Your father was a firefighter
“Hey mom!” He yelled from the attic door, “What’s these old heavy boots and hard hat for?”
With a lump in her throat and a tear stained cheek His mother swallowed and started to speak.
“Come here my son”, his mother said, “There’s things to tell when I clear my head.”
The past races madly through her mind. She searched her heart for the words to find.
At last she sighed and rubbed his hair And the words that followed I’d like to share.
“Those boots and helmet”, She said with pride, “Were worn by a man with grit inside.
He wore them to help people in need. Though facing danger would never concede.
Many a time in the dead of night He jumped in those boots and flashed out of sight To answer a call, not knowing for sure What danger or heartache he may have to endure.
Your father, my son, was not like most dads, It was mainly because of the job he had.
His life was devoted to all of mankind, Just why he chose it’s not clear in my mind.
I’ve often regretted the life that we led, When every third night I was alone in our bed.
But your mother is proud to say she was part Of a man who possessed such a courageous heart.
So the memories I’ve kept and the love I will save Are small consolations for the life that he gave.
Yet, for all his discomfort and all of his pain The time that he spent here was never in vain.”
I know full well these words to be true, And not one word did she misconstrue.
But from all my mother shared that day It’s these last few words I’d like to convey.
My mother, with tears, save a long loving sigh, And I knew what would follow was not meant to die.
With a smile so warm and a voice very weak, She kissed my young brow and started to speak… “Your father’s days here made others seem brighter, For your father, my son, was a firefighter”.
Poem by: Unknown Source: Brotherhood of Fire
4 Fire Services Contingency Planning 2024/2025 Summer Season by Dr Bongani Elias Sithole
Fighting fires in structures following arson attacks by Colin Deiner
protective equipment (PPE) 22 Light and comfortable to wear: Dräger SPC 4X00 liquid-tight splash suits offer reliable protection
25 NFPA new research project investigates lithium-ion battery fires’ impact on firefighters, PPE
26 How to care for firefighting gear between professional cleanings by Nick Magoteaux
31 Firexpo 2025: saving lives with fire safety
32 High-rise residential buildings and NFPA 13 residential sprinklers by Tim de Wit
36 Wildfire management training at Rugezi Swamps, Rwanda by Johann (Savage) Breytenbach
Wildfires in South Africa are set to increase: How legal action can help the country adapt better to climate change and it’s deadly impact by Professor Tracy-Lynn Field
Command Corner: Safe helicopter operations by Chief Tim Murphy
Toughest Firefighter Alive South Africa 2024 held in Mossel Bay
Emergency medical services (EMS)
56 Fatigue risk assessment of a HEMS crew working a 24/7 shift pattern: results of a prospective service evaluation by C Rose, E ter Avest and RM Lyon K9 Search and rescue (SAR) 62 An exploration of K9-assisted approaches as a component of disaster response by Morné Mommsen
Bunkō, the firefighting dog, Japan
Editor
Lee Raath-Brownie lee@fireandrescue.co
Cell 082 371 0190
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Design and layout
Marc Raath marc@fireandrescue.co
FRI newsletter production
Pierre du Plessis pierre@fireandrescue.co
Accounts and circulation
Kelebogile Chimaliro accounts@fireandrescue.co subs@fireandrescue.co
Secretary Kelebogile Chimaliro pa@fireandrescue.co
Administration Kelebogile Chimaliro
Contributions
Africa
Dr Bongani Elias Sithole
Colin Deiner
Tim de Wit
Johann (Savage) Breytenbach
Professor Tracy-Lynn Field
Morné Mommsen
Europe
Frank Preiss
C Rose
E ter Avest
RM Lyon
USA
Tim Murphy
Nick Magoteaux
Publisher
Lee Raath-Brownie
FIRE AND RESCUE INTERNATIONAL
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Comment
In this 64th edition of the Fire and Rescue International (FRI) magazine, we continue serving the emergency services and first responders, sharing technical and research articles, motivational leadership guidance as well as practical handson advice from experienced leaders. Enjoy the read!
Cover profile: Toughest Firefighter Alive South Africa 2024
The Toughest Firefighter Alive South Africa 2024 was an absolute fantastic experience! Hosted by the Mossel Bay Municipality for the third year, it brought together a record number of firefighters from all over the country as well as a special visitor and participant from Germany!
National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC)
Lee Raath-Brownie
The NDMC shares the Fire Services Contingency Planning for the 2024/2025 Summer Season.
New equipment launch
Industrial Fire and Hazard Control launched its Sentry Rescue Pumper recently. We share some photos and its specifications.
Profile
We profile Rural Metro Emergency Management Services and the company’s services, training and equipment information.
Products
We share the new foam proportioning systems in the FireDos ECO series that are available through DoseTech Fire.
Structural fires as a result of arson attacks
Colin Deiner’s article in this edition features fighting fires in structures following arson attacks where Deiner unpacks the intricacies in fighting these fires, preserving evidence for the fire investigators. He discusses the key elements and types of arson fires, firefighting operations and the firefighter’s role and the fire investigator.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
In our PPE feature, we highlight Dräger’s SPC 4X00 liquid-tight splash suits, share NFPA’s new research project, which is investigating the impact of lithium-ion battery fires on firefighters and PPE and Gear Washes Nick Magoteaux discusses how to care for firefighting gear between professional cleanings.
Fire design and engineering
TDW International Fire Consultancy’s Tim de Wit shares fire engineering, design and safety considerations in high-rise residential buildings and NFPA 13 residential sprinklers, featuring a recent project in Johannesburg CBD.
Wildland fires
The Free State Umbrella Fire Protection Association’s Johann (Savage) Breytenbach, shares the recent wildfire management training at Rugezi Swamps in Rwanda. We also feature Professor Tracy-Lynn Field of the University of the Witwatersrand’s article on wildfires in South Africa, which are set to increase and how legal action can help the country adapt better to climate change and it’s deadly impact. USA’s Chief Tim Murphy’s Command Corner discusses safe helicopter operations in this edition.
Emergency medical services (EMS)
We share a research paper on fatigue risk assessment of a HEMS crew working a 24/7 shift pattern: results of a prospective service evaluation written by C Rose, E ter Avest and RM Lyon, with permission from the Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine.
K9 Search and rescue (SAR)
In this edition, Morné Mommsen discusses an exploration of K9-assisted approaches as a component of disaster response.
We thank all our contributors, advertisers and readers for their continued support! Fire and Rescue International is your magazine. Read it, use it and share it!
Lee Raath-Brownie
Publisher
Congratulations to
Simon McDonnell for his photograph ‘The AW 119 Koala of the Air Mercy Service’, taken with a Canon 1Dx Mk2, with 28-300mm L USM lens.
Simon McDonnell wins this month’s prize money of R2 000!
Photo description:
The AW 119 Koala of the Air Mercy Service during Air Sea rescue ops in Fish Hoek, Cape Town.
Fire and Rescue International’s (FRI) bi monthly photographic competition is open to all its readers and offers you the opportunity of submitting your digital images of fires, fire fighters, disasters, incidents, emergencies and rescues.
Rules
• All photographs submitted must be high resolution (minimum 1meg) in jpeg format
• Allowed: cropping, curves, levels, colour saturation, contrast, brightness, sharpening but the faithful representation of a natural form, behaviour or phenomenon must be maintained
• Not allowed: cloning, merging/photo stitching, layering of two photos into one final frame, special effects digital filters
Fire and Rescue International (FRI) reserves the right to publish (printed or digitally) submitted photographs with acknowledgement to the photographer
• Winners will be chosen on the merit of their photograph
• The judge’s decision is final and no correspondence will be entered into afterwards
Entries must include:
Name of photographer
Contact details (not for publishing)
Email (not for publishing)
Name of photograph
Brief description of photograph including type of incident
Camera, lens and settings used
All entries must be emailed to: lee@fireandrescue.co
Fire Services Contingency Planning 2024/2025 Summer Season
By Dr Bongani Elias Sithole, Deputy Director General: Head - National Disaster Management Centre
As we approach the summer season, the National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC) assures the public that the country’s disaster management and fire services
are well-prepared to respond to the seasonal increase in fire incidents, floods and severe weather conditions across both coastal and inland provinces. With the heightened risk of veld fires, informal settlement fires, storms and potential floods, extensive interagency collaborations and readiness measures have been put in place to ensure a coordinated response to any emergencies.
Provincial summer contingency plans in action
The National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC), in collaboration with all Provincial Disaster Management Centres, has developed a comprehensive National Contingency Plan
establishing a robust state of readiness to effectively mitigate risks and ensure a coordinated and rapid response to potential emergencies during the upcoming summer season. Through strategic alignment and joint planning, the NDMC has reinforced its capacity to anticipate, manage and minimise the impact of disasters, prioritising the safety and resilience of communities nationwide.
Considering the increasing levels of disaster risk and exposure to severe weather conditions, the NDMC has facilitated comprehensive preparedness measures, coordinated at national, provincial and municipal levels. The key focus remains on saving lives, protecting property and maintaining critical infrastructure and services.
Planning protocols for the summer season are specifically designed to address preparedness for a broad range of risks, including inclement weather, flooding incidents, veldfires, informal settlement fires and special hazards such as search and rescue and hazardous materials incidents. In preparation for the season, municipal fire services have coordinated closely with their Provincial, Municipal and District Disaster Management Centres to ensure a state of readiness. Measures include
Dr Bongani Elias Sithole
implementing early warning systems, enhancing inter-agency communication and prepositioning firefighting resources in high-risk areas.
Coordinating structures
The National contingency summer season contingency plan details a multi-layered coordinating structure to effectively manage and respond to incidents during the summer season. Key coordinating structures include:
• National Disaster Management Joint Special Operations Command
• National Joint Flood Coordinating Committee (NJFCC)
• Inter Ministerial Committee on Disaster Management (ICDM)
• National Joints Operational and Intelligence Structure (NATJOINTS)
• Provincial/Municipal disaster Management Centres
• DFFE: Natural Resources Management Branch –(Working on Fire Programme activation)
Earlier in 2024, the National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC) engaged with the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE) to request the redistribution of their unused firefighting and support vehicles to municipalities, aiming to strengthen local firefighting capabilities. The DFFE agreed to the request and the unbundling process is now underway across provinces to bolster the capacity of municipalities ahead of the upcoming summer firefighting season. This strategic redistribution of resources reflects a collaborative effort between the DFFE and NDMC to ensure that municipal firefighting services are better equipped to respond effectively to wildfires and other emergencies, particularly in high-risk regions.
Key impacts of the national contingency plan
The contingency plan for the summer season has been strategically developed to deliver several crucial impacts aimed at enhancing disaster
preparedness and response capabilities across all levels. The key impacts include enhanced coordination and rapid response, improved community resilience and risk reduction, efficient use of resources and asset allocation, effective incident management and communication, robust early warning and information systems
Key safety messages to communities
Stay informed and act on warnings, prepare for floods and severe weather, prevent and prepare for fires, have an emergency plan, secure property and infrastructure, Know the key emergency numbers within your area, look out for vulnerable community members, avoid hazardous areas.
By reinforcing these key messages and impacts, the national contingency plan aims to build a culture of preparedness and safety within communities, ensuring they are well-equipped to respond effectively to emergencies during the summer season.
Industrial Fire and Hazard Control launches the revolutionary Sentry Rescue Pumper
In a significant leap forward for firefighting technology and performance, Industrial Fire and Hazard Control, together with Rural
Metro Emergency Management Services, proudly announces the launch of our latest innovation: the Sentry Rescue Pumper. Designed
with cutting-edge technology and practical functionality, the Sentry Rescue Pumper promises to redefine operational efficiency and safety in emergency response.
A game-changer in firefighting vehicles
The Sentry Rescue Pumper has been meticulously engineered to meet the dynamic needs of modern firefighting. Featuring a state-of-the-art chassis cab, high performance pumping system and advanced rescue tools integration, this vehicle offers unparalleled versatility and performance. Whether tackling structural fires, conducting vehicle extrications,
or managing hazardous material incidents, the Sentry is built to excel in any scenario.
Key features of the Sentry Rescue Pumper include:
State-of-the-art chassis cab: the Sentry utilises the Scania P360 XT double cab chassis as the platform for the firefighting superstructure. The Scania P360 is fitted with the Scania manufactured and certified crew cab that is considered one of the safest crew cabs in the world.
Integrated SCBA crew seats:
The Scania crew cab is fitted with the Industrial Fire integrated SCBA crew seats.
High-performance pump system: Capable of delivering exceptional water flow and pressure, ensuring rapid fire suppression in critical situations. The pump system is fitted with an integrated foam system.
Integrated rescue tools:
Equipped with hydraulic and electric tools for swift and efficient extrication operations. The battery-operated hydraulic rescue equipment is mounted in slide-out trays for ease of access and swift reaction at an incident.
Advanced safety features:
Designed with firefighter protection in mind, including ergonomic controls, heat-
resistant materials, and cuttingedge lighting systems for nighttime operations.
Fold-down steps: Access to the far reaches of all compartments to allow for maximum storage utilisation, is provided by bespoke fold-down steps.
Equipment mounting: All equipment is mounted with specially engineered brackets and on slide-out toolboards and slide-out trays.
Polypropylene water and foam tanks: The water and foam tanks are manufactured in-house utilising polypropylene material for extended operational life.
Beam ladder gantry: The firefighting extension ground ladders are mounted to a beam ladder gantry that allows the removal of the ladders from the ground without the need to access the deck.
Meeting industry challenges head-on
“The Sentry Rescue Pumper is more than just a vehicle; it’s a comprehensive solution to the complex challenges faced by today’s firefighters,” said Trevor Fiford, director of Industrial Fire and Hazard Control. “Our team has worked tirelessly to ensure that the Sentry not only meets but exceeds industry standards for performance, reliability and safety.”
This launch comes at a critical time when fire departments worldwide are facing increasing demands due to urban expansion, climate change and the complexity of emergencies. The Sentry Rescue Pumper is Industrial Fire and Hazard Control’s answer to these challenges, offering a reliable partner in the battle to save lives and property.
A commitment to innovation and quality
Industrial Fire and Hazard
Control has built a reputation for excellence in firefighting solutions and the Sentry Rescue Pumper is a testament to the company’s commitment to innovation. From its robust design to its advanced features, to the innovative large dimensional aluminium extruded frame, the Sentry embodies the company’s mission to deliver products that empower first responders to perform their duties with confidence and efficiency.
The vehicle’s development involved extensive collaboration with firefighters, engineers and safety experts, ensuring that every aspect of its design reflects the real-world needs of emergency responders.
Looking to the future
As Industrial Fire and Hazard Control continues to push the boundaries of firefighting technology, the Sentry Rescue Pumper marks a bold step into the future. The company remains committed to providing innovative solutions that support the critical work of first responders and ensure safer, more effective emergency operations.
For more information about the Sentry Rescue Pumper and other firefighting solutions, visit: www.industrialfire.co.za
Or reach out to Trevor Fiford
Cell: 082 651 2580 or at Email: trevor@industrialfire.co.za.
Rural Metro Emergency Management Services
Rural Metro Emergency Management Services (Pty) Ltd proudly leads the industry as the premier provider of fire and rescue services, training, disaster management services and fire risk management solutions across the African continent. With a steadfast commitment to excellence and safety, Rural Metro stands at the forefront of emergency preparedness and response.
Core services
Fire rescue services
Rural Metro boasts a highly trained and equipped fire brigade,
ready to respond swiftly to any fire emergency. Our teams excel in containment, suppression and rescue operations, ensuring the protection of lives and property.
Training and disaster management services
Our internationally accredited Training Academy offers a comprehensive range of courses covering firefighting, rescue techniques, hazmat response, occupational health and safety and disaster management. We empower individuals and organizations with the knowledge and skills necessary to mitigate risks and manage emergencies effectively.
