Best Management Practices for Integrated harvest operations in British Columbia by FPInnovations

Best Management Practices for

Integrated Harvest Operations in British Columbia

Best Management Practices for

Integrated Harvest Operations in British Columbia SPECIAL PUBLICATION SP-531 Stuart Spencer, RPF Researcher, Fibre Supply, FPInnovations Dominik RĂ&#x2013;ser, Ph.D. Research Manager, Fibre Supply & Wildfire Operations August 2017 ISBN 978-0-86488-576-0 (Print) ISBN 978-0-86488-577-7 (PDF) ISSN 1925-0495 (Print) ISSN 1925-0509 (PDF) FPInnovations would like to gratefully acknowledge the Province of British Columbia, the BC Woody Debris Management Program and Natural Resources Canada (Canadian Forest Service) for their guidance and financial support for this research. The author would like to thank the following grinder and chipper operators for providing countless hours of access to their operations and for engaging in numerous discussions on biomass extraction over the years: Rob Stewart, Stewart Systems Inc. Marvin Fraser, Jaeden Resources 3

table of contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Integration of Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Common End Products Created from Roadside Residues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Hog fuel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Chips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Wood pellets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Firewood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Residue Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Tops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Long butts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Traditional Piling Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Machinery and Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horizontal grinders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tub grinders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chippers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microchippers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machine comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-trains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Walking floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 19 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 25 26 26

Best Practices: Primary Harvester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pile management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pile formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Best practices for piling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Road grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cutslope height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 29 30 30 32 34 35

Best Practices: Secondary Harvester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legalities, regulations, guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grind to truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grind to ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residue chipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unprocessed collection (offsite processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inorganics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Post-secondary harvest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 41 42 42 43 44

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Introduction Utilizing forest harvest residue is an issue of growing urgency in the British Columbia forest industry. In B.C., forest residues at roadside have traditionally been burned to mitigate fire hazard or, occasionally, they have been left to rot. With an increasing demand for energy and concern over climate change and air quality, burning may no longer be the most desirable practice for dealing with residues. Further, there is an increasing demand for harvest residues by both primary and secondary users to fuel the growing bioeconomy in B.C.

introduction

Since 2014, the Forestry and Fibre Working Group, made up of representatives from the lumber, pellet, non-lumber, pulp and paper sectors and ministry staff have been working together to provide the Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (MFLNRO) with recommendations to streamline and increase the efficiency and recovery of low-quality fibre from B.C. forests.

introduction

This guidebook was designed to show the most popular and widely used methods for integrated biomass extraction in B.C. Biomass extraction requires a â&#x20AC;&#x153;tools in the toolboxâ&#x20AC;? approach, meaning that there is no one method that works for every eventuality. This guidebook by no means covers every possible combination of methods and machinery used to extract biomass, and the author encourages operators to experiment and innovate. After all, the methods described here could not have been developed or standardized without innovators willing to step outside the box.

Integration of OPerations When it comes to using what was previously waste material as a product, operations generally divide into two main streams: 1. The primary harvester and the secondary harvester are separate entities. 2. The primary harvester is also the user of secondary material. The majority of this guidebook deals with the first stream, since it is more common in current B.C. practice. The primary harvester is often what has been called ‘the licensee’. The primary harvest is the removal of trees that are considered merchantable (‘merch’). The secondary harvest is the removal of material that was (and sometimes still is) regarded as waste. Recently, logging residuals were piled for burning, and doing this efficiently meant making haystack-like piles

that facilitate quick burning. But this piling technique is very problematic for extraction by secondary harvesters. Old ways have to change. This guidebook deals largely with providing proper techniques that increase efficiency and save costs for both primary and secondary harvesters. When they work together, both benefit. The second stream involves one harvester who uses both primary and secondary material. Many of the same techniques apply in this situation as in the first stream, especially when the licensee uses different contractors or phases for primary and secondary extraction. Occasionally, a licensee deems that it can best maximize its return by even more integrated techniques. This might include the removal of whole trees with no cut-to-length processing and only delimbing. Sometimes waste material,

such as tops and butts are more efficiently removed at the mill site and then transport of differentiated material can occur over shorter distances. If a market can be found for all types of fibre, why waste it? When handling material, grouping like with like is often most cost-efficient, but timing in the overall process can be critical. In one situation, chipping after transporting whole logs to the mill may be the cheapest way to get fibre to its respective users. But in another situation, transporting chips directly from the forest may be more efficient. There may not be one right answer, but having a toolbox full of tools can help operators find the best solutions.

integration of operations

Common end products created from roadside residues

Hog Fuel Hog fuel is derived by comminution from logging and sawmill residue. The term “hog fuel” encompasses a large variety of products, from mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine logging residue to old sawmill residue that has been stored in the earth for 20 years. The maximum particle size is usually used as a descriptor for hog fuel. For example, hog fuel comminuted by a grinder with a four-inch screen would be called four inch minus, meaning that the particles are four inches or less in size.

Many products are created from roadside residues in B.C. The most common products are hog fuel, chips, pellet feedstock, and firewood. This section describes those products.

