Native Plants: A Guide to Plants from the Maritimes

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Achene – A small dry single seeded, non-dehiscent fruit Alleopath – organisms that alter the growth, reproduction, and survival of other organisms to benefit their own survival.

Antispasmodic - A constituent that reduces muscle spasms Astringent – A constituent the brings greater density and firmness to body tissues Bacterial Symbiosis – See nitrogen fixation Bracts – modified leaves that are associated with the reproductive structures of a plant. They are usually, but not always, different from the flowering structure and can be larger, smaller, or different colors.

Calcareous soils – high amounts of calcium carbonate in soils creating a high pH. Callus – when a plant is wounded, soft tissue forms over the wound. This soft tissue arises from the cambium layer of a plant and is undifferentiated meristemic tissue. (see meristem).

Cambium – In botany, a layer or layers of tissues that are the source of cells secondary growth. (a.k.a lateral meristems) Corm – A swollen underground stem from which roots grow.

Dehiscent fruits – Fruits that open at maturity to release seeds or pollen (Ex. capsules or legumes) Diaphoretic – raises heat in the body to produce perspiration. This eventually has a cooling affect on the body and is often used to break fevers.

Drupe – A fleshy, indehiscent fruit with a stony pit that usually contains a single seed (ex. peach or cherry) Ecozone – Incorporates climate, soil, topography, and vegetation to classify ecological zones within an area. Canada has 15 ecozones (as per Natural Resources Canada) all with different climates, soil types, topography, and may range from forest types, to tundra, to grasslands, to wetlands. Within the ecozones there are ecoregions, which have more specific soil types, climate, species and topography compared to the more general ecozone.

Embryo dormancy – a morphological dormancy that prevents germination. In plants, cells differentiate to take on special functions. Environment is one

factor that can influence how cells differentiate. In embryo dormancy, warm or cold moist stratification can cause cells to differentiate in seeds; causing the embryo to begin growing.

Febrifuge - A constituent that reduces fever.

Hip – A berry like fruit that grows urn-like up around one-seeded ovaries (achenes).

Indehiscent Fruits – Fruits that do not split open at maturity and have some other means of releasing seeds from the fruit.

Leaf Margins – The pattern that extends down the edge of a leaf (see photos) Leaf Morphology – the physical and external characteristics of a leaf Mesic – sites that are moderately moist Meristem – The tissue in all pants consists of undifferentiated cells (meristemic cells) and is found in zones where plant growth takes place.

Undifferentiated cells have not yet acquired a special structure or function and thus can differentiate into any type of plant cell (ex, roots, stem, leaves, or flowers).

Mycorhizzal Fungi – fungi that forms mutually beneficial relationships with plants through mycelia roots from fungi and plant roots from plants. Mycelia provides better access to nutrients and water to plants, while in turn receiving starch and sugars from plants. This relationship increases paths resistance to pathogenic fungi and disease.

Nitrogen Fixation – plant roots from a symbiotic relationship with bacteria in the soil through root nodules. This relationship allows certain plants access to nitrogen that otherwise would be unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is stored in the nodules of the plant roots until the roots dieback and are shed. At this point, nitrogen becomes available to other plants in the community.

Parent material – the underlying geological material which influences type and pH of surface soils.

Parent plant – The plant in which seed or cuttings were taken from Pemmican – dried meat pounded into a course powder and mixed with equal proportions of fat and native edible berries. When prepared properly it can be stored for a long period of time. This was used by Native Americans for nutrition and prevented scurvy on long expeditions at sea.

Riparian zone – is the interface between land and water; characterized by mesic conditions and water-loving plants.

Seed Coat Dormancy – is a physical dormancy that prevents germinations.

Hard or water impermeable seed coats must be broken with scarification methods to facilitate germination.

Sepals – are modified leaves that surround and protect the flower bud in the beginning stages of flowering. Sepals are green and small in most plants; however, some sepals are larger and more colorful than the petals.

Scarification – Seeds can have a hard seed coat dormancy that must be broken down so that water can penetrate and seed can germinate. Scarification is a means of removing the seed coat dormancy. Depending on the seed, this can be done in a variety of ways. This includes, chemicals, abrasion, and pressure.

Seral communities - in ecological succession, plants are early-seral, mid-seral, or late-seral as that ecosystem advances to a climax community. Early seral species grow along with pioneer species, where late-seral species are latesuccessional species advancing to a climax community.

Seed Extraction – Blender Method – put fruits in the blender with water.

Blend mixture at a low setting. Viable seeds will sink and empty seeds and pulp will float to the surface. Poor off water and floating material: clean the seeds and spread them out to dry on a paper towel.

Soil Texture – The grains and mineral sizes in soils. Coarse textured soils are sandy soils, with larger particles, and good drainage. Medium textured soils are loamy soils with medium drainage and some water retention ability. Fine textured soils are clay soils with little air, drainage ability, and increased water retention ability.

Soil Reaction – The pH of the soil being either acidic or alkaline.

Stratification – Seeds can have an embryo dormancy that must be exposed to periods of warm and cold (depending on species), in order for the seed to germinate. Stratification is the process of exposing seeds to environmental conditions that causes meristemic cells to differentiate (see meristem) which breaks the embryo dormancy.

Threshing – The removal of seeds from their fruits. This can be done using hands, feet, screens, sandpaper, or machines.

Tonic – tones and brings strength to the body.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Viburnum acerifolium

Family

Adoxaceae Formally Caprifolaceae

English Name

Arrowwood

Description

Other Names

Maple-leaved Viburnum

A deciduous multi-stemmed thicketforming shrub that shoots up suckers via underground stems.

Flowers are small yellowish-white clusters.

Leaves are maple-like and rounded or slightly heart shaped at the base. Leaves ovate, opposite, with 3 lobes, and slight dentate leaf margins. Lower leaf surfaces have tiny black dots.

Bark is brown and smooth.

Berries are drupes that appear almost black from July to October.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Cool moist woods, dry deciduous woodlands, and rocky slopes. Ontario to Quebec and South to the southern U.S.

Soil Texture

Medium to coarse textured soils.

Nutrients

Low fertility requirement

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 4.5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7.5

Moisture Regime

Dry to moist soils with a high drought tolerance

Shade Tolerance

Shade tolerant and requires partial shade for optimum reproduction and growth. Can grow in full sun.

Successional Status

Mid-to-late successional status

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, and Mixwood Plains Ecozones

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Uses

Site Rehabilitation

V. acerifolium has a thicket-forming habit that is well adapted to soil stabilization on slopes. This shrub gives value to degraded sites because; it is beneficial to wildlife, unique to eastern North America, tolerant to acidic soils, has a high drought tolerance, and does not require fertile soil to thrive. Although it thrives in partial shade, it can grow in full sun, allowing it to be used as a primary restoration species and to persist when the rehabilitation site becomes shaded over subsequent years.

Wildlife

Deer, rabbits, mice, skunk, ruffed grouse, pheasants, wild turkeys, and songbirds eat the berries.

Twigs and bark are eaten by deer, moose, rabbits, and beavers

Landscaping

V. acerifolium has creamy white flowers in the spring and maple-like dark green foliage which turn rose-purple in the fall. This contrasts well with the purple berries maturing in September. A good choice for shrub borders, thickets, naturalizing, and for attracting wildlife.

First Nations

The inner bark was used for cramps and as an emetic (to induce vomiting).

Other

Propagation

a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

Spring

Fruit Ripening Time Fall

Seed Collection Time Fall

Crop Intervals Annual

No. seeds per kilogram 29000 seeds/kg

Seed Viability n/a

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Seeds can be put in a blender with water to remove pulp. The pulp will float to the top and viable seeds will sink to the bottom. Spread seeds out on a paper towel to dry for storage or planting. However, do not let the seeds completely dry out or they lose viability.

Seed Storage Seeds should be stored in airtight containers in a cool dry place.

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Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds have double dormancy, needing scarification to break the hard seed coat and warmcold stratification to break embryo dormancy. A period of warm, followed by a period of cold, followed by a period of warm stratification will increase germination. Seeds can be sown outdoors but take 2 to 3 years to germinate.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Good

Spring

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Good

Late-Summer

Hardwood cuttings

Poor

Winter

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

Fair

Early Spring

Plant division

N/A

N/A

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Plant seeds in suitable soil medium in a cold frame and cover with hardware cloth to prevent rodents from eating the seeds. Seeds may take up to three years to germinate.

Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings: Cut new growth from the current year and leave one or two nodes. Plant cuttings in trays or pots and be sure to plant your cuttings vertically in the same direction that the shoot was growing. All but the top three leaves should be removed and large leaves should be cut in half. Although leaves increase rooting, they also increase desiccation through moisture loss. Place cuttings in a cold frame covered with burlap or in a shade house to root and harden off before planting in a nursery bed or in a permanent location.

Suckers: In the spring during active growth, cut the roots and suckers from parent plant.

Reduce long leafy growth by half to reduce moisture loss. When roots are established plant cuttings in nursery beds or permanent locations. d) Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements Mulch well to retain moisture and keep out competing vegetation.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Iris versicolor

Family

Iridaceae

English Name

Blue Flag

Other Names

Larger Blue Flag Harlequin Blue Flag

Description

A wetland forb growing in clumps with thick horizontal rhizomes growing from a corm. Grass-like thick leaves and blue/purple flowers add beauty to riparian zones.

Leaves are basal erect and two ranked: each rank containing one flowering stem.

Leaves are alternately arranged, lanceolate, with parallel veination and entire leaf margins.

Flowers are arranged in three parts: with 3 petals that emerge from papery bracts, 3 sepals, and 3 stamens. Flowers have large blue sepals that are white and yellow at the base, with dark purple vienation. The petals are half the size of the sepals.

Fruits are dry dehiscent capsules containing 40-120 seeds, often persisting through winter.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Marshes, shores and wet meadows: Manitoba to NFLD and south to Minnesota.

Soil Texture

Fine to medium soil textures with a high level of organic matter (loam/peat soils)

Nutrients

medium

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 5 - 7

Moisture Regime

Wet. Not tolerant to extended drought.

Shade Tolerance

Intolerant. Tolerates partial shade and thrives in full sun.

Successional Status

An early successional species found in old fields and wet meadows

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, Mixedwood Plains, and Prairie Ecozone

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Uses

Site Rehabilitation

I. versicolorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s showy flowers attract pollinators; helping to create a selffertile landscape. Its rhizomatous nature and tendency to form colonies in wet areas provides stabilization of unstable soils in degraded riparian zones (USDA). Its extensive root system on mesic sites is used to mitigate pollutants from moving into waterways and to control seepage. A very wind tolerant plant suggesting its use in harsh open and wet sites. Blueflag is a wetland indicator plant and is moderately salt tolerant that can be used to restore bogs and upland costal wetlands.

Wildlife

Aquatic rodents eat the roots.

Landscaping

Good for wet open sites, adding color to the landscape and buffering water flow into other areas. A showy aquatic plant that is great for water and bog gardens.

First Nations

A highly used medicinal herb for ailments in the gastrointestinal tract and for detoxification. Infusions made from the roots.

Other

Used as a cathartic, alternative, hepatic, and emetic. A decoction is made from the roots; which should be dried. Note: all parts of this plant are considered poisonous and may cause contact dermatitis when roots are handled.

Propagation a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

May-June

Fruit Ripening Time August

Seed Collection Time Fall

Crop Intervals

No. seeds per kilogram

Seed Viability

Annual

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Collect seeds in fall and store in paper bags in a warm dry place. Seed capsules will split naturally in the bag.

Seed Storage Store in air-tight containers in a cool-dry place, seeds require stratification to germinate.

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Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds have a water impermeable hard seed coat that requires scarification. To break the seed coat soak for 24-48 hours in hot water and than score with a knife or sandpaper.

