ZOOTOPIA_msa atelier USE ST2 by AUGUS PAN

THE ZOOTOPIA Junfu Xiao | Shuo Pan Atelier USE Studio 2

Surrealistic painting from "Tales From The Inner City" by Shaun Tan

Before Starting

Think about animals in a city. Why is it there? How do people react to it? What meaning does it suggest? ... In the highly urbanized future, Could animals only live in a skyscraper like humans? ... The answer is NO.

Introduction This document is the output of our Studio 2, which is the second of three portfolios that present our M.Arch thesis The Zootopia. As we mentioned in the Studio 1, "Tales From The Inner City" is a powerful reflection on the nature of existence and the urban relationship we have with animals within our human world. The basic premise of the book was quite simple: Think about animals in a city. Why is it there? How do people react to it? What meaning does it suggest? The Surrealistic illustrations of the book were created from the perspective of animal, showing human's neglect of nature in the process of urbanization in an ironic way, and it also made me start thinking about the relationship between humans and animals. Based on these backgrounds, we came up with such a research question: How to design urban spaces based on the idea of Biocentrism, helping certain wildlife better inhabit the city and form a harmonious urban coexistence with humans? In the Studio 2, the previous researches about biocentrism and urban ecology will be further deepened, and the core strategies of "Accessibility" and "Mobility" will be kept. However, we will adopt a broader perspective than that of Studio 1, reviewing this research question based on a urban scale planning project. We will extract the core strategies and then apply them to Manchester, re-planing and designing the urban development in the next 30 years. We will try to consider how to bring nature back to the city, creating a beautiful future where animals and humans coexist. We are part of the nature, and the relationship between human and nature should be fair. There should be a certain resistance to Anthropocentrism.

Cover "Tales From The Inner City" by Shaun Tan I

This portfolio mainly consists of the following five parts: Background Research, Animal Research, Urban Research, and Macroscopic Proposal and Future plan. In the Background Research, we will further research the theories of urban ecology and how to improving the urban biodiversity to conclude some targeted methods. Next, we will do some further researches about animals. In the Urban Research, we will foucus on the analysis of Manchester to determine the targeted strategies. Macroscopic Proposal will foucus on the overall masterplan of the project based on the "Point-Surface-Line" system. At last, in the future plan, a conceptual proposal based on a specific area will be simply introduced based on the planning system diagram. II

Contents

Please Notice: We mainly changed the contents of this chapter compared to the formative submission. We mainly focus on the planning system and proposed a concept idea based on a target area in Manchester.

00. Project Recap

01. Background Research

02. Animal Research

03. Urban Research

103

04. Macroscopic Proposal

127

05. Conceptual Proposal

151

06. Future Steps

171

07. Bibliography

177

Some building typologies (Especially the design of Vertical Forest Tower) may be different with the final version in Studio 3, because it was just a conceptual and exploring idea based on related researches and case studies. Thanks a lot. Surrealistic painting from "Tales From The Inner City" by Shaun Tan III

00 Project Recap

Research Question

Theory Recap (Studio 1)

Our Strategy

Previous Researches

Methodology Conversion

Overall Plan (Studio 2&3)

Project Ethos & Outline Diagram

Thesis Diagram

Research Question

How to design urban spaces based on the idea of Biocentrism, helping certain wildlife better inhabit the city and form a harmonious urban coexistence with humans?

Project Recap | Theory Recap (Studio 1)

RESISTANCE TO ANTHROPOCENTRISM

Microbe

Animal

Human

Plant

Environment

Environment Human

Plant

Ecosystem

Environment

Human

Ecosystem

ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ANTI-ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ECOCENTRISM

BIOCENTRISM

Human is not part of the nature.

Human is part of the nature.

Considering human as the central fact of Universe.

Complete negation of anthropocentrism.

Humans have a higher view of bioethics.

Human intervention in nature is excessive.

Regarding the stability of the ecosystem as core value.

Extending inherent value to all living things.

Human have to respect environment.

Ecosystem should be protected rather than mangage it.

All creatures have an equal right of life. Considering human plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance.

Anthropocentrism & Resistance to Anthropocentrism Anti-Anthropocentrism

[Extremalisation]

[Opposite]

Anthropocentrism

Biocentrism

Ecocentrism

There are mainly three types of theories showing resistance to Anthropocentrism. The differences and relationships between these theories may be subtle and ambiguous. The most obvious difference is the focused point. Antianthropocentrism is totally opposed with the idea of anthropocentrism, while Ecocentrism and Biocentrism do not deny the value of anthropocentrism. Both Ecocentrism and Biocentrism insist that human is a part of the nature, but humans have a higher view of bioethics that human should have more obligations to maintain the balance of ecosystem and should protect the equal right of every living things. However, Ecocentrism does not trust the development technology and large-scale production. They believe that the ecosystem is complex and should be protected rather than managed by humans. Humans should satisfy the present rather than continue to expand. In contrast, Biocentrism does not oppose the expansion of human activities and the development of technology. It believes that while humans are developing, they should also consider other life individuals, and protect the environment under the premise of development to allow living things to coexist harmoniously. 06

Project Recap | Theory Recap (Studio 1)

RESISTANCE TO ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ANTI-ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ECOCENTRISM

BIOCENTRISM

Human is not part of the nature

Humans have a higher view of bioethics

Distrusting the development of technology

Disadvantage & Limitation

Core Theory Of Our Thesis

Anthropocentrism ignores the importance of nature, and humans brought excessive interference to the non-human world. It caused damage to the natural environment, and threatening the survival of animals.

Humans have a higher status than animals in the world and is not part of the nature, but humans should respect the nature, it advocates returning to a primitive state of life, which was inspired from the ideas of Taoism. It is widely regarded as an extreme and unrealistic theory, and it brought negative effect to the progress of human civilization as it it is believes that the value of nature is higher than that of human society. If human and non-human life is to prosper, the population must be reduced.

It do not believe that the technological development will bring a better future, it stands against the largescale production and cooperation. It ignores the value of human thought and the important role that humans play in the ecosystem as it claims that the nature is complicated, humans cannot manage the nature with their own wisdom, but should absolutely protect nature. Humans should satisfy the present rather than continue to expand, and the natural environment should not be occupied anyway.

We believe that people is part of the nature, and the relationship between humans and animals should be fair. However, because of our more complex thinking, we have a higher bioethics and obligation to protect nature. We are not opposed to the development of technology. We should try to use our wisdom to maintain the equal living right of every human and animal, and architecture could be one of the answers.

Project Recap | Theory Recap (Studio 1)

Moral Attitude

Project Recap | Theory Recap (Studio 1)

Moral Norm Activation

Interaction

Biodiversity

Animal Selection

Ecosystem

Biocentrism

Belief System

Coexist

Site Selection

Urban Ecology

(Life-centred)

Preservation

Habitat

Restoration Method Selection

Targrt Method Reforestation

Food webs

Normative Principle

Accessiblity Phrase 1

Reconciliation

Mobility Phrase 2

Core Strategy

Allowing animals to adapt to and share urban space with humans is not a simple task that can be completed in a short time. It takes years or even decades to explore and improve. In terms of the research question, our strategy could be mainly diveided into two prossive phases. The first phase is defined as "Accessibility", and the main purpose is to provide animals with suitable living spaces in various locations in the city, and to allow multiple species to form a dynamic equilibrium ecology, so that multiple species can survive in the city independently and maintain the respective local biodiversity. The second phase is defined as "Mobility", which aims to connect the scattered habitats formed in the first stage into an overall urban ecosystem, help animals actively expand their habitats, and further enhance the correlation between different species. Under the indirect intervention of human beings, a more stable and richer bioversity will be formed, rather than homogenization of communities across urban environments.

Project Recap | Our Strategy

Accessibility | Better And More Habitats For Animal

Mobility | Traffic System For Animal

"Accessibility means how easy something is to reach, enter, use and so on." ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Just as we make cities accessible to the disabled, cities should also be accessible to animals. Of course, for wild animals, they cannot be narrowly defined as disabled. However, the city is an unfamiliar and new environment for wild animals. They can be classified as a vulnerable group, a group that feels the obstacles of the new urban habitat. We should promote the accessibility of urban habitats in a reasonable way and help them reach the city without any hindrance.

"Mobility means the ability to move or travel around easily." ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Mobility can be considered as a definition of traffic conditions. Just like our developed road and track system, animals also need paths that can be safely passed. For wild animals, especially those living on land, their activity area is limited by the size of their habitat. Especially in patches of cities, their habitats are often interrupted by buildings and roads. The size of the patch is not enough to meet the space needs of wildlife development. Their survival is also threatened by road mortalities. Over the most recently reported 15-year period, wildlife-vehicle collisions have increased by 50 percent, with an estimated one to two million large animals killed by motorists every year. Therefore, It is very important to satisfy the autonomous and safe movement of animals in the city.

Project Recap | Previous Researches

STEP 1 | SMALL FACILITIES FOR ANIMALS

NATURAL RESOURCE

SPECIFIC ANIMALS RESEARCHES

STEP 2 | ECOSYSTEM AT SPECIFIC SITES

VEGETATION

STEP 3 | ECOSYSTEM ALONG THE LOOP

Previous Researches

STEP 4 | MANCHESTER-BASED ECOSYSTEM REPRESENTATIVE SPECIES 15

In Studio 1, we used fallowfield as a test point, and did some overall researches about the exisiting natural resources, local vegetation and representative species. Then along with some specific animal researches, we just put forward four progressive steps as the main methodology. 16

Methodology Conversion

ACCESSIBILITY

STEP 1 | SMALL FACILITIES FOR ANIMALS

STEP 2 | ECOSYSTEM AT SPECIFIC SITES

MOBILITY MOBILITY

STEP 3 | ECOSYSTEM ALONG THE LOOP

STEP 4 | MANCHESTER-BASED ECOSYSTEM

In Studio 2, the strategy of "Accessibility" and "Mobility" will be kept as two progressive development phases of this project. The four design steps proposed in Studio 1 will be integrated into an unified Manchester-based urban design strategy.

Project Recap | Overall Plan (Studio 2)

Project Recap | Overall Plan (Studio 3)

Studio 2 | Further Research & Project Design

Studio 3 | An Illustrated Storybook

As for the output of Studio 2, it still focuses of the further researches about Urban biodiversity and Manchester, which will provide support for the later design of master plan and urban system. A series of analysis, diagrams and macroscopic illustrations will be used to present our idea logically and clearly so that a complete and coherent story can be revealed in Studio 3. In addition, the storyboard and story plot will be considered as well.