Woods derived hog fuel can provide users with a plentiful alternative to mill residues, although usually at a higher cost due to grinding and transportation costs. Hog fuel has a number of uses: • Fuel in heat and power facilities • Animal bedding • Compost creation • Primary feedstock for pellet production Hog fuel comes in many forms, depending on various factors: • Particle size • Wood species • Moisture content • Portion of the tree the fibre came from (ie bark, needles, whitewood) • Contamination Common end products created from roadside residues

Chips

Comminuting pulp chips from logging residues is a relatively new practice in B.C. There are generally two methods of processing chips from logging residues: hauling unprocessed residues to a stationary mill site, and chipping residual tops directly into a truck for transport to the mill. Chips are sometimes preferable to hog fuel because when they are piled, they tend to heat less. This is due to the cleaner nature of a chipped product versus a ground hog fuel. Residue-derived chips are used to create a variety of pulp and paper products: • Newsprint • Kraft pulp • Tissue • Pellet feedstock

Chips can also be used as a substitute for hog fuel. Pulp chips are mostly composed of whitewood, because bark, branches, and needles are not suitable for use in the pulping process. Contaminants can cause problems when pulping, so care and attention are used to eliminate contaminants such as plastic, rocks, and metal during the chipping process.

Common end products created from roadside residues

Wood pellets Pellets have traditionally been made from sawmill residues, but as competition for these residues has increased, manufacturers have been looking to the woods to provide the volume they require. Pellet manufacturers usually acquire pellet feedstock in the form of hog fuel, which requires a regrind to a smaller particle size before pellets can be produced. Pellets are used for heating of residential and industrial buildings, and as an alternative to coal, natural gas, and hog fuel in cogeneration facilities. Pellets are valued because they: • Have high energy value • Have high combustion efficiency • Are cheaper to transport than wood because they are denser • Are a renewable energy source • Produce less ash than wood • Have consistent size and properties Common end products created from roadside residues

Firewood Firewood has been collected from the forest, and specifically, logging residues, for decades. Some interior communities have even combined the harvest of firewood with FireSmart treatments, providing a long term fuel source and protecting their communities from wildfire. Firewood is one of the most traditional uses of logging residues. In remote communities, logging residues provide an easily accessible source of firewood. Firewood can be harvested and processed by simple means, such as a single person with a pickup truck, chainsaw, and axe, or on a larger scale, where pieces are loaded onto hayracks or into bins and processed with large firewood splitters at a central location.

Common end products created from roadside residues

residue composition This section of the guidebook describes the specific components typically found in residue piles. Residue pile composition varies due to a number of factors: • Merchantability specifications • Harvest prescriptions • Operator technique • Species harvested • Terrain

Tops Tops are the uppermost part of a harvested tree, usually below merchantability specifications. If trees are processed at roadside, they are usually located a single full-tree length or two to three short-log lengths from the road, as the processor typically drops them after extracting the merchantable logs. Butt diameter and length can be highly variable depending on merchantability standards. In most residue piles, tops contribute the highest percentage of volume. Tops can be ground into hog fuel, chipped, or transported unprocessed in bins or hayrack trucks. The amount of branches attached to tops varies greatly due to species, harvest prescription, and operator technique.

residue composition

long butts

Long butts are derived from the bottom of harvested trees. They are removed because of excessive flare and rot and are usually found after harvest between the pile of tops and the road. Long butt diameter and length can be highly variable depending on merchantability standards and tree species. In most residue piles, long butts contribute 10 to 15% of residual volume. Long butts can be ground into hog fuel, chipped if debarked first, or transported by bin trucks in an unprocessed state.

residue composition

brush

Brush is generally classified as the material that doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fit in the tops or long butts categories. Brush is usually composed of branches, fines, and needles. It is usually located immediately in front of where the processor was sitting during harvest. In some cases, brush may be a desirable product; however, sometimes it contains fine inorganics, such as sand, silt, or clay, which can be detrimental when burned. Delimber-debarker chippers create brush that is similar to that created by a roadside processor. This brush can be utilized as hog fuel or can be spread back into the cutblock. Some observers believe that brush should be left in the woods to provide nutrients for the next crop of trees.

residue composition

Traditional piling practice Traditionally, logging debris has been piled at roadside after processing. Piles are formed into a haystack shape to facilitate burning of the residue. Logging residue was burned to eliminate or reduce the fire hazard created by the presence of the residue. However, in recent years, burning of residue has fallen out of favour due to the particulate matter formed in the burning process. Residue that has been piled for burning is very difficult for secondary harvesters to extract, as the pieces become tangled and break easily. Components of the pile that may be considered undesirable by certain operators may be difficult to isolate when they are mixed together. Further sections in this guidebook describe alternative methods of piling for biomass extraction.

Traditional Piling Practice

Machinery and Transportation

machinery

A variety of machinery is utilized in B.C. to harvest logging residues. The type of machinery used is heavily dependent on the secondary product that is desired.

grinders Grinders are the workhorses of residual extraction in B.C., as they possess the ability to produce large volumes of hog fuel in short amounts of time. However, grinders demand a lot of fuel and maintenance time. Horizontal grinders (tracked and wheeled) are the most common type. Grinders use a system of hammers attached to a drum that smash residue into small pieces. Information on grinding best practices can be found on page 39.

loaders Loading machines are required to place residues into grinders or bin trucks (in unprocessed collection systems). The type of attachment used by the loader is critical for keeping hungry grinders well fed.

machinery and transportation

chippers Chippers are less commonly used for residue extraction; however, they have been proven effective in locations where residual tops are long (>3 m). Chipper operators need to take care that inorganic debris such as rocks and sand are not fed into the chipper, as chipper knives are less resistant to damage than grinder hammers. Information on residual chipping best practices can be found on page 40.