Fire risk management and assessments
Leveraging our expertise, Rural Metro conducts thorough risk assessments and develops customised fire risk management plans to safeguard against potential hazards. We provide tailored solutions to mitigate risks and enhance overall safety.
Hazmat operational response
Rural Metro operates a specialised Hazmat response unit compliant with NFPA standards, ensuring swift and safe management of hazardous materials incidents. Our teams are equipped to handle a wide
range of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear emergencies.
Additional services
• Fire and rescue standby
• Emergency evacuation planning
• Disaster management plans
• Disaster management software
• Policy development
• Operational disaster response
• Legal compliance
• Fire safety consultations
• Integrated incident management
• Call-taking and dispatch
• Fire investigations
Accredited agent for leading manufacturers
Rural Metro is proud to serve as the accredited agent for renowned manufacturers, including:
• Oshkosh airport rescue fire fighting vehicles: Providing top-of-the-line airport rescue firefighting vehicles to ensure
the safety and security of aviation facilities.
• Pierce Manufacturing: Offering a wide range of firefighting apparatus, including pumpers, aerial ladders, platforms, industrial vehicles, aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) and rescue, intervention and support vehicles (RIVs).
• Weber Hydraulics: Supplying high-quality hydraulic rescue tools and equipment for efficient extrication and rescue operations.
At Rural Metro Emergency Management Services (Pty)
Ltd, we are dedicated to setting the standard for excellence in emergency management and fire protection. With our comprehensive services, cutting-edge technology and unwavering commitment to
safety, we stand ready to meet the evolving needs of our clients and communities across Africa.
Our proven track record speaks volumes, demonstrating our ability to deliver exceptional results and provide peace of mind to our clients. By prioritising continuous improvement and innovation, we have positioned ourselves as leaders in the fire risk and emergency management sector.
Contact Rural Metro Emergency Management Services: Head office
Tel: +27 (0) 33 345 0080 or Email: headoffice@ruralmetrosa.com
Training Academy
Tel: +27 (0) 33 413 4040 or Email: training@ruralmetrosa.com
www.ruralmetro.co.za
FireDos ECO: New extremely economical foam proportioner for extinguishing systems
The new foam proportioning systems in the FireDos ECO series have been specially developed for extinguishing systems with high quality requirements, but which require few special features for the proportioner and do not need FM approval or VdS certification. This results in an
extremely favourable price, which makes the FireDos ECO devices so attractive for system planners.
Another advantage: fast delivery times thanks to sale from stock.
FireDos ECO comprises three different sizes with an extinguishing water flow rate
of 300 to 4 000l/min. The proportioning rate is 3%. Like all FireDos proportioners, the devices in the ECO series have a purely mechanical design and are independent of external energy.
Best price guarantee: focus on the essentials In order to be able to offer
system planners a high-quality proportioning system at the best price, extensive accessories have been omitted. Only flanges and a flow meter for calculating the proportioning rate are available as optional equipment.
For foam agents with different viscosities
FireDos ECO proportioners are suitable for foam concentrates with a wide viscosity range, as shown in the following table:
Foam agents to be used must be below the specified values at all specified points.
Environmentally friendly testing of the proportioning rate
Like the other FireDos proportioners, FireDos ECO enables simple and environmentally friendly testing of the proportioning rate without generating extinguishing foam or premix that has to be disposed of at high cost.
Robust construction
The new FireDos ECO proportioning systems have a robust design for a flow direction from left to right and are designed for an operating pressure of up to 12 bar as
standard. Different discharge heights or pulsation do not affect the devices.
New: Compact portable proportioner DZ1000 Light
The new DZ1000 light portable proportioning system is an even more compact and lightweight solution for mobile firefighting. Like its predecessor, the DZ1000, the DZ1000 light is also suitable for a variety of extinguishing scenarios and is therefore ideal for use in fighting forest fires or vegetation fires with wetting agent.
As the portable proportioning systems are used in harsh environments, the DZ1000 light is also designed to be very robust and durable. The dimensions and weight have been adapted to suit mobile operating conditions.
Even more compact, even lighter With dimensions of 500 x 400 x
317 mm, the device is extremely compact. It weighs less than 25kg and can therefore be carried by just one person. The DZ1000 light offers maximum flexibility in mobile use and guarantees precise proportioning of the foam compound over the entire operating range from 140l/ min to 1 000l/min.
For the production of wetting agent and extinguishing foam
The proportioning rates of 0,1% for wetting agent and 1% for extinguishing foam can be easily switched in a few simple steps during operation and thus optimally adapted to varying extinguishing scenarios. Due to its low surface tension, wetting agent penetrates deep into the burning material and thus increases the extinguishing success compared to water or foam.
For all application scenarios DZ1000 light is suitable for
all common types of foam concentrate. The devices are also ideal for pulse extinguishing. This is because the portable proportioners guarantee a constant proportioning rate even with fluctuating flow rates. All types of nozzles can also be
connected, regardless of their height difference, eg when used on turntable ladders.
Available directly from stock. FireDos equipment and products are available from DoseTech Fire in South Africa through Mike Feldon.
The new DZ1000 light portable proportioning system is ideal for use in fighting forest fires or vegetation fires with wetting agent
Aerial ladders.
www.rosenbauer.com
Aerial ladder L32
Rescue operations depend on the reliability, speed and flexibility of the operational equipment. Fire fighters are constantly confronted with new local conditions and operational challenges. Rosenbauer works closely with rescue personnel and draws upon their experience to continuously develop products that ensure the best possible safety. With a working height of 32 m and a set-up time of only 70 seconds the L32A-XS is providing emergency crews with best possible support in their work. The compact design, with a jack width of only 4.85 m and the infinitely variable and individually adjustable outriggers guarantee a safe operation in any confined working conditions. The Rosenbauer Aerial Ladders are available from 20 m up to 64 m.
Municipal vehicles.
ET Efficient Technology
The ET series is developed and built for international municipal and mining applications. ET combines tried and tested Rosenbauer technologies with a consistently economical construction method. High degree of standardization with a variety of modular design options and a large number of optional components! This combination makes ET an efficient all-rounder with the exact equipment you need for your operations. The ET series is proudly built in South Africa.
Fighting fires in structures following arson attacks
By Colin Deiner, chief director, Disaster Management and Fire Brigade Services, Western Cape Government
The deliberate starting of a fire, more commonly referred to as arson, poses several unique challenges to responding fire services. Having to identify a possible arson attack, preserve evidence and be aware of the hazards associated with a rapidly spreading fire, are some of the issues the incident command team will have to be concerned with throughout the incident.
Depending on the mechanism used to perpetrate the attack it could be either rather easy or
extremely difficult to identify the cause of an arson attack on a structure. It is not my intention to write an article on the role of fire investigators and the science of fire cause determination here. I am hereby offering some thoughts on the steps that should be taken by operational fire crews and their respective command structures, right up to the incident command staff, to ensure that an effective and meaningful fire cause investigation can be undertaken following the conclusion of their activities.
Arson: key elements and types
By definition arson is always an intentional act where there is a desire to cause harm, damage or destruction to property, which can include personal property, real estate or natural environments. Arson can also be used to hide a more sinister intent such as ending someone’s life and is essentially an illegal act as it violates criminal laws designed to protect property and public safety.
Investigators will confirm that setting fire to commercial
properties, including offices, factories, warehouses and stores is the most common form of arson they encounter, however, it is also prevalent in residential buildings such as houses, apartments or condominiums.
Deliberately burning cars, trucks or other vehicles are unfortunately fairly common in this country particularly during protests by disgruntled public transport users, taxi owners or political extremists.
Two other forms of arson are in the rural space with the intentional starting of fires in forests, grasslands or other natural areas as well as informal settlements where the intentions vary from personal attacks on individual shack dwellers or factional conflict.
Investigators/investigations
Investigating fires potentially caused by arson typically involves multiple organisations that bring together specialised expertise in fire investigation, law enforcement and forensic analysis. While almost all will want to determine the cause of the fire, they may also have differing motives depending on their role.
Many fire departments will have a specialised fire investigation unit within their fire safety division. Fire investigators within this unit are trained to determine the cause of fires. They assess the scene, collect evidence and identify signs of arson. They are usually the fire investigators from the various agencies on scene and it is critical that they observe the progress of the fire while it is still being brought under control. Crucial evidence, which might be compromised or destroyed as a
result of the firefighting activities, may be identified and collected or protected during this phase.
Police services will also often assist in arson investigations, especially when there is evidence of criminal activity. They work alongside fire investigators to collect evidence, interview witnesses and pursue suspects.
The private sector will also get involved when property insured against fire damage is involved, insurance companies often conduct their own investigations to determine the cause of the fire and assess claims. These investigators may work independently or collaborate with public sector investigators.
Insurance companies or even governmental agencies’ inspectors will have access to forensics science labs who may need to conduct detailed analyses of fire debris to detect accelerants and other evidence of arson. They use advanced techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify chemical residues.
I have also been involved in instances where private fire science and forensics investigators have been hired in by property owners or insurance companies to conduct independent investigations.
It is therefore clear that many major fires that indicate a suspicious or unnatural origin might go through a range of investigative processes. The task of the various investigators will be made that much doable if they are provided with the maximum amount of evidence after the fire crews have left the scene.
Firefighting – where it starts!
The early response, arrival and size-up will be the first step in the process. It will always be the first priority of the initial responding units to identify any immediate threats to life and execute rescue operations if necessary. Concurrently, efforts to contain and extinguish the fire begin to prevent it from spreading to adjacent exposures.
The incident commander’s (IC) initial size-up should provide some clues as to the origin of
the fire and the pattern of the fire spread. Indicators such as multiple points of origin, the presence of accelerants, unusual fire behaviour and obstacles hindering access, can suggest intentional ignition.
If it is at all possible, it is at this point where the IC should initiate efforts to protect whatever evidence he/she can and, if even try to remove any objects that might be of value to the investigators later. Examples of evidence that may be collected in the early stage of the incident include remnants of accelerants, incendiary devices, witness testimonies and surveillance footage.
Fire departments should ensure that their Fire Safety Division’s officials are also on a standby register and will be able to respond along with their operational crews. Too often in recent times I have heard of services removing their fire inspectors from standby due to budget constraints. This should not happen. Again, the value of having fire investigators at a working fire early must be appreciated and accepted as a crucial component of providing an effective ‘full service’ offering to the public.
The fire investigator should, after arrival, assume responsibility for securing the area of interest and preserving evidence. Firefighters should work diligently along with fire investigators to protect the area from contamination or tampering. This involves restricting access to authorised personnel only and providing space for the careful documenting of potential evidence. It would often be difficult for this to be done in a controlled manner due to the demands of the firefighting and possible rescue operations in progress.
Weighing up the risk and benefit to both these activities must be carefully done without placing an unnecessarily high priority on
one or the other if not entirely necessary eg the fire may already have been brought under control to the extent that work on the investigation can already commence in that specific area. Conversely, a fire investigator must realise that the nozzle teams might have to move into a sensitive area (and possibly) damage evidence to control the fire.
Having a good understanding of each other’s needs and objectives on a fire ground will greatly assist in both being achieved. Fire Safety divisions should develop programmes whereby the operational firefighters in their service can regularly participate in training programmes focused on arson detection, investigation and evidence preservation. These programmes will enhance their skills in recognising arson indicators, collecting and documenting evidence and working alongside law enforcement and forensic experts.
The firefighter’s role
Clearly the fire investigator will have a different role during the fire than the firefighters who comprise the entry and fire control teams.
Fire investigators may not be able to enter a structure while the fire is not yet under control and will rely on the entry teams to provide information which may be crucial to the resulting investigation. Equipped with the right knowledge and skills, firefighters will be able to identify the clues that will be needed.
These clues include the following:
• Points of origin: If the fire appears to have started in more than one location and if there are multiple points of origin, it could indicate arson. Also, try to identify and protect the area where the fire seems to have started to prevent further damage to potential evidence.
• Unusual fire behaviour: If the fire spreads unusually rapidly, it might suggest the use of accelerants. Take note of any unusual colours or odours in the smoke, which can indicate the presence of flammable liquids or chemicals.
• Presence of accelerants: Accelerants could create unusual burn patterns. Also, be alert to the presence of fuel cans, bottles or other containers that could have held accelerants.
• Forced entry: Broken windows, pried doors or other evidence of unauthorised entry are signs that could indicate arson.
• Disabled fire protection systems: Check for tampered fire alarms, disabled sprinklers or cut fire hoses that could indicate intentional sabotage.
The fire investigator
Fire investigators already present on the scene will need to identify individuals who are, in various ways, involved in the affected property. This could include the owners, management, employees or just
onlookers. It will be important to gather preliminary statements from witnesses or bystanders who may have seen the fire start or observed suspicious activity. They should note any individuals acting suspiciously at the scene, especially those attempting to access the fire area or interfering with the activities of the fire department. Any reports of vehicles seen leaving the scene or parked nearby under unusual circumstances should be followed up.
Certain structural specialists might be needed after an incident to assess the structural stability of the structural elements involved in the fire and to check if they had possibly been compromised before the fire. Checking the status of electrical, gas and water systems should also be done as tampering or malfunctions might provide clues.
Arsonists may have considered the prevailing weather conditions before starting a fire and using this information to ensure a rapid spread. It is therefore advisable to document the weather at the time of the fire, as wind direction and speed can affect fire spread and investigation.
Final thoughts
While it is not the function of the first responders to assume the role of a fire investigator they can play an important role in assisting the fire investigators to properly determine the cause of the fire and the possibility of an act of arson. By making a conscious effort to avoid disturbing evidence and minimising movement in and around the suspected point of origin you can mostly avoid contaminating or destroying evidence.
Finally, be observant! Record any immediate observations and actions during firefighting and report these to your commander as soon as you are able to safely do so.
After the fire is extinguished, firefighters should compile their observations and report them to fire investigators. This information can be crucial in forming an initial hypothesis about the fire’s cause.
My final thought is for the management structures: Don’t cut your fire safety budget by curtailing their investigators’ early response to a fire. The short term saving will become a longer term regret.
Light and comfortable to wear: Dräger SPC 4X00 liquid-tight splash suits offer reliable protection
Light and comfortable to wear: Dräger SPC 4X00 liquid-tight splash suits offer reliable protection against the finest particles and powders, many concentrated inorganic acids and alkaline solutions and are also resistant to a wide variety of organic liquid chemicals. They are CE-certified and classified as type 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Reliable protection, yet light and comfortable No matter what your job requires, these suits offer suitable
protection for any application. Choose from three different designs:
• Dräger SPC 4400 overall with hood: The suit opens in front and is ideal for convenient single use.
• Dräger SPC 4800 protective suit with facial cuff: This model is equipped with gloves and permanently integrated socks.
• Dräger SPC 4900 full-body protective suit with visor: This suit offers connected gloves and socks and is ideal for use with internal compressed air
breathing apparatus worn inside the suit.
Dräger SPC 4400: The ideal protective suit for simple tasks The one-piece overalls are available in two different materials (CPM and CLF). The ends of the hood, sleeves and legs are fitted with an elastic band and a thumb loop. The zip runs along the centre of the front and, in the version made from CPM, it is fitted with two cover panels, including adhesive strips. The CLF version is fitted
with hook-and-loop fasteners instead of tape, enabling limited use. There is a cover panel in the throat area as well, for safely sealing off the suit. The overalls are designed for use with singleuse dust masks, half- or full-face masks, compressed air breathing apparatuses or compressed airline devices.
