Status of Efforts: NATO Member States by The Fund for Peace

Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism

Status of Efforts: NATO Member States

April 2011

The Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security. We promote sustainable security through research, training and education, engagement of civil society, building bridges across diverse sectors, and developing innovative technologies and tools for policy makers. A leader in the conflict assessment and early warning field, the Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of weak and failing states. Our objective is to create practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation that are useful to decision-makers.

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The Fund for Peace Transnational Threats Threat Convergence Status of Efforts Briefing Number 2 Series Editor Patricia Taft Report Written by Jonas Vaicikonis The Fund for Peace Publication FFP : TTCVR1106 (Version 11E) Circulation: PUBLIC

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NATO Member States

Overview

Introduction & Contents

While this Status of Efforts Factsheet strives to give the most complete picture possible of nonproliferation and terrorism initiatives in NATO member states, it should be noted that the Alliance committed to a new Strategic Concept and Summit Declaration titled “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” during the November 2010 summit in Lisbon. During the summit, NATO committed itself to creating the conditions for a world free of nuclear weapons, similar to U.S. President Barack Obama’s commitment in April of 2010, but acknowledged that a comprehensive review of NATO’s current policies concerning nuclear deterrence and arms control must first be undertaken in consultation with all NATO member states. The upcoming review will

examine how the current NATO nuclear posture can better fit a world threatened more by rogue states and terrorist actors seeking to acquire, proliferate, or use a nuclear weapon. According to the Summit Declaration, the comprehensive review will address the Alliance’s “overall posture in deterring and defending against the full range of threats…[i]ncluding NATO’s nuclear posture, and missile defense and other means of strategic deterrence and defense.”* Several observers have noted that changes to NATO’s nuclear posture are directly linked to its relationship with Russia, and the amount of transparency that can be achieved with Russia’s disposal or relocation of its nuclear weapons away from NATO member states.

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WMD Nonproliferation Activities

Export Control Laws & Projects in Place

Antiterrorism Instruments

Endnotes

About The Fund for Peace

Thus, much depends on if NATO and Russia can reach agreement on the issue of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe, particularly the overall disparity between the Alliance and Russia on short-range weapons. Progress on these issues may well encourage NATO members to accede to other nonproliferation treaties. A good analysis of the Summit and the impending review can be found at: http://www.armscontrol.org/epublish/1/ v40n10 *Please see NATO’s website dedicated to the New Strategic Concept: http:/ /w ww .nato.i nt/ strategic-concept/ index.html

NATO Member States

WMD Nonproliferation Activities

UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted1

Albania

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Croatia

Czech Rep.

Denmark

4 Nov 2004

28 Oct 2004 7 Dec 2005

20 Dec 2004 14 Mar 2006

6 Jan 2005 23 Feb 2006

7 Dec 2004 9 Jan 2006

3 Nov 2004 25 Jan 2006

3 Nov 2004 9 Nov 2005

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

State Party

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)

State Party

Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)

State Party

Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)

State Party

CSA/AP

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

Signatory

State Party

Joint Convention on the Safety of State Partyent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)

Signatory

State Party

Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994)

Signatory

State Party

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Signatory

State Party

International Atomic Energy Agency

Abbreviations: AP: Additional Protocol in Force CSA: Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement in Force

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WMD Nonproliferation Activities

Estonia

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Italy

UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted1

24 Nov 2004

15 Nov 2004 6 Sep 2005

2 Nov 2004 15 Oct 2005

27 Oct 2004 16 Jan 2006

2 Nov 2004 30 Dec 2005 14 Feb 2006

5 Nov 2005

10 Jan 2005 6 Dec 2005

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

State Party

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)

State Party

Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)

State Party

Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)

State Party

CSA/AP

CSA

CSA/AP

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

State Party

Joint Convention on the Safety of State Partyent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)

State Party

Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994)

State Party

Signatory

State Party

Signatory

State Party

Signatory

International Atomic Energy Agency

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

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WMD Nonproliferation Activities

UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted1

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

8 Nov 2004

2 Nov 2004 23 Sep 2005

1 Nov 2004

15 Nov 2004 18 Nov 2005

3 Nov 2004 13 Oct 2005

3 Nov 2004 27 Jan 2006

5 Nov 2004 6 Dec 2005

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

State Party

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)

State Party

Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)

State Party

Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)

State Party

CSA/AP

CSA

CSA/AP

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

State Party

Joint Convention on the Safety of State Partyent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)

State Party

Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994)

State Party

Signatory

State Party

Signatory

International Atomic Energy Agency

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

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WMD Nonproliferation Activities

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Turkey

U.K.