The output of Studio 3 will be an illustrrated stroybook to present our thesis project by an interesting and narrative approach. Inspired by the book of "Tales From The Inner City", the illustrrated stroybook will combine the perspectives of several different animals to describe how they will live in the future city under the influence of the thesis project proposed.

Project Recap | Project Ethos & Outline Diagram

CHAPTER 00

CHAPTER 01

CHAPTER 02

CHAPTER 03

CHAPTER 04

CHAPTER 05

CHAPTER 06

CHAPTER 07

Project Review

Background Research

Animal Research

Urban Research

Macroscopic Proposal

Conceptual Proposal

Appendix & Future Steps

Bibliography

Research Question

Urban Biodiversity

Overall Analysis

Greater Manchester

Attitude & Spirit Recap

Proposed System

Futher Design

Related Books

Theory Recap

Four Main Aspects

Ecosystem

Overall Analysis

Urban Context & Method

Target Area

Story Board

Articles & Reports

Core Strategy

Case Study

Specific Research

Background

“Point - Surface - Line” System

Future Scenarios

Scenario Illustration

Online Resources

Methodology Conversion

Targeted Method

Feeding Web

Manchester-based Analysis

Species Development

As researched, there are mainly four aspects for improving urban biodiversity: Preservation, Restoration, Reforestation and Reconciliation, which are closely linked to strategies of "Accessibility" and "Mobility".

What are the representative species in Manchester that need to be protected and what are the connections between them?

Manchester could be act as a "bridge" that connects all the green patches of the surrounding area.

The development process could be divided into three stages, corresponding the system of "Point - Surface - Line".

To be further planned and designed in Studio 3.

In Studio 3, the output will be an illustrated story book which will narratively present our Thesis Project.

Accessibility & Mobility

The four design steps proposed in Studio 1 will be integrated into an unified Manchesterbased urban design strategy.

Project Ethos

Outline Diagram (Studio 2)

Cities provide the daily living environment for a growing part of the world's population. Asia and Africa are experiencing unprecedented rates of people moving in to cities, and, along with Latin America, also of urban land expansion. While these rapid and extensive changes lead to considerable challenges for biodiversity, they also create new opportunities to protect nature in cities and beyond, and enhance the values that nature in cities generates for people. Humans have built for ourselves somehow serve as arks for more native biodiversity than we imagine. We need to imagine better, and to improve how we design cities so even more species may find ways to cohabit with us on this urban planet. Animals may have a more harmonious coexist with humans... We advocate treating wild animals equally with a respectful attitude. We hope to explore a strategy for a wildlife-friendly city to improve the urban ecology to achieve the goal of biodiversity.

This diagram shows the relationship between the contents of Studio 2. As introduced in Studio 1, the thought of Biocentrism is our core viewpoint, and we proposed the core strategies of "Accessibility" and "Mobility" based on the researches of Biocentrism. According to the futher researches about urban ecology, there are mainly four aspects for improving urban biodiversity which is the key factor that help animals better live in the city. Some urban case studies will be researched as well to generally conclude some targeted methods. In the next two chapters, an overall research and analysis about Manchester and animals will be conducted to review the feasibility. The next two chapters will focus on how these strategies could be applied to Manchester. According to the system of "Point Surface - Line", the development process could be divided into three 10-year stages with different corresponding methods. A specific urban area will be selected as the test point to illustrate our planning and design in detail.

01 Background Research

Urban Biodiversity

Potential & Value Of Urban Ecosystem

Improving Urban Biodiversity

Case Study

Summary Of Targeted Method

Four Aspects & Targeted Method

Targeted Method Diagram

Background Research | Urban Biodiversity

Urban Biodiversity "Cities represent the extreme of human-modified environments, with only remnants of the original habitats existing. Generally, urbanization decreases species richness and, correspondingly, biodiversity. Specialist animal species decline in urban areas, while generalists thrive. However, results obtained from different scales, biotopes and landscapes might differ, indicating scale and habitat specific behavioural response of individuals, populations and species on urbanization. High dominance of a few species and low species richness cause homogenization of communities across urban environments. Therefore, green areas in urban environments are relevant for biodiversity conservation and environmental awareness. Because of the increasing rate of urban sprawl worldwide, it is important that both landscape planners and conservation biologists recognize the need to focus management efforts on urban biodiversity. Informed management decisions require more information about the factors affecting individual animals and their responses to humans. In addition, their breeding success and mortality, and movements across habitats are key factors to improve our understanding of how to support more diverse animal communities in urban environments. Urbanization affects the behaviour of wildlife species too. Ideas of predator–prey interaction, foraging, sexual selection and network theories might also be relevant to use in an urban context. (Jokimäki, 2011)" As we discussed in Studio 1, most of the urbanization process is based on Anthropocentrism, while ignoring the rights of animals. This is why we previously advocated Biocentrism as the core theory of our thesis project. As Anne Whiston Spirn said that City is actually part of nature in the book of "The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design". The development of cities does not necessarily have to be built at the expense of the natural environment and animals' rights. It is completely reasonable and possible for humans and animals to share urban space and have a coexistence. The key to realizing this vision is to improve the biodiversity of the city. 25

Background Research | Potential & Value Of Urban Ecosystem

•

URBANISATION IS BOTH A CHALLENGE AND AN OPPORTUNITY TO MANAGE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES.

•

RICH BIODIVERSITY CAN EXIST IN CITIES.

•

BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ARE CRITICAL NATURAL CAPITAL.

•

MAINTAINING FUNCTIONING URBAN ECOSYSTEMS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCE HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING.

•

URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY CAN HELP CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION.

•

INCREASING THE BIODIVERSITY OF URBAN FOOD SYSTEMS CAN ENHANCE FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY.

•

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES MUST BE INTEGRATED IN URBAN POLICY AND PLANNING.

•

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES MUST BE BASED ON MULTI-SCALE, MULTISECTORAL AND MULTI-STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT.

•

CITIES OFFER UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES FOR LEARNING AND EDUCATION ABOUT A RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.

•

CITIES HAVE A LARGE POTENTIAL TO GENERATE INNOVATION AND GOVERNANCE TOOLS AND THEREFORE CAN AND MUST TAKE THE LEAD IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

Background Research | Potential & Value Of Urban Ecosystem

Potential & Value Of Urban Ecosystem "Ecosystems provide humans with everything from food, to feelings of joy and protection against storms. Much of the well-being of future generations will depend on the choices we make today. It is thus crucial to base urban development trajectories on supporting and enhancing ecosystem functions, which can also provide cost effective solutions. It is clear that cities need to step up and take active leadership for their development. In this, it cannot be sufficient emphasised that everyone can and does play a role in whether nature in cities is supported, at multiple scales of decision making including official decision makers, the business sector, cause-specific organisations and the general public. Every decision by urban dwellers counts, and conscious choices can be made, for example, in the important areas of transport, energy, and food. The growing business sector can have an enormously positive impact on equitable and environmentally sustainable development, while simultaneously investing in long-term sustainable and cost effective solutions. The creation and implementation of policies can fill a crucial role in accelerating this transition towards greater urban sustainability. Global urban networks, where cities can share experiences and best practices, can be one important way towards urban development based on ecosystem functions that support green cities, for the benefit of today’s populations and future generations alike. (Schewenius, 2014)"

Potential & Value concluded in "What is the scope for nature in cities?" by Maria Schewenius and Maria Tengö, 2014. 27

According to most related readings, the urban biodiversity and urban ecosystems are inseparable. The scientifically established urban ecosystem can not only stabilize the urban biodiversity to form a wildlife-friendly city, but also bring benefits to the solution of social and economic problems, and to achieving a sustainable development as well. Therefore, the research and future planning of the existing urban ecosystem are the core links of the later master plan design process. 28

Background Research | Improving Urban Biodiversity

Improving The Biodiversity Of Urban Ecology

PRESERVATION (BASIC)

RESTORATION

Avoiding Soil Pollution Scientifically using sewage to irrigate farmland instead of using industral sewage. Using pesticides reasonably and actively develop high-efficiency and low-residue pesticides. Actively promoting biological control of pests and diseases. Increasing the application of organic fertilizer.

Preventing Water Pollution Runoff protection. Maintaing the water balance. Underground water storage.

Controling Alien Species

Biodiversity Maintainance Ecological restoration focuses on protecting animals, preserving plant diversity and reintroducing simulated habitat. Protecting the native flora and fauna of the city, restore, maintain, and create a suitable environment to maintain the stability of the ecosystem. The amount of land required for a viable population of most species would be too cost-prohibitive. There must be enough land to maintain every trophic level of the ecosystem from plant to top predator (Stiling 2002).

REFORESTATION

URBAN RECONCILIATION

More Possible Habitat

Public Programs

Creating new, forested habitat that does not necessarily reflect the original conditions. Planting native trees and plants is more important than previously thought- one fifth (20%) of the plant species globally are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss and climate changes (Shukman 2010). Increasing planting and vertical stratification is a space efficient way to accommodate more species in a smaller area.

Hosting adopt-a-plant events is a great way to encourage people to support the initiative.

Green "Corridor" Small preserves and refuges, which consist of a small percentage of total landmass, are not enough (Rosenzweig 2003). Vegetation patches in urban areas can maintain metapopulations of flora and fauna and serve as stepping-stones or corridors for mobile wildlife (Ruiz-Jaén and Aide 2006). Corridors can help maximize biodiversity by broadening the gene pool of mobile species.

Instituting more rigorous efficiency codes. Urban ecological remediation can help convince the public to make changes.

Organized Outreach Outreach programs, especially for children, are imperative to raise awareness of the importance of preserving nature. Providing safe natural areas for children to play may help support the future of environmental initiatives. A study by Bixler (2002) found that children, who played in a wildland setting, were more concerned about the health of the environment and preferred to protect it.

