SDG to Architecture by Francis Har

Sustainable Development Goals To Architecture GROUP 10 Abdullah Fahmy Bin Syalleh Karimyee

0332098

Abirami Ravichandran

0332287

Athira Syifa

0332447

Daniel Quyyum bin Shamsul Bahry

0332630

Firdaus Luqman Ashraf

0337216

Sau Jia Yi

0331919

Har Jun Hao

0332243

Sabrin Tong

0332769

Yeoh Theng Hong

0332423

Yew Jey Chern

0332793

DEDICATION To our most respectful lecturers, Ms Tamil Salvi Mari & Ms Sujatavani A/P Gunasagaran & Ar Hoi Jung Wai, who helped us through this assignment. Giving us feedbacks on every tutorial and helped us to improve our works.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction CHAPTER 1 1

Introduction to Menara Mesiniaga

Pg 9

Subang Jaya History and Timeline

Pg 11-13

Site Surroundings

Pg 14

Introduction to SDG 11

Pg 15-26

•

Target 11.3 – Inclusive and sustainable Urbanization, Indicator 11.3.1

•

Target 11.4 – Protect the world’s cultural and natural heritage, Indicator 11.4.1

•

Target 11.6 – Importance of air quality Within a building, Indicator 11.6.2

•

Target 11.7 – Protect access to safe to safe and public, Indicator 11.7.1

•

Target 11.a – Strong national and regional development planning, Indicator 11.a.1

CHAPTER 2 1

Introduction to KLCC Twin Towers

Pg 27-28

KLCC History and Timeline

Pg 29-31

Introduction to SDG 17

Pg 32-56

•

Target 17.3 – Finance, Indicator 17.3.1, Indicator 17.3.2

•

Target 17.7 – Technology, Indicator 17.7.1

•

Target 17.9 – Capacity building, Indicator 17.9.1 4

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Evidence 1 Petronas instep Evidence 2 Petronas involved working groups in global •

Target 17.7 – Protect access to safe to safe and public Indicator 11.7.1 Evidence 1 Accessibility and greenery Evidence 2 Plantation and Terrace

•

Target 17.11 – Trade/exports, Indicator 17.11.1

•

Target 17.16 – Multi-stakeholder partnership, Indicator 17.16.1, Consortiums, Skybridges, Petronas twin tower’s offices

•

Target 17.17 – Public, public-private and civil society Partnerships, Indicator 17.17.1, Kuala Lumpur golden triangle area, KLCC masterplan – ‘city within city’ concept, RapidKL link

Reference list

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our group members, Abdullah Fahmy Bin Syalleh Karimyee ,Abirami Ravichandran ,Athira Syifa ,Daniel Quyyum bin Shamsul Bahry, Firdaus Luqman Ashraf ,Sau Jia Yi ,Har Jun Hao & Sabrin Tong who contribute, helped in doing a lot of research and successfully finished this wonderful assignment on Sustainable Development Goal on Architecture. Once again, as we would like to thank our most respectful lecturers, Ms Tamil Salvi Mari , Ms Sujatavani A/P Gunasagaran & Ar Hoi Jung Wai, who guided us throughout this assignment.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION TO MENARA MESINIAGA BRIEF INFO

Mesiniaga. (1995). [Illustration]. https://www.solaripedia.com/13/302 MENARA MESINIAGA IS A BIOCLIMATIC ORIENTED BUILDING. THE DESIGN INCORPORATES PASSIVE ENERGY FEATURES SUCH AS SOLAR SHADING AND OPTIMUM POSITIONING OF SERVICE CORES. IT MAXIMISES NATURAL LIGHTING AND VENTILATION, THEREFORE REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION.

THIS MINIMISES THE BUILDINGS’ IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT. THE MOST NOTABLE DESIGN OF THE BUILDING IS ITS VERTICAL LANDSCAPING. IT HAS A SPIRALLING SKY GARDEN THAT TWISTS UP. THE BUILDING PROVIDES SHADE AND VISUAL CONTRAST TO THE STEEL AND ALUMINIUM SURFACE.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

SUBANG JAYA HISTORY & TIMELINE 1970S - RUBBER PLANTATION Subang Jaya was formerly a land of rubber plantation called the Seafield estate which is under the control of the municipality of Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya, it has witnessed tremendous transformation and is now known as a thriving, self-sustaining urban hub in the Klang valley.

1976 - TOWN CONSTRUCTION The construction work started developing off by consisting districts of ss12 - ss19

1977 - MUNICIPALITY STATUS Subang Jaya has received the status of a municipality from Petaling district to Subang Jaya municipal council

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

1980S - TOWN EXPANSION During the late 1980s, Sime UEP Properties Bhd developed an extension of the Subang Jaya township called UEP Subang Jaya, or better known as USJ. USJ is made up of 27 sections (USJ 1 to USJ 27) besides USJ 3A to 3D, Subang Heights and USJ Heights.

1994 - TRANSPORTATION Construction of the LRT began in 1994, thus the township has excellent accessibility that is connected to Kuala Lumpur, Shah Alam and Petaling Jaya via a network of expressways and rail transit. The Subang Jaya KTM Komuter station in SS16 is linked to the KTM Port Klang-Tanjung Malim line, and was recently renovated to accommodate Rapid KL’s expansion of the Kelana Jaya LRT line. It also serves as an interchange as there are bus stops.