Seeds also have embryo dormancy that requires stratification. Seeds must be stored for three months from -5 to 0 degrees Celsius or stored outside in a cold frame before they will germinate. However, fall propagation brings little success.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Semi-hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Root cuttings

Good

Spring

Suckers

N/A

N/A

Plant division

Good

Spring before flowering or early fall after flowering.

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Seed – Root cuttings – Divide corms into sections Plant division – dig up clumps and plant in pots or permanent locations. Large clumps with extensive root systems are more adaptable to new conditions. Smaller clumps should be potted and grown in a cold frame to establish a root system before planting in nursery beds or permanent locations.

b) O u t - p l a n t i n g C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d R e q u i r e m e n t s Mulch well to retain moisture and keep out competing vegetation.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Cornus canadensis

Family

English Name

Bunchberry

Other Names

Description

Cornaceae

Whorls of 3 to 9, but usually 4 thick leaves are overtopped by a cluster of small white flowers, and surrounded by four white bracts. Flowers present from late spring into the fall.

Leaves ovate with simple pinnate to palmate veination and smooth leaf margins.

Fruits are red drupes that form in clusters from September to late-fall.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Cool acidic boreal in deciduous forests, heaths and shaded bogs. From Alaska to Labrador South to New Jersey and California.

Soil Texture

Medium Textured Loam Soils

Nutrients

Medium fertility requirements; can use NPK fertilizer that is high in Phosphorus.

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; pH6

Moisture Regime

Moist to somewhat dry. Should not be planted where there will be seasonal standing water. However, there are high moisture requirements.

Shade Tolerance

Full sun to full shade. Prefers partial shade.

Successional Status

C. canadensis is often found in pioneer Boreal and Acadian forests as well as old growth deciduous forests; being more adapted to late-seral stages in deciduous forests. However, although C. canadensis thrives in partial shade it can tolerate full sun. This suggests its use as a midseral restoration species where moist and cool soil conditions are prevalent.

BEC Zone and Sub-zone Status

Found in all ecozones across Canada and in some states. Bunchberry is threatened and endangered in sensitive ecosystems due to deforestation.

Uses

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Site Rehabilitation

C. canadensis is a full shade to partial shade ground cover that will tolerate full sun. Excellent for re-establishing the herbaceous layer during re-growth of the canopy layer. Its mat-forming habit provides natural mulch and its rhizomatous nature provides a soil binding ability to prevent erosion on recovering sites. (Walker and USDA) It has the ability to accumulate aluminum (Richardson et al., 2001) suggesting it could be used for bioaccumulation in sites with toxic levels of aluminum. C. canadensis also accumulate Cu, Fe, K, Pb, Mn, Mg, P, Ca and Zn in its tissues, holding nutrients within the system preventing leaching. It also has resistance to dogwood anthracnose, a disease that affects some other members of the Cornus genus. (Richardson et al., 2001)

Wildlife

Bird forage: grouse, vireos, and thrushes.

Landscaping

Asexual propagation by rhizomes of C. canadensis allows for an attractive shade tolerant ground cover for forest gardens. A cluster of white flowers inside of four white bracts creates beauty from spring into fall. Clusters of red berries from late summer to late fall add color to a deep green ground cover.

First Nations Other

Berries edible. Roots – antispasmodic and antiseptic; Leaves – analgesic and cathartic; Fruits – capillary tonic, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic.

Propagation a) Seed Propagation Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

Late Spring

Fruit Ripening Time Late SummerFall

Seed Collection Time Fall

Crop Intervals Hardy perennial

No. seeds per kilogram 152,000 seeds/kg

Seed Viability 28% when planted immediately after collection outdoors, but losses viability quickly during storage.

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Seeds are collected in the fall and put in a blender to remove the pulp and strained. Fruit may contain germination inhibitors.

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Seed Storage Seeds can be stored in sealed containers at 3-5 degrees Celsius for up to 4 years. Seeds can be stored for a minimal amount of time with fruits still intact.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds require warm moist stratification for 45 days followed by cool moist stratification at 4 degrees Celsius for 140 days in order to germinate.

b) Vegetative Propagation Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Semi-hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Root cuttings

Good (Rhizome division)

Early Spring or late fall

Suckers

N/A

N/A

Plant division

N/A

N/A

c) Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques Do not let seeds dry out. Sow seeds ! inch deep in a mixture of coconut husks (or a material that will retain moisture) and sand. Keep soil moist and cover with burlap or a shade cloth. Germination of some seeds will occur in late spring, others will germinate the following spring. Re-seed the same mix as most seeds are slow to germinate and can take up to 3 years. Flowering will occur in the third year after germination.

Divide rhizomes in early spring or late fall. Cut 6-inch segments of the rhizome containing at least one bud and plant horizontally in suitable medium.

d) Outplanting Characteristics and Requirements Seedlings can be transplanted in late summer when plants harden off.

Plant rhizome divisions " inch deep, and mulch. Mulching with pine needles is suggested to maintain the acidity of the soil.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Juglans cinerea

Family

Juglandaceae

English Name

Butternut

Other Names

White Walnut

Description

A self-fertile deciduous tree growing to 25m and expanding to 20m.

Leaves are compound-odd-pinnate and arranged alternately on stem.

Leaflets are lanceolate, with crenate leaf margins, and hairy/oily to touch on the undersides.

Bark is yellow-brown and smooth when young.

Mature bark is gray-brown with shallow scales running lengthwise.

Flowers are monoecious (male and female flowers on the same tree) and appear at different times in the spring. Male flowers are long slender catkins and female flowers are terminal clusters with 6-8 small red spikes.

Fruit is a nut with a hard shell that is oblong and hairy. Nuts appear in clusters in the fall.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Rich deciduous mesic woods and riverbanks, often found in riparian zones and in gorges. Common in the Saint John River Valley and Upper Southwest Miramichi. Extends to Ontario and Quebec and south to North Carolina in the U.S.

Soil Texture

Medium to coarse soil textures

Nutrients

Medium

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 7.0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8.5, naturally grows where parent materials are limestone or calcareous.

Moisture Regime

Mesic sites â&#x20AC;&#x201C; well drained moist soils

Shade Tolerance

Intolerant; prefers full sun.

Successional Status

Early to mid-succession

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, and Mixwood Plains Ecozones.

Uses

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Butternut is an important species for increasing biodiversity in the Acadian forest. It prefers full sun and moist soils, which creates a valuable restoration species in degraded and open riparian sites with calcium rich soils. Butternut also has an open crown density creating light or dappled shade under its canopy. This is especially important for native species that cannot tolerate harsh conditions and full sun. In open sites with little to no vegetation, Butternut can fully absorb the access to sunlight while creating dappled shade on the ground below for shade tolerant species. However, due to the presence of juglones, certain plants are poisoned and cannot grow near some members of the walnut family. This includes blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), some lilies (Lilium spp.), Lindens (Tilia spp.), and alders (Alnus spp.). Species known to tolerate juglone and thrive in partial shade are: wild ginger (Asarum canadense), white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), Canada violet (Viola canadensis), and members of the Allium genus.

Butternut also has a deep taproot that accumulates phosphorus and potassium from the subsoil (known as dynamic accumulation). These nutrients become available to other members in the nearby plant community through decomposition of leaf litter and the dieback of roots.

Wildlife

Butternut is a generalist nectary source (a wide range of insects and beneficial invertebrates), as well as a food source to chipmunks and squirrels. Leaves are palatable to white tailed deer and rodents eat the bark.

Landscaping

A great species for parks and open spaces creating shade in its understory. This allows for shade tolerant species to be planted in an otherwise open area. Great for beautification and edibility in food forest gardens or lawns.

First Nations

The bark was used as a laxative and tonic and the oil from the nuts was used for tapeworms and fungal infections. Nuts were also eaten or ground to make flour.

Other

Nut flour can be used with grain flour to make cakes, biscuits, and breads. Nuts are a superfood containing protein and essential omega fatty acids.

A yellow-orange dye can be made from the twigs, leaves, buds, unripe fruit, and the bark.

A valuable timber species for furniture, flooring, or cabinets.

A valuable coppice tree with significant re-sprout ability.

This species is listed a endangered and is susceptible to butternut canker, a fungal infection that top-kills, girdles, and eventually kills the tree.

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Propagation a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

May-June

Fruit Ripening Time

Seed Collection Time

September

September

Crop Intervals Annual

No. seeds per kilogram 66 seeds/kg

Seed Viability High, most seeds germinate in the first growing season.

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Seeds can be planted in the spring or fall. For fall plantings, store fruits in a plastic bag until the husks can be rubbed off. For spring plantings store seeds in a stratification bed (see below).

Seed Storage Viability of stored seeds in greatly increased when stored in airtight containers in a cool dry place.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds need cool moist stratification for 90 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 120 days at 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4 degrees Celsius.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Best vegetative propagation of coppice or stump sprouting.

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Difficult

Spring

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Difficult

Summer

Hardwood cuttings

Low

Winter

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

N/A

N/A

Plant division

N/A

N/A

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Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

In the fall sow seeds 8” apart, 2” deep, and cover with mulch. In the spring remove heavy mulch to allow sprouting and keep moist.

In the spring use a stratification bed: Stratification Bed (Adopted from MacPhail Woods Nursery) Create a box with 10” wooden sides and fill with 3” of sand. Place in a layer of nuts and cover with cardboard and top with another layer of sand and coconut husks (for moisture retention). Cover with hardware cloth and wood, then apply 6” of mulch and place outdoors.

Check regularly in the spring for sprouting and then plant out.

Seeds should be sprouted and grown in pots in a shady position. If excessively muggy or wet, pots should be moved to allow drying and avoid fungal diseases.

d)

Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Mulch all seedlings well and keep moist but not soggy. Seedlings should be grown in light shade for the first summer until they harden off.

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Scientific Name

Prunus virginiana

Family

Rosaceae

English Name

Chokecherry

Other Names

Red Chokecherry

Description

A deciduous multi-stemmed shrub or small tree spreading via rhizomes or seed.

Flowers appear before the leaves are fully developed. They are small, white, with roundish petals in dense racemes, forming a rounded cylinder.

Leaves elliptic to ovate, dentate leaf margins that are finely toothed. The leaf tops are glossy and paler beneath, turning yellow in the fall.

Bark is smooth and reddish brown when young to gray and furrowed when mature.

Fruit a red to purple drupe appearing in late summer.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Dry to mesic forest edges, thin stands, bluffs, grassy rocky slopes, streambanks in grasslands, sites with full sun and good drainage

Soil Texture

Coarse to medium textured soils, fine textured soils only where there is good drainage.

Nutrients

Medium to rich, but it has been found growing in low fertile soils in otherwise ideal conditions.

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 5.5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8.4

Moisture Regime

Dry to moist soils; intolerant of flooding.

Shade Tolerance

Intolerant, tolerate to partial shade and thrives in full sun.

Successional Status

Early-seral species due to in short lifespan and need for light. However, it has been found growing in climax communities where sufficient light is present.

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, Boreal Plans, Prairies, Hudson Planins, Taiga Plains, Montane Cordillera, and Pacific Maritime Ecozones.

Uses

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Site Rehabilitation

Can be used in rehabilitation sites for wildlife habitat, shelterbelts, mine spoils, and soil stabilization. In can spread profusely via rhizomes or seeds, creating a network of perennial roots that stabilizes the soil and prevents nutrients from leaching. It is also a known allelopath that could prevent invasive species from moving into a site when used as a boundary border.

It has small amounts of calcium and phosphorus in its biomass suggesting it accumulates and holds these nutrients. Some of these nutrients will be released back into the soil food web with decomposing leaf litter and root dieback.

P. virginiana can be planted on roadsides and shorelines because it is tolerant of salt. It has been found growing in a range of habitats from abandoned construction sites with no soil depth and low fertility, to virgin grasslands with deep soil profiles and a high level of nutrients (USDA). Its short life span and need for full sun suggests an early-seral species, however, with sufficient light it has been found growing in stable climax communities. This suggests in adaptability to a wide range of conditions that makes P. virginiana a valuable restoration species.

