds imply more noise, and while this might be partially true, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s advisable to keep the size of the stadium as possible. Good acoustics are another way of enhancing the user experience at a multi-purpose stadium. When the crowd is able to hear everything clearly, it feels connected and energetic and enjoys the game in a much better way. This sense of happiness and energy brings the fan back to the stadium for various other matches. This purpose is served by the acoustic panels which must be installed in all the boundaries of the stadium and the roof (if possible) (Sarwono, Natanael, Prasetiyo & Tanjung, 2016). The better the sound is, the better is the experience of the user. The parameters which affect the acoustics and the sound system are the size of the stadium, shape of the stadium, volume, crowd noise, distribution of materials, crowd size, frequency response, time delay, uniformity of coverage, speech eligibility and noise intrusion. All of these parameters are to be considered before opting for any acoustic system (Marsh, 2001).

Since the area is quite large, the acoustic systems wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be a good idea therefore, acoustic panels should be installed. The installation and operational costs will be quite high without doubt but the overall gains cannot be ignored. These panels are quite huge and can be fitted anywhere as per the need of the stadium.

fans are enthusiastic throughout the game. All the announcements and events details could be heard very easily along with match proceedings. The fan base increases which thereby increases the return on investments.

The major benefits of using these acoustic panels are that they keep the fans engaged and updated about whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s happening during and within the games. This keeps the energy level quite high and the

FIGURE 29: FANS USING VUVUZELAS TO ADD TO THE COLLECTIVE VOICE OF THE FANS

FIGURE 30: SPECTATOR VIEW IN LEVIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S STADIUM - SANTA CLARA, CA

CASE STUDIES

The implementation of adaptive aspects like retractable roof, roll up seating or floor system to accommodate different events and enhancing usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experience. The kinetic resources help increase utilization of the space throughout the year.

MERCEDES-BENZ STADIUM

SAITAMA SUPER ARENA

III

SAPPORO DOME

IV The use of ETFE material on the roof structure helps ligt pass through to brighten the space while protecting the spectators and players from greenhouse effect. The material reduces the cost and use of indoor lighting while also less fabrication material is used to construct the stadium.

GEORGIA, USA

SAITAMA, JAPAN

SAPPORO, JAPAN

UNIVERSITY OF PHEONIX STADIUM ARIZONA, USA

U.S. BANK STADIUM MINNESOTA, USA

MONTREAL OLYMPIC STADIUM

ROGER’S PLACE AND ICE DISTRICT

VII

STAPLES CENTER

VIII

QATAR WORLD CUP 2022

IX X

QUEBEC, CANADA

ALBERTA, CANADA

CALIFORNIA, USA

DOHA, QATAR

BARCLAYS CENTER NEW YORK, USA

The connection of the venues with commerical or landmarks maximizes the potential of the stadium and help increase the utilization of the space. The array of events happening in a single space help increase revenue and ensure efficiency to enhace the users’ experience.

The ability of a megastructure to change a city shows how important it is to study the surroundings of the stadium. The whole country of Qatar started to improve their infrastructure to be prepared to welcome millions of people from around the world for this major event. While Barclays Center is located on top of one of the largest transit hubs in New York.

GEORGIA, USA COMPLETED: 2017 ARCHITECT: HOK CAPACITY: 71,000

The retractable roofs for Mercedes-Benz stadium consist of three-layered ETFE roof pillows. The architectural design for the stadium also consists of cable net system that supports the single ETFE skin for the facade. The roof is therefore designed to allow the natural sunlight during a pleasant weather day and hence create an outdoor

look. The roof is also designed to protect spectators during the bad weather. The ETFE roofing materials were selected for performance, aesthetics, and sustainability. ETFE materials are perfectly applied in the roofing and facade construction due to their light weight and transparency (HOK, 2017).

FIGURE 31: UNIQUE TRANSFORMATION OF THE RETRACTABLE ROOF

SAITAMA, JAPAN COMPLETION: 2000 ARCHITECT: MEIS ARCHITECTS CAPACITY: 36,500

The facility has been built using one of the largest movable architectural block designs in the world. The facility also contains a convertible domed stadium capable of transformation into an NBA compliant arena and intimate concert venue in a matter of seconds. The facility is hence capable of

accommodating a wide range of sporting events, concerts, and conventions. The facility can also transfer seats and flooring, as well as restrooms, concessions, lighting, and suites (Cotter, 2016).

FIGURE 32: SAITAMA SUPER ARENA AERIAL VIEW

STADIUM MODE

MAIN ARENA

COMMUNITY ARENA

FIGURE 33: DIFFERENT TRANSFORMATIONS TO ACCOMMODATE DIFFERENT EVENTS

SAPPORO, JAPAN COMPLETION: 2001 ARCHITECT: HIROSHI HARA CAPACITY: 41,500

The facility was constructed to stage the soccer world cup games during the 2002 Olympic Games. The facility was designed with an easy to change grassed playing field useful for multipurpose usage despite the existing weather condition. The architectural design also included a domed roof, mechanically variable rows of seating and movable grass pitch. The facility was also designed for events such as trade fairs, and other events such as the major events. The playing field was selected as a movable facility to expose the grass to outdoor conditions. The architectural design made it possible to transform the baseball arena into a football facility within a short period of five hours (Sapporo Dome Co, Ltd, n.d.).

FIGURE 34: SAPPORO DOME AERIAL VIEW

1. FOLDING

2. STACKING

3. SLIDING

4. ROLLING

5. ROTATING

6. PLAY FIGURE 35: DIAGRAM OF KINETIC TRANSFORMATION FIGURE 36: PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING THE STADIUM 83

ARIZONA, USA COMPLETED: 2006 ARCHITECT: PETER EISENMAN CAPACITY: 63,400

The facility can be considered as one of the first northern American stadia to design with both retractable roof and field. The design includes roll-out natural grass that can travel a distance of 740 feet within one hour. The facility allows the natural plants to remain outside of the stadium during the non-game days. The field then allows sporting events to be played on natural grass indoors (Newcomb & Burke, 2015).

FIGURE 37: AERIAL VIEW OF UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX STADIUM

MINNESOTA, USA COMPLETED: 2016 ARCHITECT: HKS ARCHITECTS CAPACITY: 66,000

The US Bank stadium became one of the first sporting facilities to use ETFE materials to such as the high-performance film to provide the outdoor light without the weather challenges. ETFE materials are cost-effective and lighter than glass. The architectural design for the roof includes a three later ETFE film cushions covering the

roofs and facade. The top films are also printed with geometric patterns which prevent spectators from the greenhouse effects by scattering the sunlight. The ETFE films are also important in ensuring that the interior part of the stadium is protected from the cold temperatures outside the stadium (HKS, 2016).

FIGURE 38: USAGE OF ETFE SYSTEM FOR THE ROOF

QUEBEC, CANADA COMPLETED: 1976 ARCHITECT: ROGER TAILLIBERT CAPACITY: 66,300

Aside from hosting wide range of events in the largest covered amphitheatre in QuĂŠbec, the Olympic Stadium also is connected to the MontrĂŠal Tower which serves the tallest inclined tower in the world. The tower has a 45-degree angle and consists of an observatory at 165 meters high. Extending from the tower are cables-suspended membrane structure that also serve as a retractable roof structure on top of the stadiumn (The Stadium, n.d.).

FIGURE 39: A TOWER OBSERVATORY CONNECTED TO THE STADIUM

ALBERTA, CANADA COMPLETED: 2016 ARCHITECT: HOK CAPACITY: 20,000

The facility is created to present a premium experience for its visitors. The facility contains a full-service restaurant, twenty-four theatre boxes and two club lounges. The architectural design allows the facility to reduce its water and energy usage by more than thirty-seven (37%) and fourteen percent (14%) respectively. Apart from the

sporting activities, the facility is also used for concerts and other community events. The strategy has assisted the facility to surpass its attendance expectations (HOK, 2016).

FIGURE 40: THE CONNECTION OF THE FACILITY TO A MULTIUSE CENTER

CALIFORNIA, USA COMPLETED: 1999 ARCHITECT: MEIS ARCHITECTS CAPACITY: 21,000

The staple center is one of the most successful entertainment and exhibition center in the US. The facility is designed for multipurpose use and includes a performance space, hospitality, residential and retail segments. Users are therefore presented with prestigious concerts, award shows, sporting events, family shows

FIGURE 41: STAPLE CENTER CONNECTION TO A PUBLIC SPACE

amongst other events. The architectural design is also created in line with sustainability goals. Such goals are achieved through the use of renewable energy from solar panels, waste management and recycling, public transportation and single-use plastic straw removal (Meis Architects, n.d.).

QATAR COMPLETION: 2022 ARCHITECT: VARY CAPACITY: VARY

The state of Qatar became the first Arab nation to win the rights to host the FIFA world cup competitions in 2022. The country’s commitment to the development of infrastructures and sporting facilities are believed to have significantly influenced the decision in winning the award. The country’s completed stadiums can be described as amazing. Such stadiums include the Al Bayt Stadium and Lusail Iconic Stadium. The majority of stadiums are constructed in a region of high temperatures. As such, the architectural design must take into consideration an important role to

cool the spectators. Another important architectural issue is to ensure enough power to meet the new demands from sporting facilities as well as nearby hotels. The country is also expectation a more than 50% increase of temporary population. The country must, therefore, ensure that the investments in such stadiums must be both permanent and temporary. The country’s sustainability and design platforms include the solar power developments and the green building of infrastructures (Graves, 2018).

FIGURE 42: SEVERAL STADIUMS HOSTING WORLD CUP 2022 IN QATAR

NEW YORK, USA COMPLETION: 2012 ARCHITECT: SHoP ARCHITECTS/ AECOM CAPACITY: 19,000

The facility is established in one of the busiest intersections in the urban region of the metro, New York. The facility maintains a health and interactive dialogue with the surrounding streets and neighborhood. The architectural design had to define some concepts which include a connection of the multipurpose facility with the entrance to the subway through a powerful opening frame (SHoP Architects, 2012).

