WHAT IS A STROKE?

Dr Angela Rai, The London General Practice. A stroke is a serious life threatening condition and is a medical emergency. If you suspect someone is having a stroke, you must call 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance.

Time – it is time to call 999 immediately if you see any of these signs.

Risk factors for Stroke include:

• Lifestyle factors such as smoking, excess alcohol and drug abuse, physical inactivity and poor diet.

• Cardiovascular conditions such as atrial fibrillation (abnormal heart rhythm) which causes more than 20% of ischaemic strokes.

Acting quickly and being aware of how to recognise symptoms of a stroke is crucial. The sooner a person can receive help and treatment the better the outcome. A stroke happens when the blood supply to the brain is cut off, damaging brain cells and therefore damaging the brain which then affects how the body works. A stroke can occur at any age, the average age across the UK varies, with a median age of 77.

There are different types of stroke. An ischaemic stroke is caused by a blockage cutting off the blood supply to the brain and is the most common type of stroke. A haemorrhagic stroke is caused by a bleed in or around the brain. A transient ischaemic attack or TIA is defined as stroke symptoms and signs that resolve within 24 hours, it is also known as a mini stroke and the blockage that stops the brain receiving blood is temporary.

Recognising the signs of stroke:

The signs and symptoms of a stroke may vary in individuals as different parts of the brain may be affected. However the symptoms usually come on suddenly and can be remembered by the word FAST.

F.A.S.T.

Face – their face may have dropped on one side. Check if the person can smile and see if their eye or mouth has drooped on one side.

Arms – There may be arm weakness on one side. Check if the person can raise both arms. Speech – their speech may be affected and become slurred. Check if the person can speak clearly and understand you.

• Hypertension and carotid artery diseaseatheroma and stenosis of the carotid arteries are commonly associated with stroke and TIA.

• Heart valvular disease, Congestive heart failure and congenital heart disease.

• Other factors include- age, high cholesterol, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and obstructive sleep apnoea are also risk factors for stroke.

Several of these factors are modifiable and therefore early screening for medical conditions and appropriate treatment can reduce the risks of developing stroke.

Simple tests can be performed by your doctor to check if you are at risk, such as a blood test for cholesterol and diabetes, a blood pressure check and examination of your heart to check for valvular disease or abnormal heart rhythms.

A carotid Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive test that measures the flow of blood through the large carotid arteries that supply blood to the brain. These arteries can become narrowed and can lead to stroke or TIA. This test can help doctors determine stroke risk and the need for preventative measure.

The effects of stroke are lifechanging, identifying if you at risk and taking the necessary actions are key to reducing your risks.