Humans are not so different from their wild neighbours: every animal, from insects to cougars, needs a little land to claim as home. Given the scarcity of habitats amenable to urban development (ones in which water, food and temperate weather are available), it is not surprising that the expansion of human settlements has resulted in unprecedented competition with critical species for their prime habitats. Unlike other competitors throughout evolutionary history, when humans populate an area habitats become fragmented and degraded by pollution, buildings, and concrete infrastructure. Naturalist and author Richard Mabey suggests that modern large-scale eradication of weeds and native flora could be partly to blame for bee decline. Weeds play an overlooked role in nature, providing an important source of nectar and pollen, especially when crops are not present (McFarlane 2010). Thus, an act as simple as removing weeds can have dramatic effects on ecosystem users. On the contrary, simple actions that help animals to survive better in cities may also bring huge improvements to the urban biodiversity. Reducing wild plant populations harms biodiversity, which is the array of various plant and animal species that make up a community or ecosystem. It is difficult to convince people to encourage native plant growth when many do not understand what biodiversity is. Once residents understand the importance of maintaining ecosystems and the benefits to them, they may be willing to share their land to promote a healthier urban ecosystem. Expanding urbanization across the earth begs the question- where are the animals going? As cities continue to grow, they will require more land and resources, leaving less available for native flora and fauna.Rosenzweig points out, humans must share land with wildlife to preserve biodiversity. In general, there are mainly four aspects for improving urban biodiversity: 1. Preservation 2. Restoration 3. Reforestation 4. Urban Reconciliation

Background Research | Improving Urban Biodiversity

1. Preservation There are a variety of methods for urban wildlife habitat improvement, though the first step is the same. Preservation is the most fundamental step of every approach. Site assessment of an area will determine how much remediation is needed and in which areas i.e., soil aeration, hydrological function improvement or removal of invasive species. In assessing a site, factors to look at are: humancaused changes, site history, presence of toxins or fertilizers, soil quality, climate, topography, energy balance, water balance, genetic diversity and the actual land area available to work with. (Coder, 2001) Each factor has a vital role in building a healthy community. The extent of damage from humans, invasive species or erosion determines the correct program for a particular parcel of land.

AVOIDING SOIL POLLUTION

CONTROLING ALIEN SPECIES

Preservation could be generally divided into three sections: Avoiding Soil Pollution, Controling Alien Species and Preventing Water Pollution & Hydrological function improvement. Runoff has to be conserved as a source of water as the world’s climate becomes more unpredictable. Shrinking aquifers, sporadic precipitation and lowering water tables threaten many land-bound organisms. Researchers have analyzed water management decisions and their consequences in developed nations such as the United States and Europe. Currently, management has been modeled for human use without much consideration for wildlife. (Black, 2010) Approximately 80% of the world’s population, along with local wildlife, is threatened by diminishing fresh water supplies. (Black, 2010) Vorosmarty et al. (2010) suggests the most cost effective and reliable longterm way to manage water is to account for all users: plants, wildlife and humans. Preventing pollution, runoff, fertilizers, etc. from entering the water makes expensive treatment plants unnecessary. Overpopulation, lack of clean water and waste disposal perpetuated disease and disorder until people built the infrastructure to move clean water and treat sewage. (Ferretti, 2011) 1. Avoiding Soil Pollution • • • •

Scientifically using sewage to irrigate farmland instead of using industral sewage Using pesticides reasonably and actively develop high-efficiency and low-residue pesticides Actively promoting biological control of pests and diseases Increasing the application of organic fertilizer

2. Controling Alien Species HYDROLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT

3. Preventing Water Pollution & Hydrological function improvement (Core) • Runoff protection • Maintaing the water balance • Underground water storage

Background Research | Improving Urban Biodiversity

MAINTENANCE OF THE EXISTING BIODIVERSITY

2. Restoration The ecological restoration is generally defined as "The return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance". (Duryea, 2001) Complete ecological restoration is usually not possible because of the extreme changes humans have made to the environment, specifically in urban areas. People are generally reluctant to part with large parcels of land because they see it as “wasted” on natural functions. Since humans can not utilize the restored land besides some limited eco-tourism, the expense to create and maintain them may outweigh the benefits. Despite these challenges, restoration can be beneficial, especially when trying to protect an endangered species. An area can be restored to a species’ natural habitat to promote a larger population. Thus, ecological restoration focuses on maintenance of the existing biodiversity through protecting animals, preserving plant diversity and reintroducing simulated habitat. Protecting the native flora and fauna of the city, restore, maintain, and create a suitable environment to maintain the stability of the ecosystem. Some urban areas can be properly restored to natural areas. The amount of land required for a viable population of most species would be cost-prohibitive, but the benefit is considerable as well. There must be enough land to maintain every trophic level of the ecosystem from plant to top predator. (Stiling, 2002) 33

Background Research | Improving Urban Biodiversity

MORE POSSIBLE HABITATS

Background Research | Improving Urban Biodiversity

3. Reforestation The reforestation could be overally divided into two sections: Creating more possible habitats and "Green Corridor". 1. More Possible Habitats

GREEN CORRIDOR / ANIMAL BRIDGE

Creating new, forested habitat that does not necessarily reflect the original conditions. Changes in the environment make remaining vegetation crucial to wildlife still clinging to survival. Remaining vegetation patches in urban areas can maintain metapopulations of flora and fauna and serve as stepping-stones or corridors for mobile wildlife. (RuizJaén and Aide 2006) Planting native trees and plants is more important than previously thought - one fifth (20%) of the plant species globally are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss and climate changes. (Shukman, 2010) Plants, unlike animals, cannot move away from development, they are overrun and plowed. Increasing planting and vertical stratification is a space efficient way to accommodate more species in a smaller area. Vertical stratification is having different plants at each height: ground cover, shrubs, small trees and large trees. More vertical green space leads to richer biodiversity and better nutrient and water cycle flow, which benefit a broad range of species. Additionally, creating a more complex vegetation structure promotes colonization of more plant species and alters the microhabitat of the area. (Ruiz-Jaén and Aide, 2006) 2. "Green Corridor" If resources are limited, scattering as many vegetated corridors as possible throughout the city will provide mobile wildlife with ways to flourish. Small preserves and refuges, which consist of a small percentage of total landmass, are not enough. (Rosenzweig 2003) Vegetation patches in urban areas can maintain metapopulations of flora and fauna and serve as stepping-stones or corridors for mobile wildlife. (Ruiz-Jaén and Aide 2006) "Green Corridors" can help maximize biodiversity by broadening the gene pool of mobile species.

MORE POSSIBLE HABITATS

In addition, Green roof could be regarded as another type of "Green Corridor": they are aesthetically pleasing, economical, reduce the heat island effect, (Worden and others, 2004) and make a significant improvement in area water retention and filtration. (Bass, Liu, Baskaran, 2003) Green roofing is the equivalent of pushing the ground level flora and fauna up 10, 20, or 100 feet. Since roofs consist of around 32% of horizontal surfaces in developed areas, they present the perfect starting place for re-introducing local flora and attracting wildlife. (Oberndorfer, 2007) • • • •

Habitats For Bird & Insect Economical & Aesthetically Pleasing Easing Urban Heat Island Rainwater Storage 36

Background Research | Improving Urban Biodiversity

PUBLIC PROGRAM

4. Urban Reconciliation

ORGANIZED OUTREACH

"Urban Reconciliation", coined by Michael L. Rosenzweig, is a broad field that aims to build a shared landscape to reconcile land demands of natural systems and human populations (Rosenzweig 2003). In contrast with the aforementioned techniques, reconciliation takes a compromising approach. Recognizing that human culture in urban environments has permanently altered the previous ecosystems. It attempts to mitigate the effects on endemic flora and fauna while benefiting local human populations. Reconciliation ecology is defined as: “redesigning anthropogenic habitats so that their use is compatible with use by a broad array of other species” (Rosenzweig 2003). Native flora and fauna must be considered in urban planning as urbanization spreads across the world. A single 7.6-meter tree growing near a home can reduce annual temperature control costs by 8-12 % (equating to an average of $10-25) (McPherson and Rowntree 1993). Assuming $10 per house, a national treeplanting program could save $1 billion in electricity per year with just one tree per house. Urban Reconciliation strategy could be mainly divided into these two following sections: 1. Public Program (Governmental Aspect) • Hosting events of adopt-a-plant, which is a great way to encourage people to support the initiative. • Instituting more rigorous efficiency codes. • Projects about urban ecological remediation can help convince the public to make changes.

MICHAEL L. ROSENZWEIG

2. Organized Outreach (Organization Aspect) Outreach programs, especially for children, are imperative to raise awareness of the importance of preserving nature. Providing safe natural areas for children to play may help support the future of environmental initiatives. A study by Bixler (2002) found that children, who played in a wildland setting, were more concerned about the health of the environment and preferred to protect it.

Background Research | Case Study

Singapore：：: A Wild City in a Garden Singapore is a small island nation with a large population of both humans and wildlife. Singapore has one of the world's highest population densities, but almost half of the land is still green space. In 1965, Singapore was a polluter's paradise: mucky rivers, polluted canals and raw sewage running rampant. 56 years later, here became one of the world's greenest nations and a paradise for wild animals. There is home to 60 mammal species, 365 bird species, 107 reptile species, 28 amphibian species and 1194 native plant species.This achievement is due to their green city development strategy: 1. Cleaned up its polluted areas, especially solve the water pollution. 2. Launched to transform the nation into a garden city and designating land to become natural reserves. 3. Going beyond parks and nature reserves, they have begun to work elements of nature back into its built environment through biophilic design. 4. Work on naural restoration, such as the mangrove and more trees: 158,000 in 1971 to 1.4 million in 2014. 5. Paying attention to habitat conservation. 6. Combine urban development with nature conservation, encourage and demand more green infrastructure. 7. Attach importance to environmental and ecological education, especially targeting Singapore’s youth. 8. Create agencies like the National Parks Board, which is responsible for enhancing and managing the urban ecosystems. 9. The government's call and policy support. 39

Background Research | Case Study

Bangkok: The Chulalongkorn Centenary Park In 30 years of rapid urban development, an invaluable property at the heart of Bangkok—11 acres of land and 1.3 kilometres of the road was not turned into another block for commercial use. Instead, it is transformed into a public park as the first critical piece of green infrastructure in Bangkok to mitigate detrimental ecological issues and reduce disaster risk. This is the first park in Thailand to demonstrate how a park can help the city reduces urban flooding and confronts climate change, all while offering city dwellers a place to reconnect with nature. Designed with innovative ecological design components, the park reminds the city how to live with water in a better way. By harnessing the power of gravity, the park is able to sustainably collect, treat and hold water to reduce urban flood risks in its surrounding areas. Sitting on a threedegree angle,the park is equipped with several ecological features, from its highest point: green roof, wetlands, detention lawns, to its lowest point, retention pond— leaving not a single drop of rain wasted.The rain and runoff are pulled down through the park's topography to generate a complete water circulation system. • Green roof: biggest green roof covering 5,200 square meters where open skies and green grass are free to all. Laid with low-maintenance native grass and weeds which attract local birds and insects, the roof provides a unique experience of a rural and natural environment with a dense urban backdrop. • Constructed wetlands: Excessive runoff from the green roof then flows down to four constructed wetlands, two on each side of the park.A series of cascading weirs and ponds slow the runoff and increase water aeration, aided by native water plants that filter and clean the water. • The main lawn: The main lawn at the park's center is a vast inclined open space for recreational activities.On stormy days, the lawn absorbs rain and runoff, using gravity to send the water to the retention pond by the low end of the park. During severe flooding, this retention pond can store excessive water and double in size by expanding into the park's main lawn. 41