FIGURE 43: BARCLAYS CENTER LOCATED IN AN URBAN SETTING

FIGURE 44: HAZZA BIN ZAYED STADIUM/ PATTERN DESIGN

DESIGN PROCESS 97

100

DESIGN PROCESS VERTICAL STADIUM The next generation of stadiums and skyscrapers are defined using a variety of names. These names include high-tech, postmodern, and ultramodern among other fancy names. Technological advancement, structural systems and building materials as well as application of digital media in the field of architecture are fuelling architectural imaginations and desires to test limits and engagement into creation of spectacular buildings that conform to configurations that can be described as steel and glass firework displays. According to Chung (2015), a hundred years from now, a skyscraper in a postmodern city could have an in-house redwood forest and a beach, which will only take an elevator ride to enjoy. In addition, they will house a mountain range, mall and a stadium; it will be a city inside itself. Given the current technological advancement in

structural and design engineering, this is a concept that may be achieved in the next few years in the form of a skyscraper within a stadium. The figure below shows a pictorial representation. A skyscraper within a stadium will bring innumerable merits to a modern city. This is because the building system will be designed to accommodate tenants, which will be a source of convenience to immediate city dwellers and fans of different games that will be entertained in the stadium. The concept also significantly contributes to effective land use because the skyscraper and the stadium will share facilities such as washrooms and parking facilities, which also lowers the operational cost of the two establishments. Accordingly, such monumental establishment in a city will act as a representation of the modern way of life for the city dwellers. 101

Multi-purpose stadiums are crucial for the modern societies and sports clubs. With the ever-increasing complexity and growth of the sports entrepreneurial sector, there is a need to turn professional sports clubs into corporate organizations (Hock, Ringle & Sarstedt, 2010). As a result, stadia developers are increasingly shifting their attention to a range of services that they can offer at their premises. This need could be satisfied through adoption of the concept of a vertical stadium, which can house a skyscraper and a stadium. The stadium will be able to have different types of clients, including employees, community members and suppliers. According to Aljehani & Ferwati (2016), the concept of multiuse development in the sports sector was witnessed in the UK in 1908 during the Olympics games. The UK white city stadium had a capacity to accommodate more than 80,000 spectators and its arena designed to accommodate dissimilar sporting events at the same time. However, due to lack of sustainability strategies it was demolished in 1980 (Aljehani & Ferwati, 2016). As a result, different approaches have been explored to design sustainable multi-use stadia across the globe. KPMD (2013) reiterates that a multi-use approach to development of stadiums has the potential of benefits other development functions such as opening up retail and office spaces that are characterised with lifestyle dimensions, which attracts young professionals to a city. Goldman (2019) adds that multi-use stadia attract civilians all year round through hosting of concerts, job fairs, and convections at the premises. This brings in a significant all year round economic impact. Currently, there are wide ranges of factors to take into consideration when planning and designing a contemporary sports facility or a stadium. Construction of stadia

have undergone tremendous evolution from the Ancient Greek and Roman societies, which mainly aimed to attract spectators through the gates to modern structures whose business is not just attracting spectators. Modern stadia come in form of sophisticated structures that are influenced by unique ideas and architecture with latest engineering techniques that aim at ensuring sustainability and environmental consciousness. Accordingly, the need to convert sports clubs into multi-business organizations has encouraged the design of multi-purpose stadia. As a result, this projects aims at designing a skyscraper that is within a state of the art stadium. PROJECT GOAL Across the globe, there is an increasing number of single-use stadiums that are being abandoned for the multipurpose stadiums due to various reasons such as being outdated, changed priorities and lack of interest. Also, the project statement is based on the fact that many stadiums are often underutilized especially considering that they are often used only up to sixty times in a year based on the kind of sport played a yielding limited benefit to the society because their maximum potential is not achieved. The reasons above guided the formulation of the project statement for the need to construct multipurpose stadiums through the implementation of the kinetic design. Construction of the multiuse stadium is linked to high initial costs, thus the use of kinetic design will foster more use of the stadium throughout the year and increases the revenue generated. Many people refrain the implementation of kinetic design because of the potential for failures and the maintenance costs, thus, the revenue generated will help address the issue. Stadium typology was chosen because despite it being a megastructure 102

GROUND PLANE

+ VERTICALITY FIGURE 45: DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL STADIUM

103

requiring huge space, it is vital in the regeneration of the city (Mahovič, 2015). Sports clubs and sports facilities alike are growing in both number and size. Therefore, the expansion of the duo has to be tackled in terms of need of more space and the evolving needs of stadia owners as well as spectators at events. Furthermore, the evolving needs of stadia owners and fans have prompted frequent abandonments of single use stadia for multi-use stadia across the globe, this is mainly due to the need for commercialisation of sports clubs and need for more Iconic structures. Consequently, this has lead to calls for new designs that front multi-purpose facilities. As a result, this project has proposed development of a skyscraper integrated into a stadium with an aim of providing multiple-service centers in Kuwait city. The proposed multi-use stadium will include a restaurant, office spaces, fitness center, indoor recreational facilities, a cinema hall and a hotel for the fans and residence of Kuwait city. Owners of the project will benefit from higher revenues due to the multiple commerce points and achieve lower operational cost for the stadium. Likewise, fans will be able to have a one-stop point for their entertainment, sports and recreational needs. THE BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT TO KUWAIT Kuwait is a small, culturally diverse nation in the Middle East. The country’s rich culture includes sports exemplified by soccer, which is fundamental in bringing people together despite their cultural differences. Just like many other countries, Kuwait desires to take part in global competitions such as in the world cup, thus construction of a multipurpose stadium is of great significance to the people of Kuwait.

There are fifteen stadiums in Kuwait and the most recent one in the list is the Jaber Al-Ahmad International stadium opened in 2010. All the other fourteen stadiums are small and were constructed in the 1980s, meaning that they do not meet the standards set by the FIFA compared to those of the neighboring nations such as Qatar which is the host of the next world cup. Thus, construction of a multipurpose stadium in Kuwait is a vital project critical in putting the country in a better position in the region (Park, 2016). Construction of multipurpose stadium in Kuwait will enable its participation internationally both in design and architecture and in sports. Construction of a multipurpose stadium will act as the country’s landmark and a business hub putting it on the regional map. The stadium will promote diverse business activities due to its capacity to support diverse activities both inside and outside of the stadium leading to transformation and modernization of the city’s traditional facilities promoting development (Jahanara, Alireza & Antonio, 2017). The multipurpose stadium will enable optimization of resources through the provision of targeted services and regenerates the city through improvement of its reputation. In addition, the many services offered at the multipurpose stadium will enable the government to collect extra income vital in the development of the country’s economy.

FIGURE 46: KUWAIT SKYLINE WITH THE VERTICAL STADIUM FIGURE 47: KUWAIT MAP SHOWING MAIN HIGHWAYS TO THE CITY

104

skyline skyline

MAIN ROADS

MAIN ROADS ROUTES CITY BOUNDARY VIEWS NODES

ROUTES CITY BOUNDARY VIEWS NODES

105

KUWAIT NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN: A consolidated approach towards a prosperous and sustainable future. KNDP stems from his Highness the Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conceptualized vision of a new Kuwait by 2035. Work is currently under way to mobilize all efforts in order to achieve the objectives of the development plan across seven main pillars targeting the transforming of Kuwait into a leading regional financial, commercial and cultural hub by 2035. Publicly announced in 2010, The Kuwait Vision 2035 and development plan was a visionary statement and plan aimed transforming the country from being a country that is reliant on oil for its sustainability to one that embrace a host of other activities such as industrialization and modernization. With the vision, there has been significant impetus for the different sectors such as construction, transportation and manufacturing to help in the realization of

the goal of the visions. In this regard, the country aims to modernize its various facets and operations so that it ranks with the most developed countries in the world. In other words, the Kuwait vision 2035 has been a driver for the growth witnessed on the different developmental aspects that are witnessed in the country. It is these developments that are the focus of the vision 2035 of the country and it is hoped that it will induce the developmental milestones that are expected to be realized come the year 2035. The future of Kuwait based on the planks of the vision 2035 is one where modernization is going to define the country and its status in the world. The construction of the proposed stadium aligns well with the Kuwait vision 2035 goal of transforming the country as it cuts across the various aspects that are expected to be realized with the vision 2035 goals. The stadium will use the Kuwait vision 2015 as a platform to integrate the designs that are symbolic of the Vision 2035 of the country (KNDP, 2018).

THE FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY FORMULA

SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES OF THE PAST

PROSPERITY SOURCES OF THE PRESENT

SUSTAINABLE PROSPEROUS FUTURE

FIGURE 48: THE FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY FORMULA FIGURE 49: KUWAIT NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF 2035

106

107

SITE ANALYSIS Kuwait is a preferred site for the construction of a multipurpose stadium considering that there are view stadiums in the country, implying that it will greatly impact the society in a positive way. Also, the country has recently adopted VISION 2035 which is focused on achieving seven main agendas, including infrastructure which stadium is part of it. Thus, construction of a stadium in Kuwait city is vital in fostering the achievement of the identified pillars hence will receive the needed goodwill and support from the government and the public. Furthermore, Kuwait is a preferred location for the construction of the kinetic stadium because considering that it is a hot country, it means that the structure will offer shelter against the hot summer sun because the

ETFE will allow light in while cutting out the heat enabling diverse activities to be undertaken any time of the year. Another factor that will impact on the construction of the stadium is the occasional sandstorms and seismic radiation from neighboring Iran impacting on the design of the structure. The site is located at border of Kuwait City next to Alshaheed Park, which is considered one of the vibrant new attractions in Kuwait. The park has two phases currently open and plans to expand creating like a green park border between the residential parts and the city. Future opportunity could connect both the stadium and the park allowing a full flow of circulation. The site challenges are the access to the stadium since already all four corner of the site are congested and the availability of parking spaces.

108

Palestine

FIGURE 50: KUWAIT REGIONAL MAP

109

110

KUWAIT LOCATION

FIGURE 51: KUWAIT LOCATION IN THE WORLD

111

KUWAIT ARCHITECTURE Kuwait like many other countries in the world is caught in the complexity of the competing modern and heritage architecture. This means that architectural designs are those that are focused on retaining the roots and culture of the nation while at the same time; there is also the appreciation of the modern culture in the country. From the 1940 to the late 1980s, Kuwait underwent significant social and civic transformations (Hansen, 2006). This transformation also represented the shift to modern architecture in the country. The urban built environments from the period are a reflection of the transformation. There was complete redesign of the buildings which embody the modern designs from Europe and other parts of the world. In 1961, with the independence of the country, the necessities of new landscape for the buildings designs become patent. Kuwait local architectures started collaborating with their international peers in the different projects in the country. New urban environments emerged and this provided the architects to expand their horizons in terms of designs (Khattab, 2001). The modern architectural designs are dominating in most of the urban centers in the country. In many Kuwait cities and towns, the trend is to reflect the international standards. Accordingly, the designs are developed in ways that incorporate the modern features of the designs. With these new designs Kuwait cities are rivaling those found in the developed world.