Wildlife

A general nectary plant and food source for many birds. Shelter habitat for birds and mammals.

Landscaping

P. virginiana produces attractive clusters of white flowers that has a sweet almond-like smell. It provides food and shelter to many species of birds and mammals attracting wildlife to the landscape. Due to its aggressive colonization, it is best planted on forest edges or isolated areas.

First Nations

Berries were used to make pemmican and to treat cold sores. Leaves and twigs were used for colds and rheumatism. Juice was used for diarrhea and sore throats, due to its astringent constituents. An infusion of the cambium layer with serviceberry (Amelanchier) was given to lactating mothers to pass on the medicinal constituents to the nursing baby.

Other

Bark is used as an astringent. Berries are edible when cooked, however seeds, leaves, and twigs contain hydrocyanic acid, which has caused illness and death in livestock and children. Modern medicine has researched that small doses of hydrocyanic acid can stimulate respiration, improve digestion, and give a sense of well-being.

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Propagation a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

Fruit Ripening Time

Spring- before the leaves are fully developed

July September

Seed Collection Time JulySeptember

Crop Intervals Perennial

No. seeds per kilogram 19,936 seeds/kg

Seed Viability 96-100%

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Collect seeds when ripe and plant without cleaning off the fleshy fruit. However, some studies suggest cleaning the seeds by soaking the fruits and rubbing them over a screen to remove the pulp will increase germination success.

Seed Storage Seeds should be dried, although not excessively, and stored in airtight containers in a cool dry place.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds need a period of after-ripening in the presence of oxygen and moisture to germinate.

Cold-moist stratification is needed for 2 to 3 months at 4 degrees Celsius if storing seeds and planting in the spring. Planting seeds in the fall in cold frames covered with hardware cloth is the best way to treat embryo and seed coat dormancy.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Good

June-August

Hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Root cuttings/Rhizome cuttings

Fair

Early Spring

Suckers

Fair

Early Spring

Plant division

N/A

N/A

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

!

Plant seeds in suitable soil medium in a cold frame and cover with hardware cloth to prevent rodents from eating the seeds.

Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings: Cut new growth from the current year and leave one or two nodes. Plant cuttings in trays or pots and be sure to plant your cuttings vertically in the same direction that the shoot was growing. All but the top three leaves should be removed and large leaves should be cut in half. Although leaves increase rooting, they also increase desiccation through moisture loss. Place cuttings in a cold frame covered with burlap or shade house to root and harden off before planting in a nursery bed or in a permanent location.

Rhizome Cuttings: In early spring while the plant is still dormant, dig up and cut rhizomes closest to the parent stem. Plant rhizomes in the same direction of growth (usually horizontal) in nursery beds, permanent locations, or pots.

Suckers: In the spring during active growth, cut the rhizomes and suckers from parent plant. Reduce long leafy growth by half to reduce moisture loss until established. Plant cuttings in nursery beds or permanent locations.

d) Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements Plant in well-drained rich soil that will not flood and in a sunny position. Mulch in the first few years until the plant is established.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Sambucus canadensis

Family

Some authors treat it as a subspecies of the closely related introduced Sambucus nigra (spp. canadensis) English Name

Elderberry

Description

Adoxaceae Older classification: Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle)

Other Names

American Black Elderberry, Common Elder

A small shrub with many stems, usually arising from the base.

White corymb flowers, in a cluster wider than long, arrive in late spring or early summer.

Leaves compound forming leaflets that are opposite. Leaves coarsely toothed.

Berries are purple/black and ripen in the fall.

The bark is pale light green that changes to light brown as the plant grows older.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Common among shores, stream edges, swamps, old fields, disturbed sites, bogs, roadsides, and damp thickets. S. canadensis often forms thickets as a result of suckering from its roots.

Soil Texture

Fine to Medium textured soils.

Nutrients

NPK with higher levels of Phosphorous for flowering and fruiting

Soil Reaction / Salinity

PH 5.5-8

Moisture Regime

Drought tolerant but prefers wet sites.

Shade Tolerance

Full sun to partial shade

Successional Status

S. canadensis is an early to early to mid-seral or primary succession species.

Ecozone and Sub-zone Status

Found in the Atlantic Maritime. Boreal Shield, Boreal Plains, Mixwood Plains, and Prairie Ecozones and south into the U.S.

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Uses Site Rehabilitation

Elderberry is a fast growing species that carries out many important ecological functions. It provides nectar to a variety of beneficial insects including pest predators and native pollinators. It is a specialist nectary because it forms clusters of tiny flowers easily accessible to the shortmouthed parts of certain insects; as well as hummingbirds that can only source nectar from specific flowers. It also forms a thicket, which is important shelter for beneficial insects and birds.

Elderberry grows in riparian areas; however, it is drought tolerant which suggests adaptibility to a variety of restoration projects. It prefers a higher pH but it can be grown in slightly acidic soils to some degree. Due to its flat root pattern and shallow roots, Elderberry would be best planted with species that form deeper roots to stablize soil in highly degraded and steepe sites.

Wildlife

Has wildlife value for up to 79 species, including small mouth nectar insects, deer, butterflies, and hummingbirds. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thicket forming habit creates shelter for insects and birds.

Landscaping

S. canadensis can withstand urban conditions and is an attractive landscaping plant with its dome-like clusters of flowers and blueish-red berries. Its wildlife value attracts birds and butterflies to sites and can thrive in wet conditions where other plants cannot. If planted closely together it can form a thicket hedgerow or natural fence.

First Nations

Inner bark used for an emetic (causes vomiting) or a strong laxative.

Roots are infused and applied to swollen breasts. Leaves are used as an antiseptic for sores and eyes. An infusion from the berries is used for rheumatism.

Other

Berries are edible when cooked for jellies, jams, and pies. An infusion of the flowers or berries can be used medicinally to strengthen the immune system and fight colds.

The stems, leaves, and roots contain cyanogenic glycosides and children have been poisoned after using the hollow stems for whistles.

Berries can cause digestive upset when eaten raw and should be cooked before cosuming.

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Propagation a) Seed Propagation Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

Summer

Fruit Ripening Time

Seed Collection Time

Fall

Fall

Crop Intervals Hardy perennial

No. seeds per gram 598 seeds/ gram

Seed Viability 18%

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Collect seeds as soon as the fruit ripens and turns dark blue. Clean the seeds to avoid fermentation and dry. Untreated seeds can be sown outdoors but will not germinate for at least two years. This method has a low rate of success. However, propagation from seed is important for mantaining genetic variability and disease resistence.

Seed Storage Air dry seeds for two days and store in airtight containers.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Hard seeds coats require scarification in order to germinate. Seeds soaked in sulfuric acid for 10-20 minutes greatly increases germination success. Alternatively, seeds can be rubbed between sandpaper to break the hard seed coat. Cold-moist stratification for 60 days at 4 degrees Celsius also greatly increases germination.

b) Vegetative Propagation Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Good

Spring

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Fair

Mid-Summer

Hardwood cuttings

Good

Early Spring or Late Fall

Root cuttings

Fair

Early Spring or late fall

Suckers

Good

Early Spring

Plant division

Good

Via Suckers

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c) Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques Seeds: Treated and untreated seeds should be planted 0.25 in. (6.3 mm) deep at a rate of 35 seeds per foot (30-cm). Seeds may be planted in the spring, or in the late fall, if well mulched. Untreated seeds usually will not germinate until the second growing season Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings: Cut new growth from the current year and leave one or two nodes. Plant cuttings in trays or pots and be sure to plant your cuttings vertically in the same direction that the shoot was growing. All but the top three leaves should be removed and large leaves should be cut in half. Although leaves increase rooting, they also increase desiccation through moisture loss. Place cuttings in a cold frame covered with burlap or in a shade house to root and harden off before planting in a nursery bed or in a permanent location.

Dormant Hardwood Cuttings: In early spring, cuttings with two or more nodes can be rooted in pots or planted directly in nursery beds or permanent locations. In Late fall, cuttings can be wrapped in plastic to reduce moisture loss and stored in a cool dark place until spring.

Root Cuttings: In early spring, dig up and cut roots closest to the parent stem. Divide roots leaving a least one growth node. Create an angle on the downward part of the root and plant in the same direction of growth in nursery beds, permanent locations or pots.

Suckers: In early spring, cut roots and suckers from parent plant. Cut the new leafy growth by half to reduce moisture loss. Plant cuttings in nursery beds or permanent locations.

Bareroot: Bareroot plants should be soaked in water for a few hours before planting.

d) Outplanting Characteristics and Requirements Fertilization and lime amendments may be required in the first 3-5 years. Suppression of weeds can greatly increase survival and growth during this time. Heavy mulch is suggested for weed suppression and moisture retention. Elderberry requires 25mm/week of rain; in dry periods supplemental watering will be needed. (Martin and Motts)

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Viburnum trilobum

Family

Adoxaceae

Synonym:

Formally

Viburnum opulus var. americanum

Caprifolaceae

Viburnum opulus spp. trilobum MARSH English Name

Highbush Cranberry

Description

Other Names

American Cranberry, Crampbark

A deciduous multi-stemmed shrub that is not thicket forming; however, it does form small colonies.

Clusters of white flowers arranged in flattopped cymes.

Leaves are opposite and ovate, lobed toward the middle, and slightly dentate leaf margins.

Bark is smooth, gray to light brown, and waxy.

Fruits are drupes, cranberry-like, and red.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Found on borders of woods, in thickets, along shores, in swamps, peatlands, and moist sites. From B.C to Newfoundland and south to the northern U.S.

Soil Texture

Adapted to fine to medium soils textures

Nutrients

Medium fertility requirement

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 5.5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7.5 (Different cultivars of this species can withstand a lower pH)

Moisture Regime

Can grow in wet to seasonally wet spots, moist sites, and somewhat dry sites (well drained soils near a water source). Not tolerant of drought.

Shade Tolerance

Intolerant of shade, although some authors report it has some shade tolerance at decreased reproduction and growth (Nellessen, 2006).

Requires full sun to thrive.

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Successional Status

Mid-to-late successional status, due to its presence in semi-stable habitats, its low reproductive and growth rates, and is longevity. (US Forest Service)

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, Mixwood Plains, Boreal Planis, Hudson Plains, Montane Cordillera, Pacific Maritime, and Southern Taiga Shield Ecozones.

Uses Site Rehabilitation

V. trilobum has the ability to recolonize disturbed land, wetlands, and riparian habitats. This is of significant importance to disrupted riparian zones that need to be rehabilitated. Woody vegetation in riparian zones stabilizes soil, provides food, and creates shelter through the winter, which is critical to rehabilitation of soils and wildlife in degraded areas.

V. trilobum has some re-sprout ability which is important to the survival of species subject to browse by deer, moose, rabbits, and beaver.

Wildlife

Seeds are eaten by cedar waxwings, ruffed grouse, pheasants, and songbirds.

Flowers are a specialist nectary source for short-mouthed insects that are dependent on small flowers for survival.

Fruits are eaten by foxes, raccoons, mice, chipmunks, squirrels, skunks, and rabbits.

Twigs are eaten by deer, moose, and beaver.

Landscaping

White flowers and red berries provide beauty in wetter areas. It can be planted alone or in groups creating small colonies. A good dual-purpose plant for its edibility and ornamental characteristics. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s used as a border, a hedge, a background plant, and to attract wildlife. Native species also offer more resilience to the landscape compared with other varieties commonly used in landscaping. For example, native varieties of Viburnum, such as V. trilobum, are hardier and more resistant to aphid attacks, compared to the Eurasian varieties commonly found in nurseries.

