starts in the eld Storage quality

in 2022, often related to crop nutrition, notably calcium de ciency.

Storage Success

When storing fruit, principally top fruit, for any length of time, “grade out is king”, Hutchinsons horticulture technical manager, Jonathan Blackman says.

“If you’ve picked a whole bin of apples, you want all to be sold at top price. If 30% get thrown away, or turned to juice, the income per bin is considerably reduced.”

While there are e ective options for protecting quality in store and beyond, the initial focus must be on growing the best quality produce, he says. “Optimising storability and grade out begins in the eld.”

Prevent disease

E ective disease control is fundamental to reducing storage issues, especially in wetter seasons, Dr Blackman says.

For apples, the main crop going into longerterm storage, the AHDB Apple Best Practice Guide (https://applegrowing.niab.com/Storage-rotcontrol-and-management/) contains useful best practice information on managing crops and tackling storage issues.

The main threat to apples in many seasons is nectria eye rot (Neonectria ditissima), caused by the canker fungus, with Gala particularly susceptible, he notes. Infection occurs through the calyx, or stalk end, at blossom time, and is best managed with integrated chemical and cultural controls.

Another target at owering is gloeosporium rot, although this is less problematic than in the past, when Cox was widely grown, and was particularly susceptible. “Gloeosporium can infect apples later in the season, so protection may be needed before harvest.

Base pre-harvest options on rot risk assessments conducted at owering, and preharvest, considering factors such as variety, weather, and disease history. Phytopthora is a soil-borne disease, so in a wet harvest growers are advised not to pick from low branches where disease could have splashed onto fruit.

Dr Blackman says disease infection risk is generally higher after wet owering periods, and increases further in unsettled conditions pre-harvest. This is therefore another important fungicide timing, to protect crops before being picked and stored. The focus is mainly covering for issues such as gloeosporium, brown rot, botrytis (mainly pears rather than apples), phytophthora rot, penicillium rot (blue mould), and fusarium.

“With no post-harvest fungicides authorised to reduce rots, generally, whether it’s apples and pears, or stone fruit like plums and cherries, rot control programmes must now focus on two main timings; owering when diseases can get in, and pre-harvest,” he says.

Nutrition focus

While wet seasons heighten disease risk, very dry weather can also be challenging, as last summer proved.

Dr Blackman says physiological issues, such as bitter pit and skin necrosis, were more evident

Calcium is a crucial component of cell walls in all fruit, so any de ciency weakens cells, potentially causing skin and esh disorders, and allowing secondary rot in, he says. “Calcium moves through the transpiration stream in plants, so any reduction in water movement, reduces calcium ow.”

Blossom end rot in tomatoes is a classic example of calcium de ciency, occurring at the calyx end of the tomato when the plant has been unable to transport calcium to the very end of the fruit. Early in the season, strawberries can also experience ‘tip burn’ where calcium has not reached the leaf end and cell walls have collapsed.

“Even if there’s plenty of calcium in the soil or substrate solution, that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s getting to where you want it. But, applying foliar calcium ensures it is absorbed directly into the plant tissue, bypassing the need for the plant’s transpiration system to move it there.”

Research shows even rm varieties like Jazz can bene t from applied calcium for quality reasons.

Foliar calcium applications typically begin around owering, or just after, as this is when cell division occurs, and cell strength is determined, Dr Blackman says.

It can be particularly bene cial in strawberries and blueberries, for fruit rmness, helping improve shelf life and robustness through the supply chain. “Breeding programmes build robustness into crop genetics, but foliar calcium is an important tool.”

Other nutrients

Boron is another major component of cell walls, also supplied via the transpiration stream.

“It’s rare to see boron de ciency in apple trees, but optimising levels around owering will maximise cell wall strength, which improves pressures at harvest, storability and reduces risk of esh breakdown,” says Dr Blackman. Zinc is also very important in cell division, particularly in apples.

In certain apple varieties, attention should be paid to the potassium to calcium ratio, as excessive potassium can reduce storability. “There’s a relationship between potassium and magnesium in soils, so while soil tests may show adequate potassium levels, a high Mg index can antagonise its uptake.

“Fruit, or leaf analysis is therefore a really useful tool to make sure nutrients are getting into the plant.”

In apples, fruit analysis is best done one to two weeks before harvest, so results can help

Preserving Harvest Quality

A major factor a ecting post-harvest storage, is timely picking, says Stephen Tully, director of horticultural advice company, Landseer.

“Leave it too late, apples go softer on the trees, and if you put poor quality produce into the store, it won’t get better.”

Careful crop monitoring and testing quality (starch and brix) leading up to harvest can help growers plan when crops will be ready for harvest, and prioritise labour and picking schedules. Dry matter is a particularly useful indicator of storability, with higher DM crops generally better suited to longer-term storage, he notes. “Once harvest starts, get as much quality fruit into store as quickly as possible.”