Dräger SPC 4800: Advanced protection
What sets the Dräger SPC 4800 apart is its unique face cuff, which is also built into the gas-tight Dräger CPS. It is soft, flexible and exceptionally easy to handle and wear. The onepiece overalls with liquid-tight bonded seams are equipped with permanently integrated gloves, socks with cuffs as well as a zip on the back. This makes it unnecessary to waste time taping up the suit. It is designed for use with full-face masks in combination with a compressed air breathing apparatus, an air purifying respirator or a compressed air hose device.
Dräger SPC 4900: Total protection for workers and their equipment
Like the SPC 4800, the SPC 4900 features permanently integrated gloves and socks and opens in the back. Instead of the hood with face cuff, the SPC 4900 features an extra-large hood with a visor. The suit is used with a full-face mask in combination with a compressed air breathing apparatus. The compressed air breathing apparatus is worn underneath the suit, protecting all the equipment against any contamination.
Visit: www.draeger.com/en_za/ Products/SPC-4400-4800-4900
The Dräger SPC 4400 one-piece overalls are available in two different materials (CPM and CLF)
The Dräger SPC 4800 offers a unique face cuff, which is also built into the gas-tight Dräger CPS
Dräger SPC 4900 offers total protection for workers and their equipment
NFPA new research project investigates lithium-ion battery fires’ impact on firefighters, PPE
Through newly awarded funding from the US Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) FEMA Assistance to Firefighters Fire Prevention and Safety Grant programme, the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) , the research affiliate of the National Fire Protection Association® (NFPA®), is conducting a three-year, $1,06 million study to investigate the impacts of lithium-ion battery fires on the fire service. The research focuses on harmful chemical exposures to firefighters and the procedures needed to ensure that personal protective equipment (PPE) is effectively decontaminated to limit secondary exposures.
Called “Lithium-ion battery fires: Initial investigation into contamination, cleaning efficacy and firefighter exposures,” the project will be led by FPRF along with the project partners: North Carolina State University, the Illinois Fire Service Institute and Command and Control, LLC.
“Lithium-ion battery fires pose unique challenges due to their intense heat, potential for explosions and release of toxic gases,” said Amanda Kimball, executive director of FPRF. “These incidents not only endanger firefighters but also the public, as these batteries are commonly found in consumer products and electric vehicles.”
Lithium-ion battery fires pose unique challenges due to their intense heat
Kimball notes that the study is particularly timely given the recent classification of firefighting as a Group 1 known human carcinogen, highlighting the critical need to better understand and mitigate the risks associated with exposure to hazardous contaminants from battery fires.
The research project will involve two main phases. The first focuses on characterising the contamination from lithiumion battery fires, employing a small-scale live burn apparatus for controlled contamination of PPE materials; analysing fieldcontaminated gear from fire departments and evaluating the efficacy of standard and enhanced cleaning procedures. The second phase aims to establish protocols for evaluating firefighter exposures through environmental and biological sampling, comparing
controlled burns exposure with typical residential and battery fuel packages.
The overall goal of the research is to build a comprehensive understanding of the types of contaminants specific to battery fires and the efficacy of standard cleaning procedures for decontaminating PPE. The study expects to develop thorough protocols for sampling firefighters, both biologically and environmentally, which will be verified through full-scale LIB battery fire responses.
The project is expected to be completed in September 2027. The findings to be disseminated to the fire service through technical reports, conferences, webinars and training sessions, with the goal of leading to actionable guidelines for PPE decontamination and improved safety protocols.
How to care for firefighting gear between professional cleanings
By Nick Magoteaux, business development and military contract manager, Gear Wash, US
The US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed PPE care and guidelines to protect the health and safety of the fire service. The NFPA 1851 standard was created to establish proper PPE maintenance and limit the exposure of fire ground contaminants to firefighters.
The NFPA 1851 Standard covers the selection, care and maintenance of structural and proximity firefighting PPE. It
is a comprehensive guide to keeping gear in top shape and maintaining peak performance while helping to reduce your risk of health and safety issues commonly associated with improper PPE maintenance, contamination or wear.
Ensuring the longevity of their gear is a fundamental responsibility for every firefighter. Gear Wash, a subsidiary of Fire-Dex and the largest thirdparty verified Independent Service Provider (ISP) for PPE
care and maintenance in the world, recognises the critical significance of maintaining a top-tier programme for the inspection, cleaning and repair of firefighting ensembles.
In its mission to ensure the longevity and effectiveness of essential garments, Gear Wash presents the following guide on how to properly clean gloves, helmets, turnout gear, hoods and boots. In all instances, the person managing the gear should don the proper
PPE, which is at a minimum is a set of examination-grade gloves, an apron and safety glasses as a safeguard against potential exposure to hazardous substances that might be present on these items.
Gear Care:
a vital NFPA requirement
In 2020, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) implemented significant revisions to its NFPA 1851 standard. These revisions introduced notable changes to the minimum requirements for gear inspections and cleanings. Moreover, they emphasise the fire department’s obligation to document all cleaning procedures and to ensure that personnel receive proper training in the correct maintenance protocols for protective clothing.
NFPA 1851 places a strong emphasis on safeguarding the performance properties of
firefighting gear. Exposure to heat, smoke and hazardous substances can compromise the materials used in the construction of such garments as well as diminish their protective barrier properties. At a minimum, the NFPA recommends all issued gear be inspected annually and be machine cleaned at least twice a year, once every six months. Mandated machine cleanings can be performed by the gear manufacturer or by a verified ISP. Per NFPA 1851, independent laboratories are required to conduct annual verifications of ISPs to ensure their capability in effectively eliminating contaminants and carcinogens from protective garments.
However, maintaining gear is not solely reliant on periodic professional cleaning. By combining these services with self-maintenance, fire departments can optimise their gear’s useful lifespan, ultimately
ensuring it remains in optimal condition to safeguard both their own wellbeing and the communities they protect.
Inspection is the first step
In the September issue we discussed how to inspect firefighting gear for wear and tear. Prior to cleaning, all garments must be carefully examined for structural issues or problems with the fabric, including signs of soiling or contamination that can pose a health risk. Gear that is visibly damaged may also require mending before it is returned to service. If you are unsure of how to properly assess the condition of your gear, be sure to consult a third-party verified ISP for guidance.
How to clean gloves
Before we delve into the cleaning process, it’s crucial to remember that firefighting gloves should never be subjected to machine washing,
which involves mechanical action through tumbling or agitation, unless specifically recommended otherwise. It is always best practice to refer to the glove manufacturer’s recommendations for cleaning.
To start, prepare a utility sink or a large container with warm water, maintaining a temperature below 105 degrees Fahrenheit or 40 degrees Celsius and add a mild detergent with a pH ranging from 6.0 to 10.5, following the manufacturer’s suggested ratio of detergent to water. Note that when dealing with gloves, helmets, turnout gear, hoods or boots, the initial step in the procedure will consistently involve preparing the warm water/mild detergent bath described here.
Next put the firefighting gloves on over the examination gloves and briskly rub them together to ensure thorough cleaning of all surfaces, employing a soft bristle
brush for the exterior surfaces if needed. Then remove the firefighting gloves, while leaving the examination gloves on and refill the sink or container with clean water before meticulously rinsing both the interior and exterior of the firefighting gloves.
Avoid wringing the gloves dry; instead, gently squeeze out excess water. Drying should occur at ambient or slightly elevated temperatures, never exceeding 105 degrees Fahrenheit or 40 degrees Celsius. Consider using equipment that facilitates airflow into the glove interior for expedited drying. Finally, hang the gloves in a cool, dry, shaded location to complete the process.
How to clean helmets
Like gloves, helmets should never find their way into a washing machine or tumble dryer, as the mechanical action involved can damage them. Instead, opt for a meticulous hand-cleaning
process using the described water/detergent bath. Begin by removing all detachable components, such as ear covers, suspension covers and goggles, which should be washed and dried separately. Textile-based detachable components can be either hand-washed individually or included in a washer extractor load with other items like garments or hoods. Once these components are safely set aside, it’s time to begin the helmet’s wash.
Carefully hand-wash any attached face shields with a soft cloth and employ a soft bristle brush to access hard-to-reach areas between components, thoroughly scrubbing both the exterior and interior of the helmet.
Following the wash, refill the sink or container to ensure a complete rinse before allowing the helmet to air dry. Use a soft towel to aid the drying process if needed.
How to clean turnout gear
The meticulous process begins with separating the outer shell from the liner, then securing all closures, from pockets to zippers, ensuring no elements escape cleaning. Washing machines used should meet specific criteria, including programmable settings for detergent application, water temperature, cycle type and more, all while adhering to a safe G-force limit. If you are uncertain what parameters your washing machine has compared to NFPA 1851, it is best to consult your washing machine servicing provider.
Avoid overloading or underloading the washer. Also keep water temperature below 105 degrees Fahrenheit or 40 degrees Celsius. Separately washing the garment liner from
the outer shell is recommended, using mild detergents within the pH range of 6.0 to 10.5. Be sure to steer clear of harsh chemicals like chlorine bleach or solvents. The washing cycle will typically involve filling the wash basket, adding detergent and performing multiple rinses and separate extractions between wash/rinse steps depending on the gear manufacturer’s recommendations.
Once the gear is clean and odour-free, it’s time for the drying process. Avoid sunlight, fluorescent or UV light during this phase. Opt for air drying or specially designed air-drying cabinets. Alternatively, utilise dryers (or place ensembles in well-ventilated areas) where temperatures do not exceed 105 degrees Fahrenheit or 40 degrees Celsius. Only when ensembles are completely dry
should they be deemed ready for duty once more.
How to clean hoods
It’s crucial to remember that hoods can be either hand- or machine-washed, either independently or with liners, depending on the manufacturer’s specific cleaning instructions.
For manual cleaning, start by allowing the hood to pre-soak for at least 10 minutes in the water/ detergent bath, then gently rub the material, starting with the exterior and then turning it inside out. A soft washcloth can assist in cleaning. Be cautious not to stretch the hood.
After thorough rinsing, prepare the hood for air drying. Avoid wringing it out; instead, gently squeeze to remove excess
water. Lay the hood on a drying rack or a suitable surface that encourages water drainage.
For machine washable and dryable hoods, as well as particulate-blocking hoods, be sure to follow the manufacturer’s provided procedures.
How to clean boots
Begin by gently scrubbing the interior of the boots with a soft bristle brush, ensuring no area is overlooked. Then, proceed to scrub the exterior, leaving no surface uncleaned.
Once the thorough scrubbing is complete, rinse both the interior and exterior of the boots with clean water. If you lack specialised drying equipment, hang the boots upside down to dry, taking care to prevent water run-off from creating slip hazards. Optionally, for leather footwear, a sealant, conditioning or polish can be applied after the boots have fully dried, as specified by the manufacturer.
Knowing when to retire your gear
It’s imperative to remain vigilant when it comes to the condition of your gear. Any garments that exhibit conspicuous signs of soiling or distress should immediately be set aside
for thorough cleaning and, if necessary, repair. Equally vital is the ability to discern when care and maintenance alone cannot salvage your gear. While NFPA guidelines stipulate a 10-year lifespan from the date of manufacture, there are instances when gear should be retired well before reaching that decade mark.
Several factors may necessitate the retirement of bunker gear before it reaches the 10-year threshold:
• Contamination from an incident that renders it either unsafe to handle or incapable of being adequately cleaned for further use.
• Prolonged exposure to extreme fireground temperatures resulting in substantial damage to its protective properties.
• The gear has incurred irreparable damage or has deteriorated beyond the scope of repair.
• Maintenance costs have surpassed the remaining useful life of the gear, rendering it financially impractical to keep.
Various other circumstances can compromise gear effectiveness, underlining the importance of having it professionally serviced by a certified ISP. An expert eye can be beneficial for knowing the optimal time to retire gear.
PPE care and maintenance facilities employ specially designed laundry detergents to ensure the safe cleaning of turnout fabrics, materials and hardware. Additionally, soaking these materials in EPAregistered laundry sanitisers is a crucial step in preserving the effectiveness of firefighting gear
against a broad spectrum of viruses and bacteria.
Keep gear clean
Adhering strictly to NFPA 1851 guidelines can significantly prolong the lifespan of firefighting gear. It is essential to heed the recommendations provided by gear manufacturers and maintain a regular cleaning routine for all garments. Further utilizing verified ISPs for laundering gear at least twice a year is paramount as it optimizes the functionality of advanced fabrics, concurrently reducing the risk of secondary exposure to hazardous toxins and carcinogens. Many ISPs also offer repair and alteration services and make rental gear accessible for departments facing temporary needs. During periods when turnouts are not in active use, departments should allocate time to meticulously inspect and maintain their gear.
This important routine can foster a safer approach to the dangers firefighters face every day. Visit www.gearwash.com for service locations and guidance on NFPA 1851 requirements.
Nick Magoteaux has served in several roles within public safety during his 20-year career. He is currently the business development and military contract manager for Gear Wash. Nick is an advocate for firefighter health and safety on a local and national level. He serves on the board of directors for the Tri-State FACE Team, the Carney Strong Initiative and is the co-founder of the Firefighter Health and Wellness Conference. Nick has his Associates of Fire Science from Columbia Southern University.
Nick Magoteaux
Firexpo 2025: saving lives with fire safety technology
Nothing is more important than securing the safety of a building’s occupants during an emergency. The fire protection landscape is evolving swiftly, fuelled by technological advancements designed to improve safety and efficiency in fire detection, control, and suppression. These innovations are transforming traditional methods and establishing new safety standards in both residential and commercial spaces.
Firexpo, being held at Gallagher Convention Centre in Midrand from 3 to 5 June 2025, is focused on providing building owners and managers with the appropriate fire safety tools to mitigate fire risks. Co-located with Securex South Africa, A-OSH EXPO and Facilities Management Expo, Firexpo reduces the time needed to find the latest fire detection and suppression products and services, all under one roof.
“Visitors to Firexpo are seeking solutions to their specific issues,
and the exhibitors at the expo are able to provide them with products and services precisely suited to these differing needs. They understand that the fire safety and protection objectives of a hospital or assisted living facility are going to be the difference from an industrial warehouse, for example. Firexpo exhibitors provide valuable advice on the most appropriate course of action when selecting the correct solutions for each application,” says Mark Anderson, portfolio director at Specialised Exhibitions, a division of Montgomery Group. “There are multiple benefits for the suppliers of these fire safety products and services when exhibiting at Firexpo. These include having a large captive audience interacting with them over the concentrated three-day period, and the fact that there is a natural flow-through from the other co-located expos, meaning that visitors who initially came looking for security, OSH or FM solutions, might very well source their fire safety solutions at the
Mark Anderson, portfolio director at Specialised Exhibition, a division of Montgomery Group
same time. You need to ask the question: ‘Where else will you find almost 11 000 potential buyers in one venue?’,” says Anderson.
Anderson adds that the free-toattend Firexpo Seminar Theatre (launched in 2024) proved to be a big drawcard for visitors. “This was complemented by the visitors attending the free-to-attend seminar theatres and other visitor attractions like the K9 demo, the SAIDSA Techman Competition and the drone displays. The expos are beneficial to both visitors and exhibitors. To find out more about the expo, visit the website www. firexpo.co.za,” says Anderson.
See some of the Firexpo 2024 highlights here: YouTube
Organisations wishing to exhibit at Firexpo 2025 can contact the Firexpo team on zelda.jordaan@ montgomerygroup.com or johan.vanheerden@ montgomerygroup.com to book a space or capitalise on a sponsorship opportunity.
High-rise residential buildings and NFPA 13 residential sprinklers
By Tim de Wit, TDW International Fire Consultancy cc
Striving towards safe buildings from a fire safety and fire prevention point of view, remain the key objectives of designers. New challenges are facing designers every day, not only in South Africa but in the entire world. Alternative energy, energy storage and social economic circumstances immediately will come to mind.