First Nations

Berries are used for making pemmican (see glossary). Bark is used for a diuretic, a sedative, and for septic poisoning at childbirth. Berries are eaten preserved or fresh.

Other

Berries are edible, but have some toxicity when unripe. Bark is used as an antispasmodic, for nervousness, urine infections, water retention, blood pressure, menstrual and stomach cramps, and as an astringent.

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Propagation a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

May to July

Fruit Ripening Time

Seed Collection Time

September

SeptemberNovember

Crop Intervals Annual

No. seeds per kilogram 6186 seeds/kg

Seed Viability High

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Seeds can be put in a blender with water to remove pulp. The pulp will float to the top and viable seeds will sink to the bottom. Spread seeds out on a paper towel to dry for storage or planting.

Seed Storage Seeds should be stored in air-tight containers in a cool dry place. Seeds can be stored for several years at low temperatures and remain viable.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds need scarification to break the hard seed coats, which are broken down using acids: as well as cold moist stratification to break embryo dormancy preventing germination. To stratify seeds place them in growing medium for 60-90 days at 2-4 degrees Celsius.

Seeds can be sown outdoors instead, but will take 2 years to fully germinate. 50% of the seeds will germinate after the first year. One week at 20 degrees Celsius and one week at 2 degrees Celsius before sowing outdoors can increase germination success. Seeds need at least 8 hours of light per day and warm temperatures to germinate.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Good

Spring

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Good

Summer

Hardwood cuttings

Fair

Late-Winter

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

N/A

N/A

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Plant division

c)

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Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings: Cut new growth from the current year and leave one or two nodes. Plant cuttings in trays or pots and be sure to plant your cuttings vertically in the same direction that the shoot was growing. All but the top three leaves should be removed and large leaves should be cut in half. Although leaves increase rooting, they also increase desiccation through moisture loss. Place cuttings in a cold frame covered with burlap or shade house to root and harden off before planting in a nursery bed or in a permanent location.

Dormant Hardwood Cuttings: Take cuttings as low down on the parent plant as possible.

The cutting should be about pencil thickness and cut below a leaf node at the bottom and above a leaf node at the top. Treat the cutting with rooting hormone after wounding down to the cambium. Store the bundles in coconut husks (or something that holds moisture other than peat moss) for 6 weeks. Storing cutting vertically is important with the treated side down. Callus material will eventually turn into roots and then can be transplanted into pots or nursery beds in the spring.

d)

Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Plant in a moist to wet site, mulch well to keep out competing vegetation and to retain moisture. Due to the shallow roots of V. trilobum, ground cover mulch plants are not recommended, as they will compete for water and nutrients. Water well in periods of drought and plant well away from air pollutants.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Myrica pensylvanica

Family

Myricaceae

Other Names

--

(Synonom: Morella pensylvanica) English Name

Northern Bayberry

Description

Bayberry is a deciduous shrub with leathery leaves that give a strong scent when crushed.

Leaves are simple and alternate with wavy leaf margins.

Flowers are green catkins that appear in early spring before the leaves.

Hard gray waxy berries arrive in fall and stay for most of the winter.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Common in sandy fields, along dunes, but similar species are found in boggy areas. From Quebec to NFLD and south to the U.S.

Soil Texture

Coarse to Medium textured soils. Some authors report M. pensylvanica grows in heavy clay fine textured soils, where others report this plant is intolerant of such soils.

Nutrients

Adaptable to soils of low fertility.

Soil Reaction / Salinity

PH 5.5-7.0, will struggle in high pH soils

Moisture Regime

Dry to wet, with a high drought and salt tolerance.

Shade Tolerance

Intolerant, thrives in full sun.

Successional Status

Early successional species of degraded costal areas and dry inland areas due to its ability to fix nitrogen and grow in low fertile soils.

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, and Mixwood Plains Ecozones, south to the Eastern U.S.

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Uses

Site Rehabilitation

Bayberry spreads via suckers from the parent plant and forms dense colonies, creating a fiborous root system that holds soils intact.

Excellent for stabilization and cover on degraded dry slopes and back dunes close to the shoreline. M. pensylvanica is adabtable to low fertile soils and provides long-term soil enhancement through its symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria. This symbiotic relationship allows for nitrogen to be held in the soil food web by the roots of M. pensylvanica.

Nutrient leaching can detiorate long-term soil productivity, and nitrogen fixation can hold these nutrients so all members of the plant community benefit.

M. pensylvanica is tolerant to browse, salt, wind, slopes, drought, and pollution making it a highly adaptable species for restoration and gardening projects. It is a low growing shrub which suggests its use for a permanent support plant in annual gardens. In annual garden beds, its roots not only fix nitrogen, but also form chemical bonds with other nutrients which prevent nutrient leaching from the soil.

Wildlife

Berries are a winter-food for yellow-rumped warblers, grouse, swallows, gray catbirds, bluebirds, and starlings.

Landscaping

Can be used as a shrub border and along roadsides and paths. Great garden border plant due to in browse tolerance. It grows well in difficult open sites, adding green foliage to the landscape.

First Nations

Leaves, berries, and inner bark are used for colds and diarrhea (expectorant and astringent properties)

Other

Leaves can be used to make tea or in place of commercial bay leaf in cooking. Berries can be added to water to float the wax and then added to beeswax or paraffin to make candles.

Propagation a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

Early Spring

Fruit Ripening Time Late fall through winter

Seed Collection Time Late fall through winter

Crop Intervals Annual

Community Forests International: Selection of Native Species

No. seeds per kilogram 121000 seeds/kg

Seed Viability Unknown, seeds should not be stored for more than one winter

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Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction The waxy coating on the seeds can be removed by threshing (rubbing the berries on a metal screen). Seeds do not have to be removed from the berries for germination or storage. However, removal of the fruit can increase germination.

Seed Storage Store berries with their wax coating intact: store in a cool dry place for cleaning and planting in the spring.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds require scarification (for the water impermeable wax coating) and cold moist stratification (5-8 degrees Celcius for 90-150 days) in order to germinate.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Fair

Spring

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Fair

Early-Summer

Hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Root cuttings

Good (Rhizome Division)

Spring or Fall

Suckers

Good

Spring or Late Fall

Plant division

N/A

N/A

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Seeds: In the spring, after scarification and stratification, plant seeds in a mixture of potting soil and sand, germination will occur in three weeks.

Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings: Cut new growth from the current year and leave one or two nodes. Plant cuttings in trays or pots and be sure to plant your cuttings vertically in the same direction that the shoot was growing. Place cuttings in a cold frame covered with burlap or shade house to root and harden off before planting in a nursery bed or in a permanent location.

Root Cuttings: In early spring, dig up and cut roots closest to the parent stem. Divide roots leaving a least one growth node. Create an angle on the downward part of the root and plant in the same direction of growth in nursery beds, permanent locations, or pots.

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Suckers: In early spring, cut roots and suckers from parent plant. Plant cuttings in nursery beds or permanent locations.

d)

Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

M. pensylvanica requires well drained soils to thrive; that are moist to dry. M. pensylvanica does not do well with competition, so be sure to mulch around the plant to keep out unwanted vegetation. Weed around the plant, but be sure to be gentle with its roots. M. pensylvanica will grow in wetter soils, but good drainage is important. In wet soils, build mounds and swales (see appendix), and be sure not to mix subsoil with topsoil.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Matteuccia struthiopteris

Family

Dryopteridaceae

Other Names

Fiddlehead Fern

Synonym: Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica Matteuccia pensylvanica Onoclea struthiopteris Pteretis nodulosa Pteretis pensylvanica English Name

Ostrich Fern

Description

A perennial fern or pteridophyte that consists of two separate fronds at different stages of the life cycle. A sterile frond appears in the spring has as compound ovate leaflets that turn abruptly narrow at the tip and can reach up to 100cm long. Fiddleheads are the immature buds of the sterile fronds with smooth stems, a grove down the inside, and papery scales that are easy to rub off. Fertile fronds appear later; are shorter, lanceolate, turn brown/black, and can persist through winter; however, they are often the first to die back in the fall.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Mixed temperate forests, wet sites, stream edges, riverbanks, and moist forests from Alaska to NFLD and south to the U.S.

Soil Texture

Medium to fine textured soils

Nutrients

Medium nutrient requirement

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 5-6.5

Moisture Regime

Moist to wet. Intolerant to drought.

Shade Tolerance

Partial shade to shade. Tolerates full sun with sufficient moisture.

Successional Status

Mid-to-late successional status

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, Mixwood Plains, Taiga Plains, Boreal Cordillera, Montane Cordillera, Hudson Plains, and Pacific Maritime Ecozones.

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Uses Site Rehabilitation

A recommended species for low lying swampy areas, including areas that have flooding due to the degradation of riparian zones. Although full sun will burn the tender fronds of Ostrich fern, it can survive for a period in sunny conditions as long as it has consistent access to water.

Ostrich fern is also well adapted to areas with seepage and is a recommended species to stop toxic flow into waterways. Ostrich fern is a great ground cover, has low maintenance requirements, and is resistant to deer browse. This beneficial understory plant is adaptable to forest restoration, food forest gardening, and advanced restoration activities.

Wildlife

Acts as a cover plant to birds, frogs, and small mammals.

Landscaping

Great for shady edges, ground covers, woodland gardens, and wet or swampy areas.

First Nations

Fiddleheads are eaten, sterile fronds are used to relieve back pain and speed up expulsion of the afterbirth.

Other

The roots can be used medicinally, but it is not recommended because these plants are rare. Overharvesting of the fiddleheads can lead to premature death of the plant. As a rule, you should not collect more than 10% from an area. Be sure to know the identity of the fiddleheads you are harvesting, as some ferns are toxic. Ostrich fern is known to have carcinogenic compounds and thiaminase, which robs the body of B vitamins, and should therefore only be eaten in small quantities.

Propagation Seed Propagation Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

N/A

Fruit Ripening Time N/A

Seed Collection Time Late fall/winter (spores)

Crop Intervals N/A

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No. seeds per kilogram N/A

Seed Viability N/A

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Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Maturing spores will appear green on the underside of the fertile frond. They are mature when brown but should be smooth. If the spore sacks are ruff they have already released the spores. Place the fronds in between two sheets of paper in a warm dry place out of wind. A light dust will appear on the paper once spore sacks of released spores.

Seed Storage Store in airtight containers in a cool dry place Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment N/A a)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Semi-hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

N/A

N/A

Plant division

Good

When dormant

b)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Spores â&#x20AC;&#x201C; surface sow spores in spring and keep moist. If sowing in pots, cover with plastic to retain moisture. Pot up when ferns when they are large enough to handle and grow in light shade until they are large enough to plant out.

Vegetative propagation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; propagate by stolons (above ground stems) when plant is dormant.

c)

Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Plant in moist to wet areas, preferably in partial shade, and mulch well to retain moisture.

Be sure to water in times of drought.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Vitis riparia

Family

Vitaceae

Other Names

Manitoba Grape

Synonym: Vitis vulpine L. spp. riparia English Name

Riverbank Grape

Frost Grape Description

A native woody vine that aggressively climbs and can be considered invasive due to its encroaching and sometimes disruptive nature.

Flowers are small, fragrant, and white or greenish in color. Clusters of flowers form long panicle cylinders with clusters in groups of three.

Leaves are alternate, simple, with pronounced lobes that are longer than broad. Leaf margins are serrate and young leaves have small pubescent hairs beneath and mature leaves retain some hairs along the veins.

Bark is reddish brown splitting in narrow strips.

Mature bark sheds and peels.

Fruit is bluish-black and tart turning sweet after frost.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Flood plain forests, wooded swamps, upland woods, shrub swamps, riverbanks, fencerows, and roadsides.

Soil Texture

Medium and coarse textured soils

Nutrients

High nutrient requirements

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 6.1-8.5

Moisture Regime

Dry to wet soils, preferring moist soils with some drought tolerance.