Packaging Solutions

Once produce has left controlled storage bulk bins, care continues, with packaging playing a vital role in protecting produce from bruising and surface damage, ensuring quality is maintained up to arrival with the consumer, says Jeremy Sharp, of Produce Packaging.

Sustainability is key though, and is driving innovative solutions. Modi ed atmosphere packaging (MAP), for example, manages the impact of ethylene on fruit while in transit and retail environments. This is achieved by controlling the package atmosphere and respiration of produce through the pack’s ventilation, not by introducing inert gasses as used for some meat.

determine storability, he adds.

The Omnia nutrition module for apples helps growers plan balanced nutrition programmes, featuring a built-in system to calculate fertiliser requirements for P, K, and Mg, based on crop o take and soil analysis, that can be re ned according to leaf analysis.

“We’re aiming to achieve even quality and yield across the whole orchard to minimise grade out. Precision will help with that.”

Balancing act

Alongside balanced nutrition, crop load can also impact storability, Dr Blackman continues.

Juggling the competing needs of stimulating healthy, productive, plant growth, versus maximising nutritional content of fruit, can be tricky though.

In a light cropping apple orchard with few blooms, for example, it may be necessary to regulate excessive growth, to limit the “pull” of calcium into leaves rather than fruit. Conversely, in a heavy-cropping orchard, the transpiration pull from leaves is lower, and there are more apples to supply, therefore applying foliar calcium can be very important.

This often requires juggling varietal requirements, especially as club varieties have become more popular, adds Stephen’s father and Landseer managing director, Mark Tully. “You may need to pause picking one variety and move to another to ensure fruit enters store in optimal condition.”

Once crops are in store, crop temperature must be reduced quickly, unless the crop has been under stress, when a more considered gradual cooling should take place.

“Growers spend ve to seven months nurturing fruit on the tree, and can spend up to 10–11 months managing it in store, so it is important to get storage right,” says Stephen.

These basic principles for preserving quality can be supported by using SmartFresh, for which Landseer are UK agents, assisted by Hutchinsons as key service providers.

The product is similar to ethylene, a naturally occurring hormone that causes fruit to ripen. SmartFresh interacts with ethylene-sensitive sites in

Paper board and paper pulp packaging products are also now important plastic-free solutions, with the bene t of absorbing excess moisture from produce to reduce mould / mildew-inducing humidity, particularly bene cial for tomato and stone fruit punnets. Produce Packaging supplies top sealable thermoformed bre punnets and trays for soft and stone fruit.

Another innovation is a cushioned through design strawberry punnet that removes the need for a separate bubble pad, making packaging fully recyclable at home. Such innovations are alongside simpler solutions to preserve quality, such as bulk bin liners that pear growers can use to reduce bruising, and bulk bin covers that reduce shrivel in pear necks during long term storage.

“All of the above protect harvest quality, increase post-storage, and in-store shelf life, and reduce food waste,” concludes Mr Sharp.

Dealing with extreme weather

The UK generally has good growing conditions, without the extremes of other fruit-producing countries, such as North Africa, California, Australia, or the Mediterranean.

However, as climate changes, so the resilience of fruit production must improve, partly by growing varieties more suited to extremes.

“A big change in apples recently is that the UK now grows Pink Lady, a variety many previously thought could never be grown to the required standard here.”

Many new varieties, such as Cameo, Jazz and Magic Star, are rmer eshed, so are better suited to storage, but it is worth noting that many bred for hotter climates can face di erent challenges when grown in the UK. Gala and Jazz, for example, are susceptible to apple canker, and Nectria eye rot.

“Understanding the impact of climate change on storability and shelf life of new varieties is important.”

Dr Blackman suggests there may be opportunities to use biostimulants during times of stress to improve crop physiology and disease defence, potentially bene tting fruit quality and storability. “But we need to know what products do, and when they are best applied.” the fruit to manage its response to internal and external ethylene sources. This puts ripening “on hold” so that softening and over-ripening occur much more slowly.

“Apples are climacteric fruit, so as they get closer to harvest, they produce ethylene that signals fruit to start breaking down cell walls,” Mark Tully says. “Depending on variety, this can cause super cial scald, external browning, loss of green colour. Smart Fresh blocks the ethylene receptors and prevents those issues occurring.

“Once fruit comes out of store, respiration naturally increases as temperature rises, and apples produce new ethylene receptors.”

In the UK, Smart Fresh is mainly used on apples and plums, although is applied to pears, and many other crops elsewhere. Suitability for treatment depends on various factors, including ripeness and length of storage, days to load the store, and general quality of fruit before storage.

Storage Quality Tips

• Quality test fruit going into store (pressure, brix, colour, dry matter)

• Tailor size pro le to customer requirements

• Pick at the right time

• Harvest quickly

• Load stores within three days if possible

• Remove eld heat quickly, but avoid stressing fruit – every 10ºC removed from fruit halves respiration

• Once cooled, establish storage conditions – varies depending on variety, but typically 1% oxygen, 1–5% CO2

• Consider Smart Fresh treatment to preserve quality where appropriate

• Regularly test quality during storage.