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International 国际治理 Governance
2 2 Country
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When it comes to food, countries are less self-sufficient 当谈到食品问题上，各国越来越无法自给自足，且较 and more dependent on each other than ever before. 以往更加依赖彼此。世界贸易组织 卫生与植 The WTO/SPS agreement and science (WTO) based standards, guidelines and recommendations of the ‘Three Sisters’ 物卫生措施协定 (SPS) 以及“三姐妹”组织的科学标 provide the foundation for food suitable for consumption. 准、指导方针及建议提供了食品消费的基础。
Science 1 based 科学标准 standards
World Trade 世界贸易组织 Organization (WTO) (WTO)
Science derived product char科学产物的特点，诸如： acteristics such as maximum 残留最高限量，食物添加 residue limits, permissible levels of food additives, 剂、污染物和毒素的允许 contaminants, 水平等等。 toxins etc.
To work together, governments collectively established the WTO and in the case of food safety, the Agreement on Sanitary and 为实现通力合作，各国政府共同建立了世界贸易组织(WTO) Phytosanitary Measures (SPS).
Four components of Food Safety 食品安全的四大领域
Laws and 法律法规 regulations
国家基础 Infrastructure 设施建设
National to local legislation 从国家到地方立法及法规 and regulations derive from 以国际科学标准，指导方 international science based Food safety directly affects potential growth. Coun- 针和建议为基础。某些法 standards, guidelines and tries with strong food safety infrastructures are 食品安全直接影响到国家增长潜力。食品安 recommendations. Some better positioned to protect public health, increase 规也参考了国际标准化组 regulations may also refer productivity, capture new export opportunities and 织 全基础设施建设强的国家则持有较优的立场 (ISO) 的自愿措施。 limit exposure to substandard food imports.
来保护公共卫生，提高生产效益，抓住新的
6 6 Inspection and 检验及合格 通过全国、省级和地方检验员及实验室 compliance
Carried out through a network of national, 的网络，全面开展检测、验证并确保食 provincial and local inspectors and labora品和相关设施达标。 tories to detect problems, verify and ensure compliance in food and related facilities.
to ISO voluntary measures.
出口机遇，并限制不合格食品的进口。
国家基础设施建设 2 2
International to country level laws and regulations: Countries can 从国际到国家层面的法律法规：各国可以在不需进一步 adopt international standards, guidelines and recommendations of the Three Sisters without further scientific justification. Countries may 科学验证的情况下采用“三姐妹”组织的国际标准、指导方针 also adopt more exacting measures so long as it is nondiscriminatory; 和建议。 各国亦可采用更严格的非歧视性要求， 若对进口食 for example, applying more stringent scientific requirements for imported 品和国内食品采取双重标准则属歧视性要求。 food but not domestically.
Recognized by the SPS agreement as the relevant bodies for setting international 此三组织是SPS协定认可来制定关于食品安 standards, guidelines and recommendations 全、植物卫生和动物卫生国际标准、指导方 for food safety, plant health and animal health.
Food safety infrastructure: Wide variability exists within and across 食品安全基础设施建设：各国在食品安全法律、法规及实验 countries in the level of food safety laws, regulations and competencies 室能力、检验人员能力和领导力的水平上普遍存在差异。而 of laboratories, inspectors and leadership. Low food safety priority can 忽视食品安全可导致问题的大面积暴发。不可靠的食品安全 contribute to wide spread outbreaks. Suspect food safety infrastructure can lead to increased testing, inspection and verification on the part of 系统甚可增加进口国对产品的检测、检验和验证，并限制出 the importing country and limit opportunities for the exporting country. 口国的发展机会。
Global-to-Local 全球至本地
针和建议的相关组织。
Food Safety 的食品安全
食
FOOD
Guidelines and 指导方针和建议 recommendations 基于科学的食品安全原则及实践则包括了 Science based food safety principles and 食品卫生，危害分析和关键控制点 practices including food hygiene, hazard analysis and critical control points 。 (HACCP), （HACCP)，及进出口指南等 import and export guidelines etc.
From fresh local tomatoes to exotic ingredients from faraway tropical islands, our food comes to us in ways never before imaginable. Availability, 从新鲜的本地西红柿到来自遥远热带岛屿的异国配料，当今的食品供应方式 affordability and variety are important and food safety is paramount for 前所未有。尽管食品的可获得性、多样性以及价格承受程度都是重要议题，然 protecting public health and preventing food borne illness. 食品安全在保护公共健康和避免食源性疾病中扮演着至关重要的角色。 Minimizing chemical, biological or physical hazards that may occur anywhere along the food chain requires ongoing effort at different levels: Governments 为求减少食品链各环节上发生化学、生物或物理危害，就需要各层面的不懈努 collaborate through international bodies to establish science based standards, 力：如各国政府通过国际机构组织合作建立科学的标准、科学的指导方针以及 guidelines and recommendations based on scientific principles and 以科学原则和证据为基础的建议；各国根据适用的法律和法规进行检测、检验 evidence; Countries test, inspect and verify compliance to applicable laws and regulations; The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 并核查遵守情况；国际标准化组织(ISO)在食品链各环节制定了自愿措施以解 develops voluntary measures to address ‘food systems management’ 决“食品系统管理”相关问题；以及各企业采用“行为守则”认证， 来 across the food supply chain, and; Businesses seek certification to 增强透明度、减少风险。 ‘codes of practice’ that increase transparency and mitigate risk.