Background Research | Case Study

The Symbiotic Matorral The Symbiotic Matorral is a landscape installation implemented in the Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico. The installation fathoms the relationship between urbanism and nature in the contemporary built/landscape continuum by combining the metabolist and culturalist models into a symbiotic landscape construct. The visitor is immersed in a multifocal exploration that merges the synesthetic spheres of the humans and animals inhabiting this highly diverse ecosystem. This light environmental infrastructure reconnects man with the delicate ecosystem to reformulate a novel, more sustainable, and ethic relation. The installation converts an abandoned trail for the maintenance of a high-voltage line, which violently crosses the area, in a 500-meter-long journey through the luxuriant ecosystem.The portal , the path of the animal trails , the glade of becoming , the floral abyss , the circle of contemplation are the main components of the route. A sequential apparatus of partial installations gradually submerges the visitor in a multifocal exploration where the human perceptive sphere fuses with those of the many other inhabitants of the matorral. The installations let you hear like a rabbit, smell like a bear, see like a coyote, and fly like a green jay. By these, the children are offered elemental ecological information, introduced to a series of multisensorial observations, and led into a playful interaction with the sequence of installations to discover the biodiversity of the ecosystem and destabilize a conventional perspective over it. After the excursion, both the rational understanding and emotional appreciation of the landscape are enhanced. 43

Background Research | Case Study

Tree House Bird Apartment The tree house ‘bird-apartment’ by nendo at momfuku ando centre. The structure which is intended for use by one person, and / or multiple birds. The dwelling takes on the typical iconic house profile, divided in two. one side features 78 nest spaces for birds, while the other has an opening for one person to enter and peer into the birds’ nests from inside the tree house, which committed to promoting access to nature. This is a good example of the shared use of facilities by humans and wildlife. While birds have been sheltered, people can better observe nature. 45

Background Research | Case Study

Urban Preservation

Urban Restoration

Urban Reforestation

Urban Reconciliation

Recycled park in Rotterdam, Netherland

Stream Restoration Project in Seoul, Korea

Green Corridors in Stuttgart, German

The Bee Highway in Oslo, Noway

The floating prototype park is made from recycled material, it includes a seating area for visitors, as well as sections that serve an ecological function as habitats for micro fauna such as snails, flatworms, larva, beetles and fish. The park has been constructed from modular hexagonal sections and connected to each other to form a floating green landscape. It can be expanded as new material is collected. Designed as a nature-friendly environment as well as a unique space for the public to visit, the structure also actively cleans the Nieuwe Maas River, stopping plastics from the city before they make their way towards the ocean. A litter trap designed to catch plastic waste.

The original Cheonggyecheon stream which flowed through the site before was covered in the late 1950s and then built the expressway. By demolishing an elevated freeway and uncovering the historic Stream, the Restoration Project created both ecological and recreational opportunities along a 3.6-mile corridor in the center of Seoul. By the pre-restoration work, the overall urban biodiversity increased 639% from 2003 to 2008. The number of plant species increased from 62 to 308, bird species increased from 6 to 36, and the insect species from 15 to 192. At the same time the stream helps to reduce the urban heat island effect and provides flood protection.

The Green Ventilation Corridors network in Stuttgart is an implemented nature-based solution coupled with regulatory policies and incentives. Within this initiative, Green ventilation corridors were created to enable fresh air to sweep down from hills surrounding the city. The green corridor is composed of alley and street trees, hedges, greens railroad bank and tracks, green parking lots, parks and (semi)natural urban green areas, pocket parks and also neighbourhood green spaces. On the other hand, these connected green spaces enhance the biodiversity of the urban area and provide more entertainment space for citizens.

The urban guild of beekeepers ByBi design a project to create a bee highway through the city, ensuring that bees had a place to rest and eat as they travelled or migrated. Working alongside state bodies, businesses, associations, residents and school children, the guild created a pollinator passage that includes parks, rooftop gardens, urban gardening projects and strategically placed beehives. Residents continue to support and expand the project by planting flowers on their balconies and erecting bug hotels, with some even getting their own beehives, so that there are now very few places in Oslo where a bee cannot get a meal and have a nap.

Background Research | Summary Of Targeted Method

SPECIFIC FACILITY

PRIMITIVE FACILITY

TARGETED PLANTING

GREEN FACADE

FERTILIZER CONTROL

ANIMAL BRIDGE

UNDERGROUND HABITAT

GREEN ROOF

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

GARBAGE MANAGEMENT

NOISE & LIGHT CONTROL

PET CONTROL

Summary Of Targeted Method As shown on the left, sixteen types of targeted methods are concluded based on the overall researches of related academic readings and urban case studies. Before proceeding with the preliminary urban design, it is necessary to systematically sort out these targeted methods so that we can think about our plan logically and clearly.

GREEN PROJECT 49

ECO PLAYGROUND & LANDSCAPE

GARDEN MANAGEMENT

COMMUNITY EVENT

In addition, all of these targeted methods may be closely linked to the design of spatial typology and circulation for our urban proposal. 50

Background Research | Four Aspects & Targeted Method

ORGANIZATION OUTREACH

GOVERNMENTAL POLICY

ALIEN SPECIES CONTROL

4. RECONCILIATION

Background Research | Four Aspects & Targeted Method

AVOIDING SOIL POLLUTION

HYDROLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT

1. PRESERVATION (BASIC)

HUMAN AWARENESS

URBAN RESTORATION

MORE HABITATS

2. RESTORATION

"ACCESSIBILITY"

GREEN CORRIDOR

3. REFORESTATION

"MOBILITY"

(FACILTATE)

(MAIN STRATEGY)

This diagram illustrates the relationship between the four aspects of improving urban biodiversity and targeted methods concluded, and how these further conrrespond to our main strategies of "accessibility" & "Mobility". 51

Background Research | Targeted Method Diagram

"ACCESSIBILITY"

HUMAN AWARENESS

Targeted Method Diagram

"MOBILITY"

WATER REQUIREMENT HABITAT REQUIREMENT MOVEMENT REQUIREMENT HUMAN AWARNESS 53

As for this diagram, it describes the connection between these targeted methods and how these targeted methods correspond to our overal strategies of "Accessibility" and "Mobility". According to the researches, there are three basic requirements for animals to live in the cities: Water (Food), Habitat and Movement. The requirements of habitat and water are linked to the strategy of "Accessibility", while the movement requirement is linked to the strategy of "Mobility". In addition, some targeted methods can make contributions to the humans' awareness of protecting nature and animals , which brings benefits to both "Accessibility" and "Mobility". 54

02 Animal Research

Overall Analysis (Habitats & Wildlife)

Habitat Typology

Ecosystem

Species Selection

Specific Analysis

Strategy Summary

Food Web

101

Animal Research | Overall Analysis About Habitats & Wildlife

Habitats And Representative Animals In Greater Manchester

BURY BOLTON OLDHAM

WIGAN SALFORD TAMESIDE MANCHESTER

TRAFORD STOCKPORT

There are 52 species of mammals, 221 species of birds, 33 species of fish, 9 species of reptiles and 6 species of amphibians recorded as found in Greater Manchester. Manchester • Habitats: Canals & Ponds & Parks Mainly urban land Brownfield sites Semi-natural broadleaved woodland Cotteril Clough SSSI (wet woodland) Semi-natural grassland Neutral grassland

• Wildlife: Birds (two rarest species) Bats Reptiles

• Wildlife: Roe Deer Badger Fox Stoat Weasel Brown hare Newt (three species) Common frogs & toads Birds (upland birds) Protected & priority plants

• Habitats: River Urban land Mossland Woodland (coniferous woodland) Botany Bay Wood SBI

• Wildlife: Fox Brown Hares Common frogs and toads Newt Birds (farmland birds) Pochard and Tufted Duck Mute swans

Bury • Habitats: River valley Ponds & Canals & Lodges & Reservoirs Moorland Broad-leaved clough woodland Semi-improved neutral grassland unimproved acid and neutral grassand

• Wildlife: Fallow deer Brown hare Bats (six species) Birds (farmland birds)

• Habitats: Canals & Ponds Open water area (flashes) Mossland Semi-nature broadleaved woodland Dense scurb Semi-natural grassland Heathland Swamp

• Habitats: Ponds & Canals & Lodges & Reservoirs Urban land (nealry half) Upland Oak Woods (priority habitats) Moorland Red Moss SSSI Nob End SSSI Alkaline subdtrate

• Wildlife: Newt (three species) Common frogs & toad Badger Roe Deer Stoat Weasel Otter Bats (seven species) Birds (specialist moorland birds) Rare plants

Stockport

Salford

• Habitats: River Semi-natural woodland Neutral grassland Lowland heath Moorland Hedgerows

• Wildlife: Red deer Fallow deer Amphibians Reptiles Bats (seven species) Birds (farmland birds) Rare plants

Tameside • Wildlife: Fox Brown hare Otter Amphibian (Five species) Bats (nine species) Birds (farmland birds & wetland birds)

• Wildlife: • Habitats: Fox River & Reservoirs Upland oak woodland (priority habitates) Brown hare Moutain Hare Lowland borad-leaved woodland Warer vole Lowland dry acid grassland Birds (winter gull roost) Spring & Flushes Protected plants Moorland Hay meadows Rochdale

Wigan

Trafford • Habitats: Canals Arable habitat Woodland Lowland broad-leaved woodland

Bolton

Oldham • Habitats: Canals & Upland reservoirs Moorland Wet land (over one third) Woodland Broad-leaved clough woodland Semi-improvedacid grassland Unimproved acid grassand

ROCHDALE

Animal Research | Overall Analysis About Habitats & Wildlife

• Wildlife: Roe Deer Brown hare Badger Hedgehog Water Shrew Aphibian (6 species) Reptiles Newt Birds (farmland birds)

• Habitats: Canals & Reservoirs Blanket bog (BAP priority habitats) Wet Modified Bog Acidic flush Moorland Semi-natural broadleaved woodland Unimproved acid grassland Marshy grassland Hay meadows

• Wildlife: Roe deer Water voles Birds (upland birds & wetland birds) Protected plants

Animal Research | Habitats Typology

Habitats In The Greater Manchester In the UK, natural habitats can be classified into ten types, of which seven types exist in Greater Manchester: Towns and gardens; Grassland; Woodland; Freshwater; Wetland; Farmland; Heathland and Moorland. Different species depend on different habitats. With the intensification of urbanization, more and more wild animals live in cities. Towns and gardens, as a kind of habitat, are getting more and more attention.