Shade Tolerance

Some shade tolerance; but prefers full sun.

Successional Status

Early-to-mid successional status

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, and Mixwood Plains Ecozones

Uses

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Site Rehabilitation

Not advisable to use in restoration as it can have a detrimental affect on its hosts. Better suited to a garden where its growth can be controlled.

Wildlife

Birds relish on its fruits

Landscaping

Beautiful and vigorous vine for a trellis or fence with flowers in the spring and blue round berries in the fall.

First Nations

A decoction of the twigs was used to help cure poisoning and to combat insanity.

Other

Leaves of this plant can be used to make dolmas and the fruit can be used to make a tart jelly.

NOTE: Fruit is very similar to the poisonous Canada Moonseed (Menispermum canadense). When collecting in the wild, carefully inspect seeds to determine the species. Seeds of V. riparia are ovate and are 2-6 per fruit. Fruit of M. canadense has a single seed that is a flattened crescent shape.

This plant is also used for a rootstock for commercial grape growers due to its disease and pest resistance, most notably resistance to phylloxera.

Propagation a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

Spring

Fruit Ripening Time Fall

Seed Collection Time Fall

Crop Intervals Annual

No. seeds per kilogram 33,440 seeds/kg

Seed Viability 90%

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Fruits can be collected as soon as they are ripe by stripping clusters from the vine. Later in the fall, berries can be shaken onto a mat and collected in large quantities. Extract seeds using the blender method or threshing over a screen. Seeds can also be extracted by placing fruits in a mesh bag and directing a solid stream of water (400lb pressure) onto them to remove the pulp.

Seed Storage Seeds can be extracted or stored as dried berries. Both should be stored in airtight containers.

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Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Cold stratification for 60 to 120 days at 4 degrees Celsius is required for germination.

Alternatively, seeds can be sown in the fall, but may take up to 12 months to germinate.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Semi-hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Hardwood cuttings

Good

Winter

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

N/A

N/A

Plant division

N/A

N/A

Grafting

Good

Late-Winter

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Seeds- before sowing or stratification, soak seeds for 24 hours. Seeds should be sown in the fall in a cold frame or stored in a cool moist place for stratification.

Hardwood Cuttings – Dormant cuttings are taken in late winter, as live cuttings tend to ‘bleed’. A small strip of bark is removed from the bottom of the cutting to promote callusing and root formation. Wound cuttings down to the cambium layer and apply rooting hormone.

Place cuttings in appropriate medium (soil and coconut husks or wood shavings) and apply bottom heat to stimulate rooting. Once rooted, transplant into pots and store for outplanting in the spring.

Grafting – Grafting is done with completely dormant scion wood and rootstock. Stocks should be about 35cm long and healthy.

If grafting on the side on smaller rootstocks, remove the bark from the upper portion of the rootstock and make an incision at the same angle as the scion wood. Cut the scion wood just above and below the growth nodes on an angle to form a wedge. Wedge scion wood into the rootstock and cover with grafting tape. Be sure to match up the cambium layer of the rootstock and scion wood.

If grafting on the top on larger rootstock, make a diagonal cut on the scion wood about 1-2 inches long. Make another diagonal cut on the other side that is slightly shorter. Split the trunk of the rootstock and insert two scion wedges into either side of the trunk and cover with grafting tape. It is important that the cambium layer of the scion wood and the cambium layer of the rootstock match up.

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Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Prick out seedlings when they are large enough to handle and re-pot. Seedlings should be grown in a cold frame for the first year as tender shoots are susceptible to frost. Plants are ready for nursery transplanting once the first two true leaves appear.

Newly rooted hardwood cuttings should be placed in cold frame covered with shade cloth to harden off before being planted out in the nursery or vineyard.

Be sure to water cuttings and grafts regularly to prevent them from drying out.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

(1.) Amelanchier arboreta (A.a)

Family

Rosaceae

Other Names

Saskatoon, Shadebush, Indian Pear, Serviceberry, Juneberry

(2.) Amelanchier canadensis (A.c) English Name

(1.) Downy Serviceberry (2.) Canada Serviceberry

Description

(1.) Identification is difficult, but early flowering and late fruiting are important for positive identification.

(1.) Small shrub or tree (2.) Tree or multi-stemmed shrub (1. and 2.) Small flowers appear before leaves, with 5 white petals. Leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to heart shaped, and finely toothed. Bark is purple to light gray with darker streaks.

(1.) Young leaves are covered with soft woolly hairs that disappear as leaves mature. The leaves turn a red wine color in the fall.

(1.) Fruit Sweet and Juicy.

(2.) Fruit can seem tasteless compared to other varieties of this genus.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

(1.) Rich woods, slopes, and thickets. (2.) Swamps, lowlands, thickets and woods.

Soil Texture

(1.) Medium to coarse textured soils

Nutrients

Medium fertility requirements

Soil Reaction / Salinity

(1.) pH 4.8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7.5

Moisture Regime

Somewhat dry to wet soils. Both species have a low drought tolerance.

Shade Tolerance

(1.) Shade tolerant thrive in full sun.

Successional Status

(1.) Late successional to climax species successional species

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, and Mixwood Plains Ecozones

(2.) Adapted to all soil textures

(2.) pH 5.5 - 7.5

(2.) Intermediate Shade tolerance

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-Both species

(2.) Early-to-mid

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Uses Site Rehabilitation

(1.) Slope stabilization – the roots of this species are extensive and can be used to stabilize slopes and prevent erosion.

Both species are excellent wildlife forage and some authors suggest this plant fixes nitrogen, although this is not thoroughly researched.

Wildlife

Many birds including mockingbirds, cardinals, and cedar waxwings eat the berries.

Squirrels, rabbits, mice, voles, foxes, black bears, and deer eat the leaves and twigs.

Landscaping

A good landscaping shrub with early spring flowers and mid-summer fruit. Both species are resistant to air pollution and are suitable for urban plantings.

First Nations

(1. and 2.) Food (berries) and medicine (bark) (astringent) (1.) Arrows and tools (A. arborea has close grains and very hard wood.)

Other

(1.)Used in industry to pulp wood.

(1. and 2.) Berries are great for jams, jellies, and pies.

Propagation a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

April

Fruit Ripening Time July-Aug

Seed Collection Time Late-Summer

Crop Intervals Perennial

No. seeds per kilogram

Seed Viability < 50%

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Seeds should be collected when they are ‘green’, before the seed coat has hardened and to compete with the wildlife. Fruit color is an indicator of ripe-ness, fully mature fruits are deep purple. The seeds can be separated by threshing (rubbing berries on a screen) or by using a blender to remove the pulp. Seeds should be spread out to dry because they can ferment quickly. There is a significant loss of viability if the seeds overheat while drying.

Seed Storage

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Seeds can be stored in sealed containers in the refrigerator. Fungal infections can be a problem, so seeds should not be stored for long.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Mature seeds require scarification to remove hard seed coat. This can be done with chemicals or abrasion (i.e. screens or sandpaper (see glossary)). All seeds have embryo dormancy and need cold moist stratification at 4 degrees Celsius for 60-120 days.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Fair

Spring

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Fair

Spring

Hardwood cuttings

Fair

Early - Winter

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

Fair

Late Winter

Plant division

N/A

N/A

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Sow seeds outdoors in pots or in a cold frame in the fall. Germination success will be increased if seeds are stratified for four weeks before outdoor sowing. Unstratified seeds will take 18 months to germinate. Prick-out seedlings and re-pot in a sheltered outdoor location.

Grow seedlings in a seedbed for two years before placing in a permanent location.

Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings: Cut new growth from the current year and leave one or two nodes. Plant cuttings in trays or pots and be sure to plant your cuttings vertically in the same direction that the shoot was growing. All but the top three leaves should be removed and large leaves should be cut in half. Although leaves increase rooting, they also increase desiccation through moisture loss. Place cuttings in a cold frame covered with burlap or shade house to root and harden off before planting in a nursery bed or in a permanent location.

Dormant Hardwood Cuttings: In early spring, cuttings with two or more nodes can be rooted in pots or planted directly in nursery beds or permanent locations. In Late fall, cuttings can be wrapped in plastic to reduce moisture loss and stored in a cool dark place until spring.

Take cuttings as low down on the parent plant as possible. The cutting should be about pencil thickness and cut below a leaf node at the bottom and above a leaf node at the top.

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Treat the cutting with rooting hormone after wounding down to the cambium. Store the bundles in coconut husks (or something that holds moisture other than peat moss) for 6 weeks. Store the cutting vertically with the treated side down. Callus material will eventually turn into roots and then can be transplanted into pots or nursery beds in the spring.

Suckers: In early spring, cut roots and suckers from parent plant. Plant the cuttings in nursery beds or permanent locations. Suckers of Serviceberries need at least two years of growth to form roots, before they can be dug up and cut from the parent plant.

d)

Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Mulch plants well to retain moisture and water in periods of drought until established. Since Amelanchier spp. has a low drought tolerance, soils that are moist without standing water are most appropriate.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

English Name

Viburnum edule

Family

Adoxaceae

Synonym:

OR

Viburnum pauciflorum

Caprifolaceae

Squashberry

Description

Other Names

Mooseberry, Highbush Cranberry, Lowbush Cranberry

A deciduous multi-stemmed thicket forming shrub spreading via rhizomes and layering.

Flowers are relatively small clusters that are white tinged with pink.

Leaves are opposite, maple-like, but shallowly lobed. Leaves have tiny hairs along the veins and leaf margins are slightly dentate.

The fruit is a drupe and is yellow changing to red/orange.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Cool slopes, ravines, damp woods, thickets, wet clearings, peatlands, and streambanks

Soil Texture

Adapted to all soil textures

Nutrients

Medium fertility requirements

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7.3

Moisture Regime

Moist to wet, with low drought tolerance

Shade Tolerance

Tolerant, but prefers dappled shade to full sun.

Successional Status

Early-to-late successional status, has been found in post fire climax communities (US Forest Service).

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, Boreal Plans, Prairies, Hudson Planins, Taiga Plains, Montane Cordillera, and Pacific Maritime Ecozones.

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Uses

Site Rehabilitation

V. edule has a thicket forming habit that can be used for soil stabilization on unsecure slopes. Its adaptability to a variety of soil conditions, light conditions, and its fire tolerance makes V. edule a beneficial restoration species. After a moderate fire, seed germination will increase and re-sprouting will occur within weeks. (US Forest Service) It creates shelter and provides food for wildlife, and is a key species for restoring ecological processes in riparian zones.

Wildlife

Deer, rabbits, mice, skunk, ruffed grouse, pheasants, wild turkeys, and songbirds eat berries.

Twigs and bark are eaten by deer, moose, rabbits, and beavers

Landscaping

A good shrub border plant in shady and/or wet areas. V. edule provides color in a forest garden for most of the year, as well as attracting wildlife to the landscape. V. edule is listed as a threatened species by the Canadian Forest Service and can be planted to restore biodiversity on landscapes.

First Nations

Inner bark is used for an antispasmodic.

Other

Berries are edible, but sour, and should be cooked before eating.

Propagation a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

May - June

Fruit Ripening Time August September

Seed Collection Time September

Crop Intervals Annual

No. seeds per kilogram 17,651 seeds/kg

Seed Viability -----------

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Seeds can be put in a blender with water to remove pulp. The pulp will float to the top and viable seeds will sink to the bottom. Spread seeds out on a paper towel to dry for storage or planting. However, do not let the seeds completely dry out as they lose viability.

Seed Storage Seeds should be stored in airtight containers in a cool dry place.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment

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Seeds have double dormancy, needing scarification to break the hard seed coat and warmcold stratification to break embryo dormancy. A period of warm, followed by a period of cold, followed by a period of warm conditions will increase germination. Seeds can be sown outdoors but take 2 to 3 years to germinate.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Good

Early-Summer

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Good

Summer

Hardwood cuttings

Poor

Late-Fall

Root cuttings

Fair

Late-fall

Suckers

Fair

Late Fall

Plant division

N/A

N/A

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Plant seeds in suitable soil medium in a cold frame and cover with hardware cloth to prevent rodents from eating the seeds. Seeds may take up to three years to germinate.

Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings: Cut new growth from the current year and leave one or two nodes. Plant cuttings in trays or pots and be sure to plant your cuttings vertically in the same direction that the shoot was growing. All but the top three leaves should be removed and large leaves should be cut in half. Although leaves increase rooting, they also increase desiccation through moisture loss. Place cuttings in a cold frame covered with burlap or in a shade house to root and harden off before planting out.

Hardwood Cuttings: Collect cuttings when plant is dormant and wound down to the cambium layer and apply rooting hormone. Place cuttings in rooting medium and apply bottom heat to stimulate rooting. Once rooted, transplant into pots and store for outplanting in the spring.

Root Cuttings: Cut sections 5-10 cm long and bury cuttings in flats in the same direction of growth (rhizomes are planted horizontally). When roots will sprout vegetation they can be transplanted in nursery beds or permanent locations. d)

Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Mulch well to retain moisture and to keep competing vegetation at bay.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Asarum canadense

Family

Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort Family)

English Name

Canadian Wild Ginger

Description

Other Names

Snakeroot

A low growing forb that spreads via rhizomatous growth creating an understory groundcover.

Two pairs of leaves give rise to flowers that are purple/brown with 3 pointed lobes, the lobes extend backwards toward the base of the flower.

Leaves are heart-shaped with a deep central cleft and palmate veination.

Roots are off-white to yellow, thin, and spiral throughout the soil. They have a faint taste and smell of ginger.

Fruits are capsules with large oval and wrinkled seeds.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Moist, rich woods from Manitoba to Newfoundland and South to the U.S

Soil Texture

Adapted to all soil textures as long as the soil is well drained.

Nutrients

High

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 5.1-7.1

Moisture Regime

Somewhat dry to moist well-drained soils. Moderate drought tolerance.

Shade Tolerance

Tolerant, partial shade to full shade.

Successional Status

Late successional to climax species

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Maritime, Boreal Shield, and Mixwood Plains Ecozones

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Uses Site Rehabilitation

A. canadense is weed suppressing herbaceous plant that spreads via runners creating a dense ground cover under the canopy. It can support the growth of newly planted trees by suppressing undesirable species from entering the plant community.

The roots of A. canadense form beneficial associations with vesicular abuscular mycorrhizal fungi that can increase its growth in phosphorus deficient soils and provide some protection from disease. Mycorrhizal fungi form mutually beneficial relationships with plant roots offering water and protection in return for starch and sugars from the plant.

It is also known to be tolerant to juglone, a chemical produced by some trees in the walnut family (Juglandaceae) that can poison plants growing under its canopy and in its root zone. This is especially useful for re-establishing butternut (Juglans cinerea) species in Acadian forest zones.

Wildlife

An alternate food source for pipevine swallowtail butterfly (Battus philenor).

Landscaping

A beautiful native ground cover to be used in shady gardens, under trees, or at the base of shrubs. It can replace ivy or other non-native ground covers.

First Nations

The root is used as a spice for pastries and breads. Used medicinally to remove worms (anthelmintic), to relieve gas (carminative), in fevers (diaphoretic), to stimulate kidney function (diuretic), in colds (expectorant), to calm the stomach, and as a stimulant and tonic.

Other

The leaves of this plant are poisonous and may cause contact dermatitis. Some authors believe all parts of this plant are poisonous and should not be ingested.

Propagation

a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

May-June

Fruit Ripening Time June-July

Seed Collection Time June-July

Crop Intervals Annual

No. seeds per kilogram

Seed Viability Low

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Gather mealy fruits when capsules begin to split. The seed capsule will be a brown version of the flower, with seeds as the bottom. Clean seeds and remove all pulp, as pulp can inhibit

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germination. Seeds should be planted immediately due to the decreased viability of stored seeds.

Seed Storage If stored, seeds should be dry and stored in air-tight sealed containers with moist vermiculite at 4 degrees Celsius.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds have radicle dormancy that is broken by warm summer temperatures and epicotyl dormancy that is broken by cold winter temperatures.

Seeds need a period of warm moist stratification for 3 months and then a period of cold moist stratification before planting in the spring.

Seeds received in winter should have at least 3 weeks cold moist stratification before planting out in the spring, however, success will be low.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Semi-hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

N/A

N/A

Plant division

Good

Fall

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Seed: After stratifying, place seeds in a moist but not soggy growing medium with coconut husks to retain moisture. When large enough to handle, prick out seedlings by holding the cotelydons (the first two â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;leavesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that appear) and pot-up in individual pots. Grow seedlings in light shade and keep in a greenhouse for the first winter.

Seeds sown directly outdoors should be in a shady position. When seedlings appear keep moist and mulch well to retain moisture.

Divisions: Cut rhizomes in 6-8 inches lengths in the fall when plants start to go dormant and plant immediately. It is best to leave the parent plant and take cuttings of newly formed runners.

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Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Mulch all seedlings and divisions well to retain adequate moisture. Seedlings and divisions should be a light shade and kept moist but not soggy during times of drought.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Viburnum cassinoides

Family

Adoxaceae

Synonym:

(Viburnum Family)

Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides

Formally Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family)

English Name

Wild Raisin

Other Names

Witherod Viburnum Swamphaw

Description

A common deciduous shrub growing in wooded areas of eastern Canada Flowers: Off-white flowers are large and showy and are arranged in flat-topped umbels.

Leaves are simple, opposite, and leathery to waxy. Shape can vary from elliptic, to ovate, to lanceolate with nearly entire leaf margins that have small teeth. Leaves turn red in the fall before dropping.

Fruits are pink to red berries that change blue to black when mature. The fruits tend to whither like raisins giving the shrub the name Wild Raisin.

Bark is gray to brown and covered with small white spots.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Common in moist and shady woodlands, but grows in clearings, edges of swamps, roadsides, open lowlands, thickets, and borders of woods; from Ontario to Newfoundland and south to Florida.

Soil Texture

Medium Textured Soils

Nutrients

Medium

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 4.9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6.5

Moisture Regime

Dry to moist soils, with some drought tolerance. This species is flood tolerant when floods are seasonal.

Shade Tolerance

Tolerant, prefers partial shade and grows well in full sun.

Successional Status

Early-to-late successional status

Ecozone Status

Atlantic Martime, Boreal Shield, Taiga Shield, and Mixwood Plains Ecozones.

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Uses Site Rehabilitation

V. cassinoides fills various ecological functions that are important for site rehabilitation. It can grow in a variety of conditions from full sun to full shade, which can help fill niches in different successional stages. It is a beneficial shrub for unstable site conditions because of its adaptability to both drought and flood. Its thicket forming nature provides shelter for birds and mammals, as well as a food source for wildlife.

Wildlife

Ruffed grouse, robin, rose-breasted grosbeak, purple finch, cedar waxwings, chipmunk, red squirrel, skunks, and mice eat the berries that tend to hang on until mid-winter.

Landscaping

Attractive flowers and berries can add color to borders and attract wildlife to the landscape. This shrub can add beauty to difficult and wet sites from spring until fall.

First Nations Other

Bark and inner bark is used as an antispasmoic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, mouthwash, and tonic.

Propagation

a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

Early Summer

Fruit Ripening Time Fall

Seed Collection Time Fall to Winter

Crop Intervals Annual

No. seeds per kilogram 60, 720 seeds/kg

Seed Viability 90-96%

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction For storage remove fruit pulp by threshing: for planting no seed extraction is necessary.

Seed Storage Store in airtight containers in a cool dry place

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Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds have embryo dormancy and need 2 month of warm stratification and 3 months of cold stratification to germinate. Even under these conditions seeds may take up to 18 months to germinate. The best method is to sow seeds in a cold frame in the fall, some will germinate the next spring and some will take another 12 months to germinate. b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Good

Late-spring

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Good

Summer

Hardwood cuttings

Fair

Late-fall

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

N/A

N/A

Plant division

N/A

N/A

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Seeds: Plant seeds ! inch apart in cold frames in the fall. Cover with hardware cloth to prevent rodents from eating the seeds.

Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings: Cut new growth from the current year and leave one or two nodes. Plant cuttings in trays or pots and be sure to plant your cuttings vertically in the same direction that the shoot was growing. All but the top three leaves should be removed and large leaves should be cut in half. Although leaves increase rooting, they also increase desiccation through moisture loss. Place cuttings in a cold frame covered with burlap or shade house to root and harden off before planting in a nursery bed or in a permanent location.

Hardwood Cuttings: Collect cuttings when plant is dormant and wound down to the cambium layer and apply rooting hormone. Place cuttings in rooting medium and apply bottom heat to stimulate rooting. Once rooted, transplant into pots and store for outplanting in the spring.

d)

Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Mulch around new plantings to retain moisture and to keep out competition.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Rosa spp.

Family

Rosaceae

1. Rosa carolina (Pasture Rose) 2. Rosa virginiana (Virgina Rose) 3. Rosa nitida (Shining or Prickly Rose) 4. Rosa blanda (Smooth Rose) English Name

Wild Rose

Description

Other Names A thorny (exception R. blanda) woody shrub with pink radically symmetrical flowers that bloom from May-July.

1. Flowers white to light pink, leaves dull green.

2. Flowers light pink, leaves glossy 3. Flowers dark pink, leaves glossy dark green 4. Flowers medium pink, leaves dull green.

Leaves are opposite, toothed, elliptic, and are arranged in compound odd-pinnate leaflets.

Fruits are red-ish orange hips that form in August and last into the winter.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

All species grow in moist to dry soil, some thrive in dry soils and some are found in wetter soils 1. In dry rocking sandy soil 2. Seashores, edges of salt marshes, roadsides, moist thickets, and pastures 3. Acid bogs, marshes, wet thickets, and stream margins 4. Gravelly shores and rocky slops

Soil Texture

1. Medium to Coarse textured soils 2. Medium to Coarse textures 3. All soil textures 4. Coarse textured soils

Nutrients

1. Fertility requirement low 2. Medium 3. Medium 4. Low

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Soil Reaction / Salinity

1. pH 6.1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8.5 2. pH 5-7 3. pH 5-7 4. pH 5.8 -8, most roses prefer a neutral pH

Moisture Regime

1. Dry to moist 2. Moist 3. Moist to wet 4. Dry to moist

Shade Tolerance

Rosa spp. thrives in full sun, but can tolerate dappled shade.

Successional Status

Early-successional status, commonly colonizes old agricultural fields.

Ecozone Status

Found in the Atlantic Maritime. Boreal Shield, Boreal Plains, and Mixwood Plains Ecozones and south into the U.S.

Uses Site Rehabilitation

Wild rose will reproduce via suckers from roots and underground stems (rhizomes). This colonization is important for long-term soil stabilization in both dry and wet soil types. This thicket forming habit is also noted for it potential in watershed stabilization and reclamation of disturbed sites (Meyer, S. The Woody Plant Seed Manual, Rosa spp.)

Wildlife

Provides food insects and hummingbirds and shelter for birds and other vertebrates. Important for chalcid wasps, a parasitic wasp whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s larvae eats the seeds (Meyer, S.)

Landscaping

White to dark pink flowers provides beauty to hedges or hedgerows.

First Nations

Roots and bark are used for diarrhea and a decoction from the leaves is used as an eyewash. Fruits are eaten for their Vitamin C content to boost immune function.

Other

Hips used for jellies and teas. Flowers are used to make potpourri, rose water, teas, and are eaten in salads. Seeds are a good source of Vitamin E and can be grounded and added to flour for a supplement (USDA Plant Profile: Rosa virginiana).