Fire statistics indicate a very sharp increase in fire deaths and fire losses and, more concerning is that the residential occupancies lead this trend. Infrastructure availability and consistency such as secure water supplies, electricity and maintenance response combines to the complexity of safe building designs.
Project: High-rise student dormitory in Johannesburg CBD
The following describes the high-rise building design, fire modelling for this specific building and the fire detection, alarm and suppression methods applied. An accidental fire broke out in the building and the results proved that the fire modelling, detection and suppression systems installed were appropriate.
The fire design considered the fact that the building is over 30 metres high and is multi use. The ground floor of the high-rise student dormitory is commercial, first to fourth floors are vehicle
The 19-storey high-rise student dormitory in Johannesburg CBD
parking and the remainder fifth to 19 floors, will be residential. In terms of the SANS 10400:2020 the new building will be classified as H2-dormitory and not H3residential. In the current SANS 10400 Part T 2024 the same applies.
Although each unit is a fire compartment consisting of a kitchen, bathrooms, bedrooms
and living area space, units can be occupied by up to eight students. The units are furnished and rented on an individual lease agreement basis.
Other Standards such as British Standards classifies buildings according to risk profiles, which is established by looking at the fire growth rate and occupancy characteristics.
Fire models developed indicated that life threating fire conditions within the space are reached within 300 seconds. Further, varying conditions such as open or closed bedroom doors and windows will allow fire spread to beyond the room of origin.
As such, the fire design required more than only automatic fire detection and
alarms but also a reliable means of automatic fire suppression. The NFPA 13 –“Standards for the installation of sprinkler systems” and not to be confused with NFPA 13D – “Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems in oneand two-family dwellings and manufactured homes” applied.
The building was constructed specifically for student residents and is 19 storeys high. The design concept in terms of automatic fire suppression remains the same; that being fast response sprinklers with a thermal element response time index (RTI) of 50. Further fastresponse sprinklers tested and listed for residential use only may be used.
Fast response sprinklers for residential use are designed to respond in the very early fire development stages to detect a fire and activate in order to adherence the survivability within the room of origin. The design densities, area of coverage and maximum area of operation is also very deferent from ordinary hazard sprinklers. Design criteria is well documented in the NFPA Standards with extensive test data from institutions and equipment manufacturers.
Some of the advantages of residential type sprinklers are also that when correctly calculated, fire flows and water storage requirements are much lower than required in ordinary hazard and high hazard installations.
It must be noted that in multistorey buildings, floor alarm controllers and water supplies
Fire model after two minutes
Fire model after two minutes
Fire model after two minutes 30 seconds
are required and shall be designed with life safety in mind.
The construction of the building was completed in November 2023 and all systems assessed, commissioned and handed over. Very soon after, occupants occupied the building for the very first time.
Fire incident
Mid-February 2024 a fire incident occurred in in the early morning hours. The fire started in a residential unit on the 13th floor of the building and was first announced by the activation of a fire detector and immediately after by sprinkler flow alarm.
In the time it took for the security personnel to reach the 13th floor, the fire was completely extinguished by a single sprinkler head. The fire source was a pot of cooking oil left unattended on the stove, which ignited. No injuries requiring medical treatment was reported and fire losses
were limited to the kitchen. Limited smoke and water damage to the passage and bedrooms in close proximity.
Security personnel closed the floor alarm valve, switched the pump off and called for professional
fire sprinkler installers to replace the activated head and reset the sprinkler system. The disruption in the building was limited to one morning and declared safe to occupy the building after inspection by competent professionals.
Inside the student dormitory
An actual fire incident occurred in February 2024 on the 13th floor and the fire was extinguished by a single sprinkler head
Wildfire management training at Rugezi Swamps, Rwanda
By Johann (Savage) Breytenbach, manager, Free State Umbrella Fire Protection Association
The Rugezi Swamps in Rwanda, a Ramsardesignated wetland of international importance, are critical to the region’s ecological and socio-economic stability. Spanning approximately 6 735 hectares in a high-altitude valley, the wetland supports diverse wildlife, including endangered species like the Grauer’s swamp warbler and Grey Crowned Crane. It also plays a pivotal role in water regulation, carbon sequestration and driving hydroelectric power plants that supply electricity to Rwanda.
Despite its significance, Rugezi Swamps have become
increasingly susceptible to wildfires, worsened by climate change, human encroachment and overexploitation through agricultural and resourcebased activities. Recognising the need for a coordinated response, the Wildfire Training Programme was launched from 20 to 25 July 2024, designed to equip community rangers and stakeholders with practical skills and strategies to manage and mitigate fire incidents effectively.
The need for wildfire training Over the years, wildfire incidents in the Rugezi Swamps have resulted in devastating losses.
Earlier fire events in 2021 and 2023 destroyed large portions of the swamp, displacing wildlife and causing long term ecological damage. Human-related activities, such as charcoal production and unregulated cooking near the marsh, have been major contributors to these incidents while lightning is the confirmed ignition source for a fire that occurred in October this year.
Moreover, the lack of formal training and equipment for local firefighting teams meant that fire response efforts often relied on rudimentary tools and techniques, such as using
Human Activity bordering Rugezi Swamps July 2024
sticks to beat out flames. This approach was not only inefficient but also dangerous, as fires in peatland ecosystems often smoulder underground for days, making suppression challenging.
A major concern lies in the nature of the swamp itself. Rugezi’s peatrich soils and dense vegetation, particularly Miscanthidium violaceum, make it highly flammable during dry seasons. The fire can spread quickly across dry vegetation while smouldering beneath the surface for prolonged periods. This combination of ecological vulnerability and human activity created an urgent need for professional training to protect the wetland and the surrounding communities.
Challenges of fire management in the Rugezi Swamps
The unique environment of the Rugezi Swamps poses significant fire management challenges. These include:
• Peatland fires: The swamp’s peat-rich soil allows fires to spread underground, appearing later as spot fires, even after surface flames appear extinguished. Such fires are notoriously difficult to control.
• Terrain accessibility: Rugezi Swamps are surrounded by steep hills with dense vegetation, complicating access for firefighting teams and equipment. Additionally firefighting operations often take place on floating vegetation islands of irregular density floating on the surface of the water. This creates the very real threat of drowning should one fall through a less dense parts of the ‘vegetation mats’ while fighting fire.
• Human pressures: Communities rely heavily on the swamp for grazing, papyrus harvesting and
agriculture. These activities often increase fire risk during dry seasons.
• Resource limitations: Prior to the training, firefighting equipment was inadequate and the lack of coordinated response teams further hindered fire suppression efforts.
The need for a specialised, community-based response to wildfire management became clear after multiple fire incidents underscored these challenges. This led to the design and implementation of a training programme specifically tailored for the Rugezi environment.
Overview of the Wildfire Training Programme
The Wildfire Training Programme was organised by the Rwanda Wildlife Conservation Association (RWCA) in collaboration with the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) and the US Forest Service. It aimed to address key gaps in fire management through a combination of theory, practical exercises and community engagement.
Fighting fire with sticks 2023
Initial site assessment by instructors Rugezi Marsh 19 July 2024
The programme had the following primary objectives:
• Equip rangers, community members and stakeholders with essential firefighting skills
• Develop fire management protocols specifically suited for the Rugezi Swamps
• Strengthen collaboration between local communities, authorities and environmental agencies
• Introduce sustainable practices to mitigate humaninduced fire risks.
Training activities and structure
• Understanding fire behaviour
• Participants were introduced to fire chemistry and the ‘fire triangle’ ie fuels, topography and weather, which influence fire behaviour. Trainers emphasised the unique challenges posed by peatland fires and Miscanthidium vegetation in the Rugezi Swamps.
• Fire suppression techniques
• Practical demonstrations included the proper use of firebreaks, knapsack pumps and beaters to extinguish surface and underground fires. Participants practiced locating smouldering fires in peat by looking for hotspots and smoke.
• Incident command and coordination
• The training introduced the Incident Command System (ICS) to improve fire response organisation. Participants learned leadership skills, team coordination and resource allocation during fire incidents.
• Field exercises
• Hands-on drills provided participants with real-world scenarios, including fire line construction, safety protocols and weather condition monitoring. Exercises emphasised proper extinguishment techniques, such as opening up
Miscanthidium vegetation for water application to stop fires from reigniting.
• Establishment of Wildfire Fighter Teams
• On 31 July 2024, following the training, eight wildfire fighter teams were officially established. These teams, composed of trained rangers and local representatives, were strategically assigned to sectors around Rugezi Marsh to ensure rapid fire response.
Integration of community-based fire management
The training prioritised a community-centric approach, recognising that local residents are both stakeholders and first responders during fire incidents. Key strategies included:
• Community involvement
• Local leaders, community members and rangers actively participated, ensuring knowledge transfer and ownership of fire management plans. Plans were made to expand the teams by incorporating more community volunteers.
• Strategic placement of firefighting equipment
• Following the training,
Fire Management Theory Training Rugezi 21 July 2024
Rugezi Swamps July 2024
firefighting equipment, such as fire beaters, hoes and knapsack water pumps, was distributed to three key stations: Butaro Ranger Post, Miyove Ranger Post and the Rwerere Community House. This arrangement ensures rapid access to resources in fire-prone areas.
• Sustainable alternatives and awareness
• To address human-induced fire risks, the training introduced sustainable practices, such as promoting wetland-friendly farming methods and public awareness campaigns on fire prevention. Educational materials were also recommended for schools and local meetings.
Outcomes and impact
The Wildfire Training Programme was widely regarded as a success, achieving its objectives and laying the foundation for integrated fire management at Rugezi Swamps. Key outcomes include:
• Improved capacity: Trained rangers and community members are now better equipped to respond to wildfires using professional techniques and tools.
• Organised firefighter teams: The establishment of wildfire fighter teams ensures a coordinated response, with trained leaders assigned to key sectors around the swamp.
• Enhanced awareness: The programme fostered a deeper understanding of fire risks, prevention methods and the ecological importance of the Rugezi Swamps.
• Resource distribution: Strategic placement of equipment ensures quick response times, addressing
earlier challenges related to terrain accessibility and equipment availability.
Way forward
The success of the July 2024 wildfire training highlights the need for ongoing investment in fire management at Rugezi Swamps. Recommendations for future action include:
• Expanding training to more community members and stakeholders
• Developing a formal Fire Management Plan as part of the overall Rugezi Marsh conservation strategy
• Strengthening fire prevention campaigns and integrating fire safety education into schools
• Enhancing community
engagement to ensure sustained cooperation in fire management.
Conclusion
The Wildfire Training Programme at Rugezi Swamps is a significant milestone in the conservation of this critical wetland. By equipping local communities and rangers with the skills, tools and strategies to manage wildfires effectively, the programme not only enhances ecological resilience but also protects the livelihoods of those who depend on the swamp. This integrated, communitybased approach sets a strong precedent for sustainable fire management and environmental stewardship in Rwanda.
RWCA staff and rangers assess the damage and ensure it has been fully extinguished 2023
Trainers and participants celebrate at the conclusion of the training, Rugezi 25 July 2024
Wildfires in South Africa are set to increase: How legal action can help the country adapt better to climate change and it’s deadly impact
By Professor Tracy-Lynn Field, Professor of Environmental and Sustainability Law, University of the Witwatersrand
As climate change drives temperature increases and lower precipitation in southern Africa, research has found that there is likely to be an increase in the number of wildfires in regions that are already hot, dry and water scarce.
Massive wildfires broke out in South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal province on 12 and 13 July 2024, killing six firefighters who were trapped in a fire and seven other people. The same fires killed 1 600 livestock animals and burnt 14 000 hectares of land.
About 84 percent of all human settlements in South Africa are located in fire-dependent ecosystems, places in which natural fires can contribute to the health of the ecosystem by clearing out old plant matter. But when fires rage out of control, the damage can include loss of life and injury. Infrastructure, industrial facilities, livestock, fodder banks, agricultural equipment, plantations, homes and resorts are often destroyed.
The major causes of wildfires in South Africa are:
• Very dry and hot conditions with temperatures of over 42°C
• High winds
• Dry vegetation such as areas where trees have been cut down, with branches, leaves and twigs left on the ground. Land that has become infested with alien and invasive plant species that dry out fast and then burn quickly is another cause.
• Depopulation of commercial farming areas, with nobody available to fight wildfires when they break out
• Gentrification and resorts that
In South Africa, wildfires are known as veld (open, natural grassland) fires. Photo: John McKeen/Getty Images
are separate from resident communities, leaving nobody around to fight fires when these start
• New and unskilled people with no capacity to fight fires moving to fire-prone rural areas
• Landowners who do not adapt their land to the increased risk of fire and who do not keep firefighting equipment on the property
• Human culpability like dropping lit cigarettes from a car window or carrying out dangerous activities on high fire risk days.
My research aimed to find out how many civil wildfire lawsuits have been decided by South African courts since 1994, and whether these are linked to the warming climate. The cases I found show how the rules for allocating liability for wildfire damages are evolving.
The cases make reference to climatic conditions, such as rivers and other conditions on the land being much drier and hotter than normal.
I found that there have been at least 22 wildfire lawsuits decided between 1997 and 2023. There is no climate change law yet that sets out how people who have suffered losses from climate-related fires can sue. However, the law of delict, which sets out how to claim compensation for injuries and damages and the National Veld and Forest Fire Act, have been used.
These lawsuits are important because if the courts uphold claims for civil damages against negligent landowners, this should compel landowners to comply with the law and put preventive measures in place. These court judgments could limit the number of wildfires that break out.
What does the law say?
In South Africa, wildfires are known as veld (open, natural grassland) fires. The Veld and Forest Fire Act says that owners of land must keep firefighting equipment, people trained to fight fires and protective clothing available. If they are away, a responsible person must extinguish fires and notify neighbours. Landowners are obliged to create firebreaks on their land to stop the spread of fire. However, there are wide ministerial powers to grant landowners exemptions.
To sue for damages from a fire, there must be proof that the fire was started intentionally or as a result of negligence. To claim compensation, there has to be damage that is quantifiable (such as losing a house or a breadwinner). The damage also needs to be wrongful.
In law, this relates to whether holding someone liable for wildfire-related loss is viewed as reasonable in the eyes of the community. In some cases, the courts have accepted that landowners did everything they could to fight wildfires that broke out because of hot and dry weather and quickly became unusually uncontrollable and ferocious.
However, because the risks of climate change are becoming better known, it is more foreseeable these days that wildfires will occur. Landowners who don’t take precautions against wildfires will find it difficult to argue in court that they could not have foreseen a fire starting during a hot, dry period. If they also fail to maintain firebreaks, train personnel or keep fire-fighting equipment onsite, they could fail the reasonableness test, especially on high fire danger days.
What I found
Litigation about the risks associated with climate change is happening. In South Africa, the state has done a reasonable job of putting in place a regulatory standard against wildfires. Using this standard to sue landowners or companies for failing to
adapt to the changing climate will become more important as climate-change disasters, such as wildfires and floods, increase.
The failure to maintain a firebreak is also a crime. Further research is needed to understand whether criminal penalties have been imposed on negligent landowners.
To date the claimants in wildfire lawsuits have mainly been historically advantaged farmers or landowners who have claimed from other landowners, business owners, municipalities, the state-owned transport entity, and even the Moravian Church. The claims have ranged from R74 000 (US$4 120) to R23 million (US$1,27 million) for
burnt plantations, areas of fynbos, sawmill stock, agricultural land, farm fences, orchards, electric wire and livestock.
I did not find any lawsuits brought by working-class communities whose shacks or homemade shelters had been destroyed by fire although there are many such cases. As there are more people in those communities than commercial farmers who are affected by wildfires, this is a clear gap.
There have only been two lawsuits which even mentioned damage to the environment (one lawsuit mentioned trapped lions and another destruction to fynbos). Only three lawsuits mentioned personal injury or destruction of homes by wildfires.