112

FIGURE 52: KUWAIT MAP SHOWING REGIONS

113

FIGURE 53: KUWAIT CITY FROM AN AERIAL VIEW 1

The architectural designs are large and impressive buildings which is a departure from the traditional Kuwait heritage. This drive for the change is thus influenced by the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision to internationalize in its infrastructural developments. Accordingly, there is adoption of the Western styles and designs to help in the realization of the goal. In other words, Kuwait has progressively shifted to the modern architecture in a bid to accommodate the internalization of its infrastructural developments (Maghoub, 2006). The infrastructural projects demand that the modern styles are embraced so that the purposes of the projects can be realized. This is responsible for the Western designs observed in the country.

Despite the shift to the modern architecture, Kuwait recognizes the importance of its heritage and the symbol it has for the architectural developments. To this end, there are areas where the heritage style dominates such as mosques and schools and homes. In addition, there are many designs that fuse both the modern and heritage designs. This approach is used by the architects in the country to preserve the heritage values and at the same time appreciate the benefits that the western designs bring to the process (Maghoub, 2006).

114

FIGURE 54: KUWAIT CITY FROM AN AERIAL VIEW 2

Looking at the trend in Kuwait architecture, it stands to reason that the modern architecture will be dominant as the country modernizes further. Nevertheless, the heritage styles are also likely to remain in the country as they have significant values for the people. On the available evidence, the architecture is flourishing and this evident in the ways in which both the modern and heritage designs are embraced. The fusion of the two style in the designs are indication of the flourishing culture. This trend is expected to continue in the future as Kuwait modernizes and preserve its cultural heritages through the architectural developments (Maghoub, 2006).

115

116

NDER RATIO

GENDER RATIO

POPULATION BY NATIONALITY POPULATION BY NATIONA GENDER RATIO KUWIATI 1,386,363 30.4%

FEMALE 1,866,106 40.4%

MALE 2,756,630 59.6%

FEMALE 1,866,106 40.4%

MALE 2,756,630 59.6%

NON-KUWAITI 3,177,606 69.6% FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

E STRUCTURE

NON-KUWAITI 3,177,606 69.6%

MALE

KUWIATI FEMALE

AGE STRUCTURE

NON-KUWAITI MALE

KUWIATI

WIND ROSE AGE STRUCTURE

15-24 YEARS 15.1 %

(MALE: 238,451/ FEMALE: 195,700)

NNW

ENDER RATIO

NNW

(MALE: 238,451/ FEMALE: 195,700) NW

WIND ROSE

NNE

2000

1500

1000

WNW

1000 ENE

500

0-14 YEARS 25.02 %

25-54 YEARS 52.27 % FEMALE 1,866,106 40.4%

(MALE: 373,259/ FEMALE: 345,104)

(MALE: 949,902/ FEMALE: 554,050)

500

YEARS 0-1425-54 YEARS 25.0252.27 % %

(MALE: 949,902/ FEMALE: 554,050) (MALE: 373,259/ FEMALE: 345,104) WSW

WSW

65+ YEARS 2.54 %

(MALE: 33,561/ FEMALE: 39,524)

55-64 YEARS 5.07 %

55-64 YEARS 15-24 YEARS

MALE

SSW

25-54 65+ YEARS YEARS

55-64 YEARS

0-14 YEARS

15-24 YEARS

65+ YEARS

0 >055-64 YEARS >3 >7 >12 5.07 % >38 mph (MALE: 82,366/ FEMALE: 63,505) NON-KUWAITI 3,177,606 69.6% 25-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS KUWIATI

0-14 YEARS

KUWIATI 1,386,363 30.4%

ESE

25-54 YEARS 52.27 %

(MALE: 949,902/ FEMALE: 554,050)

SSE

(MALE: 33,561/ FEMALE: 39,524)

(MALE: 82,366/ FEMALE: 63,505)

FEMALE

65+ YEARS 2.54 %

SSW

>17 0 >0 >24 >38 mph

>3 >31

65+ YEARS

NON-KUWAITI

WIND ROSE N

NNW

NNE

2000

1500

1000 WNW

ENE 500

25-54 YEARS 52.27 %

(MALE: 949,902/ FEMALE: 554,050)

WSW

ESE

SSW

0 >0 >38 mph

)

55-64 YEARS 15-24 YEARS

65+ YEARS

SSE

>12

>17

>24

SSE

15-24 YEARS

E STRUCTURE

NNE

2000

POPULATION BY NATIONALITY

WNW

NON-KUWA

>31

FIGURE 55: KUWAIT TOWERS TEXTURE 117 FIGURE 56: GRAPHS SHOWING INFOGRAPHICS

>12

>17

BORDER COUNTRIES SAUDI ARABIA IRAQ

CURRENCY

POPULATION 4.2 MILLION

(30% KUWAITI - 70% OTHERS)

DEMOGRAPHICS

KUWAITI DINAR

LANGUAGE: ARABIC RELIGION: ISLAM

CULTURE

AREA

(HIGHEST VALUED CURRENCY)

THEATRE SPORTS: SOCCER

FIGURE 57: KUWAIT CITY FROM AN AERIAL VIEW 3

17,818 SQ.KM

(6,880 SQ. MILES)

118

CLIMATE SUBTROPICAL DESERT CLIMATE (MILD WINTER AND VERY HOT SUMMERS)

ECONOMY

PETROLEUM, FISH, SHRIMP, NATURAL GASES

POLITICS

CONSERVATIVE STATE

(WITH SEMI-DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM) ALSABAH FAMILY RULING MONARCH

MAJOR DATES 1930 - OIL DISCOVERY 1961 - KUWAIT GAINS INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN 1990 - GULF WAR: IRAQ INVASION 2005 - WOMEN WIN RIGHTS TO VOTE

119

MUBAREKYA GRAND MARKET

KUWAIT CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INSUTRY

SAFAT SQUARE

MINISTRY OF IN M

MOSQUE

KPTC - MAIN BUS

ST .

AB D

LIBERATION TOWER

UL LA H AL M UB AR AK

MINISTRY OF FINANCE

. ST

NAIF PALACE

PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR MINORS AFFAIRS

SALHIYAH CEMETRY

MINISTRY OF AWQAF AND ISLAMIC AFFAIRS

MINISTRY OF INFORMATION

PUBLIC INSTITUTION FOR SOCIAL SECURITY

OOREDOO

BURJ JASEM FOUR SEASONS HOTEL

ICE SKATING RING

DISCOVERY MALL

ABDULLAH ALSA (RESIDENTIAL FIGURE 58: SITE LOCATION SHOWING DIFFERENT PARAMETER EFFECTING THE SITE

120

ROAD RING

NTERIOR

FIRST

SOOR STREE T

SITE PARAMETERS

ALSHAHEED PARK

ALTIJARIA TOWER

DASMA (RESIDENTIAL)

E TR

LEGEND

R O O SALSHAHEED PARK

N RI

SITE BO UNDARIE S

VIE W

SUN PATH SE CO NDARY RO AD M AIN RO AD TRE TIARY RO AD WIND DIRE CTIO N

MANSOURIYAH (RESIDENTIAL)

NO ISE FUTURE E XPANSIO N

ALEM L) 121

KUWAIT OLD HERITAGE

FIGURE 59: COLLAGE OF IMAGES SHOWING KUWAIT OLD AND MODERN HERITAGE

122

KUWAIT MODERN HERITAGE

123

FIGURE 60: JABER ALAHMAD INTERNATIONAL STADIUM AERIAL VIEW

124

NUMBER

STADIUM

CAPACITY

HOME TEAM

JABER AL-AHMAD INTERNATIONAL STADIUM

60,000

KUWAIT NATIONAL TEAM

SABAH ALSALEM STADIUM

26,000

ALARABI CLUB

ALSADAQA WALSALAM STADIUM

23,000

KAZMA CLUB

MOHAMMED ALHAMAD STADIUM

25,200

ALQADSIYA CLUB

ALKUWAIT SPORTS CLUB STADIUM

19,000

ALKUWAIT CLUB

ALAHMADI STADIUM

18,000

ALSHABAB CLUB

MUBARAK ALAIAR STADIUM

17,000

ALJAHRA CLUB

THAMIR STADIUM

14,000

ALSALMIYA CLUB

FARWANIYA STADIUM

14,000

TADAMON CLUB

ALI ALSALEM ALSABAH STADIUM

14,000

ALNASER CLUB

KHAITAN STADIUM

11,000

KHAITAN CLUB

KUWAIT OLYMPIC CITY STADIUM

9,000

KUWAIT NATIONAL UNDER-23

ALSULAIBIKHAT STADIUM

7,000

ALSULAIBIKHAT CLUB

ABU HALIFA CITY STADIUM

2,000

SAHEL CLUB

FAHAHEEL STADIUM

2,000

ALFAHAHEEL CLUB

FIGURE 61: LIST OF ALL STADIUMS CURRENTLY IN KUWAIT

STADIUMS OF KUWAIT In Kuwait, there are stadiums that have been built for international events such as football and athletics. One of the most renowned stadiums in the country is the Jaber International stadium which is used frequently to host the various important international events such as football. Jaber International Stadium has a capacity of 60,000 people which means it is the largest in the country. Other stadiums in the country include Mohammed Al-Hamad stadium which is a 22,000 capacity, Sabah Al Salem Stadium which is 25,000 capacities, Al-Sadaqua Walsalam stadium, Thamir Stadium and Sports Stadium. With these capacities, Kuwait needs bigger stadiums with advanced capacities going by the international standards. As more people are increasingly attending the international events, there is need for the country to have better stadiums with huge capaci-

ties. These stadiums are not sufficient given the roles that facilities such as the stadiums are currently performing in the world. From an architectural point of view, most of the stadiums lack the aesthetic appeal that is vital for the construction projects of the stadiums. There is need for a new stadium that will be watershed in the developments of the stadiums in the country. The proposed stadium will embrace these features in ways that the stadium will transcend the function of sports to include the cultural aspects that will enhance its symbolic status in the country. The site for the project is already an indication that the stadium is intended to be a cross purpose facility and this will be advanced by the architectural designs that are going to be incorporated. The stadium is therefore expected to be a reflection of the developments in the country both from the technological and cultural perspectives. 125

SURROUNDING STADIUMS

FIGURE 62: SURROUNDING STADIUMS IN RELATION TO THE SITE

SITE LOCATION SURROUNDNING STADIUMS

126

127

ALSHAHEED PARK Alshaheed Park is the biggest urban park in Kuwait. It is completely integrated cultural platforms which possess cutting edge architecture as well as art works. The amphitheater covering the park bifurcates into the various gardens in the area such as the seasonal garden, museum garden and oasis garden to name but a few. Moreover, the park also crosses into the outdoor theaters, musical performances centersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, walkways and museums. Within the park itself are two museums namely the Habitat and the Remembrance museum. By building the stadium in such a background, the park will affect the stadium in two important ways(Scarce, 1985). For a start, the park will give the stadium an aesthetic appeal and this will be derived from the amphitheater and the various gardens that surround the park. This will provide an impressive view which is a feature that is vital in the modern constructions of stadiums. Second, the Alshaheed Park is already a cultural symbol in the country and the development of the stadium in this area will be give the stadium a symbolic and metropolitan value. This can be seen from the fact that the park is already hosting and connected to the different cultural centers in Kuwait. This will be an important element that will make the stadium be appreciated from the different perspectives. In other words, the values that the park has will be transferred to the stadium.