Towns and Gardens From parkland to garden, these green spaces are a lifeline for wildlife, little havens scattered through the desert of urban sprawl and intensively managed farmland. Trees and shrubs shelter miniature mammals and nesting birds. With the reduction of habitats, brownfields in urban spaces have become important habitats for many species, requiring attention and conservation.

Grassland 40% of the UK’s land surface is grassland. Most of today’s grassland is farmland or rough upland grazing, with only a tiny proportion of ‘unimproved’ grassland remaining that hasn’t been reseeded, fertilised or drained and tends to be full of flowers and wildlife.In urban area, creating a mini meadow in our garden or local community could help to look after grassland habitats.

Woodland Woodland species are often not very mobile and the fragmentation of their habitat means isolated wildlife populations can be at risk of local extinctions. In the south-east of England where homes and roads threaten woodland. Increasing woodland and tree cover in urban areas (urban reforestation) could support wildlife better.

Freshwater Water bodies are important for wildlife. Canals and ditches as artificial waterbodies support much wildlife, often bringing it into urban areas. However, only 14% of river water bodies in England currently achieve good ecological status. Reducing water pollution and restoring natural habitats along urban rivers are conducive to the development of animal communities.

Wetland The rain-drenched lands of the UK offer perfect conditions for the formation of wetlands where water and dry land meet are home to a wide range of species, especially a huge variety of birds. Urban wetlands can increase biodiversity, purify water bodies and slow down flooding. Making our own compost, not using peat products from wetlands will help protect wetlands.

Farmland Wildlife has moved into farmland to make the most of the habitat it offered. An abundance of seed from crops suited birds like finches and buntings. Growing urban populations and a dramatic decline in traditional farming methods have had a devastating impact on the wildlife that depends on farmland. Urban habitats have therefore become more important for wildlife.

Heathland and Moorland Heathland is found from sea level to about 1000m. Low soil fertility means heathland is usually characterised by a small number of plant species, normally dominated by heathers. As for wildlife, many species of birds nest, breed and feed on the moors. Insects, mice, voles, lizards and other small mammals are sharing these area.

Animal Research | Ecosystem

Ecosystem

NON-BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

CONSUMERS

PRODUCERS

Non-biological living environment: Including sunlight and all other basic materials that constitute the ecosystem: Water, Inorganic salts, Air, Organic matter, Rocks and so on. Producers: They are mainly a variety of green plants, as well as chemical energy synthetic bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria. They are all autotrophic organisms, is a bridge connecting the inorganic environment and the biological community.

DECOMPOSERS

HEAT ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

HEAT ENERGY (FROM METABOLIC REACTION, WARM BODIES AND FRICTION)

PRODUCERS

PRIMARY CONSUMERS

SECONDARY CONSUMERS

TOP CONSUMERS

CHEMICAL ENERGY IN DETRITUS (WASTE AND DEAD NOT EATEN BY CONSUMERS)

ENERGY FLOWW IN ECOSYSTM

Ecosystem is a dynamic balance system composed of biological communities and their living environment. Biological communities are composed of certain types of animals, plants, and microorganisms that exist in a certain range or area of nature and depend on each other. The living environment of different biological groups in the biological community includes non-biological environment and biological environment. There is continuous material exchange and energy flow between the biological community and its living environment, and they are in a dynamic balance of interaction and mutual influence. The scope of the ecosystem could be defined according to the research purpose and objects. There are many types of ecosystems, which can generally be divided into natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems. Natural ecosystems can be further divided into water ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems. Artificial ecosystems can be divided into farmland, urban and other ecosystems. The largest ecosystem is the biosphere, while a forest, a meadow, and a pond can all be regarded as an small ecosystem as well. The components of the ecosystem: Non-biological living environment and energy, Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers.

DECOMPOSERS

Decomposers: It is also called "reducers". They are a type of heterotrophic organisms, mainly composed of various bacteria (parasitic bacteria belong to consumers, saprophytic bacteria are decomposers) and fungi. The decomposer is a bridge connecting the biological community and the inorganic environment. Consumers: It refer to heterotrophic organisms that feed on animals and plants. The scope of consumers is very wide, including almost all animals and some microorganisms (mainly eubacteria). They transfer energy in the ecosystem through predation and parasitism. 62

Animal Research | Species Seclection

Wildlife in the Greater Manchester

Invertebrates • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Butterflies Moths Bees & Wasps Ants Spiders Flies; Slugs, Snails & freshwater mussels Grasshoppers & crickets Dragonflies Damselflies Beetles Bugs Crustaces, Centipeds & Millipedes Other insects.

• Honey Bees (Pollinator; Urban beekeeping) (UK Biodiversity Priority Species) • Small Heath Butterflies (UK Biodiversity Priority Species) • White-letter Hairstreak (UK Biodiversity Priority Species) • Tansy Beetle (Nationally Scarce) (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

Mammals • • • • • • • • •

Badgers Bats Deer Foxes Hedgehogs Mice, Voles & Shrews Otters Rabbits & Hares Squirrels

• Brown Long Eared Bat (UK Biodiversity Priority Species) • Fallow Deer (Large mammal; High interactive) • Red Fox (Carnivores; Common) • European Hedgehog (UK Biodiversity Priority Species) • Water Vole (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

Reptiles & Amphibians • • • • •

Lizard Snake Newt Toad Frog

• Great Crested NewtW (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

Birds • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Grabes & Divers Seabird Waterfowl Herons, Egrets&Spoonbill Bird of Prey Grouse, Partridges & Pheasant & Quail Wading birds Pigeons & Doves Woodpeckers, Cuckoo, Kingfisher & Waxwing Swallows, Wift, Martins & Nightjar Parakeet Larks & Sparrow & Wagtails & Dunnock Thrushes, Chats, Flycatchers, Starling & Wren Tits, Crests & Warblers Crows & Shrikes Finches & Buntings Large population Separately discussed

• European Otters (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

• Black-throated Diver (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

• Brown Hare (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

• Bittern (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

• Grey Squirrel (High interactive; Common)

• Peregrine falcon (Live in Manchester city；; Predator)

• Red Squirrel (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

• Bullfinsh (UK Biodiversity Priority Species) • Song Thrush (UK Biodiversity Priority Species) • Spotted Flycatcher (UK Biodiversity Priority Species)

Freshwater fish • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Rainbow trout Perch Minnow Stone Loach Bullhead Dace Pike Roach Bream Gudgeon Common Carp Tench Three-spined Stickleback Eel River Lamprey Atlantic Salmon Brown trout Chub

•

Unified consideration

Species Selection Each species plays an important role in the chain of biodiversity. In a limited time, certain species have been selected for in-depth research. These species come from different attribute classifications to ensure the basic rationality of the research. The species selected above were selected based on five main reasons: • 1. British biodiversity priority species. • 2. Play an important role in the food chain. • 3. Urban space can provide its habitat. • 4. Existence with huge populations in GM. • 5. Highly interactive with people. Insects are very important for pollinating plants and as a food source for birds and other animals; Mammals are relatively large in size, easier to observe, and easier to help people change their attitudes towards wild animals. Birds are very common, but their body size, food, habitat and other factors are different, which resulting in different human interventions. It is universal to select representative species in the main types through analysis. 64

Animal Research | Invertebrates

Bees, Small Heath Butterflies and Tansy Beetle with Other Invertebrates Small Heath

White-letter hairstreak

Bees Statistics:

Small Heath Statistics:

There are more than 24 species of bees in the UK, including the honey bee that normally lives in hives managed by beekeepers. There are 10 common bee species: • Garden Bumblebee: Length: 2.0 cm • Early Bumblebee: Length: 1.6-1.8 cm • Tree Bumblebee: Length: 1.0-1.6 cm • Heath Bumblebee: Length: 1.2-1.6 cm • Buff-tailed Bumblebee: Length: 2.0-2.2 cm • Tawny Mining bee: Length: up to 1.2 cm • Red Mason Bee: Length: 0.6-11 cm • Honey Bee: Length: 1.2 cm • Common Carder Bee: Length: 1.3 cm • Red-tailed Bumblebee: Length: 2.2 cm

Wingspan: 3.3-3.7 cm

Distribution

Tansy Beetle

Bees

Diet: Fine Grasses, especially fescues, meadow-grasses, and bents. Habitats Grassland。; Heathland and moorland; Farmland; Woodland.

Small Heath Statistics:

Widespread.

Wingspan: 2.5-3.5 cm

Diet:

Collect pollen and nectar from a variety of flowering plants. For example: Early Bumblebee: Raspberries and blackberries. Honey bee: Dandelions. Habitats

Nectar on various flowers, Thistle, Bramble and Privet being favourites. Habitats Woodland.

Grassland; Heathland and moorland; Freshwater; Farmland; Wetland; Woodland; Town and Gardens. Tansy Beetle Statistics: Length: Up to 1 cm Diet: Threats Drought, pesticides, global warming and habitat destruction.

Tansy Habitats Grassland; Freshwater; Wetland.

Strategy：:

Habitation: Natural Hive (Bees) 65

Habitation: Insect Hotel (Bees)

Bees are pollinators and play a critical role in healthy ecosystems, so are essential for our food production.We grow a variety of flowering plants to provide them with food, and reserve a certain amount of open space for some wild plants to grow freely. Some facilities will be placed in cities to encourage urban beekeeping.

Strategy：: We grow their favorite plants to provide them with ample food sources and protect their habitat 66

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics

Habitats

Length: 1.3-1.8 m; Shoulder height: 0.5-1.2 m; Weight: 31-63Kg; Average lifespan: 8-16 years。.

Grassland; Heathland and Moorland; Farmland; Woodland; Towns and gardens.

0.5-1.2m

Fallow Deer

Animal Research | Mammals

31-36 Kg 1.3-1.8m

Diet: Primarily grasses (60%) and bramble; Acorns, chestnut, beech mast and fruits, bark and shrubs may be taken during the autumn and winter.

Conservation status:

Behaviour:

Common Protected by the Deer Act 1991 in the UK.

Dawn and dusk are the most likely times to spot deer feeding, although they may feed at any time. Fallow deer are active throughout the 24-hour period but make more use of open spaces during the hours of darkness.