2019 - CITY COUNCIL In December 2019, it was officially announced that Subang Jaya's municipality will be upgraded to 11

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

a city council after a long 5-year wait since MPSJ's application in 2014.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

SITE SURROUNDINGS

Top : Subang Jaya Map Shows surrounding building context in present time. Around the building there is a mixture of unplanned, beautifully lush places. There is a lake which is seen from every level of the building, some residential complexes and townhouses, office buildings, and a mosque. Overall, many of the surrounding buildings are low budget. There are 1 or 2 storey adaptations of older houses. A federal highway and two hotels are nearby, both are large scale structures. Also, an office block and commercial centre are in the vicinity. The natural landscaping is very eye-catching. There seems to be a substantial amount of growth within the area, in respect to community development. The traffic flow is moderate to congested at certain hours of the day, due to the federal highway.

Top :Surrounding key building Includes accommodations, Mrt, highway, and school.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

SDG 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable TARGETS 11.3 Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries. 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage. 11.6 Reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management. 11.7 Provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities. 11.A Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries. Indicator 11.3.1: Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate Challenges

Top : Subang Jaya Map Shows surrounding building context in present time. Mesiniaga is a tower surrounded by buildings that consumes low energy buildings such as the commercial blocks and the residential area but due to the materiality that has been used by the Mesiniaga, the building consumes less energy making a balance with the community. 15

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Response The goal of Subang Municipal is to grow an inclusive economy by having a balanced society and economically. However, Mesiniaga is built in a suburban area which helps to reduce the noise, waste, light and traffic pollution to make the surrounding a lot safer. Land Use Efficiency In the last 20 years, cities grew by 1.5 times the rate of the population. Cities that use land more efficiently have far better conditions to provide public goods and basic services at lower cost. Such areas can consume less energy, manage waste better, and are more likely to maximize the benefits of agglomeration.

Top: Relationship of rate of growth of people and cities. Contribution

Top: Mesiniaga creating opportunities for housing. The location of the building is surrounded by low budget buildings. The substantial amount of growth within the area is respecting the community’s development. The features that have been applied in the building gives out thermal comfort to the employees. Therefore, the energy that is being consumed by the building is low. This helps to increase the quality of life of the community 16

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

in the building and the surrounding.

PROTECT THE WORLD’S CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE Target 11.4: The SDG 11.4 Indicator suggests the enforcement of Cultural and Natural Protection to be a key factor in improving cities and human settlements, safe, resilient, and Sustainable. The quality of the provided settlement largely depends on the geography and context itself. Therefore, there is a need for the government and authorities to invest a given amount of Capita for conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage. Indicator 11.4.1: Total per capita expenditure on the preservation, protection, and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by source of funding (public, private), type of heritage (cultural, natural) and level of government (national, regional, and local/municipal).

Challenges Subang's area developments were often commercial, thus maximizing spaces were taken into consideration over nature's inspiration. The location of the building is surrounded by low budget buildings before the Mesiniaga was built in which prioritise space efficiency rather than cultural and natural consideration when designing a building. Response Natural inspiration and Cultural Inspiration Mesiniaga a privately funded building tools conservation as its own design inspired by the morning glory’s vine as a natural inspiration. into creating a sustainable building. Ventilations were inspired from local ventilation present in traditional houses. It highlights how Mesiniaga as a building appreciates the tie between human needs for security and appreciating nature's contribution.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Cultural Inspiration

Top : Traditional architecture has been translated into modern features of the building. Natural Inspiration

Top: Vines Sketches provided by Ken Yeang, (2021) .[Illustration]..https://www.solaripedia.com/13/302/Menara+Mesiniaga+Features+Biocli matics+%28Malaysia%29.html(2021) The use of funnels for allowing cool breezes to enter and ventilate the interior. The most notable design of the building is its vertical landscaping. It has a spiraling sky garden that twists up the building and provides shades and visual contrast to the aluminum and steel surface. (MESINIAGA BERHAD Menara Mesiniaga”,2020) Vegetation continues upward in a spiral of landscaped “sky courts” carved from the cylindrical facade in addition to promoting air circulation and natural ventilation, sky courts provide a connection to nature for the building’s occupants. in stark contrast to monotony of typical 18

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

commercial construction. (Davidson & Serageldin, 1995)

IMPORTANCE OF AIR QUALITY WITHIN A BUILDING Target 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management. Indicator 11.6.2: Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted)

Challenges Mesiniaga being in the heart of Subang Jaya, it is difficult to maintain the quality of air in the area. Another major factor that gets affected is the temperature of Malaysia affecting the indoor and outdoor experience. Response The use of Greens and Natural Ventilation help to regulate the indoor environment without excess energy. Thus, reducing the fine particulate matter from the building.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Natural Ventilation

Top : Natural ventilation in service core The lift lobbies at all floors are naturally ventilated. All stairways and toilet areas are also naturally ventilated and have natural lighting. The services are put on the east side to be able to block the sun and have natural ventilation. (naturally ventilated service core ) Natural Ventilation

N1 N2 N1 : Surrounding Greeneries (2010). [Illustration] https://www.solaripedia.com/files/721.pdf N2 : Vegetation spiral garden

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

SURROUNDING GREENERIES The combination of modern design and strategic locations of the plantations help to regulate the temperature. VEGETATION SPIRAL GARDEN Use of funnels for allowing cool breezes to enter and ventilate. The most notable design of the building is vertical landscaping.