128

FIGURE 63: ALSHAHEED PARK AERIAL VIEW

129

THE MOBIUS STRIP

CULTURE

The design concept to be adopted for the stadium is the Mobius strip concept. The non orientable design will be adopted for the stadium so that the projected impressive and unique design will be achieved(Sheard, Powell & Bhingham-Hall, 2005). The goal is to develop a stadium that is unique from the design to the decorations and this will enhance the features that are expected of the design. With the non orientable Mobius strip, the concept revolves around the creation of a center of excellence that embodies the state of the art technology. The Mobius strip will be combined with the deconstructive technology of architecture and the product is expected to be a new typology of infinite program. The infinite program is expected to align with the complex nature in terms of functionalities that the stadium is expected to provide. The design of a construction project is always reflective of the complexity or functions that are expected of the facility and this is what is expected from the proposed design and concept (Sheard, Powell & Bhingham-Hall, 2005). This revolutionary design is expected to give the project the uniqueness that is expected from it when it is under way. From the concept of the design, it will be possible to discern the potential impacts and goals of the project. This will be representative of the expected functions of the facility in the modern Kuwait as envisioned in the Vision 2035. As a landmark building that is expected to be the face of the country developments, this design fits well with the objectives from the various perspectives (Sheard, Powell & Bhingham-Hall, 2005).

Architectural works are symbolic of the cultural events and transformations in the countries and the same is expected of the stadium to be constructed. Kuwait is a country with traditional heritage in different areas such as music, food, sports and politics to name but a few. For example, the seafaring heritage is known in the country and one that attracts many tourists. Each of these areas are important to the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and are adopted whenever the culture of the country is being defined (Scarce, 1985). As an Arabian Gulf country Kuwait is representative of the Arab culture and thus represented in the decoration, monuments and the designs of the buildings in the country (Scarce, 1985). Kuwait demography is dominated by the Arab population group and there are number of expatriates undertaking different jobs in the country. As an Arabian country, the Islamic ethnographic culture permeates the architecture of the nation and this is reflected in the building and other construction projects in the country. The Arabic culture is fused with the modern designs from other parts of the world. These aspects of the culture will be incorporated in the design of the stadium so that the stadium is representative of the cultural values of the country (Sheard, Powell & Bhingham-Hall, 2005).

130

\ ‘mœ-bē-es-

a strip that is constructed by holding one end ﬁxed, rotating the opposite end through 180 degrees

FIGURE 64: MOBIUS STRIP

131

THE STADIUM EFFECT SPORT

URBAN CULTURE

ARCHITECTURE

CATERING

ROOF

MECHANICAL

STORE

SEATING

VIEWS W/C

PLAYERS

FIELD

LIGHTING

CIRCULATION

ENTRANCE

ACOUSTICS

ADMIN.

PARKING

TICKETING

VIP

ADMIN.

RESTURANT

RECREATION

LOBBY

UTILITIES

TOWER

HOTEL

CIRCULATION

SKY LOUNGE

GYM

MECHANICAL

W/C

MECHANICAL

RETAIL

OFFICES

STORAGE

132

4 STORY MODULE

DIAGRID SYSTEM

PERIMETER DIAGONAL STRUCTURE

DIAGONAL MEMBER ELIMINATES VERTICAL COLUMNS

NODE

INTERSECTIOON NODE FOR DIAGONAL AND RING

RING BEAM

TO CONNECT DIAGONAL AND EDGE BEAM

FLOOR SLAB

CONNECT DIAGONAL TO REACH STABILITY

SERVICE CORE

VERTICAL CORE RESIST GRAVITY LOAD

GROUND

CONCENTRATED LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FIGURE 65: DIAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP OF A STADIUM TO A CITY FIGURE 66: DIFFERENT PROGRAMS WITHIN THE STADIUM AND TOWER FIGURE 67: DIAGRID SYSTEM DIAGRAM

133

134

JUN 21 MAR 20 60.36° 12:00 PM

DEC 21 JUN 21

37.12° 12:00 PM

33.26° 4:00 PM

83.65° 12:00 PM

JUN 21

39.80° 8:00 AM

MAR 20

27.50° 8:00 AM

24.89° 4:00 PM

DEC 21

15.12° 8:30 AM

DEC 21 9.46° 4:00 PM

SPRING SOLSTICE MARCH 20 1:00 PM

FIGURE 68: SOLSTICE STUDIES FIGURE 69: SHADOW STUDIES OF SPRING SOLSTICE

135

PROGRAM SPACES

UNIT AREA (SQ. FT)

QUANTITY

45,000

80,000

300

10,500

SPECTATORS GENERAL SEATING PRIVATE SUITES

90,500

LOUNGE

275

VIEWING PLATFORM

100

RESTROOMS

OPERATIONS BOX OFFICES

TOTAL (SQ. FT)

50,460 120

960

RESTURANTS

500

15,000

KIOSKS

150

7,500

SOUVENIR SHOPS

500

10,000

CONCESSIONS:

STADIUM MUSEUM RESTROOMS

5,000

500

12,000

PARTICIPANTS

58,900

HOME LOCKER ROOM 2,000

2,000

SHOWER

500

COACHES’ LOCKER ROOM (5 LOCKERS)

150

500

EQUIPMENT STORAGE

500

1,000

5,000

500

LOCKER ROOM (30 LOCKERS)

PLAYERS’ LOUNGE VISITOR LOCKER ROOM

1,500

SHOWER

300

COACHES’ LOCKER ROOM (5 LOCKERS)

300

800 200

2 2

1,600 400

LOCKER ROOM (25 LOCKERS)

OFFICIAL’S AND STAFF LOCKER ROOM (2) LOCKER ROOM (15 LOCKERS) SHOWER TRAINING ROOM

40,000

2,000

LOBBY/ RECEPTION

1,000

500

LOCKER ROOMS

1,000

500

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES

200

1,000

EQUIPMENT STORAGE LAUNDRY

500 500

1 1

500 500

1,500

1,000

500

ACTIVITY/ WORKOUT SPACE

MEDICAL EXAMINATION ROOM MEETING ROOMS

136

ADMINISTRATION

18,000

TEAM MANAGEMENT OFFICE RECEPTION EXECUTIVE OFFICES ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES (OPEN WORKSPACE) CONFERENCE ROOM GENERAL OFFICES RESTROOMS

1,000

500

2,500

1,500

1,000

500

2,000

1,000

10,000

250

1,000

MEDIA

16,000

PRESS FACILITY WORKING PRESS

1,000

BROADCASTING BOOTHS

300

1,200

COACHES

200

400

SCOREBOARD CONTROL

300

PUBLIC ADDRESS ANNOUNCER

100

10,000

PRESS CLUB

1,500

EQUIPMENT

500

RESTROOMS

250

1,000

CONFERENCE & INTERVIEW ROOM

MOVEMENT

30,000

ENTRANCES/ GATES PUBLIC

PRIVATE

MEDIA

PARTICIPANTS

CIRCULATION (10%)

SERVICES

20,000

MECHANICAL SECURITY AND COMMUNICATION ROOM

LOADING DOCK

JANITOR AND STADIUM PERSONNEL

TRASH

SITE

100,000

PLAYING FIELD PARKING GENERAL CAR PARKING PRIVATE CAR PARKING BUS PARKING LANDSCAPING

TOTAL

FIGURE 70: LIST OF DETAILED PROGRAMS WITH SQUARE FOOTAGE

100,000 TBD 1,000 100 50 TBD 600,000 SQ. FT 137

PROCESS ORIGINAL MOBIUS STRIP

0. BOWL SHAPE

1. PERPENDICULAR SHAPES ALONG THE THE ORIGINAL PATH. WITH A RANGE OF 45 DEGREE ROTATION.

2. LOFT BETWEEN CURVES.

MODIFIED MOBIUS STRIP

3. MODIFIED PATH FOR THE ORGINAL CURVE TOINTEGRATE WITH THE TOWER. WITH A RANGE OF DIFFERENT RADIUS.

4. LOFT BETWEEN CURVES.

5. SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE TO HOLD THE ORGANIC FORM.

6. FLOOR PLATES.

138

TOWER TOWER

1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. ORIGINAL CURVES ORIGINAL TO CURVES GET MAXIMUM TO GET MAXIMUM LOFT BETWEEN LOFTCURVES. BETWEEN CURVES. PUSH AND PULL PUSHSURFACES AND PULLTO SURFACES FLOORTO PLATES FLOOR WITH PLATES A CORE. WITH A CORE. USAGE OF PROGRAM USAGE OF AND PROGRAM SPACE.AND SPACE. INTERSECT THE INTERSECT MOBIUS THE STRIP. MOBIUS DIAGRID STRIP. STRUCTURE DIAGRID STRUCTURE ON EXTERIOR. ON EXTERIOR.

5. 5. FINAL PRODUCT. FINAL PRODUCT.

FIGURE 71: DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE PROCESS

139

STRIVED TO CREATE A CENTER OF EXCELLENCE USING STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY COMBINING THE MOBIUS STRIP WITH THE DECONSTRUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE TO CREATE A NEW TYPOLOGY OF INFINITE PROGRAM

KINETIC ASPECT OF THE STRUCTURE OR MATERIAL INTERACTING IN THE HUMAN OR BUILDING SCALE

CONTINUITY

INTERACTIVITY

RESILIENCE

FIGURE 72: MASTER PLAN OF KUWAIT CITY SHOWING LAND-USE FIGURE 73: FUTURE CONCEPT OF PART OF KUWAIT CITY 140

\ ‘mœ-bē-es-

a strip that is constructed by holding one end ﬁxed, rotating the opposite end through 180 degrees

141

TRUSS STEEL CANOPY

BOOMERANG PRIMARY PRE-CAST CONRETE

TIER SUPPORT PRE-CAST CONCRETE COLUMN

SPACE FRAME STEEL FRAMEWORK

142

THE STADIUM IMPACT

Sport is a universal language. Building a new stadium is an exciting and rewarding endeavor, but there is more into the matter than it may seem. Professional sport leagues want to expand participating teams, get more cities involved to increase the anticipation, and generate a new base fan for the city, but the reality is that a new venue doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t often work out how everyone wants. The process of constructing a stadium necessitates extreme level of municipal cooperation and coordination.