microchippers Microchippers are relatively new on the residual extraction scene. Microchippers produce a very small chip that is appropriate for pellet production. Like their pulp chipper cousins, operators need to take care that inorganic debris is not fed into the chipper.

machinery and transportation

Horizontal grinders Tracked Tracked horizontal grinders are the preferred version of the horizontal grinder for most operators in B.C. due to their versatility on many terrain types. Tracked grinders tend to be more expensive than their wheeled counterparts; however, they do have one major advantage. The track system allows the grinder to move independently, eliminating the need for residue to be brought to the grinder. Most tracked grinders are controlled by the loader operator through a remote control system, allowing for fine adjustments when grinding into a truck to create a better load balance.

machinery and transportation

Wheeled Wheeled grinders are sometimes used at roadside, but are more commonly found at landing locations or at the mill site. Wheeled grinders are generally cheaper than their tracked counterparts, but they are less versatile at roadside. Wheeled grinders are also controlled by the loader operator, although the operator only has control over the grinderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s engine and the conveyor height. The loader is the primary source of locomotion for wheeled grinders (by lifting the front and either pushing or pulling), although it is possible to use a self-loading truck and grapple in areas where off-road driving is permissible.

machinery and transportation

tub grinders Tub grinders are usually wheeled machines and are rarely used at roadside. Tub grinders work well for material that is short in length, such as previously ground material or long butts and brush. Long pieces, such as tree tops, have a tendency to get stuck inside the tub and block other material from being fed into the hammermill. Tub grinders have largely fallen out of use in Canadian forestry.

Electric options Virtually all grinders have an electric option that is available from the manufacturer. Electrically powered grinders are up to 50% cheaper to run than traditional diesel powered options because they have fewer moving parts (requiring less maintenance) and the cost of electricity is lower. However, they are stationary and must be located near a power source.

machinery and transportation

Loaders In almost all biomass extraction operations, a loader is necessary to feed the primary machine (grinder, chipper) or to load bins or hayracks (unprocessed collection). The most common loading machines used are the butt ’n’ top loader or the excavator. The butt ‘n’ top loader is valued for its high cab and the excavator for its lower operating cost. The preferred attachment for almost all biomass extraction operations is the power clam grapple. This grapple gives the operator the power and flexibility needed to feed grinders and chippers and to load bins. Buckets and single-tine grapples, while cheaper and more common, have problems manipulating residue into machines.

machinery and transportation

chippers Chippers are used to create pulp quality chips and lower quality â&#x20AC;&#x153;fuel chipsâ&#x20AC;? from logging residues. Delimber-debarker chippers are used when debarking is necessary, although these machines have difficulty gripping shorter pieces and need them to be at least three metres long. Chips can still be produced from shorter pieces (long butts) in the woods with a drum-style chipper; however, without a debarker, the operation can produce only fuel-quality chips (which are similar to hog fuel). Chippers tend to be stationary machines that require residues to be brought to them by a chipper, forwarder, loader, or hayrack. machinery and transportation

microchippers Microchippers have found a home within the pellet industry in B.C. as a result of their ability to provide the product size and quality desired by manufacturers. Microchips tend to dry and grind faster than standard chips Microchippers also save pellet manufacturers the cost of the secondary grind, when using hog fuel or standard- sized chips. Most microchippers employ chip accelerators, or â&#x20AC;&#x153;blowers,â&#x20AC;? for loading or piling chips. Blowers typically blow chips into the back of a truck, although some models allow for side loading. Microchippers are available in both wheeled and tracked versions.

machine comparisons Primary machine

Grinder

Delimberdebarker chipper

Drum chipper

Microchipper

Secondary machine

Log loader (skidder possible if machine is wheeled)

Skidder, forwarder, or log loader

Log loader (skidder possible if machine is wheeled)

Wheeled, tracked, and stationary

Wheeled and stationary (tracked is rare)

Wheeled, tracked, and stationary

Hog fuel

Chips

Microchips

High

Moderate

Mobility Final product Maintenance level

machinery and transportation

transportation A wide variety of truck and trailer configurations are used throughout B.C. to transport both comminuted and unprocessed logging residues. This section describes three of the most common configurations.

b-trains B-trains are chip vans that consist of two trailers. In B.C., legislation permits B-trains to haul the heaviest loads. Most B-trains require a â&#x20AC;&#x153;tipperâ&#x20AC;? for unloading and are known as end dumpers. Some B-trains are side dumpers, although these are much rarer. B-trains are the most fragile of the hauling units used for biomass extraction, and operators must take care not to damage them on rough resource roads.

machinery and transportation

walking floors Walking floors, or shuffle floors, are the most common biomass hauler in the interior of B.C. Walking floors consist of a series of metal strips that, when powered, move back and forth in a rhythm that expels the biomass from the back of the truck. Walking floors are less fragile than B-trains, but still require operators to take care in order to avoid damage.

bins Bin trucks are the smallest of the biomass haulers in B.C. and are mostly found on the coast. There are numerous configurations of bin trucks found throughout B.C., including custom-made models built specifically for individual operators. Bin trucks usually employ a hydraulic lifter and dump from the rear of the bin after the rear doors have been opened. Bin trucks are popular on the coast because they are generally easier to turn around than walking floor and B-train chip vans. They also tend to have a heavier construction and can withstand rough, coastal roads.