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自愿措施 Voluntary measures
用以帮助说明所产食品的适用性。范例包括
Help demonstrate that food produced is suitable 有实现标准化实施和食品链的一致性的必要 for consumption. Examples include prerequisite programs such as early identification and 前提项目：如早期确定并控制食品安全危害 control of food safety hazards, compliance with applicable regulatory requirements, and 物，确定是否符合适用的规范要求，以及实 ‘management systems’ such as ISO 22000 that 行 ISO22000 一类的“管理系统”。 address standardized implementation and consistency along the food chain.
Copyright 2010 Michigan State University Board of Trustees 版权所有2010 密歇根州立大学董事会
链
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4 4 Business 企业倡议 Initiatives
具有远见的企业并不认为实施不同水平的 食品安全是一种竞争优势。反观食品安全
Progressive businesses do not regard dif为集体挑战，是为“竞争前的空间”。采 ferent levels of food safety as a competitive advantage. Food safety becomes a collec纳行为守则及全球食品安全倡议 (GFSI) tive challenge, part of ‘pre-competitive space’. Adoption and certification of ‘codes of practice’ 进行认证，可以增加透明度，减小食品链 and the GFSI initiative increase transparency 上的风险。 and mitigate risk along the food chain.
eral, codes of practice are designed and owned by not-
competencies necessary for granting certification.
Food systems management including certifica认证机构来确认是否成功采用并遵守了 tion i.e. recognition by an independent certification特定的行为守则 body of successful。认证通常需要定期 adoption and compliance to a specific code of practice. Periodic audits are 审计以确保有效。 normally required to maintain certification.
Detailed and specific processes and 相关行业采行详细具体的流程和程 procedures for individual sectors of 序， 来表明食品的适用性。行为守 concern to show that food is suitable for consumption. Codes of practice are 则是以也被认为是 “认证方案”。 also known as ‘certification schemes’.
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BUSINESS INITIATIVES
构：总体来说，行为守则系非营利组织为特定关 for-profit organizations for a particular sector of concern, e.g. food animal inputs. They derive from science based 注范围所制定并所有，例如：可食动物的助长品。 standards, guidelines and recommendations of the Three 它以“三姐妹”组织的科学标准、指南和及, 或ISO自愿 Sisters and/or ISO voluntary measures. Certification of a code of 措施为基础。再经第三方独立认证机构对公司进行全面审核 practice is granted only after extensive review and audit of the business 和审计的认证。认证机构必须由行为守则所有方审核后才可以 by an independent 3rd party certification body. Certification bodies must be licensed by a code of practice owner to audit businesses seeking 对申请认证的企业进行审计。此外，认证机构必须被权威认可 certification. Also, certification bodies must be recognized or ‘accred机构承认或认可，证明其有颁发证书必要的技能和能力。 ited’ by well established accreditation authorities as having the skills and
and certification
行为守则 Codes of practice
tries. Full members of ISO can take part in the development 员参与制定对经济起到重要作用的自愿措施 。每个ISO of any voluntary measure which it deems important to its economy. Each ISO member has one vote. ISO voluntary 成员有一票表决权。ISO自愿措施可作为市场要求或 measures may become market requirements or referred 作为法规和立法的参考。ISO与WTO保持战略合作 to in regulations or legislation. ISO maintains a strategic 伙伴关系。 partnership with the WTO.
certification bodies and accreditation: In gen认识行为守则，认证，发证机构和认可机
食品系统管理包括认证，比如：由独立
4 4
ISO系一包括163个国家的国家标准机构。 ISO163正式会 ISO comprises national standards institutes of some coun-
企业倡议 Understanding codes of practice, certification,
Management 管理和认证
To meet both societal needs and business requirements for food safety,
and recommendations. ISO is a non-governmental organization. It does 不进行监管、立法、认证或认可等活动。
CHAIN
5 5
为满足社会和企业对食品安全的要求， ISO 以科学标准、指
导方针和建议为基础建立自愿措施。 ISO 为一非政府组织， ISO voluntary measures build from science based standards, guidelines
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION 国际标准化组织（ISO） FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO)
It is not always easy. Implementing food safety can lead to 实施食品安全不是一件容易的工作。 可能导致角色和责任方 ‘tension points’ surrounding roles and responsibilities. 面的分歧焦点。然而，食品安全仍需要大家共同负起 Nonetheless, food safety remains a shared responsibility requiring all, including consumers and 责任，包括消费者和终端食品加工商，都要 final preparers of food, to be actively 积极参与。 engaged.