FIGURE 74: STADIUM STRUCTURAL ENCLOSURE FIGURE 75: STADIUM IMPACT TO A CITY DIAGRAM

143

AXONOMETRIC

EXPLODED

ROOF SYSTEM TRUSS STRUCTURE

PILLAR AND COLUMNS STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

SPECATATORS 35,000 CAPACITY

FLOOR PLATES COMPOSITE

DIAGRID SYSTEM STRUCTURE

FLOOR PLATES CORE

ETFE FACADE SPACE FRAME

144

PROGRAM SECTION

SKYLOBBY MECHANICAL

HIGH ZONE OFFICES

SKYLOBBY MECHANICAL

MID ZONE HOTEL

SKYLOBBY MECHANICAL

LOW ZONE RECREATION

LOBBY CITY: KUWAIT CITY HEIGHT: 1000 FT HIGHT POINT FLOOR: 50 FLOORS MATERIAL: COMPOSITE FIGURE 76: EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC FIGURE 77: PROGRAMMATIC ZONES DIAGRAM

145

VARIATION 01 ANGLE: 8°

VARIATION 02 ANGLE: 16°

VARIATION 03 ANGLE: 24°

VARIATION 02 ANGLE: 16°

VARIATION 04 ANGLE: 32°

VARIATION 05 ANGLE: 40°

VARIATION 06 ANGLE: 48° 146

RETRACTABLE ROOF

FIGURE 78: RETRACTABLE ROOF VARIATIONS

RETRACTABLE ROOF The retractable roof system is inspired by the camera aperture where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s divided into five parts.The systems are developed on tracks allowing for light to fill the stadium interior. Each of the five parts is clad with space frame system to form a tight seal being able to move freely with cantilevering inward towards the center of the stadium. With the harsh climate condition in Kuwait, a retractable roof would be beneficial to

protect the spectators and players inside the stadium allowing games and eventsto perform efficiently in all circumstances. The retractable roof is providing an openair experience at the push of a button with a view opening to the sky and the high-rise connected to the stadium.

147

STADIUM FLOOR PLAN

148

FLOOR FLOOR PLAN PLAN

SHOPS SHOPS

RESTURANTS RESTURANTS

ESCALATORS ESCALATORS

RESTROOM RESTROOM

ELEVATORS ELEVATORS

MOSQUE MOSQUE

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

OFFICEOFFICE SPACE SPACE RECREATIONAL RECREATIONAL FACILITY FACILITY

STORAGE STORAGE

TOWERTOWER CONNECTED CONNECTED TO THETO MALL THE MALL

MEN’S MEN’S RESTROOM RESTROOM

MEETING MEETING ROOM ROOM

CLASSROOM CLASSROOM WOMEN’S WOMEN’S RESTROOM RESTROOM

MALL SURROUNDING MALL SURROUNDING THE STADIUM THE STADIUM

LOCKER STORAGE

LOCKERLOCKER ROOMSROOMS

LOCKER

COACHES COACHES STORAGE OFFICEOFFICE

ADMIN OFFICE ADMIN OFFICE

RECEPTION RECEPTION AREA AREA

STADIUM STADIUM CONSISTING CONSISTING OF OF 50,000 SPECTATORS 50,000 SPECTATORS

STORAGE STORAGE

LOBBYLOBBY SPACESPACE

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

LOBBYLOBBY SPACESPACE

BRIDGESBRIDGES ACCESS ACCESS CONNECTING CONNECTING MALL TO MALL TO THE STADIUM THE STADIUM GANITOR GANITOR

VISITOR VISITOR LOUNGE LOUNGE ENTRANCE ENTRANCE PHOTOCOPY PHOTOCOPY

PANTRY/ PANTRY/ KITCHEN KITCHEN SECRETARY SECRETARY

DIRECTOR’S DIRECTOR’S OFFICE OFFICE

ROOM

015' 5'

MEN’S MEN’S RESTROOMRESTROOM WOMEN’S WOMEN’S RESTROOMRESTROOM

RECEPTION RECEPTION ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL IT IT SPACE SPACE ROOM ROOM STORAGESTORAGE OFFICES/OFFICES/ CUPICALSCUPICALS

0 5'

ROOM

15' 35'

35' 55'

OFFICES OFFICES

SECRETARY SECRETARY HEAD OF HEAD OF SECTION SECTION OFFICES/OFFICES/ CUPICALSCUPICALS

55'

OFFICES/OFFICES/ CUPICALSCUPICALS

100'

MEETINGMEETING ROOM ROOM

100'

FIGURE 79: FLOOR PLAN OF STADIUM AND TOWER

149

PARKING ENTRANCE

4 HOTEL ENTRANCE

PARKING

VIP ENTRANCE

VENDORS PARKING

PARKING ENTRANCE

RIDE SHARING

SERVICES ENTRANCE

PARKING

TICKET BOOTH

PARKING

3 TICKET BOOTH

VENDORS BRIDGE CONNECTION

MASTER PLAN ALSHAHEED PARK

ALSHAHEED PARK

SITE PLAN

PARKING

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CONNECTION The stadium, high-rise, and mall are all intertwined with each other using bridges and extending floor plate to make them a unified structure. There are five bridges that connect the second floor of the mall to the third floor of the stadium, which allows a variety of entrances onto the stadium. There are 4 major entrances from the exterior and one entrance to the high-rise and VIP, which divides the space to public and private. Public being directed to the outside towards Alsoor St. and private is directed inwards towards Cairo St. and Abdulmunum Riyadth St. The design comprises 2 archetypes – bowl and tower – that merges into the Mobius Strip directing to the sky. The two intertwined structures create a typology that transforms from a horizontal organization where the stadium and support function are placed next to each other, to a vertical organization where they are stacked on top of each other. The vertical organization creates a vertical hierarchy of different programs while continuing the verticality of the Kuwait City skyline. By covering the converting arrangement of spaces with a continuous skin, a Mobius strip volume is performed where the facades move from inside to outside and back again creating moments to enhance the users’ experience through the space. The structure is placed on top of a 23-ft. plinth to separate the experience being inside and outside of the space while also organizing the distribution of the crowd walking out of the event or people visiting the mall. The high-rise could be beneficial for stadium visitors to stay in the hotel located inside of the stadium, players who want to practice or visit the recreational facilities, and people who want to enjoy the 360° view of the city. FIGURE 80: MASTER PLAN AND SITE PLAN

151

The continuity of Alshaheed Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscape and running tracks integrates the surrounding structure to continue the fluidity of the green belt that divides the city and the residential areas. Two main bridges divide the park and the structure that allows pedestrians to cross Alsoor St. without causing any traffic while continuing the pedestrian flow. The form of the structure came from the surrounding architecture of parametric

buildings like Alhamra, Altijariyah, National Bank of Kuwait, and Central Bank of Kuwait with the continuation of the future vision of Kuwait 2035 development plan. The transparency of the faĂ§ade with diagonal members allows light to pass through while protecting shoppers from the intense harsh climate. The new structure to Kuwait will encompass diagrid structure and vertical fins to maximize shading and protect the people from thermal exposure. Throughout the high-rise, certain floors include 152

FIGURE 81: PROJECT OVERVIEW

sky lounges that open to two floors creating an open space atmosphere. Knowing stadiums donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just effect the surrounding structures, but has the capabilities of changing an entire city. One of the reasons choosing this site comes from Kuwait City major upgrades in the surrounding area. A city must build and improve infrastructure that supports large crowds moving to or from the stadium, mall, or high-rise. In Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2035 plan, the establishment and enhancement of transportation routes that

shuttle people around the city, ride sharing stations, and expanding bus routes is critical to the successful of a stadium in the city. While transporting through cars is still more common in Kuwait, underground parking and parking lots are still available surrounding the structure.

153

FIGURE 82: EXTERIOR VIEW 1

154

155

FIGURE 83: EXTERIOR VIEW 2

156

157

FIGURE 84: NIGHT VIEW

158

FIGURE 85: INTERIOR VIEW 1

159

160

FIGURE 86: INTERIOR VIEW 2

161

FIGURE 87: STADIUM INTERIOR VIEWS 162

FIGURE 88: EXTERIOR VIEW 3

163

FIGURE 89: BIRDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S-EYE VIEW

164

165

FIGURE 90: PROJECT OVERVIEW SHOWING ALSHAHEED PARK

166

167

MALL

PARKING

FIGURE 91: SECTION 1

168

SKY LOBBY

OFFICES

HOTEL CORE

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES CONNECTING MALL

169

SPECTATORS

(35,000)

BRIDGE CONNECTION

FIGURE 92: SECTION 2

170

TRUSS SYSTEM MALL CIRCULATION

PARKING

171

FIGURE 93: FOOTBALL FIELD IN HENNINGSVÃ&#x2020;R, NORWAY

172

THE FUTURE 173

174

THE FUTURE INSIGHTS DERIVED FROM THE SURVEY A survey was conducted using surveymonkey to gather information and insight from spectators around the world. The survey has been available through the social media apps like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Whatsapp, etc. Created on November of 2018, the survey was made available for 3 weeks. The survey was Data and information related to the survey on the multipurpose stadium were recorded from 297 individuals. 71% of the responses were received from male respondents while 29% were female. Over 60% of the respondents were aged between 21-29 years. The majority of the respondents were from the Middle East. The first main step of the interview process would seek to identify how often the respondents visited sports stadium. The majority of such respondents (48%) indicated on an occasional basis. A significant portion of respondents also seemed to attend to sporting facilities during the major games or events. We also visited some facilities with an aim to identify the

type of sporting activities hosted. Over 78% of the responses received indicated that the majority of such stadiums hosted soccer, closely followed by football at 25%. The study also revealed that 78% of such events are held at night. Only a few numbers of spectators 13% felt that they received excellent levels of services. 35% were estimated to experience just a good level of satisfaction. To identify the sources of dissatisfaction of the visitors, we asked for information about any sources of bad experiences while visiting stadiums. The majority of the respondents identified inadequate parking space as well as poor seat quality as major reasons for dissatisfaction. Other respondents identified overcrowding, sold out tickets and fan brawl as major causes of concern. The majority of respondents also took an average of 10 to 20 minutes.