Propagation

a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

June - August

Fruit Ripening Time AugustSeptember

Seed Collection Time August to September

Crop Intervals Annual

Community Forests International: Selection of Native Species

No. seeds per kilogram ~ 110 000 seeds/kg

Seed Viability -----------

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Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Cut hips and half and shell out the achenes. Macerate the achenes to remove seeds for stratification. If planting directly outdoors, plant with achenes intact.

Seed Storage Store in airtight containers at 5 degrees Celsius.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds require scarification and stratification in order to germinate. Alternating between warm and cold stratification can remove the need for scarification (i.e. the warm and cold alternation can break the hard seed coat). Place seeds in a sterile growing medium and place in the refrigerator for 8 weeks. Then remove from cold and place in room temperature in the dark for 8 weeks. Then place back in the fridge for 8 weeks before planting.

Seeds can also be sown in the fall in a cold-frame and may take up to two years to germinate. b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Good

Early Fall

Hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

Good

Early Spring

Plant division

N/A

N/A

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Seeds: After stratification plant seeds in trays and place in a coldframe to germinate. Some seeds may not germinate until the second year. Seeds do not breed true, seedlings are not necessarily the same variety as their parent plant.

Cuttings: Take cuttings of mature wood from the current seasons growth. Score and apply rooting hormone and place in pots and a shaded position. Cuttings take 1 year to become established and can be planted in a nursery bed or in a permanent location. Cuttings may initially turn brown and wither, but new shoots will eventually appear from the crown.

Suckers: In early spring while still dormant, dig up sections of suckering shoots and plant in permanent locations. Cut off all but 6 inches of growth before transplanting.

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Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

Mulch well and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t give up hope. Cuttings and suckers may initially turn brown and wither, but new shoots will eventually appear.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Gaultheria procumbens

Family

Ericaceae (Heath)

English Name

Wintergreen

Other Names

Checkerberry, Teaberry

Description

Low evergreen shrub with one or more small white flowers hanging beneath leaves. Flowers are bell-shaped and !â&#x20AC;? long, constricted at the tip with 5 small teeth. Leaves dark green, shiny, oval and obscurely toothed (Newcomb, 1977) Plants erect, leaves 25-35 mm long, often with a reddish tinge. Fruit a berry and red (Clayden and Young, 2000) Leaves have aroma, are volatile when crushed (Self Observation 2010)

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Boreal and deciduous forests with acidic soil. (Art, 1987) Heaths lands, scrub forests, sphagnum bogs, and cut over land. (Moola and Vasseur, 2009) Cool summers of Southeastern Canada or Northeastern U.S (Sinton and Michener, 2001) from Manitoba east to Newfoundland and South to Minnesota (Mirick and Quinn, 1981)

Soil Texture

Coarse to medium textured soils. (USDA website, 2010) Peat, sand, and sandy loam (Moola and Vasseur, 2009)

Nutrients

Grows well on soils with low nutrient status (Moola and Vasseur, 2009) due to ericoid mycorrhizal fungi forming mutually beneficial relationships with the plant roots (of the Ericaceae family) allowing plant roots access to normally unavailable nutrients. (Xiao and Berch, 1995) (Stamets, 2005) Tap roots accessing nutrients in the subsoil also allows this plant to thrive on poor sites (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005)

Soil Reaction / Salinity

PH 4-6.5 (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) (Art, 1987)

Moisture Regime

Moderately wet to wet sites. Soil must never completely dry out, but can tolerate periods with less moisture (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) (USDA website, 2010)

Shade Tolerance

Partial-shade to full shade for part of the day. (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) Can tolerate full-sun where soil never dries out (Fisher, 2000)

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Successional Status

Has increased reproductive growth after disturbance (Moola and Vasseur, 2009) (Donohue et al., 2000) as long as the soil structure is not severely disturbed. Well adapted to all stages of succession.

Changes plant morphology (leaf, flower, ramets) under environmental disturbance allows G. procumbens to beneficially exploit higher resource patches. (Moola and Vasseur, 2009) An example is with greater access to sunlight, leaves become narrower, and more energy is put into reproductive stems. (Moola and Vasseur, 2009) (Bort et al., 2008)

BEC Zone and Subzone Status

Atlantic Maritime Ecozone, Boreal Shield Ecozone and Mixed Hardwood Plains Ecozone of Canada (Ecological Framework of Canada, 2010)

Uses Site Rehabilitation

G. procumbens root system has a mat forming habit which spreads via rhizome growth (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) (Donohue et al., 2000) possibly preventing erosion of cleared sites. It tends to put on increased vegetative growth asexually (continuous or linear rhizome growth) after clear cut logging (Moola and Vasseur, 2009) and growth usually happens from new stems. (Donohue et al., 2000), Since G. procumbens spreads via rhizomes (asexual reproduction) (Donohue et al., 2000) after a forest disturbance G. procumbens root system should increase, allowing for an increased soil binding ability. G. procumbens is also a trample tolerant species (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) making an excellent ground cover crop for sites with bare soils and high traffic. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trample tolerance allows its survival after forest disturbance (Donohue et al., 2000) (Moola and Vasseur, 2009), although its slow colonization and limited seeding establishment via sexual production makes artificial propagation often necessary for greater establishment over large areas (Donohue et al., 2000). G. procumbens is also a dynamic accumulator of Magnesium, bringing it up from the subsoil to the topsoil. Leaf litter decomposition and root shedding, over many years, allow this nutrient to become available to other plants in the ecological community. Dynamic accumulators also absorb leaching nutrients that would otherwise be lost. Although catch and release may take many years, dynamic accumulators are important for slow release fertilization and nutrient cycling. (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005)

Wildlife

Fair wildlife browse for deer (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) Chipmunks, grouse, mice, black bears, and birds eat the fruit. (Art, 1987)

Landscaping

Good plant for woodland edges or shady rock gardens. Leaves turn red in cold weather (Fisher, 2000). Its trample tolerance makes it a good ground cover for paths. (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) White bellshaped flowers with pink tinge in the spring and red berries in fall (Fisher, 2000) that keep through winter, add color in colder months.

(Self Observation, 2010)

First Nations

Toothaches (Art, 1987) and painful swellings and gargle for sore throats (Garland, 1984)

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Delicious tea and edible fruit (Self Observation, 2010) Essential Oil

Propagation

a) Seed Propagation Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time May to August (Fisher, 2000)

Fruit Ripening Time

Seed Collection Time

August to following May (Fisher, 2000)

Fall (Art, 1987)

Crop Intervals Evergreen perennial

No. seeds per kilogram

Seed Viability

8509933 seeds/kg

32% viability

(USDA website, 2010)

Donohue et al., 2000)

(maybe less)

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Collect fruit in fall (Art, 1987) by hand (Self Observation, 2010) extract seeds from berry using the blender method or mortar and pestle. Float and poor off fruit pulp collecting the viable seeds the sink to the bottom (ER 332 Class Video, 2007).

Seed Storage Since seeds capsules are long-lasting on plant (Fisher, 2000) and seed viability is low (Donohue et al., 2000) its best to not harvest until ready for stratification and germination.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Requires moist stratification 4 째C for 4-8 weeks (Art, 1987)

b) Vegetative Propagation Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Good

Early summer before stems and runners become woody (Art, 1987)

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Good

July/August (Plants for a Future,

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Hardwood cuttings

Not sure

Evergreen dormant cuttings in mid-winter.

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Good

In spring before new growth (Plants for a Future, 2010), it is not necessary to take the whole plant.

Suckers Plant division

c) Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques Sow seeds in acidic rich peat soil after stratification. (Fisher, 2000) Stratify seeds in overwinter flats covered in hardware cloth to prevent rodents from eating the seeds.

Germination may be slow, so allow two springs before disposal. (Art, 1987) Cuttings should be 3-6cm long (Plants for a Future, 2010) and placed in a moistened mixture of sand and peat moss to root and transplanted the following spring. (Art, 1987) Bottom heat will stimulate rooting of stored cuttings. (ER332 Class Video, 2007) Plant division can be any time of year, but best in spring before new growth starts. Smaller clumps should be put into cold frames to establish roots. (Plants for a Future, 2010)

d) Outplanting Characteristics and Requirements Plant seedlings in acidic soil covered with plenty of organic matter to retain moisture.

(Jacke, 2005) (Fisher, 2000) Well adapted to full sun where soil never dries out (Fisher, 2000) and drought resistant (USDA website, 2010) where there is lots of organic matter. G. procembens grows best in partial shade and is slightly shade tolerant. (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) In the first year, new seedlings may require protection from frost (Plants for a Future, 2010) and additional water in dry areas (Sinton and Michener, 2001).

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References Agriculture Canada. National Ecological Framework of Canada. Retrieved October 19, 2010. http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/nsdb/ecostrat/intro.html Art, H.W.(1987). The Wildflower Gardenerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Guide. Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Eastern Canada Edition. Garden Way Publishing.

Author Unknown. Plants for a Future Website. Retrieved on October 22, 2010. http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Gaultheria+procumbens Bort, T., Meyer, G., and Young, E. (2008). Nutrient limitation and morphological plasticity of the carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea in contrasting wetland environments. New Phytologist 180: 631-641.

Donohue, K. and Foster, D. and Motzkin, C. (2000). Effects of Past and Present on Species Distribution: Land Use History and Demography of Wintergreen. Journey of Ecology 88: 303-316.

Fisher, Kathleen. (2000). Taylor Guides. Shrubs. How to grow more than 500 ornamentals and useful shrubs for privacy and specimen planting. New York: Houghton Muffin Company.

Garland, S. (1984). The Herb Garden. London: Frances Lincoln Ltd. Hinds, H.R. (2000) Flora of New Brunswick. New Brunswick: Biology Department, University of New Brunswick.

Jacke, D. and Toensmeier, E. (2005). Edible Forest Gardens. Ecological Design and Practice for Temperate Climate Permaculture. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Newcomb, L. (1977). Newcombâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wildflower Guide. New York: Little, Brown, and Company.

Moola, F.M. and Vasseur, L. (2009). The importance of clonal growth to the recovery of Gaultheria procumbens L. (Ericaceae) after forest disturbance. Plant Ecology 201: 319-337.

Mirick, S. and Quinn, J. (1981). Some Observations on the Reproductive Biology of Gaultheria procumbens (Ericaceae). American Journal of Botany 68: 1298-1305.

Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester. Retrieved October, 19 2010. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GAPR2 USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 24 October 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Sinton, N. and Michener, D. (2001). Taylor Guides. Ground Covers. More than 400 flowering and foliage ground covers for every garden situation. New York: Houghton Muffin Company.

Stamets, P. (2005). Mycelium Running. How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World. Canada: Ten Speed Press.

Xiao, G., and Berch, S.M. (1995). The ability of known ericoid mychorrhizal fungi to form mycorrhizae with Gaultheria shallon. Mycologia 87 (4): 467-470.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Hamamelis virginiana

Family

Hamamelidaceae

English Name

Witch Hazel

Other Names

------

Description

A multi-stemmed shrub with ovate leaves with toothed margins.

Stems are hairy or smooth.

Flowers are yellow and spider-like, with narrow petals and are the last to appear in Eastern Canada after the leaves have fallen. A yellow calyx remains through the winter giving the appearance the shrub is still in flower.

Fruits are dry dehiscent capsules that open in the late fall and release seeds with force.

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Found on stream banks and moist understories of deciduous forests.

Soil Texture

Fine to medium textured soils

Nutrients

Medium to rich soils

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 4.5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6.2

Moisture Regime

Moist to somewhat wet. Shallow rooted, does not tolerate drought well.

Shade Tolerance

Tolerant. Can tolerate full sun where it is protected from extreme heat and drought. Thrives in partial shade.

Successional Status

H. virginiana is a shade tolerant mid-to-late seral species.

Ecozone Status

Southern Atlantic Maritime and Mixwood Plains Ecozones - South to Florida and West to Texas.