Climate change science has shown that the southern African region is becoming hotter and drier and an increase in the number of high fire danger days is inevitable. The way in which courts are using existing laws to allocate liability for climate risks can reinforce preventive behaviour and highlight key gaps. Parliament or the state executive can then address the gaps.
The 2021 Table Mountain wildfire also burnt much of the University of Cape Town. Photo: Brenton Geach/Gallo Images/Getty Images
Cape Town’s 2021 wildfire. Photo: Brenton Geach/Gallo Images/Getty Images
Command Corner: Safe helicopter operations
By Chief Tim Murphy, US Forest Service Africa Disaster Management Technical Advisor
Certain helicopter missions push the limits of the aircraft’s performance capabilities. Items that reduce the effectiveness and increase the risk of the mission include weight, temperature, altitude and visibility.
• Helicopter missions that transport external loads increase risk.
• Helicopters performance/ lift capabilities decrease as temperature and/or altitude increase. Be watchful of conditions that are high, hot and heavy!
• All helicopters have different maximum performance capabilities, so be aware of the capabilities of the specific helicopter that you are working with.
• Low-level helicopter operations often occur in heavy smoke where hazards eg trees, powerlines, antennas, visibility, turbulence and other aircraft) increase the risk level significantly.
• Determine the risk level for every mission. Is the risk level acceptable? Can the risk be mitigated? If the risk is not acceptable or it cannot be mitigated, then the mission should not be flown.
• A large part of the success of a helicopter mission is the result of good communications between the pilot and the user
on the ground.
• Accurate target and hazard descriptions are essential to a safe mission. Locate this information and relay it to the pilot. Things to consider in the target description include:
• Have you considered what the target would look like from the air?
• Are you located where the pilot can see you?
• Do you have a signal mirror?
• Are you using cardinal directions or clock directions in relation to the track of the aircraft?
• What is the wind direction? Provide this information to the pilot. Put out ribbons.
• Are all firefighters clear of the drop area?
• Is there a safer way to carry out an effective suppression action?
Activity: If available, have a pilot explain how the load calculation is done and the effects of density altitude on the aircrafts’ capability and allowable.
Chief Tim Murphy
Toughest Firefighter Alive South Africa 2024 held in Mossel Bay
The Toughest Firefighter Alive South Africa 2024 was held for the third time at De Bakke Santos Beach in Mossel Bay, Western Cape, this year with a record number of participants taking part in South Africa’s largest and most strenuous firefighter challenge. With two chief fire offers also participating in this year’s event, it provided a platform for camaraderie, new friendships, skills transfer and rapports going forward.
The well-organised and coordinated TFA South Africa 2024 also included the Mini TFA and the TFA-Dräger Youth Challenge and several industry exhibits as well as an international
participant and supporter from Germany. Several fire chiefs from around South Africa attended the TFA SA in support of theirs teams.
The opening event on Thursday provided a platform for inspiration, motivation and unity from several speakers including Mossel Bay Executive Mayor Dirk Kotzé and MMC Councillor Leon van Dyk, Western Cape Government’s Etienne du Toit, Mossel Bay CFO Joseph Johnston, Garden Route CFO Deon Stoffels, Industrial Hazard and Fire Control’s Trevor Fiford, Firefighters for Excellence (FF4E) director and TFA founder, Mark Smith.
During the opening of the TFASA, Mossel Bay’s Executive
Mayor Dirk Kotzé said, “Over the next three days, De Bakke will become the Colosseum of Rome; firefighters from across the country and the world will become gladiators. A thrilling competition in which firefighters test their skill, endurance and character will take place for all of Mossel Bay to see. In the original Gladiator film, Maximus Decimus Meridius, played by Russell Crowe, at one point asks those gathered in the Colosseum, “are you not entertained?” Today, I want to ask everyone gathered here the same question.”
Mayor Kotzé added, “However, as Executive Mayor of Mossel Bay Municipality, I want to say that today is not about
entertainment; today is not about competition, today is not about which municipality is the best. Today, firefighters from across the country are testing their skill in an effort to improve their skill with one goal in mind. That goal is to be extremely well-prepared to protect and serve. They want to be prepared to save the lives of our children. They want to be prepared to save the lives of our families. They want to be prepared to rescue our pets from ungodly heights and protect our homes from the outbreak of wildfires.”
“So, yes. Today and over the next few days you will be entertained. Yes. Over the next few days you will see competition.
But the Toughest Firefighter Alive Challenge, is an opportunity to show how well prepared our firefighters are, not to entertain but to serve and protect and give our communities peace of mind.”
Mark Smith, organiser and founder Toughest Fire Fighter
Alive South Africa (TFA SA) said this year’s TFA SA is definitely the best one this far. ”The Toughest Firefighter Alive South Africa (TFA-SA) competition this year had a very special feel to it. The circuit was extremely well set up by those involved including the event being coordinated brilliantly by the MCs to ensure that the event schedule was largely adhered to,” said Smith.
He added, “It was incredibly encouraging to see the
dedication and number of competitors participating with 240 individuals and 58 relay teams making the South African TFA one of the biggest events of its kind in the world. The ‘gees’ of the TFA-SA is unique with the music ensuring a spiritedfilled environment with many competitors dancing to the start.”
“A further highlight was seeing Jens Lüdeke from Hamburg in Germany absolutely obliterating the circuit in a record time
to demonstrate the level of performance that will be required to challenge on the international circuit. A big thank you to every single person, volunteers, exhibitors, organisers, sponsors, vendors, municipalities and competitors for making this event the success it was,” said Smith.
The overall winners for 2024 were Emile Conrad of Garden Route Fire Department (male) and Baigum Abrahams of City of Cape Town Fire and Rescue Service. Congratulations to all participants for their impressive efforts and to the winners, what an amazing result! The Brotherhood/ Sisterhood in action!
We received numerous feedbacks from the chief fire officers, team captains and participants.
Jens Lüdeke from Hamburg in Germany
“I think I can’t really describe what I think and feel about the TFA SA. It was so special. I’ve never seen a competition
like that. It was awesome. A competition where all the spectators standing next to the arena begin to dance and sing. Doesn’t matter if they already started or if their event was still lying ahead. People who have so much fun. A competition where I think around 50 percent of the competitors are women. It was insane. The organisation was amazing; special thanks to Mr Smith and his crew. Thanks for all the sponsors who made this happen. Thanks to all the competitors who made this competition a very tough one. They train all year round, not only for themselves or to compete. They train so that they are ready to help/to rescue others in need. As a firefighter and paramedic, we have to be tougher and fitter than the rest of the world. We are the ones people call in an emergency. Training physical fitness also means training resilience. People are not themselves when they have an emergency. They shout at us. Sometimes they want to fight
with us and we have to stay cool and collected with them through these traumatising times. A competition like that shows us where we are and what we can do to improve. We try and push past our limits to test what we can do. The crowd is shouting and the course is hitting. That’s why we are doing this. South Africa was very beautiful and a special place for me with all the lovely people to do that with. Many thanks to that beautiful Firefighter Family.”
CFO Joseph Johnston, Mossel Bay Fire and Rescue Service
“Mossel Bay Fire and Rescue Service’s CFO Joseph Johnston said, “The Toughest Firefighter Competition is an intense, physically demanding event that tests the endurance, strength and mental resilience of firefighters. It typically includes a series of challenging tasks that simulate the types of physical and mental hurdles firefighters face in their line of duty. These tasks often require a combination
Mark Smith, CFO Joseph Johnston, Councillor Leon van Dyk, Executive Mayor Dirk Kotzé , Etienne du Toit, CFO Deon Stoffels and Trevor Fiford
of cardiovascular endurance, strength, agility and the ability to think clearly under pressure. Reflecting on the TFA 2024 competition, there are several key aspects worth considering:
1. Physical challenge
“The events in the competition are designed to push the limits of physical strength and endurance. For example, participants may be required to carry heavy hoses, climb stairs, drag weighted dummies or break through barriers. These tasks not only require raw physical power but also the ability to pace oneself and conserve energy for the duration of the competition. It’s a true test of a firefighter’s physical preparedness for the job.”
2. Mental toughness
“Firefighters must remain calm under pressure, not just during real emergencies but also in competitions that simulate these high-stress situations. The mental strain of completing gruelling physical tasks, while keeping a level head and focusing on the goal, mirrors the demands of reallife firefighting. Participants need to exhibit strong mental resilience, focus and the ability to push through fatigue.”
3. Teamwork vs individual effort
“The event organising committee outdone themselves amidst the many challenges faced while arranging the event. This was evident in the hard work done by the committee achieving a world-class TFA event enjoyed by everyone participating and visiting as observers. While many of the events focused on individual performance, there is often an element of teamwork involved. In some competitions, team-based challenges are
included, requiring coordination and cooperation. Reflecting on the competition, it’s clear that the spirit of camaraderie and teamwork, even in individual performances, was essential to firefighters’ success on the job. The competition underscored the importance of working together, supporting each other and trusting in one another’s abilities.”
4. Preparation and training
“The competitors’ success in the event speaks to the level of preparation and training required to perform in such an intense environment. Regular physical training, specialised fire skills and mental conditioning were necessary to perform well. The competition served as a reminder of how important consistent training is for firefighters, not just for competitions but for their safety and the safety of others in real emergencies.”
5. Real-world relevance
“While the competition is an athletic event, it has real-world relevance for firefighters. The challenges faced in the competition mirror situations they may encounter during emergencies, such as carrying injured people out of dangerous situations, handling heavy equipment and performing physically taxing tasks under time constraints. It’s a way for firefighters to gauge their readiness for real-life scenarios.”
6. Pride and Identity
“The Toughest Firefighter Competition is not just a test of physical ability; it is also an opportunity for firefighters to express pride in their profession and showcase their ability to perform tasks at hand. The competition reinforces the
values of strength, courage and service. Competing in such an event often strengthens a firefighter’s sense of identity and pride in their role as protectors of the community. It’s a way for firefighters to honour the skills they’ve developed through years of training and hard work.”
7. Community and inspiration
“The TFA 2024 competitions served to inspire others, both within the firefighting community and outside it. For aspiring firefighters, watching seasoned professionals compete demonstrated the level of dedication and commitment required to succeed in this line of work. It also inspires nonfirefighters to push themselves, adopt healthier lifestyles and strive for personal growth.”
Conclusion
“Reflecting on the TFA 2024 Competition, it is clear that it’s about more than just physical ability. It’s a holistic test that challenges the body, mind and spirit of the participants. For those involved, the participants, the organising committee, business, the volunteers, the community, the media, it’s a celebration of everything that makes a great firefighterstrength, skill, resilience and a commitment to service. Ultimately, it reminds us of the tough, often unseen work that firefighters do every day to keep communities safe and the incredible dedication it takes to be at the top of the profession.”
CFO Deon Stoffels, Garden Route District Municipality Fire Service
“The TFA Event of 2024, held in Mossel Bay for the third time, was indeed one of the best held so far, with a sterling job done
by the Mossel Bay Municipality and Fire and Rescue Service. Significantly, it again drew a large competitor list, even larger than before and fostered more relationships, an appreciation of participation, teamwork, fitness and conditioning in the profession and above all, it enhances and improves technical skill, as a result. People motivate people and the camaraderie sensed and witnessed, bodes only well for the fire and rescue services. Competitors become friends, friends in service and as a result, firefighters follow each other, through social media and build great connections and it inspires ‘other services’, whom might have thought this is only for the ‘elite’ perhaps. I can certainly say, I will not be stuck for long elsewhere in the country, as I know a firefighter somewhere, All because of the Toughest Firefighter Competition, over the years.
I also believe that Mossel Bay is an ideal setting, for a central converging of men and women, who is in service of South Africa. Special mention and plaudits to the non-fire services as well, as even they were ignited in fitness and condition due to the TFA and certainly, this enhances wellrounded emergency responders in our land. By default, we all work together in large to major Incidents and when we have this type of camaraderie, in the heat of saving and protecting lives, we will operate seamlessly.”
Emile
Conrad, Garden Route District Municipality Fire Service
“This year’s TFA was an absolute blast and the Mossel Bay Municipality has done a stunning job in hosting the event. The highlights still remain just seeing all the firefighters from across
the country as well as making new friends. As firefighters, we really have something more special than any other sport… we can be competitive but at the same time encourage and cheering each other on, knowing and understanding the pains and suffering we all have to endure in competing. The fact that Jens Lüdeke from Germany also came to compete in our competition in South Africa, shows how the global interaction and network of firefighters has and is growing.
I am truly grateful that by God’s grace, I have successfully defended the South African National Championship TFA and winning it for the seventh time. Fitness remains the most important component of any firefighter for me personally and it’s great to see competitions like the TFA still growing in numbers. Globally, firefighting competitions are becoming more popular and it really has a huge positive impact on the fire service in terms of promoting the services as well as promoting fitness and the foundational skills that we should keep maintained.
I have a huge passion for people and to see people overcome obstacles and grow in life. It’s been great to see firefighter come back year after year and improve their times and performances. But anyone’s reason for “Why” they are doing things is what fuels them to the point where they can achieve the impossible. My main reason for the sacrifices, determination and passion that lead me to where I am today, is the fact that I believe my God and saviour Jesus Christ has given me these gifts and abilities and it’s for his glory and not mine. And for that
I’ll keep going and giving my best for as long as I should. It’s been amazing to see what God has done over the years.
My advice for firefighters, new and old, is to never forget why you’ve decided to join the service. That reason should fuel you to be your best possible version, not just for yourself but for those around you in your area of responsibility.”
Baigum Abrahams, City of Cape Town Fire and Rescue
“To be a winner it starts with selfbelief. Never let the world make you doubt yourself. The only person who limits us is ourselves. Pushing myself to the physical and mental extremes in competition reminds me that the world’s challenges are equally demanding. The only difference is that in the field we don’t get special awards and accolades for doing a good job. We know we did a good job when we can go home safely to our family. This fuels my resilience. If that is not enough motivation, I always ask myself, if roles were reversed and I needed the help, would it be me I want to be at that call. My family, my crew, the community and I deserve the best version of myself at every call and every day. For anyone considering this competition I’d say go for it! Trust yourself, be kind to yourself, train hard. Consistency is key. You don’t need to be an elite athlete, come as you are. Embrace the challenge, learn and return stronger!”
Ryan Abrahams, co-founder of Firefighters for Excellence
“Good day Firefighter Family. I would like to extend a heartfelt thank you to every individual, volunteer, corporate partner, municipality and sponsor who contributed to making the South
African version of the Toughest Firefighter Alive competition one of the most extraordinary events ever held. With the highest number of participants in all of Africa, we are now setting our sights on making it the biggest in the world. This achievement would not have been possible without the dedication, effort, and commitment of every firefighter who takes on the most challenging firefighter circuit year after year. A special thank you goes to Mossel Bay Municipality, who have consistently supported our firefighters’ pursuit of excellence. Their unwavering support at every step of the way has been crucial to the success of this event. We are incredibly proud to have partnered with them over the years and they have set the standard for the level of support required to make this event a reality.
To all the participants and their families, thank you for your ongoing commitment to the event and for maintaining the
highest standards of training. We are excited to begin the selection process for the upcoming World Championships and I wish you all the best over the coming weeks. We look forward to seeing you at the next event! Stay strong and keep pushing forward!”
Manie Gouws, Team N’zuri
“Soos gewoonlik was die Nasionale TFA ons span se hoogtepunt wat kompetisies betref vir 2024. N’zuri, wat wel bekend is in die nasionale TFA, het Mosselbaai vir ‘n derde agtereenvolgende jaar baie geniet. Die kompetisie was die jaar groter as vorige jare en ons kon sien dat die brandweermanne van reg oor die land, goed voorberei het vir die jaar se kompetisie. Ons was baie bly om te sien dat die reëls baie streng toegepas was hierdie jaar. Ons sien uit na die 2025 (DV) se nasionale TFA.