machinery and transportation

Best practices: primary harvester

planning Planning is critical for all stages of residue management for maximizing logistical efficiency and minimizing costs; for initial harvest, planning should begin prior to layout. Early planning is essential in determining where and how much residue is available, how it will be utilized, and how and where it will be transported. It is crucial that there is communication between primary harvesters and secondary users to ensure maximum efficiency for both operations. A secondary userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s operations can be subjected to significant costs if residue is piled for burning, or if roads are deactivated before residual extraction can take place. Integrating and streamlining operations as much as possible should be the goal. If both users can reduce material handling, both will save costs. Best Practices: Primary harvester

LOCATION MAP

With Gravel Source F.L.A55578

CP 199

In an ideal scenario: LEGEND Borrow Pit Gravel Pit Quarry

ec. 3S 3

NCD 6. 7k m

c.C B R033 63 Se

NCD 6

3 Forest District Vanderhoof W

Bobtail

93G.072

53 43 49

123 463852

W Vanderhoof Forest District

Bobtail

93G.072

53 43 12

123 47 48

448471 39

5953783 40

NCD

WTP

5952662

S.U. B S.U. A

180-22

WA - W3

D NC 31

8 3R d

37 6

199-308 6Rd

NC D

180 -228 2 R d

5955508

S.U. A

449549

CP 199 Blk 308

1 48

447424

8 4R

123 45 54

A40873 CP 71C Blk 71C002

-3 0

53 44 45

93G.072

Bobtail

S.U. B 25

S.U. A 26 5

28 4

D NC

99 0

NC D

22 5

ain 18

199-30

2R 08

CP 199 Blk 308

8 R0 1R336 d 3

9-3

8 3R d

Sec.G

99 0

S.U. D

180 -22 8 1Rd

12-49

19930 10

S.U. B

Bo btai lM

12-4 9C

A40873 CP 80B Blk 80B003

180-228 4Rd

NC D

10 5 2

A55578 CP 180 Blk 228 S.U. B

23 2

21 15

NCD

99 0

S.U. A

100 0

-4

12- 49A

S.U. D

S.U. B

12 S.U. A

180-228 8Rd

S.U. A

1000

RES

WA - W1

199-309

1Rd

10 2 5

1 80-228 6Rd 14

1 0 00

S.U. C

A40873 CP N99 Blk BOB21

R0336

8 22 0-

A C Blk

S.U. C

3 D c. Se B

S.U. A

A55578 CP 171 Blk 977

A40873 CP 70A 21.6 Blk 70A002

NCD

Season of HU Harvest 1541

SUMMER

Felling

METHOD Skidding

Ha wk

WINTER

Potential Blk BOB21 Disturbance Compaction Displacement

Roadside

A40873 CP N30

5 0 0 R d -1 k m

m .3 k -HARVESTING

LEAVE TREE SPECIFICATIONS: Where operationally fe timber (understory spruce and sub-alpine fir and pine) will and structural diversity in the future stand.Individual aspen larger than approximately 30cm are to be stubbed up to 5m use. -2km

Rd COARSE WOODY DEBRIS: CWD will be retained throug 500 there will be an average of 4 logs per hectare retained (mi

SOIL HAZARDBlk RATING A40873 BOB518 CP N99

Processing Location

Feller/ Rubber Tired Buncher Grapple Skidder

SU A

193.1 5.8 0.6

C hainages MarkersBlue/Yellow R ibbon

C ruise Plots and PO C / PO Blue/Yellow T R ibbons and Baselines and Striplines O range Painted Blaze

Area (ha)

221.1

FS WTPs il

bta Bo

Machine F ree Z oneYellow R ibbon Labeled "MAC H IN E Total F R EE Z O N E" C ruise Strips LinesBlue - R ibbon

8 22 0-

SU Boundary / W T PO range G low Labeled "L&M LU MBER A40873 70A BD R Y" and Blue Marking Paint BlkACP70A002

AREA SUMMARY TABLE

Roads R oad C enterlinePink - G low R ibbon Skid T rail/Skid Bridges Pink - G low Labeled "SKID T R AIL" NP Nat

Dec. 18.4 E

12 -49E

NCD

R ib b o n an d Pain t C o lo u rs

R oad R /W and Landings Yellow - /R ed Stripped R ibbon

400

98 5

D NC

R 09199 LD 0 A40873 CP N99 Blk BOB21

Bridge Existing Bridge Proposed Proposed Culvert (CMP) Active Culvert (CMP) Contour Contour - Intermediate (20m) Contour - Index (100m) Stream Classes (Trim II) River/Stream Definite River/Stream Indefinite Waterbody

3. The primary then performs the primary harvest, leaving the residues in the state desired by the secondary. The state of the residues will be determined by the secondary’s usage of the residues.

Surface diameter at one end). CWD will be retained where it does Erosion or timber utilization standards. M

SOILS: The block contains mostly well drained soils with m area which contains small 'pocket' swamps that have poor compaction hazard but are not individually stratfiable, the g be harvested under winter conditions.

4. Once the secondary user has completed a timely harvest, the secondary notifies the primary so that the primary can complete any outstanding obligations to the primary’s permit(s).