N1 : Skycourt responding to green ventilation N2 : Sketch of vegetation spiral garden. (2010). [Illustration] . https://www.solaripedia.com/files/724.pdf SKY COURT Vegetation continues upward in a spiral of landscaped “sky courts” carved from the cylindrical facade. In addition to promoting air circulation and natural ventilation.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

TARGET 11.7

PROVIDE ACCESS TO SAFE AND INCLUSIVE GREEN AND PUBLIC SPACES Target 11.7: By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities. Indicator 11.7.1: Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities. Indicator 11.7.1: has several interesting concepts that require global consultation and consensus. These include built-up areas, cities, open spaces for public use, etc. As a custodian agency, UNHabitat has worked on these concepts along with several other partners. Helps to increase biodiversity from the past destruction of natural vegetation.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

BUILT ENVIRONMENT/ARCHITECTURE RESPONSES TO SDG 11.7 Challenge Subang’s development is rapidly growing and thus universal access to safe green and public spaces becomes insufficient. Public spaces have been inadequate and inaccessible as the surrounding has been overgrown by monotonous commercial concrete blocks. Despite being in proximity with green open space, it has been disconnected due to the obstruction of the Subang - Kelana Jaya Link Highway. Thus, the local biodiversity would decrease as natural vegetation is being replaced with concrete blocks. Response STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING Proper and strategic landscaping to therefore enhance users' lifestyle. Mesiniaga’s strategic placement of vertical greeneries are implemented to provide a safe and inclusive green public space for users through comfort and providing natural habitat that was lost during the development of the surroundings. Accessibility for Mesiniaga is engulfed by greenery to increase users' level of comfort throughout the site, thus increased comfort level leads to increased safety. ACCESSIBILITY AND GREENERY

Top : Access and greenery placement responding to the safety of the users.

ACCESS Bus stop from the south-west helps to connect the users to the main entrance of the tower. GREENERY The plantation around the tower creates a tranquil environment which helps regulate the surrounding temperature as Malaysia is constantly hot and humid, thus this access point provides a level of safety and comfort for the users.

PLANTATION AND TERRACE 23

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

SKY COURT

Top : Placement of the spiral sky court Vegetation continues upwards in a spiral of landscape “sky court” covered from the cylindrical facade. SPIRAL GREENERY

Top : Comfort is achieved through the use of spiral greenery The gardens are located on each floor to help improve the comfort level of the users, where it helps provide a connection to nature as the surrounding consists of monotonous commercial brick and steel. This in return gives a stark contrast to the greenery on the terrace. These spiral green areas also help provide comfort for not only users, but also increases the biodiversity like bird species to nest, as the natural vegetation has been limited by the growth of commercial buildings and residentials.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

STRONG NATIONAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Target 11.a: Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, per-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning. Indicator 11.a.1: Proportion of population living in cities that implement urban and regional development plans integrating population projections and resource needs, by size of city. Challenges Subang Jaya was initially established as a rubber plantation and this provided a challenge regarding make that transition towards becoming a commercial hub for all walks of users. Responses The establishment of Mesiniaga in 1995 indirectly helped propagate USJ into a blooming commercial hub. Subang Jaya starts off as rubber plantation grounds amidst late 20th century, yet with the emergence of such high-profile projects at the time, the district began garnering more attention and more developers flood the area. It was not until Bandar Sunway came by where the district experienced rapid urbanisation, and this was mostly due to linking the other districts in proximity under one big municipality.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

EVIDENCE 1:

Top : Diagram showing the economy expansion after construction of Mesiniaga

Top : Diagram showing Mesiniaga influence on Subang Jaya. Subang Jaya received the status of a municipality in 1997, elevating the Petaling District Council to Subang Jaya Municipal Council (MPSJ). The MPSJ holds local government authority over each district shown above. Regarding parliamentary, Subang Jaya’s municipal area covers the parliamentary constituency of Puchong and Subang in its entirety, as well as parts of Kota Raja which mainly cover Putra Heights. Subang Jaya city itself lies within the Subang constituency, while Seri Kembangan and Puchong fall within the Puchong constituency. Upon Dec 2019, it was officially announced that Subang Jaya’s municipality will be upgraded to a city council after a long 5-year wait since MPSJ’s application in 2014 26

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION TO KLCC TWINS TOWER AND BACKGROUND

A transcending point that moved Kuala Lumpur into worldwide consideration and persuaded organizations and financial backers of the potential in this country as it moves towards the year 2020. With the Government's choice to move the Selangor Turf Club to Sungai Besi in the edges of Kuala Lumpur in the mid 1980's, a chance to redevelop the superb 100-acre of land site into alist downtown area introduced itself. At that point Prime Minister Datuk Seri (presently Tun) Dr. Mahathir Mohamed imagined an advancement that would be enough to cause worldwide attention towards Malaysia and financial backers to the country. A worldwide competition was held in 1990, the winning Masterplan was put together by Klages, Carter, Vail and Partners of USA (KCV). It illustrated a "city-within a-city" self-sustainable idea on a 37 acre of land.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Image: The geometric floor plans based on Islamic architecture (Source: Petrosains, 2014) The designers visualised the floor plans based on geometric patterns pervasive in Islamic design. The floor plans were gotten from superimposed, pivoted squares with round infills around the corners. These geometric figures were depicted by the modelers as "symbolizing unity within unity, harmony, stability and rationality" – which are all significant standards in Islam. Kuala Lumpur City Center Berhad (KLCCB) was founded in 1992 to project-manage the PETRONAS Twin Towers and other Phase 1 advancements inside the KLCC Precinct. The current management of the Towers continually finds ways to improve, enhance and upgrade to guarantee that the building stays efficient as when it initially was after completion. The PETRONAS Twin Towers has achieved the Provisional Gold Certification under the Green Building Index Malaysia and will continue developing green initiatives.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

KLCC HISTORY TIMELINE

1896 - Selangor Turf Club off Ampang Road was officially opened for racing 1988 - Selangor Turf Club relocated to a new and bigger site in Sungai Besi. 1990s - Local authorities reclaimed the land in a bid to help ease the growing traffic in KL January 1992 - Planning on the Petronas Towers started; it included rigorous tests and simulations of wind and structural loads on the design.