Uses Site Rehabilitation

A good species for wildlife habitat and food source. Its shallow roots and drought intolerance do not suggest a good rehabilitation species.

However, it does create a dense cover inhibiting seed germination of intolerant species (FED US), suggesting it could outcompete invasive species in a native restoration site. In cooler climates, H. virginiana may prefer a protected area with more sun, as it typically grows in southern Nova Scotia where winters are warmer.

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Wildlife

Fruit is eaten by ruffed grouse, northern bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, white tail deer, red squirrels, and to some extent bears.

Rabbits and beavers eat the bark.

Landscaping

Great for borders, forest gardens, and late fall bloomers.

First Nations

Cold remedy, skin, febrifuge, gynecological aid, dosing rods, and food.

Other

Seeds of the plant can be eaten. The boiled leaves make a pleasant tea. The bark is a powerful astringent for external use only. Even external use can cause disfigurement of the skin. The extract or decoction of the bark can be used for the treatment of hemorrhoids.

Propagation

a)

Seed Propagation

Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time

Fall

Fruit Ripening Time Late Summer

Seed Collection Time Late Summer

Crop Intervals Perennial

No. seeds per kilogram 24000 seeds/kg

Seed Viability High, H. virginiana naturally propagates by seed.

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Collect pods before they ripen in late summer or early fall. Place in a paper bag in a warm dry place. Seeds capsules will burst, propelling the seeds into the bag.

Seed Storage Seeds can be stored in sealed containers for up to 1 year without loss of viability.

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment Seeds require scarification and stratification in order to germinate. A satisfactory method of breaking seed coat dormancy (or a scarification method) has not been found. A period of warm moist stratification (approx. 90 days at 10-15 degrees Celcius) followed by a period of cold moist stratification (approx. 90 days at 4 degrees Celcius), has been found to greatly increase germination. A more practiced method in this region is to sow seeds outdoors in

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the fall, 2 inches apart and ! inch deep with light mulch. Seeds can take up to 2 years to germinate.

b)

Vegetative Propagation

Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

Poor

Early Spring

Semi-hardwood cuttings

Poor

Early Summer

Hardwood cuttings

Poor

Winter

Root cuttings

Unknown

N/A

Suckers

Poor

Summer

Plant division

Poor

Winter

c)

Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques

Carefully prick out first year seedlings, and place them in pots or in a nursery bed with some shade.

d)

Out-planting Characteristics and Requirements

This plant can be planted from full sun to light shade, however, be sure to mulch and water well until it is established. Witch Hazel prefers rich soil and may need fertilizer inputs for the first year.

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!4556%#78$"491:7:$#%719%;7#4%;<=$:1<1!7#4%$4"$%;7#>1$:+1!#1:$ Scientific Name

Achillea millefolium

Family

English Name

Yarrow

Other Names

Description

Compositae

Flat-topped white corymb flowers (Chandler et al., 1982) grow on top of a green-gray stem that is usually hairy.

Leaves finely dissected, fern like (Niering, 1995) lanceolate and alternately arranged on stem. (Chandler et al., 1982) Fruits are an achene 1.4-2.5mm long. (Krautzer et al., 2004)

Geographic Range and Habitat Requirements Ecological Setting

Throughout North America (Niering, 1995) in temperate and boreal zones of the northern hemisphere and to a lesser extent the southern hemisphere (Chandler et al., 1982) A. millefolium is found commonly on croplands, wastelands, roadsides and pastures. (Bourdot, 1984)

Soil Texture

Medium textured and usually disturbed soils (USDA website, 2010)

Nutrients

Intermediate supply of nutrients (Krautzer et al., 2004), Phosphorous (Allison, 2002) and an intermediate supply of nitrogen. Nitrogen increases competition (grasses) and decreases survival and germination ability. (Robocker, 1977) Forms a symbiotic relationship with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphorous is supplied by the fungi in exchange for sugars from the plant. (Allison, 2002)

Soil Reaction / Salinity

pH 3.5-6.0 (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005)

Moisture Regime

Dry to somewhat moist (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) with intermediate drought tolerance. (USDA website, 2010)

Shade Tolerance

Shade tolerant, (Bourdot et al., 1984) but prefers full sun. (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005)

Successional Status

An indicator of deteriorating land (Robocker, 1977) as well as a pioneer species on disturbed and open land. (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) An early seral species because of it ability to adapt to a wide range of

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habitats (Robocker, 1977) including; nutrient deficient lands, high moisture, deficient soil aeration (compactness) (Krautzer et al., 2004), and different light conditions. (Bourdot et al., 1984) BEC Zone and Subzone Status

Predominately in the Interior Cedar Hemlock, Sub-boreal Pine Spruce, Sub-boreal Spruce, Ponderosa Pine BEC, Interior Douglas-Fir BEC (Class notes, 2010), but throughout North America in disturbed lands and pastures that are well-drained. (Niering, 1995) More commonly found in cooler dryer sub-zones (Chandler et al., 1982) at lower elevations. (Krautzer et al., 2004)

Uses Site Rehabilitation

A. millefolium has a deep tap that accumulates phosphorous and potassium from the sub-soil. These nutrients become available to other plants through decomposition of its leaf litter in the humus layer.

(Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) The aromatic quality of A. millefolium has the ability to send cues to other plants in the community to release phytochemicals that are needed in the ecosystem. These cues can also be taken in by A. millefolium to release any combination of its 50+ phytochemicals. This results in a plant community healing itself in the same way that these phytochemicals or constituents heal people. A. millefolium has the same capacity to heal soil as it does to heal wounds in people. (Buhner, 2002) Its adaptability to a wide range of habitats (Robocker, 1977) and its shade tolerance makes it a beneficial primary restoration species for re-building soil, including closed turf pastures dominated by grasses. (Bourdot et al., 1984) A. millefolium can be used to measure air borne metal pollution and can bio-accumulate heavy metals from the air and soil, (Pilegaard and Johnsen, 1984) indicating its use for reclamation sites. A. millefolium attracts beneficial insects that prey on pests, which is especially good for restoring to a native food producing system that is susceptible to insect damage.

(Hemenway, 2000) A. millefolium forms a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi which increases is resistance to fungal pathogens and increases its access to phosphorous. (Allison, 2002) It also has a high resistance to logging and trampling (Krautzer et al., 2004) and these factors taken together make A. millefolium a resilient and beneficial primary restoration species.

Wildlife

Nectar plant to bees, hoverflies, parasitic wasps, and ladybugs as well as a shelter plant to parasitic wasps, lacewings, spiders, and ground beetles. (Jacke and Toensmeier, 2005) (Hemenway, 2000)

Landscaping

A. millefolium forms an attractive long-blooming border as well as a good companion plant in gardens. (Chandler et al., 1982) (Hemenway, 2000)

First Nations

Used it medicinally for bruises, sprains, swollen tissue, rashes, itching, fever, colds, healing wounds, as an analgesic, and anti-inflammatory (Chandler et al., 1982)

Other

Stops blood flow of wounds, tonic, emmenagogue (stimulates uterus), and is used as an alternative to cinnamon, nutmeg, and hops.

(Chandler et al., 1982)

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Propagation

a) Seed Propagation Flowering, Fruiting and Seed Characteristics Flowering Time May to October (Chandler et al., 1982)

Fruit Ripening Time

Seed Collection Time

Mid-summer (July)

Mid-summer to late-fall

(Krautzer et al., 2004)

(Chandler et al., 1982)

Crop Intervals Perennial

No. seeds per kilogram 6297242 seeds/kg (USDA website, 2010)

Seed Viability 99% in optimal conditions and 41% after 9 years of storage and germinated in optimal conditions.

(Robocker, 1977)

Fruit and Seed Collection and Extraction Collect flower heads when achenes appear and release from the flower heads easily.

Remove seeds by threshing. (Krautzer et al., 2004) This can be done by rubbing the seed heads together in your hands or crushing with a tool and filtering through a screen. (Stone and Bewer, 2010)

Seed Storage Dry storage at room temperature. (Robocker, 1977)

Fruit/Seed Dormancy and Treatment None.

b) Vegetative Propagation Method

Success Rate

Time of Collection

Softwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Semi-hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

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Hardwood cuttings

N/A

N/A

Root cuttings

N/A

N/A

Suckers

N/A

N/A

Plant division

Good

Dig up a young plant before the tap root gets too large (Self Observation, 2010)

c) Seed and Cutting Propagation Techniques Sow seeds on top of soil because they germinate best in alternating periods of light and dark (Robocker, 1977) and can be sown directly into less dense cover crops. (Krautzer et al., 2004)

d) Outplanting Characteristics and Requirements A.millefolium grows best in well-drained soil that is not overly fertile in full sun.

(Sinton and Michener, 2001) However, due to morphological adaptation and photosynthetic efficiency, transplants can survive in partial shade. (Bourdot et al., 1984)

Community Forests International: Selection of Native Species

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References Allison, V.J. Nutrients, Arbuscular Mycorrhizas, and Competition Interact to Influence Seed Production and Germination Success in Achillea millefolium. Functional Ecology 16 (6): 742-749.

Bourdot, G.W., Saville, D.J., and Field, R.J. (1984). The Response of Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow) to Shading.

New Phytologist 97 (4): 653-663.

Buhner, S.H. (2002). The Lost Language of Plants. The Ecological Importance of Plant Medicines to Life on Earth.

Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Chandler, R.F., Hooper, S.N., and Harvey, M.J. (1982). Ethnobotany and Phytochemistry of Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, Compositae. Economic Botany 36 (2): 203-223.

Hemenway, T. (2000). Gaiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Garden. A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Jacke, D. and Toensmeier, E. (2005). Edible Forest Gardens. Ecological Design and Practice for Temperate Climate Permaculture. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Krautzer, B., Peratoner, G., and Bozzo, F. (2004). Site-Specific Grasses and Herbs: Seed production and use for restoration of mountain environments. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series (32): 121 pg ISBN: 9251051887 Y5576/E. Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Document Repository. Retrieved on October 24, 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5576e/y5576e04.htm Niering, W. (1995). National Audubon Society: Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. Pilegaard, K. and Johnsen, I. (1984). Heavy Metal Uptake form Air and Soil by Transplanted Plants of Achillea millefolium and Hordeum vulgare. Ecological Bulletins 36: 97-102.

Robocker, W.C. (1977). Germination of Seeds of Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and its Herbicidal Control.

Weed Science 25 (5): 456-459.

Sinton, N. and Michener, D. (2001). Taylor Guides. Ground Covers. More than 400 flowering and foliage ground covers for every garden situation. New York: Houghton Muffin Company.

Stone, A. and Bewer, L. (2010). Organic Seed Processing: Threshing, Cleaning, and Storage. Oregon State University. Extension Website. Retrieved on October 24, 2010. http://www.extension.org/article/18350 USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 24 October 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ACMI2

Community Forests International: Selection of Native Species

References Adams, J. (1927). Germination of the Seeds of Some Plants with Fleshy Fruits. American Journal of Botany 14 (8): 415â&#x20AC;&#x201C;428.

Agriculture Canada. National Ecological Framework of Canada. Retrieved October 23, 2010. http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/nsdb/ecostrat/intro.html Ashmun, J.W. and Pitelka, L.F. (1985). Population Biology of Clintonia Borealis: II. Survival and Growth of Transplanted Ramets in Different Environments. Journal of Ecology 73 (1): 185-198.

Art, H.W.(1987). The Wildflower Gardenerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Guide. Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Eastern Canada Edition.

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Bonner, F. The Woody Plant Seed Manual: http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/wpsm/Genera.htm Brundrett, M. and Kendrick, B. (1990). The Roots of Mycorrhizas of Herbaceous Woodland Plants. I. Quanatitive Aspects of Morphology. New Phytologist. 114 (3): 457-468.

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