-S

Rd -

c.BB 3 Se

5958170

Woodlot Borrow Pit Gravel Pit Quarry

300

447664

NCD

Cutblock: Existing & label Existing Disturbances Landings First Nations Reserve Private Land

200

40 0

Northern Interior Forest Region

Metres

36 d 7R

309

Summer Harvest Intermediate Harvest Harvest Units

100

-3

123 47 39

Northern Interior Forest Region

199

Standard Unit Harvest Season Winter Harvest

53 46 10

308

A55578

UTM Coordinates 47

Vanderhoof Forest District

8 5R d

93G.072

Latitude/Longitude

Bobtail 16

19 9-

Mapsheet

UTM Zone 10 NAD 83 Datum TRIM II Base Source 1020 Elevation (min. & max.) 960 Merchantable Area (ha): 198.9 UTM Coordinates 448471 5953783 53 43 49 123 46 52 Latitude/Longitude 1:10,000 Scale

4 4

-S

Northern Interior Forest Region

Geographic Location 44 45

Projection

100 50

S.U. A

400 Rd-7km

NCW

307

L&M's CP 199 Block 308 Reserve; Wildlife Tree Patch Machine Free Zone (MFZ)

CP 199 Blk 308

199

District Lot Line Ridge Line Slope Arrow

A55578

Proposed Road BC Road Atlas FTEN Road Segments Trail Linear Features Cut Line Transmission Line Pipeline Fence Line

Vanderhoof Forest District

Paved Road Road permit Unpaved Highway Main Road Operational Road Spur Road Access Trail Road Permit Road

Northern Interior Forest Region

Falls

306

Beaver Dam

199

Road Classes (All)

A55578

7/28/2015 Avison1 - E. Williamson

Forest District

Fish Data Sample Site - Fish or Fish Habitat Reach Break Reach Break - Stream mouth Reach Break - Upstream Limit Reach Break - Downstream Limit

Forest Region

Date Drawn Drawn By

S.U. A

Block

93G.072 A55578 199

Mapsheet

Photo Number

2. Once the primary user has determined the location and amount of harvest in the secondary’s target area, the secondary commits to specific blocks from which to extract residues, and to do this in a timely manner that LEGEND will not cause undue hardship for the primary. Opening No.

Bobtail

UTM Zone 10 NAD 83

Interior Forest Region DateNorthern Drawn 2/11/2015 Avison1 - E.Williamson Drawn By Vanderhoof Forest District

Geographic Location

9-3 0 7 2Rd

NC D

R03

-S

WTP

Base Source TRIM I REFERENCES Scale 1 : 50,000

10 1 6

Projection Datum

D NC 83

Dec 19.0 E

A55578 CP 180 Blk 227

REFERENCES

Forest Region Forest District

9-3 07

S.U. A

A40873 CP 436 Blk 210

R03

0 -2 18 3

Kilometres

NCD 7 12 Rd

2 7 6Rd

S6 84 1

CP 199 Blk 308 80

N CD

WTP

S.U. A

A40873 CP 80B Blk 80B002

WTP

Wetland First Nations Reserve Private Land Woodlot

0.5

180 - 2 2 7 10 Rd

Mapsheet Boundary 20k CP 199 BLK 308 Waterbody

NC D

A40873 CP N28 Blk BOB525

R03

NCD D NC

180-22

A40873 CP 71C Blk 71C001

d 7 8R

9Rd

22 0-

22 180-

180-227

1. During the primary user’s cutblock planning stage, the secondary user identifies a target area showing which cutblocks are within range of its operations and are LOGGING PLAN MAP likely to contain desirable residue attributes. FL A55578

99 91 R0

Proposed Culvert (CMP) Active Culvert (CMP) Bridge Existing Bridge Proposed Stream Classes (Trim II) River/Stream Definite River/Stream Indefinite Road Classes (All) Paved Road Road permit Unpaved Highway Main Road Operational Road Spur Road Access Trail Proposed Road BC Road Atlas Linear Features Cut Line Transmission Line Pipeline Fence Line District Lot Line L&M’s Proposed CP 199 Reserve; Wildlife Tree Patch Existing Disturbances Landings

Best Practices: Primary harvester

Roads In 2011, FPInnovations published Biomass Trucks and Resource Road Standards: A Guidebook for Field Planners. The comprehensive guidebook explains topics such as: • Biomass truck configurations • Trailer off-tracking • Gradeability • Vertical road alignment • Turnaround dimensions • Bridge loading • Field measurements

As turning chip vans around is more difficult than traditional logging trucks, it has been discovered that the implementation of loop road systems can decrease cycle time by as much as 10 minutes per load.

Best Practices: Primary harvester

pile management This section outlines how primary harvesters should pile residue for biomass extraction based on the type of secondary extraction being performed. The piling techniques for the three most common methods of extraction (grinding, chipping, and collecting residue in its unprocessed form) are explained below. Best practices for piling of individual pile components can be found on pages 32 to 33. Note: A copy of the “Roadside residue handling” operator card is available in Appendix 1. This card was produced by FPInnovations to assist operators in the field.

Pile formation Grinding When the secondary user plans to grind, residue should be arranged as illustrated on the upper right. The processor operator should try to keep tops relatively neat, meaning they should be dropped so that they are oriented together in the same direction and not thrown away from the processor. Long butts and brush should be piled to the side of the tops. If the secondary harvester plans to use the fibre for hog fuel, long butts Brush Tops Long butts and brush can be piled together. If the secondary harvester plans to use the fibre for pellet feedstock, brush should be piled separately from the long butts and left behind because: • brush contains a lot of dirt and sand, which are problematic to pellet producers; • brush contains a lot of nutrients that help with forest regeneration. If grinding will be the means of comminution, there is no need to move the residue closer to the road because the grinder creates a bridge between the residue and the truck.