Piet Nieman
“I always have a lot to say, especially after I was full of myself but it is somewhat different this
year; something went wrong with my planning and training before the World Games and TFA SA thereafter. Maybe the training or the rest, I was quite disappointed in my performance. I gave myself time until last Monday to go for it or stop with TFA. I decided to go on. This is just something out of the heart!
TFA SA 2024 was, according to me, very well organised and as always a privilege to be part of if. Mark and his team did an incredible job and he is very hard on you and himself. I don’t think that anybody can say anything wrong about it. One thing that I would like to add is that you can maybe make something for the World Firefighter Games’ medallists at our awards ceremony.
I always say that I’m not a competitor but a participant. Maybe an excuse not to do that good but the comradery of all firefighters is always noticeable. To get a medal or even a fourth place is very rewarding but I think that
Jens Lüdeke from Hamburg in Germany with TFA South Africa 2024 winners, Emile Conrad of Garden Route District Municipality and Baigum Abrahams of City of Cape Town
the unseen victory where my participation can motivate only one younger firefighter, is much more rewarding than anything else. I think that I and all old firefighters have a responsibility towards younger firefighters; not only to guide them but to assist them emotionally. Behind all the tough firefighters’ shields, there is a very soft and vulnerable heart! I really hope to make a difference in someone’s life!”
The Midvaal Team
“It’s great to see how the TFA is growing every year and to be part of it. Some of the teams that participated this year in the TFA participated at the Fit to Fight Fire and we are just happy to see we can lay a foundation for the national event. Then to see that the fitness levels of the fire service in South Africa is of a high standard. To all of the Midvaal Team members: well done and keep up the good work! Finally, the second place in the Open Team Relay was one of our biggest achievements so far in the TFA Competition. We are very proud of this achievement!”
Duarté Carolus, George Fire and Rescue Department
“It was an unforgettable experience. Most of our team members are new members to the George Fire Department, wanting to change the perspective of our fellow colleagues. We already busy preparing for the next games.”
Jaco Stander, Drakenstein Fire and Rescue Service
“Drakenstein Fire and Rescue Service participated in this year’s Toughest Firefighter Alive competition with no less than 15 members. We were represented in the women’s 18-29, 40-44, 45-49 and over 50 categories and in the men’s 18-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 and 0ver 50 categories. We also entered three male relay teams and one female relay team. Unfortunately, one of our female members collapsed during the second stage and could not compete in the team challenge. Our Executive Director of Public Safety, Eda Barnard, was tasked as the fourth member of the team. The women’s team did not perform very well but the team spirit of
Drakenstein was showcased with the support for the team.
In the individual events, Mandolene Andrews walked away with a gold first place in the female 45-49 category and we had Doniel Fortuin at fourth place in the tough 40-44 age group. Joyce Baza also did well in her first competition and I would train her to be a true contender for next year. She beat her male competitor in stage 3. We entered our first ever over 50s team and with a little work this team will next year dominate the competition.
The event was very well planned but for the last day, where the time caught up with the team challenges, making it difficult for the official to correctly relay the times and medal stands. There was much confusion during the prize giving ceremony due to this hitch. All in all, the event was a great success and the camaraderie shown throughout the competition was heartwarming. Drakenstein Fire and Rescue Department will have a few new recruits in the
challenge next year and we will strive to take a few podium spots next year. Thank you to all the organisers for an exciting event.”
Adelino Paulino, team leader, JB Marks Fire and Rescue
“The 2024 competition was great! The 2024 competition was a mouthful and our team enjoyed the challenge. Our first competitor obtained silver medal instead of gold. But our team improved for the better and the ladies also improved. We were happy to see three teams from the North West Province under Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality, it gave us encouragement and hope for the next competition in 2025. We will have more teams from North West Province. This completion gives us members experience and knowledge to perform our duties from day one our duty performance and tactics has changed. Thank you TFA for organising this competitions. We would also like to thank all the organisers, hose stretchers and time keepers.”
Nathan Heyns, Volunteer Wildfire Services
“The Volunteer Wildfire Services once again had a fantastic time at the 2024 TFA event. The event is becoming more of an attraction to more of our members and with a lot of training effort out in good results we’re achieved. Above all else, it was the gees of the event that we all loved, the incredible support by everyone for everyone cannot be matched. An excellent event pushing the fitness for ourselves and respect for our structural brothers and sisters to another level.”
From Charles Bishop
“As a fire officer, maintaining physical fitness sets out a good example for my team, a fit team works well together. My main motivation is that, serving my community creates a sense of purpose and fulfilment. TFA competitions showcase the strength and skills of firefighters, with your training and preparations set out for this event, you enhance the safety and wellbeing of
your team and the community. Over the years, I’ve seen how this well organised event brings out each competitors essential skill which is needed to serve; strength, agility, endurance and most importantly the fostering of camaraderie amongst colleagues and teams from all over South Africa. The regular training for TFA competitions promotes overall health and wellness, which ultimately improves our physical performance to execute the strenuous activities we are faced with, in your daily tasks as firefighters.”
Aneeb Moses, City of Cape Town Fire and Rescue Captain “TFA 2024 really hit different. This being our third consecutive year in Mossel Bay team Cape Town was hit early with a Hurdle regarding accommodation as their regular resting place for the TFA competitions ‘die bukke’ I think the name is was fully booked forcing the team to scramble and settling for a backpackers lodge lol not the
ambiance the team was use to. Little did we know the bunk style everyone in one room type of environment really came through by bringing the team together in a sense of unity. And did the team gel well together. It gave all the new competitors of the Competition, which comprised of more than half the team a chance to overcome nerves and excitement and level them and keep the grounded and ready to compete. Overall team Cape Town did extremely well placing in almost all categories within then men’s categories and totally dominating the female side. The bar was raised by the display of the international competitor, and the experience of our local champ and hard work and sacrifice was what we took home with us looking forward to the next event.”
Gerard Lundall, ACSA Chief Dawid Stuurman ARFF
“TFA has become a permanent fixture on the ACSA Chief Dawid Stuurman ARFF calendar with the 2024 event being no different. We had a fairly new team this year, with seven members representing us in Mossel Bay. We introduced new guys this year with the aim of having longevity at future TFAs. Once again our ARFF-champ Luvuyo Smith showed exactly why he is currently the best in the Eastern Cape by eclipsing his previous year’s performance and grabbing an excellent second place age category finish; also cementing his name in the top six of TFA South Africa 2024. A BIG thank you to the event organisers and all who worked tirelessly to make the TFA competition possible for us.”
First time competitor Toufeek Armien, City of Cape Town: My journey at the Toughest Firefighter Alive 2024
“As a firefighter, the call to serve is often accompanied by challenges that test not only physical strength but also mental resilience. When I signed up for the Toughest Firefighter Alive competition in Mossel Bay for the first time, I knew I was in for an adventure that would stretch my limits in ways I had never imagined. Months of preparation, training and teamwork had led to this moment and I was ready to face the most demanding challenges that awaited me.”
“Mossel Bay, with its stunning landscapes and a tight-knit firefighting community, provided the perfect backdrop for this high-stakes competition. The
experience was not just about competing against others but also about pushing myself to the limit and discovering what I was truly capable of. As I prepared to take on each stage, I found a blend of excitement and nervous anticipation swelling within me. Here’s a detailed account of my journey through the competition’s stages: the hose drag, dummy drag and wall, tower and run.”
Stage 1: Hose drag
“The sun had barely risen when I arrived at the venue for the Toughest Firefighter Alive competition and the atmosphere buzzed with energy. Firefighters from across the country gathered, sharing stories and strategies, creating an exhilarating sense of camaraderie. I took a deep breath, trying to calm my nerves as I prepared for the first challenge: the hose drag.
This stage required us to drag a heavy hose over a designated distance, simulating the conditions we would face in an actual firefighting situation. As I stood at the starting line, I couldn’t help but notice the intensity in the eyes of my fellow competitors. Each of us knew that this event would test our strength and technique.
When the signal sounded, I sprang into action, gripping the hose firmly and pulling it across the ground. The initial rush of adrenaline was invigorating but as I progressed, the weight of the hose quickly became apparent. With each pull, I felt my muscles straining and my lungs burning as I fought against the weight. I focused on my breathing, recalling the techniques I had
practiced in training: keep my back straight, engage my core and use my legs to pull.
The crowd cheered us on and I could hear their encouragement ringing in my ears, fuelling my determination. With every step, I reminded myself why I was there: to challenge myself, to grow and to honour the commitment I made to my community as a firefighter. As I crossed the finish line for the hose drag, I felt a surge of relief and exhilaration. I had completed the first stage and my spirit was lifted by the support from my fellow competitors.”
Stage 2: Dummy drag and wall “After a brief respite to catch my breath, we moved on to the second stage: the dummy drag and wall. This stage would test not only my physical strength but also my ability to think strategically and work efficiently under pressure.
The dummy drag involved pulling a weighted mannequin across a distance. This simulation was vital, as it represented the real-life scenarios firefighters often face when rescuing victims. The wall, on the other hand, would require us to scale a significant height, further challenging our physical endurance.
As I approached the starting line for the dummy drag, I felt a mix of determination and apprehension. The weight of the dummy was daunting but I was resolute. With a countdown, I lifted the dummy and began to drag it across the course. The first few steps were manageable but as I progressed, I could feel the strain intensifying. I reminded myself of my training, focusing on maintaining a steady pace and technique.
Halfway through, my muscles screamed for relief. I paused briefly to gather my strength, pushing thoughts of fatigue aside. I could see other competitors struggling alongside me and it reminded me that we were all in this together. With renewed determination, I gritted my teeth and completed the drag, crossing the finish line with a mixture of exhaustion and triumph.
The wall climb awaited and I approached it with a sense of purpose. As I looked up at the towering structure, I felt a rush of adrenaline. Climbing a wall was not just about physical strength; it also required mental fortitude. I took a moment to centre myself before starting the ascent.
Gripping the edges of the wall, I began to climb. Each pull required effort and my legs burned with exertion. I could hear the crowd cheering, which helped to drown out the discomfort. When I finally reached the top, I was overcome with a sense of accomplishment. The view from the top was breath-taking and I took a moment to appreciate the journey I had undertaken. As I descended, I felt an overwhelming sense of gratitude for the experience.”
Stage 3: Tower
“The next stage, the tower climb, was one of the most anticipated events of the competition. This challenge would test our endurance and mimic real-life scenarios where firefighters must ascend tall structures during emergencies. Standing at the base of the tower, I could feel the height staring down at me and a wave of excitement surged through my veins.
As I prepared to climb the tower, I took a moment to reflect on what this event represented. Climbing a tower was more than just a physical challenge; it was a testament to the mental strength required in our profession. In a real emergency, every second counts and firefighters must navigate heights and hazards to save lives.
The countdown began and with each passing second, my heart raced faster. When the signal sounded, I sprang into action. The ascent was steep and I focused on my technique, remembering to engage my core and use my legs to propel myself upward. Each step brought a mix of exhilaration and exhaustion. I could feel my muscles working hard but I was determined to reach the top.
As I climbed, I caught glimpses of my fellow competitors, each pushing through their own struggles. The camaraderie was palpable and I felt inspired by the collective spirit. When I finally reached the top, I paused to catch my breath and take in the view once more. The rush of accomplishment washed over me as I realised I had successfully completed yet another challenge.
The descent was equally challenging, requiring careful footing and focus. As I reached the ground, I felt a renewed sense of purpose. The tower climb had been a pivotal moment in my journey and I was eager to tackle the final stage.”
Stage 4: Run
“The final stage of the Toughest Firefighter Alive competition was the run. This event would require every ounce of energy and determination I had left. As I
stood at the starting line, I felt the fatigue in my legs and the weight of my gear but I knew I had to give it my all.
The run was designed to push us to our limits, combining all the skills we had honed throughout the competition. As the signal sounded, I took off, my heart racing as I focused on the finish line ahead. The course wound through the scenic landscape of Mossel Bay and I tried to maintain a steady pace despite the exhaustion creeping in.
With every step, I felt the fatigue in my muscles but I drew strength from the cheers of the crowd. The support from fellow competitors and spectators reminded me of the sense of community that binds us as firefighters. I pushed through the pain, reminding myself of the journey I had undertaken and the challenges I had overcome.
As I rounded the final bend, the finish line came into view. My heart soared with excitement and I mustered every ounce of energy left in my body. I sprinted toward the finish line, crossing it with a mix of triumph and relief. I had completed the Toughest Firefighter Alive competition.”
Reflection and lessons learned
“As I stood at the finish line, a wave of emotions washed over me. The Toughest Firefighter Alive competition had been an incredible journey filled with challenges, triumphs and invaluable lessons. Each stage pushed me physically and mentally and I emerged stronger and more determined.”
Physical and mental resilience
“The competition reinforced
the importance of physical and mental resilience. I learned that pushing through physical discomfort is often a mental challenge. Each event required me to dig deep, reminding myself of my training and the reasons I had committed to this path. It was a powerful reminder that strength comes from within.”
Camaraderie and teamwork
“The spirit of camaraderie among competitors was a highlight of the experience. Despite the competitive nature of the event, everyone supported one another. We cheered each other on, shared tips and celebrated our successes together. This sense of community reminded me of the importance of teamwork in firefighting. No one can succeed alone and the bonds formed during this competition will last a lifetime.”
Overcoming fear and facing challenges
“Every stage presented its own set of challenges and I realised that facing my fears head-on was a crucial part of growth. The wall climb and tower ascent tested my limits but overcoming those fears empowered me. I learned that stepping outside my comfort zone is where true growth occurs, both as a firefighter and as an individual.”
The bigger picture
“Ultimately, the Toughest Firefighter Alive competition was a celebration of dedication, resilience and the firefighting community. It reminded me of the commitment we all share to serve and protect our communities. This event solidified my passion for firefighting and reinforced my commitment to continuous improvement.”
Conclusion
“Participating in the Toughest Firefighter Alive 2024 competition in Mossel Bay was a transformative experience. Each stage challenged me physically and mentally, pushing me to my limits and revealing the strength I didn’t know I had.”
Prize giving evening
The prize giving and awards ceremony took place at the Mossel Bay Town Hall on Saturday evening, providing participants, sponsors and exhibitors a time to relax and mingle. The programme director was Mossel Bay Fire and Rescue’s Johann Makwak, with Mayor Kotzé, councillors and several dignitaries and fire chiefs in attendance. After the welcome, reading and prayer, Mayor Kotzé shared an inspiring, yet poignant experience. “As expected, the 2024, Toughest Firefighter event was even bigger with a record number of firefighters participating. However, in congratulating all of our firefighters, I want to reflect on a story of hope and healing that touched us all this year but would not have been possible without the hard work of firefighter and rescue workers. In May this year, residents of the Southern Cape were rocked by the tragedy of a building collapse at a construction site in George. Delvin Safers, a Mossel Bay local, is among the survivors freed by search-and-rescue operations in which Mossel Bay Municipality’s Fire and Rescue Services under Fire Chief Joseph Johnston, also played an important role. I was honoured to be able to say a few words at a thanksgiving service held for Delvin Safers at his family home in Mossel Bay that month, said Mayor Kotzé”
“A few months later and Delvin and his family have had some time, not nearly enough, to work through the pain, to work through the shock and to try to find meaning in something that has changed the meaning of life for them. In this process, Delvin has started talking to other survivors, their families and to those who, in one way or another were involved in or affected by the tragedy that took place at that building site that day”, he added.