Population: Estimated 150,000 to 250,000. Territory: Non-territorial with overlapping ranges. Distribution Fairly widespread in England, Wales, Ireland and southern Scotland, they are widespread and the most common deer in England.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Jump: Can jump up to 1.75m high and up to 5m in length; • Swim: Strong in the water and can swim for long distances. Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats Fallow more frequently hit by cars than other deer species. Strategy：:

Habitation: Woodland (Dunham Massey Park) 67

Habitation: Urban Space (London)

Fallow deer has a strong interaction with humans, which is easier to detect and observe. We provide green corridors to allow deer to enter the urban area and become a member of the city, although the number sometimes needs to be detected and controlled. 68

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics

Habitats

Length: 65-72cm; Shoulder height: 0.35-0.5 m; Weight: 5-7Kg; Average lifespan: 2-6 years.

Grassland; Heathland and Moorland; Farmland; Woodland; Towns and gardens.

0.35-0.5m

Red Fox

Animal Research | Mammals

5-7 Kg 0.65-0.72m

Diet: Extremely varied; highly opportunitistic predators. Mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, fish, amphibians, fruit, vegetables, grass and human rubbish.

Conservation status:

Behaviour:

Not protected legally.

Urban red foxes are most active at dusk and dawn, doing most of their hunting and scavenging at these times. They typically spend the daytime resting in cover.

Population: Estimated 1357,000 (UK2018), about 150,000 these lives in towns and cities. Territory: 0.2 square kilometres in urban areas or up to 40 square kilometres in hill country. Distribution Widespread in England, Wales, Ireland and southern Scotland, but absent from the Channel Islands, the Isles of Scilly, Scottish islands and the Isle of Man.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Jump: Being capable of jumping over 2-metre-high fences; • Swim: Swim well.

Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats Many killed by cars in towns and cities; They can do damage to trees, crops and flowers. Strategy：:

Habitation: Natural Space (Earth dens) 69

Habitation: Urban Space (Brown field)

The foxes that live in cities have a huge population and cannot be ignored. Simultaneously, as a carnivorous predator, the fox plays an important role in the biological chain, so it needs to be considered. We provide green corridors to reduce human and animal casualties caused by car accidents. 70

Animal Research | Mammals

Grey Squirrel

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics

Habitats

Length: 24-28.5cm; Tail: 19.5-24cm; Weight: 400-650g; Average lifespan: 2-5 years.

Farmland; Woodland; Towns and gardens

Diet:

0.4-0.65 Kg 0.24-0.29m

Large seeds of trees such as oak, beech, hazel, sweet chestnut and walnut. When these supplies run out in early summer, they turn to a variety of flowers, buds, shoots, pine cones, fungi, peanuts from bird feeders, birds’ eggs and young.

Conservation status:

Behaviour:

Classified as an invasive non-native species; Serious pests of forestry.

The grey squirrel is diurnal and most active at dawn and dusk, searching for available food. They spend more time foraging and feeding on the ground than in the trees.

Population: estimated at approximately 2.5-2.7 million. Territory: Range over between 2 and 10 hectares for most of year in forest. Non-territorial in urban area. Distribution Widespread in England, Wales and central Scotland.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Jump and Climb: Good at climbing and jumping. Can jump up to 1.2m and land safely from heights of about 9m;Have the ability to hang upside down. • Swim: Strong swimmers. Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats Many killed on roads. They implicated in Red squirrel and native bird decline. Strategy：:

Habitation: Woodland (Tree cavity) 71

Habitation: Urban Space (Roof space)

As an invasive species, grey squirrels are well adapted to the urban environment. But their numbers need to be better monitored and controlled (The UK government has given its support to a project to use oral contraceptives to control grey squirrel populations, 2021). We provide green corridors to reduce car accidents. 72

Animal Research | Mammals

Red Squirrel

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics:

Habitats

Length: 18-24cm; Tail: 17-18cm; Weight: 100350g; Average lifespan: 6 years.

Heathland and moorland; Woodland;

Diet: 0.1-0.35 Kg 0.18-0.24m

Tree seeds, especially hazel nuts and seeds from conifer cones. They also eat tree flowers and shoots, mushrooms, and fungi from under tree bark.

Conservation status:

Behaviour:

Protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act,1981; A priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Diurnal and are active for much of the day, often from before dawn until it is dark, pausing only for a midday rest; Spend most of their time up in the tree, and forage on the ground for brief spells.

Population: Currently estimated at approximately 140,000. Territory: No territories are claimed. Distribution Scotland, the Lake District and Northumberland. Isolated remnant populations further south in England and Wales.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Jump and Climb: Good at climbing and jumping. Have the ability to hang upside down. • Swim: Strong swimmers.

Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats Large numbers killed on roads and by viruses; Habitat loss, encroachment by grey squirrels. Strategy：: The red squirrel, as a native species, their habitat and population in the UK are drastically declining. We create favourable habitats area for successful reintroduction through urban reforestation and provide green corridors to reduce road deaths. Habitation: Woodland (Dreys) 73

Habitation: Urban Space (Roof space) 74

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics

Habitats

Length: 50-70cm; Weight: 2-5kg; Average lifespan: 2-4 years.

Grassland; Heathland and moorland; Farmland; Woodlan.

0.5m

Brown Hare

Animal Research | Mammals

2-5 Kg

Diet: Herbivorous; Tender grass shoots, including cereal crops, are their main foods.

0.5-0.7m

Conservation status:

Behaviour:

Least concern; Have little legal protection; A priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

They are primarily nocturnal and spend a third of their time foraging. During daytime, brown hares hide in 'forms', which are shallow depressions in the ground or grass.

Population: Estimated around 700,000. Territory: No apparent territoriality. Distribution Widespread across the UK but declining.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Jump. • Run: Reach speeds of 45mph. Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats Hunting; Increased number of foxes; Modern farm machinery and pesticides also kill many hares. Strategy：: Due to the gradual loss of habitat and threats from modern agriculture, the number of brown hares is decreasing. We provide more habitats for them through the reforestation of the city. Habitation: Grassland (Natural space) 75

Habitation: Urban Space (Park) 76

Animal Research | Mammals

Hedgehog

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics

Habitats

: Length: 15-30cm; Tail: 1-2cm; Weight: up to 2kg; Average lifespan: 2-3 years.

Grassland; Heathland and moorland; Farmlands; Woodland; Towns and gardens.

Diet: 2 Kg 0.15-0.3m

Conservation status: Protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Priority Species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. IUCN Vulnerable to extinction.

Hedgehogs eatbeetles, worms, caterpillars, slugs and almost anything they can catch, but little plant material. They can also take eggs and chicks of ground-nesting birds though rarely in large numbers. Behaviour: Largely nocturnal and travel about 1-2km each night; Tend to remain close to linear features, particularly hedges while foraging.

Population: Estimated at about one million. Territory: No evidence of territoriality. Distribution Widespread, found throughout the country in a variety of habitats.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Have the ability to hibernate; • Good climbers with little fear ; • Average speed at two and four metres per minute; Good swimmers; • Largely unconcerned artificial lighting. Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats In decline throughout much of UK; Many killed on roads; Insecticides and molluscicides widely considered detrimental to population. Strategy：:

Habitation: Urban Space (Park) 77

Habitation: Urban Space (Garden)

As one of the favourite animals in the UK, they hoover up slugs roaming in vegetable beds in our garden. We provide more complete green corridors to reduce road deaths.Friendly facilities will be designed to provide them with a comfortable home in the garden. 78

Animal Research | Mammals

Otter

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics

Habitats

: Length: 60-80cm; Tail: 32-56cm; Weight: 6-8kg; Average lifespan: 5-10 years.

Freshwater; Wetlands; Woodland; Towns and gardens; Coastal; Marine.

Diet: 6-8 Kg 0.6-0.8m

Conservation status: A priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. European Protected Species. Listed Threatened Species. Population: Estimated at approximately 10,300. Territory:

Carnivorous; primarily taking fish, especially eels and salmonids, which can account for 70-95% of the diet. Crayfish, amphibians, small water birds and small mammal are eaten according to season and local abundance. Behaviour: Most active time at dusk and at night. During the day they spend a great deal of time in their dens on the land, staying cool, coming out at night to eat. In urban areas, drain pipes and culverts may be used as their den site.

Observed have a territory of about 11 miles. Distribution A rare but widespread species, which could be found throughout the country.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Excellent swimming ability; • Very well adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats Highest mortality from traffic; Habitat loss; Severe flooding; Farm pesticides; Pollution. Strategy：:

Habitation: Freshwater (Natural lake) 79

Habitation: Freshwater (Canal)

Since 1970, the populations of otters have both increased in number and expanded in range significantly. In urban space, we increase habitats through the protection of canals and waterfronts, and provide more complete green corridors to reduce road deaths. 80

Animal Research | Mammals

Water Vole

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics

Habitats

Length: 14-22cm; Tail: 9.5-14 cm; Weight: 150300g; Average lifespan: 0.5-1.5 years.

Freshwater (rivers, streams and ditches); Wetlands.

Diet: 0.15-03 Kg

Grasses and waterside vegetation, fruits and additional broadleaved plants may also be eaten.

0.14-0.22m

Conservation status:

Behaviour:

Protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Priority Species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework.

Water voles tend to be active more during the day than at night; Typically remains within 2m of water.

Population: Estimated at about 875000. Territory:

12 h Active time

24 h

Range size of up to 800m. Distribution Widespread, but absent from the Channel Islands, Isles of Scilly, Scottish islands, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man.

Ability: • Expert swimmers • Expert divers.

Interactive Capacity: Low High

Threats Pollution, Habitat loss, Incidental poisoning, Increased flooding and Predation (dogs, cats, foxes, minks). Strategy：:

Habitation: Freshwater (Natural space) 81

Habitation: Urban Space (Canal)

The populations of water vole declined in both number and range and in many areas they still survive only on reserves specifically managed for them and from which mink are excluded.Through the detection and protection of water quality, the conservation and reforestation of river banks, we provide more urban habitats for them. 82

Animal Research | Mammals

Statistics

Habitats

Length: 3.7-5.2cm; T Wingspan: 20-30cm; Weight: 6-12g; Average lifespan: 4-5 years。.

Grassland； H eathland and moorland; Woodland; Towns and gardens.

0.037-0.052m

Brown Long Eared Bat

Animal Research | Mammals

0.006-0.012 Kg

Diet: Preys largely on moths, beetles, and other large insects.

0.2-0.3m

Conservation status:

Behaviour:

Protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Priority Species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. European Protected Species under Annex IV of the European Habitats Directive.

Emerge relatively late at night (approximately 55 minutes after sunset) and remaining active throughout the night。.

Population: Estimated put the population at about 245,000. Territory: No evidence of territoriality. Distribution Widespread, but absent from some Scottish Islands.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Relatively slow flyers; • One of the most encountered bat species in bat boxes. Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats Habitat loss (and the loss of roost sites), which deprives bats of roost sites and hunting grounds; and insecticides, which reduce the abundance of prey. Strategy：: Through reforestation, we provide more natural habitats. Some bat boxes will be set up in the city to provide them with shelter.