United States

UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted1

2 Nov 2004 14 Nov 2005

6 Dec 2004 23 Jan 2006

17 Nov 2004 9 Nov 2005

2 Nov 2004 22 Mar 2006

6 Dec 2004 6 Dec 2005

14 Oct 2004 4 Oct 2005

14 Oct 2004 15 Oct 2005

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

State Party

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)

State Party

Signatory

Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)

State Party

Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)

State Party

CSA/AP

CSA

CSA/AP

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

State Party

Joint Convention on the Safety of State Partyent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)

State Party

Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994)

State Party

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

State Party

Signatory

State Party

Signatory

International Atomic Energy Agency

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NATO Member States

Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

Albania

Albania does not participate in any multinational export control regimes, though it has implemented national export control regulations for chemical, biological, and nuclear materials. It is actively working to improve its national legislation covering sensitive materials.

Belgium

Belgium is a member of all export control regimes. It contributes both financial and technical assistance to the IAEA and trains OPCW representatives on chemical weapons concerns.

Bulgaria

Bulgaria is a member of all export control regimes. It has organized seminars on chemical weapons concerns and has contributed $15,000 to the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Fund

Canada

Canada is a member of all export control regimes. It has made available a range of training programs on topics from export control legislation, to chemical, biological, and nuclear materials safety, to counter-terrorism training, for states interested in improving their capabilities. Canada contributes financially to UN counter-terrorism activities and to NGO’s engaged in similar work.

Croatia

Croatia is a member of four multilateral export control regimes: the ZC, AG, NSG, and WA. It has received direct assistance from the UN’s Terrorism Prevention Branch and has participated in a number of anti-terrorism workshops sponsored by the UN.

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is a member of all export control regimes. It is a member of the G8 Global Partnership and contributes to the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Fund. It has organized a number of training courses and has participated in anti-terrorism workshops sponsored by the UN.

Denmark

Denmark is a member of all export control regimes and of the G8 global Partnership. It has provided bilateral assistance in strengthening export controls and for CW destruction efforts. It contributes financially to the UN Terrorism Prevention Branch.

Estonia

Estonia is a member of three export control regimes: the NSG, AG, and WA. It has participated in a number of antiterrorism workshops sponsored by the UN.

France

France is a member of all export control regimes. It engages in bilateral assistance to states seeking to improve their export control or physical materials safety capabilities. France contributes financially to the UN Terrorism Prevention Branch.

Germany

Germany is a member of all export control regimes. It is a member of the G8 Global Partnership and has promised to contribute $1.5 billion through 2012 to finance Global Partnership projects. Germany contributes financially to UN counter-proliferation programs and offers bilateral assistance to states seeking to improve their domestic export control capabilities.

Greece

Greece is a member of all export control regimes and is prepared to offer assistance to states seeking to improve their ability to monitor the export of dual-use technologies. Greece contributes financially to the UN’s Terrorism Prevention Branch.

Hungary

Hungary is a member of all export control regimes. It is prepared to offer assistance to states seeking to improve their export control systems. It has received direct assistance from the UN’s Terrorism Prevention Branch and has participated in a number of workshops sponsored by the UN.

Iceland

Iceland is a member of two export control regimes: the MTCR and the AG.

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Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

Italy

Italy is a member of all export control regimes and of the G8 Global Partnership. It has contributed to building a CW destruction facility in Russia and has assisted other states in implementing the CWC.

Latvia

Latvia is a member of three export control regimes: the NSG, AG and WA. It has participated in several UN workshops on terrorism prevention legislation.

Lithuania

Lithuania is a member of three export control regimes: NSG, AG, and WA. It has participated in several UN workshops on terrorism prevention legislation.

Luxembourg

Luxembourg is a member of all export control regimes. Luxembourg assists states in installing export controls through EU mechanisms.

Netherlands

The Netherlands is a member of all export control regimes. It is willing to provide assistance to states attempting to implement UNSCR 1540 by

Norway

Norway is a member of all export control regimes. It is a member of the G8 Global Partnership and has provided assistance to Russia in destroying its stocks of CW.

Poland

Poland is a member of all export control regimes. Poland is prepared to offer assistance in implementing UNSCR 1540 to states in Central and Eastern Europe upon request.

Portugal

Portugal is a member of all export control regimes. Portugal maintains a program to help all Portugese-speaking countries implement the CWC. It contributes to the G8 Global Partnership through the EU.

Romania

Romania is a member of four export control regimes: the AG, WA, ZC, and the NSG. Romania had offered bilateral assistance to Moldova in implementing the CWC and has organized two regional courses on nuclear terrorism with the IAEA.