Best Practices: Primary harvester

in-woods chipping When the secondary user plans to chip, residue should be arranged as illustrated below. The processor operator should try to keep tops relatively neat and oriented together in the same direction, meaning they should be dropped and not thrown away from the processor. As the long butts and brush cannot be chipped by a delimber-debarker chipper, it is unnecessary to pile them. However, piling operators may wish to break up the concentrations to allow reforestation and to prevent a buildup of fire fuel, or simply pile the brush and long butts for burning.

Tops

Long butts

Tops

Long butts

unprocessed collection Tops When the secondary user plans to collect unprocessed residues (for comminution at another site), residues should be arranged as illustrated below. The processor operator Long butts should try to keep tops relatively neat and oriented together in the same direction, meaning they should be dropped and not thrown away from the processor. As brush is less dense than tops and long butts, it is preferable to most secondary harvesters to leave this material in the woods if unprocessed collection is planned. Brush should be scattered to ensure there are no reforestation problems, unless it is excessive and requires piling and burning.

Best Practices: Primary harvester

best practices for piling tops Best practices for creating â&#x20AC;?decksâ&#x20AC;? made from tops should not require processor operators or piling operators to deviate too much from their traditional practices. Processor operators: As tops are created by the processor, they should be dropped rather than thrown away from the processor. An effort should be made to keep tops roughly parallel to each other. Crossed tops create problems when trying to pick them up later. Piling operators: When piling tops, operators need only loosely pile tops into a deck-like shape, with tops roughly parallel to each other. Trying to pile tops too neatly may result in costs to the primary harvesters that are higher than those associated with traditional piling for burning and should be avoided. If residue extraction is planned for winter in areas with snow, an effort should be made to pile tops higher to avoid drifting of snow over the top of the pile. long butts Best practices for piling long butts should not require processor operators or piling operators to deviate too much from their traditional practices. Processor operators: Processor operators should attempt to keep long butts in front of the tops decks. Operators do not necessarily have to pile the long butts during processing, but should make sure they are not mixed into the tops and brush. Piling operators: The piling operator should collect and place long butts into a pile located to the side of the tops deck. The operator should try to avoid mixing dirt and rocks into the long butts during collection.

Best Practices: Primary harvester

brush Best practices for piling brush should not require processor operators or piling operators to deviate too much from their traditional practices. Processor operators: Processor operators should not have to deviate from their traditional practices while processing. Piling operators: Where brush is considered acceptable for extraction, piling operators should collect and place brush into a pile located to the side of the tops deck. The operator should try to avoid mixing dirt and rocks into the brush during collection. If brush is not a desired product, piling operators should pile brush for burning or disperse it throughout the cutblock (making sure not to create an impediment to reforestation).

Best Practices: Primary harvester

road grade Road grades can limit areas accessible to the secondary harvesters. The guidelines below outline the limits for most secondary harvesters. Note: If the road grade is too steep to allow access for the secondary harvester, primary harvesters should simply pile residue for burning. Road Grade <10% 10-15% >15%

Piling Instructions Pile for grinding Pile with secondary harvester agreement only Pile for burning if 15% pitches are longer than 50 metres

Chip vans used in extraction operations may have difficulty accessing piles located beyond a road grade of 10%. Some operations may feel that they can access piles beyond a road grade between 10 and 15%, providing the grades are not sustained. Most operators will not be able to access piles beyond a sustained road grade of 15%, so piles beyond this grade should be prepared for burning (haystack piles).

grinding

in-woods chipping

unprocessed collection

Best Practices: Primary harvester

cutslope height grinding The height of the cutslope above the road or fill slope below the road can determine whether secondary extraction can occur or whether residue piles should be piled for burning. Cutslope Height

Piling Instructions

<3 metres

Pile for grinding

3 to 5 metres

grinding

Pile with secondary harvester agreement only

>5 metres

Pile for burning

When grinding at roadside, it is difficult for the grinder to situate itself perpendicular to the truck when the cutslope is higher than three metres. When the fill slope is more than three metres, the grinder has difficulty raising the conveyor high enough to sit over the truck. However, there may be situations when the grinder can gain access to cutslopes between three and five meters (i.e., gaining access where the slope is shorter and then working along the top of it). Primary harvesters should consult with the secondary harvesters to determine whether these moderate cutslopes are accessible for that particular operator. Safety: As a general rule, if residue is located on top of a cutslope that is five metres high or greater, the primary harvesters should either leave the residue without piling it or pile for burning (but only if it is safely accessible to a loader).