March 1993 -Excavation work begins. March 1994 -Excavation and foundation for Tower One complete; construction begins. 29

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

April 1994 -Excavation and foundation for Tower Two complete; construction begins. May 1995 -Pre-assembled Skybridge arrives from South Korea.

August 1995 -Skybridge is lifted into place. February 1996 -Topping-out of both towers is completed. March 1996 -Installation of pinnacles for both towers.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

April 1996 -Petronas Towers officially declared the world’s tallest buildings January 1997 - Moving in of the first batch of PETRONAS' personnel

August 1999 - Official opening by YAB Dato Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

SDG 17 PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development. BRIEF INFO Sustainable Development Goal 17 (SDG17 or Global Goal 17) is about “global partnerships” and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 AIM The aim of the project is to conduct a study of Petronas Twin Towers partnerships formed during its construction and after its completion with its surroundings in the Kuala Lumpur City Center in relation to SDG 17. TARGETS 17.3 Finance Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources. 17.7 Technology Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries. 17.9 Capacity Building Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries. 17.11 Trade/ Exports Significantly increase the exports of developing countries 17.16 Multi-stakeholder Partnership Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships. 32

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

17.17 Public, public-private and civil society partnerships Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

MOBILIZE ADDITIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES Indicator 17.3.1: Foreign direct investment, official development assistance and SouthSouth cooperation as a proportion of gross national income Petronas Twin Towers response to both indicators under Target 17.3. Malaysia is an FDIdependent country. Its policies are generally conducive to foreign investment, notwithstanding some restrictions in certain sectors and foreign currency controls by the central bank. The construction of KLCC has brought FDI and contributed to the total GDP of Malaysia. Challenges The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia and Southeast Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. Responses In 1978-1979, the average FDI of Malaysia in approved projects was 151.6 million USD. That average increased remarkably to 648.9 million USD in 1980-1989 and 4752.7 million USD in 19901999. It was 12353.6 million USD and increased to 12829.9 million USD in 1997. In 1998, FDI was 8274.1 million USD. In short, FDI in Malaysia was rather stable during the crisis in comparison to other forms of foreign investment. Many major projects including Petronas Twin Towers that are ongoing during the period in the crisis has allowed Malaysia to survive throughout the crisis stably. The Suria KLCC Mall, which is located at the entrance of the Petronas Twin Towers just a brief train ride away from Bukit Bintang, is a popular haunt for newly minted Malaysian millionaires and high-net-worth visitors from neighbouring countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, as well as countries further afield such as the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait in the Middle East. Situated 34

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

in the Petronas Twin Towers, which is the most sought-after residential and commercial real estate building in Kuala Lumpur, Suria KLCC has become well known as a high-end shopping mall, hosting foreign brands such as Cartier and Versace, as well as local luxury shops such as British India. Moreover, data from greenfield investment monitor fDiMarkets shows that this sector has increasingly attracted foreign investors who, in response to low consumer confidence in Europe and North America, are becoming more and more attracted to dynamic and growing centres such as Kuala Lumpur. Indeed, in 2013 greenfield FDI into Malaysia's consumer products sector grew by 77%. While the impressive growth in Malaysia's retail sector can be partly attributed to rising incomes among the country's growing middle and upper classes, a look around at the multitude of shoppers in Kuala Lumpur’s malls reveals external revenues from tourists is also a key source of growth. Being home to just 1.6 million people, Kuala Lumpur has historically relied on external trade and foreign demand for its products. Although boosting the wholesale and retail industries has featured prominently as part of the national government’s Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), the emergence of Kuala Lumpur as an international retail hub has been partly down to the government’s efforts to leverage the city’s historic appeal as a centre of trade, positioned at the crossroads of south-east Asia.

Indicator 17.3.2: Volume of remittances (in United States dollars) as a proportion of total GDP Challenges The Malaysia GDP suffered a 7.5% contraction in 1998 due to the Asian Financial Crisis. Responses During the booming 1990s, Malaysia achieved average GDP growth of 7.2% annually; compare this with the following decade when the country achieved average GDP expansion of 5.4% a year. The wholesale and retail industry continues to account for a significant share of Malaysia’s economy, contributing 12.7% to the country’s GDP. As at 2Q 2014, the wholesale and retail industry registered a year-on-year growth of 8.88%. Since the start of the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), the volume index of wholesale trade has risen from 99.8 points at end-2009 to 132.2 points at end-2013, while retail trade grew from 103.6 points to 132.3 points over the same period. In 2013, the sales value of wholesale and retail rose by 43% to RM13.3 billion from RM9.3 billion in 2009. Suria KLCC has enjoyed 45 million footfalls a year with 80% locals and 20% foreigners. It has generated a RM2. 6 billion gross turnover, to be among Asia's most successful shopping malls in 35

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

terms of sales per sq ft. The occupancy rate in Suria KLCC is way above the average seen in other malls in the Klang Valley, according to Brien. A study conducted by Malaysia Retailers Association (MRA) has the average occupancy rate in Greater KL at about 86% at the end of last year. But Suria KLCC benefits from the location also because of an office crowd of about 25,000 to 30,000 that surrounds it. Other pluses for the mall are conveniences such as the light rail transit, different entry points to the mall and the upcoming mass rapid transit line.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Indicator 17.7.1: Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination, and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies.