“I was fortunate, to host Delvin in my office recently to hear more about the progress he has made in telling a story of hope through a new book he is writing. I am encouraged to hear how Delvin is finding triumph in the turbulent story that rocked the lives of his family, the community and families like theirs affected by the building collapse. I am further encouraged to hear that Delvin’s conversations and the stories he has heard have encouraged him to look for hope.
Delvin says, physically he is well on his way to healing and that this story, this story of hope through healing together, will help him on his journey to mental and spiritual healing. That day I thanked Delvin for his courage and I look forward following his story as he tells a shared story of healing through hope’, reflected Mayor Kotzé.
“However, Delvin would not have been able to tell his story; Delvin would not be able to talk to others about their story if it weren’t for the selfless, dedicated service of our firefighters. Talking to Delvin and his family and seeing how many people showed up at his thanksgiving service, I realised that, while many did not make it in that tragedy, we as a community, must be eternally
grateful to the firefighters who restored Delvin to us. We must be eternally grateful for the emotional and physical sacrifices that our firefighters make day in and day out for the sake of protecting and serving our community. This evening as some walk away with trophies, let us remember that all of our firefighters are heroes.”
Organisers, sponsors and exhibitors
A huge thank you goes to Mossel Bay Municipality and Garden Route District Municipality and Fire and Rescue Services for all the support, not only for the venue and the amenities but also for all those behind the scenes that made things happen. You know who you are!
Also, thank you to MTN, Industrial Fire and Hazard Control, Survival Technology, Southey Contracting and First Care Wildfire for their sponsorships and to the Western Cape Disaster Management and Fire and Rescue Service, Dräger South Africa, Charnaud, Vanguard Fire and Safety, Uhambo Safety Wear and Equipment, ETS and Western Cape Health Metro Rescue Service for exhibiting as well as sponsoring prizes to the winning teams.
And the volunteers! The volunteers who did time keeping, returned hoses, managed the tower, directed the teams running etc etc. What a magnificent job you all did!
A huge thank you to all who made the Toughest Firefighter Alive South Africa a success!
Visit www.frimedia.org/tfa-2024gallery for complete results, all the videos and the gallery!
Fatigue risk assessment of a HEMS crew working a 24/7 shift pattern: results of a prospective service evaluation
By C Rose, E ter Avest and RM Lyon
The work of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) teams crosses the boundaries of several high-risk occupations including medicine, aviation and transport. Working conditions can be challenging and operational demands require a 24-hour rota, resulting in disruption of the normal circadian rhythm. HEMS crews are therefore prone to both mental and physical fatigue. As fatigue in medical providers is linked to poor cognitive performance, degradation of
psychomotor skills and error, this study aimed to explore the existence of predictable patterns of crew-fatigue in a HEMS service.
Background
Fatigue is a subjective symptom generally described as a feeling of tiredness or exhaustion [1]. Fatigue in medical providers is linked with poor cognitive performance, degradation of psychomotor skills and ultimately clinical error [2, 3], which can compromise patient safety. This can arise from excessive
working time or poorly designed shift patterns [4]. Problems occur when workload outweighs the opportunity for rest and recovery. If left unchecked, fatigue can become a risk to service users and potentially endanger the providers’ well-being [5].
HEMS crews are generally comprised of a highly skilled medical crew and one- or two pilots. Medical crew members are required to maintain a high level of performance around the clock [6] whilst managing
a complex and unpredictable workload of critically ill patients [7]. They deliver enhanced care such as emergency anaesthesia, surgical interventions and blood product administration. In addition to that, they share responsibility for the safety of the flight and the operation of a blue light response vehicle. Fatigue increases the probability of poorer task management [3], whilst the margin for error is already slim.
So far, knowledge of the impact of fatigue on the performance of HEMS teams is limited. Several small feasibility studies reported on the influence of fatigue on readiness to perform critical tasks [3, 8, 9], whereas other studies looked at the impact of shift length on fatigue [10,11,12]. However, significant knowledge gaps still exist: only one study [13] looks at the effect of cumulative fatigue in HEMS crews over multiple shifts, and none of the previous studies related objective measures of fatigue to a subjective feeling of tiredness reported by crews.
Therefore, in the present study, we aim to explore if a reproducible pattern of fatigue exists among a HEMS 24/7 rota by investigating both objective and subjective fatigue with previously validated instruments.
Study design
A prospective observational study of HEMS crew members working a three-on three-off forward rotating rota was performed to examine the relation between fatigue and shift length, shift type (early, day, late, night or relief) and cumulative number of shifts within a five-week rota cycle. Fatigue was measured
objectively before, during and after each shift by reaction timetask monitoring for changes in behavioural alertness [14] and subjectively by crew self-reporting fatigue levels using the Samn–Perelli Fatigue Scale (SPFS) [15]. In addition to this, crews kept a shift log using the Transport Fatigue Assessment (TFA) [16] throughout the entire study period to relate measured and reported fatigue to shift characteristics and individual circumstances.
Study setting
The study was performed amongst medical crew (doctors and paramedics) of Air Ambulance Kent, Surrey and Sussex (AAKSS). AAKSS HEMS covers three counties in the southeast of England, a region of 7 200km2 with a resident population of 4,5 million and a transient population of eight million. Two doctor-paramedic teams respond 24/7 in either a helicopter or rapid response vehicle from one operational base, attending approximately 2 000 patients per year. The service operates four crews on two aircraft over a 24-hour period. One team operates from 07h00 to 19h00 (dayshift) followed by a crew from 19h00 to 07h00 (nightshift). The second team operates from 06h00 to 15h00 (early shift) followed by a team from 15h00 to 00h00 (late shift). Periods of the early and late shift are operated on the response car. Response vehicles are also used during time the aircraft cannot fly either due to weather or maintenance. Each run of shifts is over three consecutive days. Rest days follow a three on, three off, three on, two off pattern due to rostered clinical governance days. The service has a policy in place to prevent
“In the present study it is demonstrated that, despite significant interindividual variation, a reproducible pattern of fatigue with a decline in psychomotor vigilance and self-reported tiredness occurs throughout a five-week HEMS shift cycle“
fatigue amongst crews, including a mandatory minimum 11-h rest between shifts and the allowance of controlled rest during shifts.
The study period took place between 7 June and 2 August 2021. All participants started the study period with a minimum of 24 h rest prior to their first shift to collect a baseline rested data set. Each participant progressed through the five-week cycle following the same forward rotating pattern of day/early/late/ night/relief shifts dependent on their starting point in the cycle. Relief shifts are a run of three of any shift type, or a mix of shift type, with the potential to disrupt the natural forward rotating pattern of the rota.
Study population
Recruitment of medical crew occurred over a 1-week period from 1/6/21 to 6/6/21. Selection of participants was by means of non-probability convenience sampling,, consisting of both doctors and paramedics, male and female. A pre-defined sample size of 8 participants provided a manageable crosssection of the study population, representing almost two thirds of the eligible full-time employees.
These were selected from a limited pool of those available to work full-time during a complete cycle of the 5-week rota. All selected individuals received information about the study beforehand and were given 48 h to decide whether to participate in the study. Written informed consent for participation was obtained from all participating subjects. Study data was only accessible to the study team, not to the organisation.
Data acquisition
A dedicated PVT Research App [17] was pre-loaded to the relevant shifts mobile phone, each of which used the same software and hardware combinations. The application was used with all windows shut down and WiFi temporarily off to reduce test variability by controlling the latency of systems running in the background. The app provided a three-minute test with interstimulus intervals (ISI) between one and four seconds: Study subjects had to tap the screen (in portrait mode) with the thumb of their dominant hand as soon as a red dot appeared. PVT outcomes were measured by mean response speed in milliseconds (ms). Valid response times were regarded as > 100ms. Lapses were defined as response times > 355ms. Pressing the button in anticipation prematurely was considered a false start. If the button was not pushed within 30s, this was considered a timeout. Mean, minimum and maximum response times, false starts, timeouts and lapses were recorded in the app. The PVT was recorded by each participant at the start, midpoint and end of each shift.
Average baseline rested state was calculated from the eight individual participant response times of the second PVT test on day one. Although no learning effect is associated with the PVT [18], the second score was chosen due to increased familiarity with the application and study procedures.
At the same moment, SPFS scores were reported in whole numbers. 1 = ‘fully alert, wide awake’; 2 = ‘very lively, responsive but not at peak’; 3 = ‘Okay, somewhat fresh’; 4 = ‘a little tired, less than fresh’; 5 = ‘moderately tired, let down’; 6 = ‘extremely tired, very difficult to concentrate’; and 7 = ‘completely exhausted, unable to function effectively’ [15]. A TFA was kept by all participants, providing a numerical score relating to the participants level of risk based on sleep, shift duration and intensity, and when they last ate or consumed a caffeinated drink, providing a predictive measure of fatigue and anticipated associated performance.
All data of the PVT application was stored locally on the user’s device, downloaded after the shift and shared with the study lead. A personalised anonymised digital data collection folder was made available for each participant to store SPF and TFA data until the end of the study.
Ethical approval
The service evaluation was granted favourable ethical approval by the SGUL Joint Research and Enterprise Services. The service evaluation was also approved by the Service’s operational directorship and internal Research and Development Team.
Statistical analysis
PVT and SPFS scores are reported as mean [95% CI] and lapse rates as [%]. Repeated measures ANOVA or nonparametric Friedman’s test (if appropriate) were used to compare PVT scores during the shift, across a run of three shifts and during the five-week shift cycle. Shift type, week number and participant number were entered as between subject factors to investigate interactions with changes in PVT. Lapse rates were compared using Chi-square test. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 27.
Results
Baseline characteristics and data completeness
Five participants were male and three were female. Median age was 42 years (range 34 to 54). Three doctors and five HEMS specialist paramedics participated. Doctors were from either an Emergency Medicine or Anaesthetics specialty. Experience within the HEMS service ranged from < one year to eight years.
For PVT, 263 valid responses (73%) were available for analysis. Missing data were the result of absence (n = 54, 15%) or workload (n = 43, 12%).
For SPFS, 266 responses were recorded (73.8%).
Objective measures of fatigue-PVT
PVT during individual shifts
Mean baseline resting PVT at the start of the study period was 427 [390–464] milliseconds (ms) (range 367–490 ms).
Table 1 Mean [95% CI] PVT in milliseconds before, during and after HEMS shifts stratified by shift type
Early 457 [430–486] 454 [419–488] 453 [428–478] 0.70
Day 461 [420–502] 469 [436–502] 467 [415–519] 0.86
Late 441 [419–462] 440 [424–454] 452 [428–478] 0.46
Night 420 [380–460] 446 [417–474] 454 [418–489] 0.03
Relief 464 [428–500] 455 [414–496] 454 [417–490] 0.92
Overall mean [95% CI] PVT at the start of any shift during the study period was 447 ms [433–460]. It increased slightly to 452ms [440–463] halfway through the shift and 459 ms [444–475] at the end of the shift (p = 0.10). In comparison to other shift types, nightshifts were the only shifts wherein PVT increased significantly during the course of the shift (Table 1). Lapse rate (as a percentage of the number of recorded PVT’s) was 95.7% at the start of the shift, 94.6% mid shift and 96.0% at the end of the shift (p = 0.89).
Table 1 Mean [95% CI] PVT in milliseconds before, during and after HEMS shifts stratified by shift type (above)
PVT during a run of shifts
During a run of three consecutive shifts there was no change in performance as measured by PVT: Mean [95%CI] PVT was 434ms [403–467] during the first shift, 424ms [391–456] during the second shift and 418ms [383–453] during the third shift, p = 0.16. Shift type or week number of the shift cycle did not have a significant interaction with the change in PVT during a run of three shifts (p = 0.40 and p = 0.07 respectively) but subject number had (p = 0.005) indicating a
significant variation in PVT change amongst participants in how they coped with the three consecutive shifts.
PVT during a five-week shift cycle
During a five-week shift cycle, mean PVT increased gradually in 6/8 subjects, remained constant in one subject and decreased in one subject. Mean PVT increased from on average 436 [404–468] ms in the first week to 460 [410–510]ms in the fifth week (p = 0.68, Fig. 1). Lapse rate remained high during this period: 98.3% in week one, 95.3% in week five.
Self-reported tiredness-SPFS
Mean [95% CI] reported SPFS score during the study period was 3.2 [3.1–3.4]. The highest mean SPFS scores were reported during nightshifts (3.5 [2.9–4.0]) and relief shifts (3.5 [3.0–4.0] whereas lowest scores were reported during the (shorter) late shifts 3.0 [2.5–3.6]. No trend was observed for SPFS scores during individuals shifts or during a row of three shifts. During the full five-week cycle, the average SPFS score increased slightly but not significantly from 2.9 [2.6–3.2] in week one, to 3.6 [3.1–4.0] in week five, p = 0.38. (Fig. 1).
1
Fig.
N (%)
1. Fully alert, wide awake 37 (14%)
2. Very lively, responsive, but not at peak 41 (15%)
3. Okay, somewhat fresh 69 (26%)
4. A little tired, less than fresh 69 (26%)
5. Moderately tired, let down 44 (17%)
6. Extremely tired, very difficult to concentrate 6 (2%)
7. Completely exhausted, unable to function 0
Distribution of reported SPFS scores is represented in Table 2. TFA shift log factors associated with a SPFS score of four or more (moderate fatigue), were: the number of missions (20%), shifts in response cars (20%), number of stand downs (14%), poor sleep prior to shift (13%) or more than six hours without sustenance (11%).
Discussion
In the present study it is demonstrated that, despite significant inter-individual variation, a reproducible pattern of fatigue with a decline in psychomotor vigilance and self-reported tiredness occurs throughout a fiveweek HEMS shift cycle.
Our findings show that it is feasible to monitor crew fatigue with relatively simple tools during day-to-day practice in a HEMS environment, at little extra time expense to the crews. Compliance was high (> 70% and even higher when lost entries due to absence were disregarded). Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures of fatigue, has several advantages, as fatigue is a complex social phenomenon. As fatigue impacts our own self-awareness of performance, sole collection
of subjective data potentially compromises internal validity [18]. Further, qualitative data collected about self-reported effects of fatigue in isolation can lack context. Each shift is unique due to the unpredictability of the workload, environmental factors beyond our control and simply how the individual is feeling. Shift logs can help to account for these effects.
In our study, baseline rested state PVT was well above the application rated lapse time of 355ms. This correlates with previous medical and aviation literature [12, 19, 20] wherein a reduced level of alertness was observed at the start of a run of shifts. This may be explained by a circadian phase delay with later bedtimes or rise times during a preceding run of shifts. Alternatively, higher baseline rested states can be the result of poor recovery between shifts [21]: Shift-workers subjected to chronic sleep restriction over months or years eventually reset their baseline, acclimating to their level of impaired alertness. A low level of exhaustion becomes the norm [22].
Over the course of a single HEMS shift we found that average PVT scores increased slightly but SPFS scores remained unchanged. It
is reasonable to assume that a high level of focus during many hours on shift results in fatigue amongst HEMS crews, as in previous literature an association between fatigue and shift duration has been reported for emergency medical services personnel [23]. This is an important finding, as fatigue impact not only affects mental performance and task management, but also situational awareness [3], which is a crucial aspect of the prehospital work. Noticeable is the finding that SPFS scores remain unchanged: In previous literature, fatigue has also been described as “a conscious sensation rather than a physiological occurrence” [24]. Our findings suggest that subconscious changes in homeostatic control systems already take place before crew members become aware of this and start feeling fatigued.
During a full five-week cycle, both mean PVT and SPFS increased gradually. Although statistical significance was not reached, this is likely a reflection of the cumulative workload for the crews during that period. As participants were only followed for one five-week rota cycle, we could not determine when participants recovered and returned to their resting state.
However, based on previous literature, one might speculate that longer periods of downtime/ leave are needed occasionally to restore the baseline [15].