Habitation: Urban Space (Roof space) 83

Habitation: Urban Space (Bat box and roof) 84

Animal Research | Amphibia

Great Crested Newt

Animal Research | Amphibia

Statistics

Habitats

Length: Length: up to 17cm;Weight: 6.3-10.6g; Average lifespan: 6-15 years。.

Grassland; Freshwater; Farmland; Wetlands.

Diet: 0.0063-0.0106 Kg

Feed mainly on invertebrates include worms, slugs, insects, mollusks and tadpoles.

Up to 0.17 m

Conservation status:

Behaviour:

Protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Priority Species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. Listed as a European Protected Species under Annex IV of the European Habitats Directive.

Great crested newts are nocturnal, usually prefer the deeper parts of a water body, where they hide under vegetation.

Population: Estimates put the population at about 400,000. Territory: Non-territorial with overlapping ranges. Distribution Widespread across lowland England and Wales.

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: • Hibernate in winter; • Generally stay very close to their aquatic breeding sites;

Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Threats Loss and fragmentation of terrestrial habitat: loss of breeding ponds through destruction or degradation of water quality. the introduction of fish to breeding ponds. Strategy：: Through the purification of water bodies, we provide better quality habitats. Some wetlands will be shaped in cities to provide more living space.

Habitation: Freshwater (Larvae in Pond) 85

Habitation: River Bank (Hibernant Burrow) 86

Animal Research |Bird Typology

Birds in the Greater Manchester There are so many species of birds. It seems impossible to analyze and study each species. Therefore, we choose to use typology to select target birds. The birds listed below all belong to the UK biodiversity priority species and habitats in the Greater Manchester. First of all, we conduct extensive research on the bird's body type, conservation status, habitat, diet, nest type and nest height, which will have a significant impact on our design strategy, including the size of the nestbox, the size of the entrance, and the installation location. Through research, these birds generally have the ability to adapt to urban habitats. According to the type of bird's diet, we can roughly divide its food into four categories: carnivorous (birds and small mammals, reptiles); seeds and berries; insects; and fish; nesting locations can be roughly divided into three types: On trees and shrubs; on the ground in the field; near the ground by the water. After sorting out these contents, we selected four species of birds for further detailed research. These four birds represent different types: The carnivorous bird Peregrine falcon (39-54 cm); The Spotted flycatcher (14 cm) which takes insects, fruits and berries; The Bittern (70-80 cm) that feed on finsh; and a waterfowl, Black-throated diver ( 58-73 cm).

Animal Research |Bird Typology

Cuckoo • • • • •

Dunnock • • • • •

Diet: Insects, Seed and Berries Length: 14 cm Conservation status: Amber Nesting feature: Deep cup, of plant stems, twigs, grasses, in shrub or hedge. Nesting height: 0.25-4 m

Grasshopper Warbler • • • • •

Diet: Insects, Invertebrates Length: 12.5-13.5 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Near the ground in thick vegetation or a tussock of grass. Nesting height: Around 0.6 m

Hawfinch • • • • •

Diet: Hard seeds from trees and fruits. Length: 18 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Using dry twigs, grass and lichen to build, in a bush or tree. Nesting height: 7-34 m

House sparrow • • • • •

Diet: Diverse,from seeds to insects. Length: 14 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Placed in holes and crevices within buildings; Use nestbox. Nesting height: 1.8-2.2 m

Peregrine falcon

Lesser redpoll

•

• • • •

Diet: Carnivore, birds Length: 39-54 cm Conservation status: Green Nesting feature: Open, no material is used to build the eyrie. Nesting height: 8-400 m

• • • •

Diet: Seeds. Length: 12-13 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Small and untidy cup of fine twigs and grass, in a tree or bush Nesting height: 0-4 m

Bullfinch

Lesser spotted woodpecker

•

• • • •

Diet: Insects include hairy caterpillars Length: 32-34 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: using nests of other birds, in trees or bushes. Nesting height: 1-27 m

Diet: Seeds,buds and fruit and insects Length: 14.5-16.5 cm Conservation status: Amber Nesting feature: builds from twigs and root fibres, in taller trees and shrub. Nesting height: 0.5-5 m

• • • •

Diet: Insects and larvae in wood Length: 14 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Nest hole,usually to be found on side branches of trees. Nesting height: 2-8 m

Song Thrush • • • • •

Diet: largely earthworms and snails Length: 23 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Nest hole,usually to be found on side branches of trees. Nesting height: Commonly 1-2 m

Spotted flycatcher • • • • •

Diet: Flying Insect Length: 14 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Wide variety of nest sites are used, nestbox. Nesting height: 3-4 m

Starling

• • • • •

Diet: Invertebrates and fruit. Length: 21-22 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Natural cavities, holes in buildings, in a roof, nestbox. Nesting height: 2.5-4 m

Reed Bunting

• • • • •

Diet: Seeds and insects. Length: 15-16.5 cm Conservation status: Amber Nesting feature: Mostly on the ground, but sometimes in shrubs. Nesting height: 0.25 m and above

Turtle Dove

• • • • •

Diet: Seeds. Length: 26-28 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Simple platform nest, nest in hedgerows or scrub. Nesting height: 3 m below

Twite

• • • • •

Diet: Seeds. Length: 14 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Nest on moorland edges, in the plant litter. Nesting height: About 0.3 m

Willow tit

• • • • •

Diet: Insects, seeds and berries. Length: 17-19 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Excavating nest holes in decaying birch and willow. Nesting height: 2-4 m

Wood Warbler

• • • • •

Diet: Mainly insects and spiders. Length: 12-13 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Nest in low scrub, or even on the ground in hollows. Nesting height: 0-0.5 m

Yellow Wagtail

• • • • •

Diet: Small insects, flies and beetles. Length: 17 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Summer visitor, nest on the ground in large fields. Nesting height: 0 m

Yellowhammer

• • • • •

Diet: Seeds and insects Length: 16-16.5 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Typically nest on or near the ground, in bush or hedgerow. Nesting height: 0-1 m

Bittern

• • • • •

Diet: Fish, amphibians and insects. Length: 70-80 cm Conservation status: Amber Nesting feature: Nest in reedbeds, a floating platform from plants. Nesting height: 0.1-0.15 m

Bewick's Swan

• • • • •

Diet: Potatoes and grain Length: 115-127 cm Conservation status: Amber Nesting feature: No nest in UK Nesting height: -

Black-throated diver

• • • •

Diet: Fish. Length: 58-73 cm Conservation status: Amber Nesting feature: Nest on small pools, big lakes and reservoirs, on ground. Nesting height: 0 m

Common Scoter

• • • •

Diet: Molluscs. Length: 44-54 cm Conservation status: Red Nesting feature: Nest on the ground close to lakes or rivers, in woodland. Nesting height: 0 m 88

Animal Research | Birds

Statistics:

Behaviour:

Length: 40-54cm; Wingspan: 1.2m; Weight: 670g-1.1kg; Average lifespan: 6-19 years.

Hunting most often at dawn and dusk, but also nocturnally in cities. Nest on cliffs from about 8–400 metres high. Installation height of nest box generally in heights above 25–30m in cities.

0.4-0.54m

Peregrine Falcon

Animal Research | Birds

0.67-1.1 Kg

12 h Active time

24 h

1.2m

Conservation status: Classified in the UK as Green under the Birds of Conservation Concern 4: The Red List for Birds (2015).

Ability: • High speed flight; • Medium-sized bird of prey; • Nesting on skyscrapers and high bridges;

Population: Estimated at 1,400 pairs in 2002. Territory: The size of a breeding territory varies greatly.

Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Distribution

Threats

Nests in North and South West England, Wales and Scotland on coastal cliffs, but is increasingly being seen throughout the country.

Illegal persecution; Habitat destruction; Collision with human-made objects.

Habitats Heathland and moorland; Farmlands; Wetlands; Towns and gardens.

Strategy：: We further improve their habitat in the city by setting up wildlife-friendly facilities and green roofs. Modular vertical green units will be installed on the facade of high-rise buildings to minimize collision damage caused by large-area glass reflections.

Diet: Feeds primarily on birds, feral pigeons are favourite prey; Occasionally, they take mammals, amphibians, lizards and large insects.

Habitation: Urban Space 89

Habitation: Urban Space (Nest) 90

Animal Research | Birds

Statistics:

Behaviour:

Length: 70-80cm; Wingspan: 1.3m; Weight: 1-1.5kg; Average lifespan: 11 years.

Mostly active at dawn and dusk, but also sometimes forages by day.

0.4-0.54m

Bittern

Animal Research | Birds

12 h Active time

24 h

Ability: 0.67-1.1 Kg 1.2m

Conservation status: Classified in the UK as Amber under the Birds of Conservation Concern 4: the Red List for Birds (2015). Priority Species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework.

• Walking stealthily or remaining still above a body of water where prey may occur; • It seldom flies. Interactive Capacity: Low

High

Population:

Threats

The total population at 110,000 to 340,000.

Reduction in availability and quality of Phragmitesdominated swamps and other marshes due to drainage and abandonment of traditional uses for reedbeds. Water pollution, especially eutrophication, reduced reedbed viability and food availability.

Territory: Territory size of British male bitterns is 0.2 sq km. Distribution A shy, rare bird found in large reedbeds, especially in East Anglia, Kent, South Wales and North West England. Habitats Freshwater; Wetlands.

Strategy：: The improvement of water quality and the protection of wetlands is significant to the protection of bittern. We have created a small wetland system based on rivers and canals in cities to provide them with more habitats.

Diet: Feed on fish, small mammals, amphibians and invertebrates.

Habitation: Wetland 91

Habitation: Wetland(Nest) 92

Animal Research | Birds

Black-throated Diver

Animal Research | Birds

Statistics:

Behaviour:

Length: 66cm; Wingspan: 1.2m; Weight: 2.33.4kg; Average lifespan: 12 years.

Migratory species, Breeding only in the north-west Highlands of Scotland. It sometimes turns up on big lakes and reservoirs.

0.66m

Ability: • Superb swimmer and diver Interactive Capacity: 0.67-1.1 Kg 1.2m

Low

High

Conservation status:

Threats

Classified in the UK as Amber under the Birds of Conservation Concern 4: the Red List for Birds (2015). Protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Priority Species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework.

Threats at breeding lakes include disturbance and high levels of mercury on eggs.

Population: Rough estimates put the population at about 560.