Challenges By fostering economic growth and job creation, international trade makes a major contribution to poverty reduction and sustainable development. Today global value chains (GVCs) drive trade: 75% of global trade now comprises intermediate inputs and capital goods and services. But not all countries are equally successful at integrating into GVCs: low-income developing countries (LIDCs) are still hugely underrepresented contributing only about 11% of the total world gross exports in 2011 (up from 6% in 1995). Responses Volume for 2019 grew by 19.4 percent to reach RM1.774 trillion with total exports recording a high record of RM935.39 billion, an increase of 18.9 percent compared to 2018. Import also recorded an increase of 19.9 percent to RM838.14 billion. Export growth was driven by manufacturing goods which registered an increase of 18.9 percent to RM767.64 billion or 82.1 percent of the total exports.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

AS INTERNATIONAL, Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC) possessed a partnership with US-based Marketing Challenges International (MCIntl), a global destination marketing firm for meetings and conventions. The reason behind the partnership is to drive the venue’s presence and business opportunities in the North America market. MCIntl is a marketing and sales partner connecting convention bureaus and convention centres to the North American meetings market. Through this partnership, KLCC is able to leverage off the agency’s database, market expertise, and industry insights to secure meetings, conventions, and incentives and are confident in MCIntl's market expertise, industry insights, and reputation. This tie-up with MCIntl is another important step to gain first-hand business intelligence to help us better identify relevant North American industry platforms and forums to take our business development strategy to the next level as the Centre’s global industry engagement programme to grow its business acquisition of international corporate and association meetings and events.

AS LOCAL, KLCC (Holdings) Sdn Bhd (KLCCH), the parent company of KLCCP Stapled Group which comprises KLCC Real Estate Investment Trust and KLCC Property Holdings Bhd, will continue with its development projects despite the glut in commercial properties. KLCC (Holdings) Sdn Bhd proceeded with its property projects as planned but is mindful about the current soft market sentiment in the commercial property sector, according to group chief executive officer Datuk Hashim Wahir. The expression of concern regarding the oversupply of (commercial developments) is made clear and so KLCC's parent company, KLCCP Stapled Group (KLCCP), had inked a joint 38

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

venture with a third party to develop its first transport-oriented development in April 2018. The project will be a mixed development, comprising retail as well as office space and hotel. It is an expansionary programme for Suria KLCC, as the group will build a bridge linking Bukit Bintang to KLCC which is expected to be completed in 2022. At KLCCP Stapled Group, we recognise that our suppliers are an extension of our organisation. We are committed to collaborating with a diverse supplier base and improve our collective environmental sustainability efforts. We also encourage sourcing of local products among the suppliers. In 2017, 97% of our products were sourced locally with a contract value of approximately RM750million, contributing positively to the local economy.

Top : The heat map shows the lie of the land and explores the distance cover to achieve

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

ENHANCE SDG CAPACITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Indicator 17.9.1: Dollar value of financial and technical assistance (including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation) committed to developing countries. Challenge To include KLCC twins tower in Petronas Sustainability annual report in parallel with Malaysia policies and plans that are corresponding to SDG Goal 17.9 that committed in development with countries, such as “11MP Strategic Thrust 6”, “Malaysia’s foreign policies and trade policies”, “AEC Blueprint 2025”, and “ASEAN Strategic Action Plan for SME Development 2016-2025” Response Section building capacity is found in Petronas Sustainability report in 2018, recording technical assistance committed to developing countries such as Japan and Iraq. Petrolium Nastional Berhad (PETRONAS), designed by a USA-based architectural firm - Caesar Pelli and Associates (CPA) in 1991. At that time, PETRONAS was looking for new headquarters under a single roof to merge its operations in KL due to the operation at that time being scattered throughout the city in 14 different locations. From the past until now, PETRONAS company took a majority stake in KLCC twins tower development. (Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia, 2017)

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Petronas Logo. (2021). [Illustration]. https://www.petronas.com/ According to Petronas Sustainability Report 2018, Petronas training institute - INSTEP, has made efforts in accelerating the learning and development through technical assistance. They had committed to 15 developing countries including Iraq and Japan as part of its aspiration to be “A Leading Partner of Choice in Oil and Gas Technical Learning and Certification”. (Petronas, 2018) EVIDENCE 1: PETRONAS INSTEP i. Established in 1981, PETRONAS INSTEP (Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS) aims to accelerate human capital development through international support to enhance the company and also Malaysia’s oil and gas industry growth. A key feature of INSTEP is the Upstream Downstream Training Plant (UDTP) that launched in 2014 has transformed the learning experience through partnership in both local and international context: the UDTP can be used to simulate real plant scenarios. It offers learners hands-on training and experiential learning. (PETRONAS INSTEP, 2021)