Best Practices: Primary harvester

chipping Cutslope Height <3 metres 3 to 5 metres >5 metres

Piling Instructions

in-woods chipping

Pile for in-woods chipping Pile with secondary harvest agreement only Pile for burning

Delimber-debarker chippers usually sit at a landing or on the road itself, so cut and fill slopes usually donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t affect them directly. However, the machines that collect residues for them, such as skidders and forwarders, can be restricted by large cut and fill slope heights. As with grinders, collecting machines for the chipper may be able to collect residue on cutslopes between three and five metres in height, but primary harvesters should discuss this with secondary harvesters before deciding which type of piling is necessary. Safety: As a general rule, if residue is located on top of a cutslope that is five metres high or greater, the primary harvesters should either leave the residue without piling it or pile for burning (but only if it is safely accessible to a loader). unprocessed collection Cutslope Piling Instructions Height <5 metres

Pile for unprocessed collection

>5 metres

Pile for burning.

unprocessed collection

When collecting residue in its unprocessed form (not ground or chipped), the loader is usually limited by the reach of the machineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boom. Therefore, if the cut or fill slope is less than five metres high, the primary harvesters can usually pile the residue for biomass extraction. Safety: As a general rule, if residue is located on top of a cutslope that is five metres high or greater, the primary harvesters should either leave the residue without piling it or pile for burning (but only if it is safely accessible to a loader).

Best Practices: Primary harvester

Best practices: secondary harvester

planning communication It is imperative that the secondary harvester speak to the primary harvester about the needs of his/her operation. The secondary harvester should explain any physical limitations of road grades and cutslope heights to the primary harvester, so that operability limits are clear in the processing phase of the initial harvest. The easiest way to ensure that residue is piled in a way preferable to the secondary harvester is to visit the site during the piling phase and explain to the piling operator exactly what is needed, including which pile components are desired or which areas are unworkable due to road grade or cutslope height.

Roads The secondary harvester should drive the road system (take initiative) prior to harvest to make sure there are no impediments to a successful harvest. The FPInnovations Biomass Trucks and Resource Road Standards guidebook discussed on page 29 can help clarify the road limitations for various trucking configurations. Chipper operators should visit the site prior to harvest to determine appropriate chipper locations and whether any road upgrades will be needed to facilitate loading.

Best Practices: secondary harvester

Legalities, regulations, guides It is usually not possible for secondary harvesters to simply head out to the woods and start harvesting. Secondary operators should make sure that all local laws regarding tenures, royalties, highway regulations, and forestry regulations have been thoroughly researched before harvest.

As with those who perform traditional logging practices (primary harvesters, licensees, etc.), secondary harvesters should be knowledgeable about other issues critical to maintaining a healthy forest ecosystem, such as: • Soil disturbance • Reforestation • Fish and wildlife value

The B.C. government has provided the following important documents that both primary and secondary harvesters interested in biomass extraction should familiarize themselves with: • Fibre Recovery Process https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/HTH/ external/!publish/web/timber-tenures/fibre-recoverytenures/Fibre-Recovery-Process.pdf • Improving Fibre Recovery: Administrative Guide https:// www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/HTH/external/!publish/web/timbertenures/fibre-recovery-tenures/Improving-Fibre-RecoveryAdmin-Guide.pdf Note: Operators should contact the MFLNRO in their local district for further information on the rules and regulations regarding biomass extraction.

• Air quality • Coarse woody debris • Road use restrictions If the secondary harvester is unfamiliar with the rules and regulations pertaining to these issues, they should contact the primary harvester, the licensee, or the MFLNRO for more information.

Best Practices: secondary harvester

techniques grind to truck Grinding (or chipping) directly into a chip van is widely considered to be the most efficient means of biomass extraction. Usually, the grinder (or chipper) will be situated in front of a residue pile and the truck drives underneath the conveyor belt. The machine operator then adjusts the conveyor belt so that it is centred on the trailer. Most operations load the front of the truck first and work backward. The truck driver watches the load gauges on the truck axles to determine when to move, or the machine operator tells the driver to move forward when the trailer is full. To grind to truck effectively, the secondary harvester needs to ensure there is a sufficient supply of trucks to keep the grinder or chipper productive. Grinding (or chipping) directly to truck reduces contamination compared to the grind to ground technique.

Best Practices: secondary harvester

grind to ground Grinding directly to ground is a technique sometimes used when an operation does not have sufficient trucks to maintain productivity of the grinder or chipper. Chips or hog fuel are loaded at a later date. This technique can lead to higher levels of contamination in the feedstock, as there is an increased probability of the loader scooping up soil with the bottom of the pile. FPInnovations trials have demonstrated that to eliminate the possibility of contamination, approximately 10% of the feedstock near the bottom of the pile should be left on site.

residue chipping Residue chipping is a relatively new technique in B.C. This technique involves having machines (skidder, forwarder, loader, hayrack) bring residual tops to a chipper for processing. Usually, the chipper chips directly into the truck. Some waste is created in the delimbing and debarking process; a skidder can disperse the waste throughout the cutblock or it can be piled beside the road for later grinding or burning. Operators wishing to chip residues should be open to various options for residual tops collection. Sometimes, chipper pad sites are difficult to find and residues may need to be gathered from long distances. This makes machine selection critical, as skidders, while effective at delivering residues located close to the chipper and keeping the landing clear, are not effective at transporting large volumes over long distances. Forwarders and hayracks/loader combinations are better suited to medium and long distance delivery.

Best Practices: secondary harvester

Unprocessed collection (offsite processing) Offsite processing can be a successful method of extraction in areas where haul distances are very short (<30 km). Short distances are necessary for this method because the load size is usually much smaller than walking floor or B-train loads. Popular methods of unprocessed collection include: • Numerous bins, independent of trucks (illustrated on the right) • Hayracks for collection of tops (illustrated below) • Trailer-mounted bins When collecting unprocessed residues, the principle of collecting “like with like” is key. This means that long and short pieces should not be mixed into the same bins, as mixing can create large air spaces that decrease load volume significantly.