In the aviation industry, fatigue is regarded as “an expected and ubiquitous aspect of life” [25]. Although fatigue is unavoidable, measures can be taken both on personal- and on service level to avoid the impact of fatigue on performance. Our findings confirm that fatigue is unavoidable in medical crews too. However, based on our findings, several specific measures can be proposed to increase awareness and reduce fatigue.
First, creating a bespoke predictive fatigue calculator, like that of the TFA, could increase fatigue awareness and provide a framework to which relevant mitigating options can be applied. When used in the daily safety brief, it would promote awareness of both individual and crew fatigue states and the teams true ‘fitness to fly’. Second, as the highest SPFS scores were related to car-bound shifts, careful consideration should be given to dispatch crews over long distances when there is a high potential for a stand-down. Further, consideration should be made for doctors to drive the ‘dead legs’ on return from missions or re-positioning for cover to alleviate fatigue on paramedics who do the blue light response driving. Third, alternative shift patterns may be considered. Unlike in the general EMS population, evidence finds 24-hour shifts within the HEMS realm provide more rest opportunities and ultimately reduce risk by controlling working hours, suggesting that
clinicians become more rested over the length of the shift with lower fatigue ratings on 24hour shifts [12, 13, 26,27,28]. Finally, monitoring of fatigue by incorporating validated tools in daily practice during shifts may help to increase awareness and to mitigate risk associated with fatigue. This can be applied either as a broad tool or targeted to specific high-risk elements of any rota pattern.
Limitations
This study has several limitations. First, participants were selected by non-probability convenience sampling. Although this method allows exploration of whether a particular trait or characteristic exists in the sample itself (internal validity), it is acknowledged that sampling bias may occur, resulting in higher-than-normal response rates [29]. Second, our sample size was relatively small due to the low number of full-time employees, which may have attributed to some of the trends observed not being statistically significant. However, this is likely a reflection of the reality in many HEMS services. Third, findings may not be generalizable across the whole workforce as line-share and emeritus staff, who are also engaged in secondary employment, were not included. However, results are likely applicable to them as well. Previous research [26] has demonstrated that those with outside employment attending 12-hour night shifts were 90% more likely to attend sleepless than full-time staff. Finally, although trends in both objective and subjective fatigue were observed, due to our study design we can draw no conclusions on causality.
Conclusion
An overall trend towards a decline in psychomotor vigilance and an increase in self-reported tiredness was found for HEMS crew over a five-week shift cycle. This highlights the risk of attentional deficits and the prolonged effect of low-level exhaustion placing the organisation at risk of burnout. These results merit further investigation to understand the causality of the trend to mitigate this. The large interindividual variation amongst participants suggests a range of mitigating measures may be necessary to maximise performance. The study provides valuable insight for local decision making to maintain optimum performance of our crews whilst increasing the safety and well-being of service users and clinicians alike. The implementation of informed mitigating measures and promotion of dialogue around working practices could preserve the longevity of these highly functioning teams.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
HEMS: Helicopter Emergency medical Service
PVT: Psychomotor vigilence testing
SPFS: Samn-Perelli Fatigue scale
TFA: Transport Fatigue Assessment Shift log
References
Source: BioMed Central; Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
An exploration of K9-assisted approaches as a component of disaster response
By Morné Mommsen
Disaster response teams increasingly employ trained canines in Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) operations, especially in South Africa, a region prone to diverse disaster scenarios. This study delves into the roles, training, deployment and efficacy of disaster dogs within South African search and rescue frameworks, addressing knowledge gaps and identifying areas for improvement.
Key findings emphasise the indispensable contribution of K9 units in enhancing disaster
response capabilities, with potential for international deployment through standardised training and accreditation. However, the study highlights the lack of legislative mandates and national protocols for incorporating K9 units into disaster response frameworks. It recommends that the National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC), Fire Services and the South African Police Service (SAPS) spearhead efforts to establish dedicated canine units at provincial and national levels.
Despite their effectiveness, challenges persist, such as inadequate funding and inconsistent training. Comparative analysis with international best practices identifies opportunities for South Africa to elevate its programmes. The study concludes that K9 Search and Rescue (SAR) units are critical to improving search outcomes and reducing response times. Recommendations include developing comprehensive training protocols, increasing funding and bolstering research to optimize their role in disaster management.
1. Introduction
South Africa faces frequent and diverse disaster risks, making efficient disaster response
essential. This study explores the integration of canine units into South Africa’s disaster management frameworks, focusing on human-animal interactions (HAIs) that enhance rescue efficiency.
By leveraging the unique olfactory capabilities of trained canines, disaster response teams can locate survivors more quickly, improving survival rates and reducing response times. This paper also emphasizes the importance of fostering public awareness and support for canine-assisted disaster management to build resilient communities.
The research identifies gaps in legislative and regulatory frameworks, such as the absence of protocols for canine SAR under the Disaster Management Act (2002). Addressing these issues through standardised training and certification can align South Africa’s practices with international standards, enhancing disaster preparedness and response.
2. Literature review
2.1 The Evolution of Canine Roles in Disaster Response
Dogs have served in search and rescue capacities since ancient times, evolving from
military roles in ancient Egypt to modern SAR operations. Notable historical milestones include their use in World Wars for locating wounded soldiers and the deployment of therapy dogs during the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and the 9/11attacks.
Modern SAR dogs are classified into tracking, air-scenting and water search categories and more. Their roles extend beyond physical searches to providing psychological support for disaster victims and responders, making them indispensable assets in crises (humanitarian and bio-medical K9 assistance).
2.2 K9 Capabilities and Training
SAR dogs possess extraordinary olfactory abilities, enabling them to detect scents over large areas and in complex conditions. Their training begins early, covering obedience, scent detection, and real-life disaster simulations. Collaborating with handlers, these dogs enhance the speed and precision of rescue missions.
Despite their effectiveness, training programs and handler preparation in South Africa lagbehind international standards. Addressing these gaps through structured programs can improve K9 unit performance in diverse environments.
2.3 Legislative Context and Challenges in South Africa
Current South African legislation, such as the Animal Protection Act and Private Security Industry Regulation Act, primarily addresses security dogs, neglecting SAR canines. The Disaster Management Act emphasises integrated strategies but lacks specific provisions for canine SAR units.
To align with international frameworks, South Africa must develop standardized training protocols and secure government support for funding and resource allocation. Challenges like limited personnel and insufficient financial resources hinder the full potential of canine units in disaster response.
3. Key Findings
3.1 Efficacy of K9 Units in Disaster Response
Canine SAR units outperform conventional search methods, particularly in locating survivors in inaccessible areas. They enhance response times, improve survival rates, and provide psychological support during crises.
3.2 Legislative and Structural Gaps
The absence of formal protocols and national guidelines for integrating canine SAR units undermines their potential. Comparisons with international
practices reveal a need for legislative reforms and better resource allocation.
3.3 Opportunities for Advancement
South Africa can strengthen its disaster response capabilities by adopting international standards, developing comprehensive training programmes and increasing funding for K9 units. Collaborative efforts among government, private sectors and communities are essential for sustainable progress.
4. Recommendations
• Legislative reform: Develop formal protocols for canine SAR units under the Disaster Management Act.
• Standardised training: Establish accredited training and certification programs aligned with international standards.
• Resource allocation: Increase funding and provide specialized equipment for K9 units and their handlers.
• Public awareness: Promote the role of K9 units in disaster response to garner community support.
• Further research: Study the long-term impact of canineassisted SAR on disaster outcomes and explore innovative training methods.
5. Conclusion
Integrating canine SAR units into South Africa’s disaster management frameworks is vital for improving response
efficiency and saving lives. Addressing legislative, training, and resource gaps can align the country’s practices with global standards, enhancing disaster preparedness and resilience.
By fostering collaboration among key stakeholders and investing in K9 programmes, South Africa can build a robust disaster response system that leverages the unique capabilities of trained canines to protect its communities.
This article underscores the pivotal role of K9 units in disaster response, providing actionable insights for policymakers, researchers and practitioners.
This is a small part of original research document and Morne Mommsen will continue with his research on Canines vs Disaster Management Policy Framework in due course. If you need any further information or the original research document, you can contact Morne via email: dnaemergency@gmail.com.
Morne Mommsen
BEdHons. Post Grad Disaster Risk, DH1-5/Tracking / USAR K9 Coordinator, Search and Rescue Technician
Bunkō, the firefighting dog, Japan
Bunkō (1914 – 3 February 1938) was a Japanese mixed breed dog, famous for becoming the mascot of the Otaru City Fire Department in Japan. He was saved as a puppy after being found in burnt-down ruins after a fire and lived in the Otaru Fire Station for most of his life, being looked after by the firefighters.
Bunkō would ride along with the firefighters during their dispatches, finding his role in helping to control the onlookers and in disentangling hoses. It has been said that during his life Bunkō rode along on well
over 1 000 dispatches. His long life ended at the age of 24 and his remains were stuffed and preserved. To commemorate his achievements, a statue was unveiled in 2006 and picture books and other material for children have been written about his life and specific events within it. He is also known as simply Bun in Japanese.
Otaru has a long history as a port-town, and so during the Meiji period of the late 19th Century it saw tremendous expansion as it became a focal point for the shipping of coal mined in
Hokkaido to mainland Japan, and the unloading of supplies and personnel needed for the expansion into the interior of Hokkaido. As a result, the population boomed during the Meiji era. However, construction could not keep up with the demand for new houses and there was an increase in wooden houses that could be built quickly. This resulted in Otaru being highly susceptible to fires, with large conflagrations that would result in the majority of the city being impacted occurring with a frequency of once every two to three years.
Bunkō rode along on well over 1 000 dispatches
Bunkō’s arrival as a public figure in Otaru came at a time when the city, having learned its lesson from the great fires, was in the process of trying to implement measures to safeguard the city, with stone houses being built and the establishment of a proper fire service.
In the spring of 1914, the fire service responded to a report of a fire and, after extinguishing the fire, they found a crying puppy in the burnt-out ruins. With no one claiming the puppy as their own, the firefighters took him back to the station to raise him there.
The puppy was a mixedbreed male with white fur and brown spots, who came to be known as Bunkō among the firefighters. Bunkō was particularly attached to the head of the Fifth Fire Division, a man called Kamiyama, who had been the one to save him originally. He was well loved by the other firefighters, who all shared bits of their lunch with him to keep
him fed. Occasionally, they would round up some money to buy Bunkō his favourite treat of dried herring from the local market. Aside from dried herring, he was also known to love caramel sweets too.
Even after Kamiyama retired and left the fire service, Bunkō continued to live in the fire department, using a fire truck as his doghouse. Bunkō was an intelligent dog, and he was well liked by the people of Otaru. He loved most to have glasses and a firefighter’s hat placed on him and he was highly regarded by those who saw him walking proudly around the department building with his hat and glasses.
He was known to reply during the fire department’s morning roll call, barking after all the other firefighters’ numbers had been called out. And, when he heard the command “Attention!”, he would respond as the firefighters did by standing up straight with his forelegs in unison below him and his head high and not change his posture until he heard “At ease!”. If he heard the command “Salute!” he would bring his paw up to his ear.
He did this without ever being trained to do so, only copying what he saw the other firefighters do. He was also able to distinguish between the sound of the telephone bell and the firealert bell and in the case of a fire he would howl to alert the others that it was time for dispatch. During the dispatch he would ride along on the side-step of the Chevrolet fire truck, never once falling off in all his dispatches.
At the scene of a fire, he would first grab the nozzle of the hose with his mouth and bring it to the person in charge of using it and if the hose was to become tangled during the process of fighting the fire, he would untangle that part so that the water could flow more easily. In addition, he was particularly adept at crowdcontrol and would patrol the cordon during a fire to keep back on lookers, barking at them to stop them coming too close to the fire. It has also been said that Bunkō was able to take himself to the hospital to get treated if he was sick.
Bunkō’s feats were heard beyond the local area in Otaru, with newspapers and magazines carrying his story across Hokkaido and the rest of Japan. As his dispatch count reached well over 1000 times, he became the pride of Otaru. During this same period the dog Hachikō had also become famous in Tokyo, and so he came to be called Otaru’s Hachikō by some. Eventually, his age began to take its toll, and with his weakened legs and missing teeth making it impossible to grip a hose or move around to help out at the scene, he became more and more inactive. It has been said that even in his weakened state, when he heard the alarm to signal a fire, he would stagger over to try to board the fire truck, moving those around to tears.
Bunkō died at noon on 3 February 1938, while being looked after by the members of the fire department. He
Photos: Adam Jones
To commemorate Bunkō’s achievements, a statue was unveiled in 2006
was 24 years old (over 100 in dog years). The Otaru Shimbun newspaper (now The Hokkaido Shimbun) ran the story announcing his death on the fifth of that month, with the headline “Firefighting dog Bunkō’s Long and heroic 24 years ends from illness”.
Legacy
A large-scale firefighter’s funeral was held for Bunkō the day after his death. His casket was covered with a brocade cloth, in front of which was placed a wooden memorial tablet that read “Here lies the spirit of Otaru’s firefighting dog, Bunkō”. The Buddhist priest of the local Ryūtokuji Temple was invited to read from scripture and many mourners came to hear the ceremony and pay their respects.
The news of Bunkō’s death spread across all of Japan through newspaper and radio reports. The Otaru fire service received numerous commemoration wreaths and offerings. Two hundred of Bunkō’s favourite caramel sweets were said to be amongst them. To continue to spread the story of Bunkō’s achievements he was stuffed and preserved, being displayed for a time in the fire service’s main headquarters. Afterwards, he was kept by Otaru Museum being displayed at the Otaru Museum and Otaru Canal Museum, with many fans coming from across Japan to see Bunkō’s taxidermy at the museum since the beginning of the 2010s. Bunkō’s memory has been long lasting, and picture books and
other children’s literature has introduced his exploits.
On the 68th anniversary of Bunkō’s death, 3 February 2006, a plan to publicly commemorate him began. Former members of Otaru’s local fire department founded the “Committee for the Creation of a Commemoration Statue of Firefighting Dog Bunkō”. At the centre of this drive was a local businessman and former assistance-head of the fire department. He had thought of building a commemorative statue as he wanted to “give something back to Otaru” and remembered Bunkō, deciding to build a bronze statue so that “more people will feel recognition towards the work of fighters and the fire service”.
The plan gained many supporters and on 21 July 2006 , the statue was unveiled for the first time. The bronze statue, at the Otaru City Tourist Information Centre (Canal Plaza), depicts Bunkō sitting on a pedestal as he looks towards the warehouses running all the canal. The pedestal’s height was decided on the basis that it should be the right height for children to come and touch the statue and take commemorative pictures with Bunkō. On the plated photograph attached to the statue Bunkō is shown as he was at that time, riding on the sidestep of the Chevrolet fire truck. The statue has been well regarded and occasionally hand-knitted hats and scarfs or caramel sweets are left as offerings at the statue. And during the Christmas period the statue is dressed in a Santa Claus
commemorate Bunkō’s
outfit and many tourists come to take pictures with the statue.
In 2007, the Otaru company Ishii Printing unveiled four original characters under its in-house brand Otaru Shishōdō, one of which Otaru Un Gappa would go onto be the official mascot of the Otaru Tourism Board. One of these characters was a white puppy called Shachikurara, which was described as being the grandson of Bunkō. The next year, in 2008, the character gained popularity through merchandise like mobile-phone charms and others.
In the same year, 2008, the nonprofit organisation Kennel Club Japan awarded Bunkō with the first ‘silver collar’ prize, given to “dogs or humans who have contributed to the co-existence of pets and people within society”. Along with the prize, the ceremony was held with a memorial concert on the 70th anniversary of Bunkō’s death on 3 February 2008.
Photos: Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada
To
achievements, a statue was unveiled in 2006