175

The majority of respondents also agreed that kinetic designs in stadiums are extremely useful. On the issues related to the location of stadiums, 53% of respondents believed that stadiums should be located in the suburbs. To enhance the in-game entertainment experience, the majority of respondents (69%) identified quality seating as a critical facility followed by the LED screens. 56% of respondents also identified additional accommodation and restaurants as important in enhancing the services within the facility while 44% of them also thought that the construction of the multipurpose stadium was important. It was also indisputable that the respondents would wish to see stadiums being utilized more to its limits on non-game days. HOW KINETIC DESIGN OF STADIUMS PROMOTE FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS? The architectural design applied for transformation, and kinetic designs of sporting facilities are associated with high construction costs. However, such facilities are capable of holding some sporting, concerts and other community events hence diversified sources of income. For instance, a baseball facility can be transformed into a football pitch within a few hours. The same facility can also be used to hold trade fairs and exhibition. Multipurpose stadiums are therefore likely to generate more revenues to compensate for higher construction costs. Kinetic architectural design assists users to move certain parts of the structure such as roofs, building spaces, interior components, facade components, and furnishing. Kinetic architecture is a development that allows the stadiums to achieve the multi-functional goals. Such stadiums can alter their functions within a short period.

FUTURE OF STADIUM VENUES The architectural design of the stadium for multipurpose events and activities define the future of such stadiums and other sporting facilities. We have already experienced some facilities with transformable and kinetic features. Film playing in major stadiums has also developed into a new trend. As the fans visit their favorite stadium to watch their popular movies, the facility owners can now get an opportunity to sell the season tickets. Large screen displays have also continued to play a crucial role in generating the desired excitement within the stadium and other sporting facilities within the world. Large screens in the stadium present powerful scenes in real-time events. The stadiums are therefore presented with an opportunity for supplying subscription contents to TV and other media enterprises (Narasimhan, Drolia, Tan, Mickulicz, and Gandhi, 2015). The improved sources of revenues from movies as well as media channels have resulted in a decline of challenges that may result in the abandonment of stadiums. The reason for that situation is seen as designing of stadiums that support more users. Kinetic architecture will continue to develop and allows the stadiums to achieve the multi-functional goals. Despite the architectural design limitations associated with advanced kinetics and other forms of facility transformations, the goals to design a multipurpose stadium is still achievable. Such facilities will continue to enhance the spectatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience. The architects are however required to place a special focus on the possible structural as well as mechanical issues related to the design technology.

176

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q4 How often do you visit Sport Stadiums? Answered: 313

Skipped: 1

Every Game/Event 3% (10) Every Game/Event 3% (10)

Never 20% (64) Never 20% (64)

Only for Major Games/Event Only for Major 29% (91) Games/Event 29% (91)

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Occasionally 47% (148) Occasionally 47% (148)

RESPONSES Q8 Was there any bad experiences while visiting stadiums?

ANSWER CHOICES

Every Game/Event

Answered: 312

Occasionally

38.78%

Crowded

Never

29%

47%

148

20%

38.78% Sold-out Tickets

TOTAL

Skipped: 2

Only for Major Games/Event

64 313

13.78% 13.78% 50.00%

Seat Quality

50.00% 51.28%

Parking

51.28% 8.33%

Fan Brawl

8.33% 12.18%

Can't Find Seat

12.18% No Bad Experience

10.26% 10.26%

Other (please specify)

6.09% 6.09%

Multipurpose Stadium

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

ANSWER CHOICES Crowded

60%

70%

80%

90% 100%

SurveyMonkey

RESPONSES

Q13 Where do you think is the best location for a stadium? 38.78% Answered: 311

Sold-out Tickets

4 / 16

Seat Quality Parking

No Preference 20% (62) No Preference 20% (62)

121

Skipped:13.78% 3

50.00%

156

51.28%

160

Can't Find Seat

Bring the stadium 8.33% to the city Bring the stadium 12.18% to the city 27% (83)

No Bad Experience

10.26% 27% (83)

Other (please specify)

6.09%

Fan Brawl

26 38

Total Respondents: 312

Locate the stadium in the suburbs Locate the stadium 53% in the(166) suburbs ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

53% (166)

FIGURE 94: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Bring the stadium to the city

27%

Locate the stadium in the suburbs

53%

166

No Preference TOTAL

8 / 16

20%

62 311

177

Stadiums are sites intended mainly for outdoor activities such as sports, concerts, and other events. A stadium is composed of a stage/ field that is partly or totally enclosed by a tiered construction whose strategy enables viewersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ease when watching. The first stadium dates back to the 8th century in Greek. The Romans then followed with their own version of Stadiums after the beginning of circus. The design of stadiums in Greek was mainly theatre while that of the Romans was an amphitheater. Modern-day stadium designs began after the legalization of Christian cult but all the designs were inspired by primeval Greek and Roman designs, with Britain being the pioneer in the construction of modern designs. Developments in the designs of the modern day designs has been impressive though there have been multiple designs that have failed due to various reasons such as failing economy. Consequently, these stadiums have been left abandoned. Designers always aim at convenience when designing the stadiums and this led to the developments of Multi-purpose designs that have been faulted severally of many reasons. Some of the reasons include their inconvenient locations, their large holding capacities that are unreasonable during some events, and the fact that they may cause injuries to players during games. Acoustics play a huge role in stadiums through creating a mood for all parties involved. Modern day acoustics are enhanced through sound amplification and trapping.

178

KINETIC DESIGN

ADOPTING ADAPTABLE DESIGN

HIGH INITIAL COST

MULTI-USE STADIUM

MORE UTILIZATION ON NON-GAME DAYS

MORE REVENUE COVERS: MAINTENANCE PROFIT

FIGURE 95: DIAGRAM OF JUSTIFICATION FOR MULTI-USE STADIUM

179

PROGRESSIVE Stadium seating arrangements and types are essential for the comfortability of the users. The design of the Sea Chairs by MEIS Architects attempts to promote the idea of recycled products, producing a practical and elegant solution that can compete in the stadium seating market in both quality and cost. The design challenges the contemporary venue seating with a sustainable idea that could change the quality of the seats. WHY STADIUM SEATING? Stadium and arenas fan seats range from small as 1,000 to 80,000 seats, which could combine to form huge amounts of plastic material. While keeping in mind the maintenance or replacement the seats require throughout the venueâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life-span because of the strenuous wear and tear that these products endure, tremendous tons of physical waste is produced. HONEST MEIS Architects are inspired by the recycled ocean plastic. Since much of the innovation derives from the selection of materials, the design conveys its fundamental qualities and raw beauty, while educating the user on what recycling plastics could achieve. (MEIS Architects, n.d.)

180

FIGURE 96: SEA CHAIR BY MEIS ARCHITECTS

181

FIGURE 97: TOKYO OLYMPIC STADIUM PROPOSAL IN CHINA BY ZAHA HADID

182

APPENDIX 183

SURVEY

184

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q1 What is your gender? Answered: 308

Skipped: 6

Female 28.25% (87) Female 28.25% (87)

Male 71.75% (221) Male 71.75% (221) ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

Male

71.75%

Female

28.25%

Multipurpose Stadium

221 87

SurveyMonkey

TOTAL

308

Q2 What is your age? Answered: 312

Skipped: 2

17 or younger

22 41

18-20

41 189

21-29

189 35

30-39

35 11

40-49

11 13

50-59

13 1

60 or older

1 0

ANSWER CHOICES

100

1 / 16

120

140

160

180

200

RESPONSES

17 or younger

7.05%

18-20

13.14%

21-29

60.58%

189

30-39

11.22%

40-49

3.53%

50-59

4.17%

60 or older

0.32%

TOTAL

1 312

185

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q3 What region are you from? Answered: 310

Skipped: 4

100% 80%

83.55% 83.55%

60% 40% 20% 0%

11.29% 3.87%

0.65%

3.87% North America

0.65%

South America

0.65% 0.65%

Europe

11.29% Africa

Asia

Middle East

Australia

ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

North America

3.87%

South America

0.65%

Europe

0.65%

Africa

0.00%

Asia

11.29%

Middle East

83.55%

259

Australia

0.00%

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

TOTAL

310

Q4 How often do you visit Sport Stadiums? Answered: 313

Never 20% (64) Never 20% (64)

Skipped: 1

Every Game/Event 3% (10) Every Game/Event 3% (10) Only for Major Games/Event Only for Major Games/Event 29% (91) 29% (91)

ANSWER CHOICES

Occasionally 47% (148) Occasionally 47% (148)

3 / 16

RESPONSES

Every Game/Event

Only for Major Games/Event

29%

Occasionally

47%

148

Never

20%

TOTAL

64 313

186

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q5 What type of sports does the facility host? Answered: 314

Skipped: 0

77.71%

Soccer

77.71% 15.61%

Basketball

15.61% 6.05%

Handball

6.05% 6.05%

Volleyball

6.05% 26.11%

Football

26.11% Other (please specify)

5.73% 5.73% 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

ANSWER CHOICES

70%

80%

90% 100%

RESPONSES

Soccer

77.71%

244

Basketball

15.61%

Handball

6.05%

Volleyball

6.05%

Football

26.11%

Other (please specify)

5.73%

Total Respondents: 314 Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q6 What time is the event usually? Answered: 314

Not consistent 14.65% (46) Not consistent 14.65% (46)

Skipped: 0

Morning 1.59% (5) Morning 1.59% (5)

Afternoon 19.11% (60) Afternoon 19.11% (60)

5 / 16

ANSWER CHOICES

Night 64.65% (203) Night 64.65% (203)

RESPONSES

Morning

1.59%

Afternoon

19.11%

Night

64.65%

203

Not consistent

14.65%

TOTAL

46 314

187

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q7 How would you rate the quality of the facilities where the event was held? Answered: 313

Skipped: 1

Excellent 12% (39) Excellent 12% (39)

Poor 13% (41) Poor 13% (41)

Fair 18% (56) Fair 18% (56)

Very good 22% (68) Very good 22% (68)

Good 35% (109) Good 35% (109) ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

Excellent

12%

Very good

22%

Good

35%

109

Fair

18%

Poor Multipurpose Stadium

13%

56 41

SurveyMonkey

TOTAL

313

Q8 Was there any bad experiences while visiting stadiums? Answered: 312

Skipped: 2

38.78%

Crowded

38.78% Sold-out Tickets

13.78% 13.78% 50.00%

Seat Quality

50.00% 51.28%

Parking

51.28% 8.33%

Fan Brawl

8.33% 12.18%

Can't Find Seat

1/1

12.18% No Bad Experience

10.26% 10.26%

Other (please specify)

6.09% 6.09% 0%

ANSWER CHOICES

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90% 100%

RESPONSES

Crowded

38.78%

Sold-out Tickets

13.78%

121 43

Seat Quality

50.00%

156

Parking

51.28%

160

Fan Brawl

8.33%

Can't Find Seat

12.18%

No Bad Experience

10.26%

Other (please specify)

6.09%

Total Respondents: 312

188

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q9 How long does it take you to sit at your designated seats? Answered: 311