Slovakia

Slovakia is a member of four export control regimes: the AG, WA, ZC, and the NSG. It has organized training courses in conjunction with the OPCW and participates in the Regional Technical Project, run by the IAEA.

Slovenia

Slovenia is a member of four export control regimes: the AG, WA, ZC, and the NSG. Slovenia is prepared to offer assistance to states seeking to implement UNSCR 1540 upon request.

Spain

Spain is a member of all export control regimes. It offers bilateral assistance to states seeking to implement nonproliferation regimes, especially Spanish-speaking countries. Spain contributes to the IAEAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nucler Security Fund.

Turkey

Turkey is a member of all export control regimes. It has adopted the IAEAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Additional Protocol.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is a member of all export control regimes. It is active in a wide range of nonproliferation, border control, and law enforcement training initiatives. It is a member of the G8 Global Partnership and has committed $750 million over 10 years. It is active in supporting the CWC and BTWC.

United States

The United States is a member of all export control regimes. It supports a wide range of nonproliferation outreach initiatives. It provides assistance upon request for implementing UNSCR 1540. It supports IAEA efforts to train and advise states on the implementation of nonproliferation initiatives.

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NATO Member States

Antiterrorism a Instruments

Albania

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Croatia

Czech Rep.

Denmark

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)

State Party

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973)

State Party

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)

State Party

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

State Party

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1988)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)

State Party

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)

State Party

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991)

State Party

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)

State Party

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The Fund for Peace

Antiterrorism Instruments

Estonia

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Italy

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)

State Party

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973)

State Party

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)

State Party

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)

State Party

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)

State Party

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991)

State Party

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)

State Party

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The Fund for Peace

Antiterrorism Instruments

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)

State Party

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973)

State Party

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)

State Party

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)

State Party

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)

State Party

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991)

State Party

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)

State Party

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The Fund for Peace

Antiterrorism Instruments

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Turkey

U.K.

United States

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)

State Party

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973)

State Party

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)

State Party

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

State Party

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)

State Party

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)

State Party

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991)

State Party

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)

State Party

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Antiterrorism Instruments

Albania International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Croatia

Czech Rep.

Denmark

Signatory

Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation

Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

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Antiterrorism Instruments

Estonia International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Italy

Signatory

Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation

Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

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The Fund for Peace

Antiterrorism Instruments

Latvia International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Signatory

Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

State Party

Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation

Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

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The Fund for Peace

Antiterrorism Instruments

Romania International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Turkey

U.K.

United States

Signatory

State Party

Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation

State Party

Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

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NATO Member States

References

Useful URL Links

• • •

National Reports to the UN Security Council 1540 Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/1540/nationalreports.shtml NTI UNSCR 1540 Database: http://www.nti.org/db/1540/index.html US Container Security Initiative: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/csi/ document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html

• • • • • •

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: http://www.un.org/law/cod/finterr.htm US Megaports Initiative: http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/programoffices/internationalmaterialprotectionandcooperation/s-1 Proliferation Security Initiative: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/ UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/index.html Extract from the Report of the Secretary-General on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (Doc. A/63/173), http://www.un.org/ga/sixth/63/ Terrorism_Table_63rd.pdf

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About

The Fund for Peace

Conflict Early Warning and Assessment

Transnational Threats

Sustainable Development, Sustainable Security

The Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) nonprofit research and educational organization that works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security. We promote sustainable security through research, training and education, engagement of civil society, building bridges across diverse sectors, and developing innovative technologies and tools for policy makers.

A leader in the conflict assessment and early warning field, the Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of weak and failing states. Our objective is to create practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation that are useful to decision-makers.

The Fund for Peace offers a wide range of initiatives focused on our central objective: to promote sustainable security and the ability of a state to solve its own problems peacefully without an external military or administrative presence. Our programs fall into three primary thematic areas:

• • •

Conflict Early Warning and Assessment; Transnational Threats; and Sustainable

Development,

Sustainable

Security.

About Threat Convergence After three years of project work, in January 2009, The Fund for Peace established its program on Threat Convergence to explore the linkages among the three biggest threats to global security: fragile states, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and terrorism. The program aims to:

•

raise the profile of the challenges in vulnerable, fragile and ungoverned regions on the nonproliferation agenda;

•

explore how these regions may serve as enabling terrorism;

•

environments

for

nuclear

promote more coherent and strategic policy approaches to nuclear terrorism and illicit nuclear trafficking; and

•

become a hub for threat convergence-

related analysis. The program encourages innovative and

fresh approaches to the issue by convening experts, performing extensive field research in some of the world’s most difficult environments, and by partnering with international and regional organizations to explore how the threat of catastrophic terrorism emanating from weak and failing states can be prevented.

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The Fund for Peace Transnational Threats