PETRONAS Technical Training Sdn Bhd (PTTSB), Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP. (2021). [Photograph]. https://www.instep.my/Pages/default.aspx Currently, the training institute also serves international clients from more than 15 countries as part of its aspiration to be “A Leading Partner of Choice in Oil and Gas Technical Learning and Certification”. It already produced more than 130,000 job-ready technical workforce serving in refinery and petrochemical plants, and production platforms globally, and this year, 2021 marks the 40th year of existence of INSTEP. (PETRONAS INSTEP, 2021) ii. “Nurturing Technical Capability of our International Workforce” In the year of 2018, 79 individuals from Iraq completed their 6-month training at INSTEP under the Production Operation Training. They are granted BTEC Certification after the training. 41

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Then, the second part of a three phase training programme at INSTEP started with a three-month Technical Intensive English Programme at the Garraf Vocational Training Centre (GVTC) in Iraq. After completing the course, the participants will move on to on-the-job training in Garraf, Iraq. (PETRONAS, 2018) The whole training programme is part of talent exchange and capability development. With these technology exchanges across different countries, there are a total of 212 learners from Garraf who have graduated from INSTEP and have been offered employment with PETRONAS. The Garraf Development and Production Service Agreement (DPSC) was signed on 18th January 2010 between South Oil Company (SOC) of the Republic of Iraq with PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB), Japan Petroleum Exploration Company (JAPEX) and North Oil Company (NOC) for the Garraf SERVICE AGREEMENT Area. (PCIHBV Tender, 2021) The training programme is part of talent capability development for the Garraf operations. With these graduates, a total of 212 learners from Garraf have graduated from INSTEP and have been offered employment with PETRONAS. Training programmes such as this allow participants to contribute towards the development of our Garraf operations.

INSTEP Training Photo 1. (2018). [Photograph]. https://www.petronas.com/sites/default/files/downloads/PETRONAS%20Sustainability%20R eport%202018.pdf

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

INSTEP Training Photo 2. (2018). [Photograph]. https://www.petronas.com/sites/default/files/downloads/PETRONAS%20Sustainability%20R eport%202018.pdf

EVIDENCE 2: PETRONAS IS INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT WORKING GROUPS IN GLOBAL COUNTRIES According to Petronas Sustainability report 2015, PETRONAS is involved in different working groups that formed internationally. (PETRONAS 2015) :1. ASEAN Council on Petroleum - Environmental Health Expert Working Group 2. Asian CORE Programme (Japan-Malaysia) on Risk Based Watershed Management 3. Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Meeting on Pesticide Residue Expert Panels (Source : PETRONAS Sustainability Report 2015. https://www.petronas.com/sites/default/files/downloads/PETRONAS%20Sustainability%20R eport%202018.pdf)

1. ASEAN COUNCIL ON PETROLEUM - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EXPERT WORKING GROUP

PETRONAS as ASCOPE member PETRONAS is one of the recognized members in ASEAN Council on Petroleum. Working parallel with developing countries in ASIA.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Photo of the Petronas as one of the Memberships in ASCOPE. (n.d.). [Screenshot]. http://www.ascope.org/About/CompanyDetail/10）

Photo taken during Regional Cooperation For Sustainable Development Event. (2019). [Photograph]. http://www.ascope.org/

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

2. ASIAN CORE PROGRAMME (JAPAN-MALAYSIA) ON RISK BASED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Photo of JSPS Asian Core Program on “Research and Education Center for the Risk Based Asian Oriented Integrated Watershed Management” holds the 5th Comprehensive Symposium that involves Partnership with Japan country. (2015). [Screenshot]. https://www.kyotou.ac.jp/en/news/2015-12-11-1 3. JOINT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS/WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION MEETING ON PESTICIDE RESIDUE EXPERT PANELS Pioneering Toxicology in PETRONAS He is the pioneer of toxicology in PETRONAS, having set up the Product Stewardship and Toxicology Section which he has overseen for seven years. Dr Salmaan Hussain Inayat Hussain, pioneer of toxicology in PETRONAS, he is having set up the Toxicology Section which he has overseen for seven years. His breadth and depth of experience in this field until word got around of his appointment by the United Nations (UN) to the panel of the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-World Health Organization (WHO) Meeting on Pesticide Residue. (Pioneering Toxicology in PETRONAS, 2020)

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

INCREASE EXPORTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Indicator 17.11.1: Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global exports “Developing countries and least developed countries’ share of global exports” looks into the trade in services referencing the impact the building brought through tourism. Challenges On 20 May 1987, the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism (MOCAT) was established. However, during that time Malaysia as a least developed country was far from being known worldwide as it lacked attention in contrast to other developed countries with modern city skylines and buildings of significance. Responses In 1996, the Petronas Twin Towers was branded the world’s tallest. Alongside this achievement, Malaysia launched a worldwide marketing campaign called "Malaysia, Truly Asia'' which became largely successful and has brought in over 7.4 million tourists. Hence greatly improving the economy of Malaysia through the benefits of social trade from worldwide tourists. During that period, the Twin Towers could be viewed as a representation of Malaysia’s increasing wealth and the nation’s desire to be featured more prominently on the international stage; it sparked the nation’s pride and became the most dominant symbol of Malaysia.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Image: Cover from “Visit Malaysia 2014” campaign illustrating the Twin Towers as the focal backdrop As of 2005, tourism has become Malaysia’s 3rd largest source of foreign exchange income, accounting for 7% of Malaysia’s economy by 2005. Tourists spent on accommodation, food and beverages, entertainment, shopping, local transportation, and other important aspects of the local economy of the host nation. Accordingly, food and beverage expenditures amount to one third of overall tourist expenditures of the global tourism turnover (Meler & Cerovic, 2003). A recorded survey done by (Nair, Chiun & Singh, 2014) has proved that tourists who visit Malaysia are often from the upper income bracket, therefore willing to spend on local services and to purchase local products: 350 questionnaires were distributed to international tourists at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in the month-span from January to March 2010. From the results, the majority (71.7%) of the respondents have a high monthly income ranging from US $4000/month. This proves that tourists can improve the local economy through the earnings from local businesses.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