Skipped: 3

100% 80% 60%

39.23% 40%

29.26%

39.23%

29.26% 20%

18.33% 7.72%

18.33%

5.47%

30 to 40 minutes

More than 40 minutes

0% 0 to 10 minutes

10 to 20 minutes

20 to 30 minuties

5.47%

7.72%

ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

0 to 10 minutes

29.26%

10 to 20 minutes

39.23%

122

20 to 30 minuties

18.33%

30 to 40 minutes

7.72%

More than 40 minutes

5.47%

TOTAL

17 311

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q10 How often do you ask for guidance or assistance? Answered: 312

Always 10.90% (34) Always 10.90% (34)

Never 12.82% (40) Never 12.82% (40)

Usually 22.12% (69) Usually 22.12% (69)

Rarely 18.91% (59) Rarely 18.91% (59)

ANSWER CHOICES Always

Skipped: 2

Sometimes 35.26% (110) Sometimes 35.26% (110)

RESPONSES

9 / 16

10.90%

Usually

22.12%

Sometimes

35.26%

110

Rarely

18.91%

Never

12.82%

TOTAL

40 312

189

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q11 Which Kinetic Design do you think is the most helpful? (1 - Most Helpful, 5 - Least Helpful) Answered: 313

Skipped: 1

RETRACTABLE ROOF ADAPTIVE SENSOR FACADE

ETFE MEMBRANE

ADAPTABLE FLOOR... FLEXIBLE SEATING SYSTEM

Multipurpose

TOTAL

SCORE

53.66% 154

12.89% 37

15.33% 44

9.06% 26

287

3.93

12.06% 34

45.39% 128

20.57% 58

13.12% 37

8.87% 25

282

3.39

19.18% 56

19.52% 57

43.15% 126

10.62% 31

7.53% 22

292

3.32

8.94% 27

14.24% 43

11.92% 36

53.64% 162

11.26% 34

302

2.56

9.87% Stadium 30

10.86% 33

10.20% 31

9.87% 30

59.21% 180

304 SurveyMonkey 2.02

Q12 What do you think of Kinetic Designs on stadiums? (Kinetic Design creating spaces and objects that can physically move themselves to meet changing needs) Answered: 311

Skipped: 3

Not at all useful 3% (8) Not at all useful 3% (8)

11 / 16

Extremely useful 50% (156) Extremely useful 50% (156)

Somewhat useful 47% (147) Somewhat useful 47% (147)

ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

Extremely useful

50%

156

Somewhat useful

47%

147

Not at all useful

TOTAL

8 311

190

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q13 Where do you think is the best location for a stadium? Answered: 311

Skipped: 3

No Preference 20% (62) No Preference 20% (62)

Bring the stadium to the city Bring the stadium to the city 27% (83) 27% (83)

Locate the stadium in the suburbs Locate the stadium 53% in the(166) suburbs ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

53% (166)

Bring the stadium to the city

27%

Locate the stadium in the suburbs

53%

166

No Preference

20%

Multipurpose Stadium TOTAL

SurveyMonkey 311

Q14 What would you like to see added to enhance the in-game entertainment experience? Answered: 313

Skipped: 1

100%

69.33%

80%

56.87% 60%

56.87%

69.33% 47.28% 47.28%

40% 20%

19.49%

18.53%

19.49%

18.53%

Better Acoustics

More VIP Lounges

23.64% 23.64%

3.19% 3.19%

0% 360 Degrees LED screens

More Food Choices

Quality Seatings

Simpler Circulati on

Other (please specify)

ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

360 Degrees LED screens

56.87%

178

More Food Choices

47.28%

148

Better Acoustics

19.49%

More VIP Lounges

18.53%

Quality Seatings

69.33%

217

Simpler Circulation

23.64%

Other (please specify)

3.19%

13 / 16

Total Respondents: 313

191

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Q15 What would you like to see added to enhance the stadium facilities? Answered: 311

Skipped: 3

100% 80%

55.95% 60%

43.41% 36.01%

40%

55.95%

43.41%

23.79%

36.01%

10.29%

23.79%

20%

10.29% 0%

1.93% 1.93%

Construct a Multipurpos e stadiu...

Add Retail Stores surrounding the stadium

Add Resturants to accommod...

Live/ Work Spaces

Don't Change (Keep it as it is)

Other (please specify)

ANSWER CHOICES

RESPONSES

Construct a Multipurpose stadium (multiple events in one place)

43.41%

135

Add Retail Stores surrounding the stadium

36.01%

112

Add Resturants to accommodate the fans

55.95%

174

Live/ Work Spaces

23.79%

Don't Change (Keep it as it is)

10.29%

Other (please specify)

1.93%

Multipurpose Stadium

SurveyMonkey

Total Respondents: 311

Q16 Do you believe the stadium should be utilized more to its limits on non-game days? Answered: 312

Skipped: 2

No 16.67% (52) No 16.67% (52)

15 / 16 ANSWER CHOICES

Yes 83.33% (260) Yes 83.33% (260) RESPONSES

Yes

83.33%

16.67%

TOTAL

260 52 312

192

193

REFERENCES

194

•

Aljehani, A., & Ferwati, S. (2016). Sports Arena Development: Scalability Impact on Urban Fabric Integration. Architecture Research, 6(6), 154-159.

•

Akgün, Y., Gantes, C.J., Kalochairetis, K.E. and Gkagka, E.E., 2017. A proposal for a convertible stadium roof structure derived from Watt-I linkage. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 45(2), pp.271-279.

•

Beacham, O.O.E., 2015. Flexible stadium design in the context of Olympics and Post-Olympics usage (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).

•

Chung B. (2015). Skyscraper Design Stacks a Beach, a Forest, and a Stadium in Times Square. Available athttps://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/8qvamx/a-lotus-shaped-concept-skyscraper-could-save-the-amazon

•

Comoli, A. (2015). Repurposing Abandoned Sports Venues, Ferenc Puskas, The People´ s Stadium

•

Cotter, R. (2016). Dynamic Design for Diverse Delivery. Retrieved from http://magazine.iavm. org/article/dynamic-design-for-diverse-delivery/

•

Culley, P. (2015). Stadium and Arena Design. London: ICE Publishing.

•

Delaney, K. J., & Eckstein, R. (2003). Public dollars, private stadiums: Battles over building sports stadiums. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

•

Earle, M. (2003). Accessible stadia: A good practice guide to the design of facilities to meet the needs of disabled spectators and other users. London: Football Stadia Improvement Fund and Football Licensing Authority.

•

Fenwick, M., Bornø, T., Favre, T., & Tusell, J. (2011). UEFA GUIDE TO QUALITY STADIUMS [Pdf]. Nyon, Switzerland: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA).

•

Fischer, D. G. (2013). The Multi-use Stadium: A proposal for the integrated, multi-use programmatic expansion of Nippert Stadium and the University of Cincinnati (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati).

•

Goldman S. (2019). The Goldmine: Multi-purpose Stadiums Sustain the Local Economy. Available at https://citycollegenews.com/4375/blogs/sams-sports-thoughts-multipurpose-stadiums-sustain-the-local-economy/

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FIGURE 1: ABSTRACT ILLUSTRATION OF STUDIO PROJECT AUTHOR FIGURE 2: STADIUM SPECTATORS https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/camp-nou-stadium-crowd-texture-1198425502?src=library

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FIGURE 3: BARCELONA VISION TO RENOVATE THE CAMP NOU STADIUM http://www.joanpascual.com/en/projectes/nou-camp-nou/

FIGURE 4: COLOSSEUM IN ROME, ITALY https://www.walksofitaly.com/rome-tours/colosseum-arena-floor-tour/

FIGURE 5: PALIO DI SIENA HORSE RACE IN SIENA, ITALY http://www.tuscanybygc.com/the-palio-in-siena/

FIGURE 6: STADIUM CONFIGURATIONS (MODIFIED BY AUTHOR) 20 https://issuu.com/tcblenman/docs/16s-arc508-01--thesis_book--tcblenm FIGURE 7: MARINE STADIUM IN MIAMI https://abandonedsoutheast.com/2017/02/02/miami-marine-stadium/

FIGURE 8: ABANDONED PONTIAC SILVERDOME STADIUM https://architecturalafterlife.com/2014/12/01/the-pontiac-silverdome-apocalypse-stadium/

FIGURE 9: SPORTS SPECIFIC MARKET SECTOR ARCHITECTURE https://www.bdcnetwork.com/top-40-sports-architecture-firms

FIGURE 10: VENN DIAGRAM OF HYPOTHESIS AUTHOR

FIGURE 11: A PLAN WITH 11 IMPORTANT SUBJECTS THAT LEADS TO AN IDEAL STADIUM AUTHOR

FIGURE 12: LONDON OLYMPIC STADIUM BY POPULOUS https://www.frameweb.com/news/london-olympic-stadium-by-populous

FIGURE 13: THE SHED IN NEW YORK BY DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO https://archpaper.com/2016/08/diller-scofidio-renfro-shed/#gallery-0-slide-5

FIGURE 14: MINUTE MAID PARK STADIUM IN HOUSTON, TEXAS WITH THE RETRACTABLE ROOF https://www.houstonsports.org/minute-maid-park/

FIGURE 15: UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX STADIUM WITH THE FLEXIBLE FLOOR CONFIGURATION https://stadiumnerd.wordpress.com/tag/arizona-cardinals/

FIGURE 16: RIVER SHOW THEATRE IN RICHMOND, CANADA WITH FLEXIBLE SEATING https://www.galasystems.com/en/projects/

FIGURE 17: SECTION VIEW OF ETFE MEMBRANE FACADE https://buildingskins.wordpress.com/category/plastics-etfe/allianz-arena/

FIGURE 18: ALLIANZ ARENA IN GERMANY SHOWING LARGEST ETFE MEMBRANE https://buildingskins.wordpress.com/category/plastics-etfe/allianz-arena/

FIGURE 19: ALBAHAR TOWERS BY AEDAS WITH RESPONSIVE FAÃ&#x2021;ADE INSPIRED BY MASHRABIYA https://www.organic-geometry.com/galleries/al-bahar-towers/

FIGURE 20: GOLDEN 1 CENTER BY AECOM IN SACRAMENTO, CA https://www.golden1center.com/news/detail/golden-1-center-receives-prestigious-global-architecture-award

FIGURE 21: PERKINS + WILL DESIGN FOR ECO-FRIENDLY DUBAI STADIUM https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/perkins-will-eco-friendly-dubai-stadium

FIGURE 22: NELSON MANDELA PORTRAIT http://iznogoodgood.tumblr.com/post/104591364383/fashionphotographyscans-year-1990