International 国际标准化组织 Organization for (ISO) Standardization (ISO)
www.www.FoodAndYou.org www.FoodAndYou.org
“三姐妹”组织：各种食品和成分都以不同方式来自不同国 ‘Three Sisters’: Food and ingredients can come from many different 家。为进一步加强协调性， countries in many different ways.SPS协定认可食品法典委员会 To advance greater harmonization, (Codex 和世界动 the SPSAlimentarius)，国际植物保护公约(IPPC) agreement recognizes the Codex Alimentarius (Latin for food code), the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 物卫生组织（OIE）。以期达到采用共同制订的措施准则的 and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Adoption by 理想目标。然而，整个过程从提案到科学评估和最终通过 consensus of prescribed measures is the desired goal. However, the entire process from initial proposal to scientific evaluation and 可能需要几年时间。
COUNTRY INFRASTRUCTURE
‘Three Sisters’ 三姐妹组织
not regulate, legislate, certify or accredit.
The SPS agreement: Affirms the right of every country to protect SPS协定：强调每个国家在保护其动植物和人类卫生方面 its animal, plant and human health and lays out rules and disciplines to guide its adoption, implementation and enforcement relating to 的权利，并提出规定和规则来指导贸易活动中采纳、实施并执 trade. Member countries are obligated to align their laws and regula行该协定。成员国有义务遵循根据协定原则制定的法律法规。 tions with disciplines outlined in the agreement. Providing governance, 各国都有责任为WTO和三姐妹组织提供治理和科技支持。 scientific and technical expertise for the WTO and the Three Sisters is a shared responsibility across countries.
final approval may take several years.
，在食品安全方面建立了卫生与植物卫生措施协定(SPS)。
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INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE 国际治理
全球食品安全倡议(GFSI)：系一独立非营利基金会，其主要活 Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI): An independent not-for-profit foun动是评估行为守则或进行行业对标，决定某条守则是否符合 dation whose primary activity is to assess or ‘benchmark’ codes of prac公共标准（例如：食品法典委员会食品卫生原则）。GFSI把 tice – determine if a requested code of practice is aligned with common criteria (e.g. Codex general principles on food hygiene). GFSI recog行为守则作为条例的共同基础，从而保证结果的一致性。但 nized codes of practice means there is a common foundation of criteria 并不意味着所有承认的行为守则都是等同的。 that should provide consistent results. It does not mean that all recognized codes of practice can be considered as equal.
分歧焦点 Tension points 1. Confusion from shared 1. 共享术语带来的困扰： terminology: Terms such as 类似“标准”这样的术 ‘standard’ can vary depending 语可根据语境（公共或 on context (public vs. private), 私人部门）的不同，目 intent (norm vs. requirement) and application (voluntary vs. 的（规定或要求）的不 mandatory). 同及应用（自愿和强制 2. Private sector establishing 性）的区别而不同。 ‘unofficial standards’: Product 2. 私营部门建立的“非官 characteristics determined by the private sector such as stricter resi方标准”。由私营部门决定 due levels for aflatoxin than those 的产品特性，比如黄曲霉毒 officially established nationally or 素残留物水平较比官方设立 internationally. 的全国标准或国际标准更加 3. Inability of international standard 严格。 setting organizations to address market sensitive issues: The emer3. 国际标准制定组织来解决 gence of a new toxin or adulterant 市场敏感问题的困难：如出 where an applicable international 现新型毒素或掺杂物，却没 measure is lacking. 有适用的国际措施。
4. 行为守则有时将食品安 Codes of practice that couple 4. food safety with nonfood safety ob全和非食品安全义务混搅在 ligations: The inclusion of labor or 一起：如关于劳动力和环境 environmental criteria that fall out的标准非属官方食品安全措 side official food safety measures but oblige compliance in order to 施的要求，却是获得证书时 receive certification. 必须达标的内容。 5. Proliferation of business codes
5. of 企业行为守则和重复审 practice and audit redundancies: The growth in similar codes of prac计的泛滥：由于相类似的行 tice each requiring separate audits 为守则都需要分开审计，导 that collectively increase inefficien致效率降低，无益于食品安 cies while not contributing to overall
food safety. 全。 6. 政府的官方检测、检验和 Competence of official govern6. ment testing, inspection and verifi核查的能力： cation: Gaps and由于官方总体 variation in overall 食品安全基础设施存在差距 official food safety infrastructure that erodes consumer confidence 和差异，损害消费者信心， and exacerbates outbreaks. 使问题爆发时更加严重。