ENHANCE THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Indicator 17.16.1 Number of countries reporting progress in multi-stakeholder development effectiveness monitoring frameworks that support the achievement of the sustainable development goals. Petronas Twin Towers Response to Indicator 17.16.1: The collaboration of foreign architects, consortium and other services relating to the construction of the building that shared technical knowledge and skills. As well as the involvement of multinational companies operating in the Petronas Twin Towers offices as a headquarters after its completion contributes to sustainable development goals for partnerships. Challenge As the plan to erect the tallest building in the world at the time was set, they would need to find a way to physically construct the towers safely and with focus on quality and performance for the process to move smoothly. Response The construction process involved the collaboration of two foreign consortiums, Japanese Hazama Corporation and South Korean Samsung C&T Corporation, as well as other external services to ensure safety, quality and performance of the towers. As the towers were completed in 1996, the buildings have been occupied by several multinational companies as headquarters, contributing to sustainable development goals for partnerships.

CONSORTIUMS 48

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

For the construction of the Petronas Twin Towers, the Malaysian government had assigned two foreign consortiums to build each tower separately. (IGS Magazine, 2018) Tower 1 was assigned to a Japanese consortium led by the Hazama Ando Corporation and Tower 2 was assigned to the South Korean consortium led by Samsung C&T Corporation. (Merchant, 2019) Inviting foreign experts to get involved in the construction of the planned tallest buildings at the time was beneficial in ensuring the quality and performance of the towers by cooperation and supplying technical knowledge and skills, as well as in meeting the tight deadline due to the competitive spirit sparked by assigning a different consortium for each tower which led to a speedy construction.

Image: The Hazama Ando Corporation, the Japanese consortium which led construction on one of the Petronas Twin Towers (Souce: Wikimedia Commons)

Image: Samsung C&T Corporation brochure featuring their construction work on the Petronas Twin Towers (Source: Asia Outlook Publishing)

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Image: The construction of the Petronas Twin Towers with two foreign consortiums assigned to each tower (Source: Merchant, 2019) SKYBRIDGE The South Korean Samsung C&T Corporation prefabricated the Skybridge in South Korea and shipped it to Malaysia. (IGS Magazine, 2018) The two level bridge structure would link the two towers at its midpoint and is fitted to allow flexibility when either tower swayed in high winds, also acting as a brace for both towers. Hoisting the prefabricated bridge required help from a specialised engineering firm to lift and install the bridge and its trusses. (Merchant, 2019)

Image: Hoisting up the prefabricated Skybridge to its place (Source: Merchant, 2019) 50

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Construction process alone required collaboration and partnerships with several groups who specialised in different tasks towards the completion of the Petronas Twin Towers. PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS OFFICES The towers served as office spaces for several companies. Petronas, the Malaysian state oil company, occupied Tower 1, while Tower 2 was occupied by other multinational companies such as Accenture, Al-Jazeera, Barclays Capital, Bloomberg, Boeing, IBM, McKinsey & Co., Microsoft, Reuters etc. (Hotels.com, 2017) The Twin Towers accommodating offices for different multinational companies and other public facilities such as the Suria KL shopping complex and philharmonic orchestra moves towards the eventual goal of achieving the sustainable development goals.

Image: The Lobby of Tower 2 of the Petronas Twin Towers (Source: Aga Khan Award for Architecture)

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

ENCOURAGE EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS Indicator 17.17.1: Amount of United States dollars committed to public-private and civil society partnerships Promoting the link and partnerships of the Petronas Twin Towers with its surrounding buildings within the KLCC Masterplan and the Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle Area Challenge Promoting a link with the Petronas Twin Towers, a landmark building, in the center of Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle Area with its immediate surroundings and to the greater Kuala Lumpur region. Response Integration of the Petronas Twin Towers, the tallest building in the world at the time, into the KLCC Master Planning Project which includes different public-private partnership services such as shopping complex, offices, commercial and residential buildings. Overall, the masterplan is integrated into the Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle Area as well as with railway links with RapidKL that connects the masterplan to its surrounding.

KUALA LUMPUR GOLDEN TRIANGLE AREA The Golden Triangle is an area in the center of Kuala Lumpur within three major roads: Jalan Imbi, Jalan Sultan Ismail and Jalan Raja Chulan. This area is known for its commercial, offices, shopping, and entertainment, with high rise offices, skyscrapers, shopping complexes and hotels such as Lowyat and Pavillion. (Hotels.com, 2017)

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

The Petronas Twin Towers was part of a masterplan that was set within this Golden Triangle Area and after its completion saw the movement of other offices flocking to the Towers, becoming the center of Kuala Lumpur. (IGS Magazine, 2018)

Image : The Golden Triangle Area dictated by the thick outlined triangle with the KLCC Project superimposed (Source: Sayigh, 2017) KLCC MASTERPLAN - ‘CITY-WITHIN-CITY’ CONCEPT The Kuala Lumpur City Centre Project (KLCC Project) was a mixed used development that was planned to hold the national landmark, and world’s tallest building at the time, the Petronas Twin Towers. The masterplan was envisioned as a self sustained city or city within city concept that was meant to incorporate a new type of landscape for the Malaysian capital city. (Sayigh, 2017) The self contained design incorporated a lot of linkages between the Twin Towers and its neighbouring public-private partnerships such as Suria KLCC, the main commercial centre; the Petronas Philharmonic Hall, integrated into the ground floor of the Twin Towers; and the LRT connected underground and also linked with Avenue K across Suria KLCC. Other buildings include Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre, Bijai on the Park, and the KLCC Park. Other company headquarter towers were also planned alongside the Twin Towers such as Maxis Tower and Exxon Mobil Tower.