FIGURE 23: HERZOG & DE MEURON REVAMP CHELSEA FC FOOTBALL STADIUM https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/herzog-de-meuron-to-revamp-chelsea-fc-stadium_o

FIGURE 24: DANISH FIRM BIG VISUALS FOR A NEW BASEBALL STADIUM IN OAKLAND, CA https://www.dezeen.com/2018/11/28/big-oakland-a-baseball-stadium/

FIGURE 25: FINANCIAL PERCENTAGE OF CONSTRUCTING A STADIUM https://issuu.com/matthewbunis/docs/the_state_of_stadia.compressed

FIGURE 26: QUZHOU SPORTS CAMPUS BY MAD ARCHITECTS IN CHINA WITH LUSH FORESTLAND http://www.i-mad.com/press/construction-breaks-ground-on-mads-quzhou-sports-campus/

FIGURE 27: SIGHTLINES FOR SEATED SPECTATORS https://parametricmonkey.com/2017/10/23/seating-bowl/

FIGURE 28: SIGHTLINE DIAGRAM OF C-VALUE https://www.grasshopper3d.com/profiles/blogs/toro-plugin-for-stadium-auditorium-design-and-analysis

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FIGURE 29: FANS USING VUVUZELAS TO ADD TO THE COLLECTIVE VOICE OF THE FANS https://www.scienceabc.com/sports/acoustics-stadium-designed-soccer-noise-maximum.html

FIGURE 30: SPECTATOR VIEW IN LEVIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S STADIUM - SANTA CLARA, CA http://www.levisstadium.com/getting-here/

FIGURE 31: UNIQUE TRANSFORMATION OF THE RETRACTABLE ROOF https://mercedesbenzstadium.com/media/media-stadium/

FIGURE 32: SAITAMA SUPER ARENA AERIAL VIEW https://www.nikken.jp/en/projects/sports/saitama_super_arena.html

FIGURE 33: DIFFERENT TRANSFORMATIONS TO ACCOMMODATE DIFFERENT EVENTS AUTHOR

FIGURE 34: SAPPORO DOME AERIAL VIEW https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/venues/the-sapporo-dome

FIGURE 35: DIAGRAM OF KINETIC TRANSFORMATION AUTHOR

FIGURE 36: PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING THE STADIUM https://inspiration.detail.de/sapporo-dome-103588.html?lang=en

FIGURE 37: AERIAL VIEW OF UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX STADIUM https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/glendale/2017/04/11/arizona-cardinals-glendale-stadium-get-new-name-university-of-phoenix-backing-out/100307624/

FIGURE 38: USAGE OF ETFE SYSTEM FOR THE ROOF https://www.wired.com/2016/09/vikings-stadium-roof/

FIGURE 39: TOWER OBSERVATORY CONNECTED TO THE STADIUM https://www.videoblocks.com/video/olympic-stadium-montreal-winter-backwards-flight-aerial-rw3i94rkgjezck0aa

FIGURE 40: THE CONNECTION OF THE FACILITY TO A MULTIUSE CENTER https://www.rogersplace.com/renderings/

FIGURE 41: STAPLE CENTER CONNECTION TO A PUBLIC SPACE https://www.meisarchitects.com/staples-center/

FIGURE 42: SEVERAL STADIUMS HOSTING WORLD CUP 2022 IN QATAR https://www.stadiumguide.com/tournaments/fifa-world-cup-2022-stadiums-qatar/

FIGURE 43: BARCLAYS CENTER LOCATED IN AN URBAN SETTING https://www.archdaily.com/187144/atlantic-yards-b2-bklyn-shop-architects

FIGURE 44: HAZZA BIN ZAYED STADIUM/ PATTERN DESIGN https://www.arch2o.com/hazza-bin-zayed-stadium-pattern-design/

FIGURE 45: DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL STADIUM AUTHOR

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FIGURE 46: KUWAIT SKYLINE WITH THE VERTICAL STADIUM https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/kuwait-detailed-skyline-travel-tourism-background-429254161?src=library

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FIGURE 47: KUWAIT MAP SHOWING MAIN HIGHWAYS TO THE CITY https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/kuwait-map-retro-style-vector-illustration-772725874?src=library

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FIGURE 48: THE FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY FORMULA (MODIFIED BY AUTHOR) 104 https://kif.kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/khalid-mahdi-english.pdf FIGURE 49: KUWAIT NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF 2035 http://newkuwaitsummit.com/new-kuwait

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FIGURE 50: KUWAIT REGIONAL MAP https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/high-detail-map-middle-east-zone-1168694038

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FIGURE 51: KUWAIT LOCATION IN THE WORLD https://www.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/abstract-blue-world-map-magnified-kuwait-520358431?src=library

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FIGURE 52: KUWAIT MAP SHOWING REGIONS https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/kuwait-vintage-map-flag-high-detailed-1035666445

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FIGURE 53: KUWAIT CITY FROM AN AERIAL VIEW 1 https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/kuwait-city-02252018-watching-over-beautiful-1033351084?src=library

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FIGURE 54: KUWAIT CITY FROM AN AERIAL VIEW 2 https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/kuwait-city-landscape-view-during-beautiful-489530563?src=library

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FIGURE 55: KUWAIT TOWERS TEXTURE https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/kuwait-dec-8-closeup-famous-tower-260408255?src=library

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FIGURE 56: GRAPHS SHOWING INFOGRAPHICS (GRAPHS BY AUTHOR) 115 http://stat.paci.gov.kw/englishreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnBUseType

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FIGURE 57: KUWAIT CITY FROM AN AERIAL VIEW 3 (EDITED BY AUTHOR) 116 https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/twilight-beautiful-kuwait-city-skyline-taken-1120930178?src=library FIGURE 58: SITE LOCATION SHOWING DIFFERENT PARAMETER EFFECTING THE SITE (EDITED BY AUTHOR) 118 https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kuwait+City,+Kuwait/@29.3760641,47.9643143,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fcf9c83ce455983:0xc3ebaef5af09b90e!8m2!3d29.375859!4d47.9774052 FIGURE 59: COLLAGE OF IMAGES SHOWING KUWAIT OLD AND MODERN HERITAGE https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/fhmn/kuwait_vernacular_architecture-project-pages.html

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FIGURE 60: JABER ALAHMAD INTERNATIONAL STADIUM AERIAL VIEW https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/some-famous-places-kuwait-shooting-sky-35276233?src=library

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FIGURE 61: LIST OF ALL STADIUMS CURRENTLY IN KUWAIT AUTHOR

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FIGURE 62: SURROUNDING STADIUMS IN RELATION TO THE SITE https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/streets-kuwait-city-map-capital-street-1094472080?src=library

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FIGURE 63: ALSHAHEED PARK AERIAL VIEW https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/kuwait-city-605255741?src=library

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FIGURE 64: MOBIUS STRIP http://www.clker.com/clipart-24184.html

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FIGURE 65: DIAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP OF A STADIUM TO A CITY (EDITED BY AUTHOR) 131 https://issuu.com/reidmulligan/docs/soccer-city FIGURE 66: DIFFERENT PROGRAMS WITHIN THE STADIUM AND TOWER AUTHOR

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FIGURE 67: DIAGRID SYSTEM DIAGRAM (EDITED BY AUTHOR) 131 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5EpcNaDo_Uw/U3JAvantNHI/AAAAAAAAAUE/Ti_omxg1p3Y/s1600/diagram+model+2.jpg FIGURE 68: SOLSTSTICE STUDIES AUTHOR

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FIGURE 69: SHADOW STUDIES OF SPRING SOLSTICE AUTHOR

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FIGURE 70: LIST OF DETAILED PROGRAMS WITH SQUARE FOOTAGE (EDITED BY AUTHOR) 135 https://issuu.com/reidmulligan/docs/soccer-city FIGURE 71: DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE PROCESS AUTHOR

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FIGURE 72: MASTER PLAN OF KUWAIT CITY SHOWING LAND-USE http://gckuwait.com/portfolio_page/kuwait-city-urban-development-2030/

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FIGURE 73: FUTURE CONCEPT OF PART OF KUWAIT CITY http://gckuwait.com/portfolio_page/kuwait-city-urban-development-2030/

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FIGURE 74: STADIUM STRUCTURAL ENCLOSURE AUTHOR

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FIGURE 75: STADIUM IMPACT TO A CITY DIAGRAM AUTHOR

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FIGURE 76: EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC AUTHOR

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FIGURE 77: PROGRAMMATIC ZONES DIAGRAM AUTHOR

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FIGURE 78: RETRACTABLE ROOF VARIATIONS AUTHOR

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FIGURE 79: FLOOR PLAN OF STADIUM AND TOWER AUTHOR

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FIGURE 80: MASTER PLAN AND SITE PLAN AUTHOR

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FIGURE 81: PROJECT OVERVIEW (EDITED BY AUTHOR) 151 http://gckuwait.com/portfolio_page/kuwait-city-urban-development-2030/ FIGURE 82: EXTERIOR VIEW 1 AUTHOR

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FIGURE 83: EXTERIOR VIEW 2 AUTHOR

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FIGURE 84: NIGHT VIEW AUTHOR

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FIGURE 85: INTERIOR VIEW 1 AUTHOR

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FIGURE 86: INTERIOR VIEW 2 AUTHOR

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FIGURE 87: STADIUM INTERIOR VIEWS AUTHOR

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FIGURE 88: EXTERIOR VIEW 3 AUTHOR

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FIGURE 89: BIRD’S-EYE VIEW AUTHOR

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FIGURE 90: PROJECT OVERVIEW SHOWING ALSHAHEED PARK (EDITED BY AUTHOR) 164 https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/kuwait-city-04152018-aerial-view-al-1072602983?src=library FIGURE 91: SECTION 1 AUTHOR

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FIGURE 92: SECTION 2 AUTHOR

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FIGURE 93: FOOTBALL FIELD IN HENNINGSVÆR, NORWAY 170 https://www.dreamstime.com/football-field-henningsvaer-above-football-field-henningsvaer-above-henningsvaer-fishing-village-located-image102074471 FIGURE 94: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE https://www.surveymonkey.com/

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FIGURE 95: DIAGRAM OF JUSTIFICATION FOR MULTI-USE STADIUM AUTHOR

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FIGURE 96: SEA CHAIR BY MEIS ARCHITECTS https://www.meisarchitects.com/seachairs/s3c8py7umkbwsjjyg7q6p9ce3wos4a

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FIGURE 97: TOKYO OLYMPIC STADIUM PROPOSAL IN CHINA BY ZAHA HADID https://www.archdaily.com/525708/zaha-hadid-architects-admits-modifications-to-tokyo-national-stadium-designs

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