Best Practices: secondary harvester

contaminants Contaminants can easily be introduced in the pile preparation and secondary harvesting phases, although with proper care, these contaminants can be reduced or avoided.

inorganics Inorganics are usually the most common contaminant in logging residues and include clay, silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and metal. Large rocks or pieces of metal can damage comminution machinery. At processing facilities, excessive soil, sand, and gravel accelerate wear and can damage the conveying equipment, cause lagging and fouling in boilers, or wear pellet dies quickly, resulting in expensive maintenance and repair costs. Care should be taken in the primary and secondary harvests to minimize the incorporation of inorganics in the residues. Stumps, dirt clods, and old cables should be moved away from residue piles. Primary harvesters should take care not to introduce plastics into residues destined for secondary collection, as they may cause problems in chip pulping. Even if residues are destined for grinding (as hog fuel), plastic can blow from hog piles into chip piles at mill sites.

Best Practices: secondary harvester

moisture The inclusion of snow can decrease the volume of residual material transported in each load and can lead to the truck reaching its weight threshold before it reaches its volume threshold. Moisture from snow creates a problem for the user of residual material because energy is spent driving the moisture from the feedstock. In the case of pellet manufacture, the feedstock must be dried to approximately 10% moisture content before it can be used. Primary harvesters should also minimize incorporating snow into residue piles at the time of harvest by building piles higher in areas that are prone to heavy snowfall.

Best Practices: secondary harvester

post-secondary harvest actions Secondary harvesters need to make sure that residue has been cleared to ensure that there are adequate plantable spots for reforestation and that the fire hazard has been mitigated. If secondary harvesters are unclear about how much they should clean up after extraction, they should speak to the licensee and/or the MFLNRO. Secondary harvesters have a number of options to ensure that the reforestation and fire hazard goals are met: • Break up concentrations and disperse material throughout the cutblock • Create windrows so that trees can be planted in between rows • Pile the leftover residue for later burning Secondary harvesters should also ensure that residue from their own comminution efforts (chips or hog fuel) does not accumulate near creeks or ditches. This residue should be spread throughout the dispersed area.

Best Practices: secondary harvester

glossary B-train chip van—Two trailers

Hog fuel—Wood chips or shavings,

Tipper—A large device used to

linked by a fifth wheel; designed to transport chips or hog fuel.

residue from sawmills, comminuted logging residues, etc., that are used for fuel, pellet feedstock, composting, landfill, animal feed, or surfacing paths and running tracks.

empty a B-train truck, lifting the front end of the truck so that the chips or hog fuel can slide out the back.

Chip van—Used generically as a vehicle than can haul chips or hog fuel.

Chipper pad—The in-woods site

Pellet feedstock—Hog fuel or chips specifically designated for the creation of pellets.

where a chipper is positioned to create chips. Usually a large, flat, landing-type area.

Primary harvest—The harvest

Cogeneration—The generation of

of trees that are considered merchantable.

electricity and heat. In this guide it specifically refers to cogeneration “facilities” which provide heat and power for a pulp or sawmill.

Comminution—The reduction of solid materials from one average particle size to a smaller, more uniform average particle size by crushing, grinding, cutting, vibrating, or other processes.

glossary

Walking floor trailer—A trailer designed to self-unload using a series of moving pieces along the floor.

Re-grind—Further comminution of chips or hog fuel for the purpose of making fibre particle smaller enough for pelletization.

Secondary harvest—The removal of material that was (and sometimes still is) regarded as waste.

appendix 1 Operator card Roadside Residue Handling GRINDING

Brush

IN-WOODS CHIPPING

Tops

Long Butts

UNPROCESSED COLLECTION

Tops

Long Butts

Tops

Long Butts

PILE FORMATION ROAD GRADE

<10%

ROAD GRADE

Pile for grinding (above)

ROAD GRADE

<10%

10-15%

Pile with secondary harvester agreement only

10-15%

>15%

Pile for burning if 15% pitches are longer than 50 metres

>15%

CUTSLOPE HEIGH T

<3 metres 3 to 5 metres

CUTSLOPE HEIGHT

PILING INSTRUCTIONS

>5 metres

PILING INSTRUCTIONS

Pile for grinding (above) Pile with secondary harvester agreement only Pile for burning

CUTSLOPE HEIGHT

<3 metres 3 to 5 metres >5 metres

PILING INSTRUCTIONS

Pile for in-woods chipping (above) Pile with secondary harvest agreement only Pile for burning if 15% pitches are longer than 50 metres

PILING INSTRUCTIONS

Pile for in-woods chipping (above) Pile with secondary harvest agreement only

ROAD GRADE

PILING INSTRUCTIONS

<10%

Pile for unprocessed collection (above)

10-15%

Pile with secondary harvest agreement only

>15%

Pile for burning if 15% pitches are longer than 50 metres

CUTSLOPE HEIGHT

PILING INSTRUCTIONS

<5 metres

Pile for unprocessed collection (above)

>5 metres

Pile for burning

Pile for burning R

Appendix 1: Operator card

Best Piling Practices

LONG BUTTS

TOPS

PILE RESIDUES HIGHER IF SECONDARY HARVEST TO OCCUR IN WINTER

AVOID CREATING PILE CONTAMINATION

Dirt and sand

Appendix 1: Operator card

Rock

Metal

BRUSH

Snow

Head Office

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