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Image : A render of the KLCC Masterplan from plan view. (Source: Sayigh, 2017)

Image : Suria KLCC Shopping Complex interior

Image : The immediate surrounding skyscrapers within the KLCC Development

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Image: The KLCC Park and the distant skyline of highrise offices and hotels within the Golden Triangle Area LRT RAPIDKL LINK The LRT train system integrated into the city makes it highly accessible and convenient to travel across KLCC and to the surrounding Greater Kuala Lumpur area. (Klia2.info, 2017) There are multiple pedestrian linkages that connect to different KLCC developments such as the Twin Towers, Maxis Tower, Suria KLCC and more. Due to its location in the center of the Kuala Lumpur City Center and also with its proximity to several landmarks, the KLCC LRT station is one of the busiest stations on the LRT line system. (Petrosains, 2014)

Image : People waiting for the train on the platform in the KLCC LRT station (Source: Klia2.info, 2017)

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

Image : The Suria KLCC underground entrance linking to the KLCC LRT station, also linking to Avenue K

Image : The underground pedestrian link connecting several buildings in the KLCC development and to the LRT station

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

MESINIAGA REFERENCES 1. Goal 11 Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2021). United Nations | Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11 2. SDG 11 Sustainable cities and communities. (2018, June 24). Open Development Mekong. https://opendevelopmentmekong.net/topics/sdg11-sustainable-cities-and-communities/ 3. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2021, March). SDG indicator metadata. United Nations Statistics Division the United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-03-01.pdf 4. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2021, September). Target 11.4: Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage. United Nations Statistics Division - the United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-1104-01.pdf 5. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2017. July 11). Target 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management. United Nations Statistics Division - the United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-06-02.pdf 6. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2020, June 5). Target 11.a: Support positive economic, social, and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning. United Nations Statistics Division - the United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-0a-01.pdf 7. T.R.Hamzah, & Yeang (2010). Solaripedia | Green Architecture & Building | Projects in Green Architecture & Building. Solaripedia. https://www.solaripedia.com/13/302/Menara+Mesiniaga+Features+Bioclimatics+%28 Malaysia%29.html 8. B.Chan, M.Fung, K.Lam, & V.Liu(n.d.). ARCH 366: ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CASE STUDY MENARA MESINIAGA. Solaripedia. https://www.solaripedia.com/files/723.pdf 9. Menara Mesiniaga Drawings. https://www.solaripedia.com/files/726.pdf

(2010).

Solaripedia.

KLCC REFERENCES 1. IGS Magazine. (2018, September 24). How the Petronas Towers Put Malaysia on the World Map. https://igsmag.com/features/how-the-petronas-towers-put-malaysia-on-the-worldmap/ 57

SDG TO ARCHITECTURE

2. Klia2.info. (2017). KLCC LRT station. https://www.klia2.info/rail/rapidkl-lrt/kelanajaya-line/klcc/ 3. Hotels.com. (2017). Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle Guide. http://www.kualalumpur.ws/klareas/golden.htm 4. Hotels.com. (2017). Petronas twin towers in Kuala Lumpur - klcc attractions. http://www.kuala-lumpur.ws/attractions/petronas-twin-tower.htm 5. Kyoto University. (2015, December). JSPS Asian Core Program "Research and Education Center for the Risk Based Asian Oriented Integrated Watershed Management" Holds The 5th Comprehensive Symposium (19–21 November 2015). KYOTO UNIVERSITY. https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/news/2015-12-11-1. 6. Li Tiing, C. (2020, November). Pioneering Toxicology in PETRONAS. PETRONAS Global. https://www.petronas.com/flow/people/pioneering-toxicology-petronas. 7. Merchant, C. (2019). The History And Construction Of The Petronas Twin Towers. https://www.mm2h.com/the-history-and-construction-of-the-petronas-twin-towers/. 8. Sayigh, A. (2017). Sustainable high rise buildings in urban zones: Advantages, challenges, and global case studies. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323547152_Hamza_N_The_sustainable_high rise_building_renewables_and_public_perceptions_In_Sustainable_High_Rise_Buildings _in_Urban_Zones_Advantages_Challenges_and_Global_Case_Studies_Springer_Interna tional_Publ 9. Petronas Nasional Berhad. (2017). Moving Forward Together Sustainability Report 2017. https://www.petronas.com/sites/default/files/2018-07/sustainability-report-2017.pdf . 10. Petronas Nasional Berhad. (2018). Energising growth Sustainability Report 2018. https://www.petronas.com/sites/default/files/downloads/PETRONAS%20Sustainabili ty%20Report%202018.pdf. 11. Petronas National Berhad. (2021). PCIHBV Tender. https://www.petronas.com/joinus/be-our-partner/pcihbv-tender. 12. Petrosains. (2014). Getting Here: https://www.petronastwintowers.com.my/getting-here/.

Plan

Visit.