Strategy：: Through the purification of water pollution, we provide a better temporary habitat, so that this migrating bird can get a better living environment in the Greater Manchester area.

Territory: No evidence of territoriality. Distribution Nests in the far north of Scotland. Seen at sea around most coasts in winter. Could be seen in the Greater Manchester. Habitats Freshwater.

Diet: Fish form the bulk of its diet, though amphibians, invertebrates and plant material are sometimes eaten as well.

Habitation: Freshwater 93

Habitation: Freshwater (Nest) 94

Animal Research | Birds

Spotted flycatcher & Bullfinch

Animal Research | Birds

Spotted flycatcher Statistics:

Bullfinch Statistics:

Length: 14cm; Wingspan: 24cm; Weight: 17g; Average lifespan: 2 years.

Length: 16cm; Wingspan: 26cm; Weight: 21g; Average lifespan: 2 years.

Spotted flycatcher

Bullfinch

Habitation: Urban Space (Spotted flycatcher) 95

Habitation: Woodland (Bullfinch)

0.17 Kg

0.21 Kg

0.14m

0.16m

Conservation status:

Classified in the UK as Red under the Birds of Conservation Concern 4: the Red List for Birds (2015). Priority Species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework.

Classified in the UK as Amber under the Birds of Conservation Concern 4: the Red List for Birds (2015). Priority Species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework.

Distribution

A widespread summer visitor.

Widespread, absent from the north of Scotland.

Habitats

Farmland; Woodland; Town and Gardens.

Diet:

Feed almost exclusively on flying insects.

Seeds, buds and fruits, insects.

Behaviour:

UK summer migrant bird. Readily adapt to an open-fronted nest box with 28mm big hole.

Damaging more fruit buds than they actually eat.

Threats

Less flying insects as a result of deterioration in woodland quality.

Declined population caused by agricultural intensification and reduced diversity in woodlands.

Strategy：:

The protection of insects helps increase its population. More types and numbers of vegetation provide abundant insect resources, and some nest boxes will be set up in cities to provide shelter for them.

We cultivate more plants to provide them with abundant food sources. Some nest boxes which is suitable for them will be placed in these plants to avoid negative damage to the orchard.

Animal Research | Strategy Summary

Invertebrates

•

Improving existing habitat quality Fertilizer control Water pollution control Garden management

Fallow Deer

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

•

Providing more habitats with food Reforestation and Target planting

•

Providing more habitats with food Reforestation

•

Providing more habitats with food Target planting

•

Reducing car accidents Animal bridge for mobility

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Reducing car accidents Animal bridge

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Reducing car accidents Animal bridge for mobility

•

Helping species spread Animal bridge for mobility

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Bringing it to urban space Animal bridge

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Helping species spread Animal bridge for mobility

•

Encouraging interction with human Interactive facilities in natural playground

•

Encouraging interction with human Interactive facilities in natural playground

Providing food sources Targrt planting

Improving existing habitat quality Noise and light control

Brown Hare

Improving existing habitat quality Noise and light control

Red Fox

•

Red Squirrel

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

Providing more habitats Target planting; Green roof; Green facade

Animal Research | Strategy Summary

Grey Dquirrel

•

Reducing car accidents Animal bridge

Hedgehog

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

•

Providing more habitats with food Reforestation

•

Population control Natural Landscape in limited area

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Providing more habitats with food Reforestation and Target planting

•

Reducing car accidents Animal bridge for mobility

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Encouraging interction with human Interactive facilities in natural playground

•

Reducing car accidents Animal bridge for mobility

Strategy Summary According to the characteristics of each animal, different target methods will be used. There is also a food chain relationship between these species, so the protection of one animal also helps others. Therefore, there is a dynamic balance between species in the entire system. Protecting existing habitats, reforesting to provide more habitats and ensuring food sources, creating green corridors so that animals can move better are common methods. 98

Animal Research | Strategy Summary

Otter

•

Providing more habitats with food Waterbodies purification

•

Reducing car accidents Animal bridge for mobility

•

Helping species spread Animal bridge for mobility

Water Vole

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

• Providing more habitats with food Waterbodies purification & Target planting

Bat

Animal Research | Strategy Summary

Bittern

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

• Providing more habitats with food Waterbodies purification & Target planting

Newt

Diver

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

• Providing more habitats with food Waterbodies purification & Target planting

Peregrine Falcon

Other birds

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

• Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

•

Providing shelter for accessibility Specific facilities

•

Improving existing habitat quality Noise and light control

• Providing more habitats with food Waterbodies purification & reforestation

•

Providing more habitats with food Reforestation

•

Providing more habitats with food Target planting; Green roof; Green facade

•

Providing more habitats with food Reforestation and Target planting

•

Reducing collision accidents Animal bridge for mobility

Helping species spread Animal bridge for mobility

100

Animal Research | Food Web

Food Web Based on the former ecological research, the food web and energy flow are important factors that should be taken into consideration on building and improving an ecosystem. The left drawing is a proposed food web based on some of our selected respective animals. The food web could guide us to design different building typologies to form the urbane ecosystem, as well as the spatial circulation. Combining the habitat typologies and the food web system might create many possibilities and interesting points for the later design process. 101

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03 Urban Research

103

Greater Manchester

105

Overall Analysis

107

Policy Support

111

Target Area

115

Target Area Analysis

117

104

Urban Research | Greater Manchester

Rochdale Bury Bulton Oldham Wigan Salford Manchester

Tameside

Traford Stockport

Crisis & Opportunities In Greater Manchester Crisis: The rapid and intense development seen in urban areas, policies encouraging the concentration of development in urban centres and fragmentation of land ownership and land use do not allow for the creation of large, unfragmented areas of semi natural habitat or for protective buffer zones around designated areas across all of Greater Manchester. There may not be many large un fragmented blocks of semi natural habitats remaining, but there are small areas of many different types of habitat supporting small populations of a very wide variety of species. Potential: The UK’s urban areas are where most people make a connection with nature. There is therefore enormous potential for engaging people to take action in t in local green space projects. Many wild animals are living in the city now. Across Greater Manchester close to 5,000 different species have been recorded. 105

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Urban Research | Overall Analysis

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Open Green Space, FLoop Area

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Green System In Greater Manchester The open green space in Greater Manchester includes a continuous green belt and some fragmented patch areas. We can find that the continuous green space in the Greater Manchester gradually decreases from the periphery to the inside. Especially in the Manchester city, the open green space is fragmented. There may not be opportunities to built many large unfragmented blocks of semi natural habitats, small areas of many different types of habitat coulf also supporting small populations of a very wide variety of species. Urban green spaces have significant potential to support, and to enhance local biodiversity, even mosics areas.

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Proposed Green Belt Green Space

107

A green belt is an invisible line designating a border around a certain area, preventing development of the area. A green belt plays a role as a contiguous habitat network for wild plants, animals and wildlife and allow wildlife to return and be established. The extensive networks of parks and public greenspace, which include some of the oldest public parks established anywhere in the woWrld, provide much-needed breathing spaces for sometimes dense urban populations and valuable habitats for a wide range of wildlife. However, the entire Manchester city center seems to be isolated, and the green network seems to be cut off here. For the urban context it has been proven that greenways in cities can be enhanced for wildlife to improve their role in strengthening networks. Connecting the green space outside the Greater Manchester area with the patches in the Manchester city will help to develop the urban ecological diversity and facilitate the spread of species。. 108

Urban Research | Overall Analysis

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Bridgewater Canal, Central Manchester

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Canal System In Greater Manchester

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Greater Manchester has nearly 200km of river and canal navigations running across all ten districts, forming an inter-connected series of greenways, public spaces, wildlife habitats and cultural assets. With a total population of over 2.5 million, all residents of Greater Manchester live within twenty minutes of a waterway. Nearly 1 million people live within 1 mile of a Wcanal or river.

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Manchester's strength on the waterway network lies in its rich and diverse mix of urban and rural settings, from the wild open moorland of the Pennines in Rochdale to the contemporary urban backdrop of Deansgate Locks in Manchester City Centre. The waterways run close to, and in some cases through, many district centres across Greater Manchester, especially in the Manchester city, where many canals gather.

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Many canals differ from natural watercourses because of their range of habitats, as well as their controlled levels and slow flows, although not all canals are now in use for boat traffic. The canal corridor forms a linear mosaic of habitats including woodland and scrub offsides, hedgerows, flower rich towpath verges and diverse emergent reed fringes. The corridor helps link habitats fragmented by urbanisation and uniquely forms a wetland corridor between river catchments.Their potential remains unrealised. 110

Urban Research | Policy Support

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Existing Green Space

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Policy Support In Greater Manchester Developing a Green infrastructure Network. 24km

-Policy GM-G 2

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Parks & Landmark Growth Point & Regeneration Zone

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The Network consisting of river valleys, canal corridors, uplands, mosslands, civic spaces and major countryside resources. The network (or grid) collectively can deliver many of the growth-support functions needed for Greater Manchester such as flood-management, recreation, sport, biodiversity and community activity. The key elemets of the Green Infrastructure Network can be split into different character area, which include: • River valleys and waterways • Urban green spaces • Tree and woodland • Lowland wetland and mosslands • Uplands Each type of green infrastructure is important in its own right, adding to the distinctiveness of the local area and Greater Manchester as a whole.Views between the various elements are a key part of the character of the area, and collectively they enable the movement of species throughout the sub-region and beyond. Although this categorisation helps to understand the overall network, it should also be recognised that there are considerable differences within as well as between them. These broad areas are complemented by other green infrastructure features especially within urban areas, such as gardens, ponds, green roofs and verges. 112

Urban Research | Policy Support

Policy GM-G 3 Protecting and Improving River Valleys and Waterways

Policy GM-G 6 Developing Urban Green Space

Policy GM-G 7 Increasing Tree Cover& Enhancing Woodland

As central components of Greater Manchester's green infrastructure network and a vital part of a Nature Recovery Network, River valleys and Waterways make a major contribution to local identity, quality of life and the natural environment.Greater Manchester's authorities will seek to:

Urban green spaces are essential to the liveability of urban areas, enable wildlife to adapt and provide people with opportunities to connect with nature.They can also help bring communities together, helping to cool overheating urban areas and manage water quality.

Trees and woodland are extremely important components of Greater Manchester’s green infrastructure network, enhancing urban biodiversity. Both new planting and existing trees and woodland protection and enhancing are essenential.

• Protect existing urban green space. • Deliver new high quality urban green spaces.

• Protect and expand the mosaic of woodland habitats, linking fragmented areas of woodland. • Encourage habitat diversity through conservation. • Plant more trees in urban area. • Promote the provision of community orchards. • Secure a diversification of broadleaved species, in order to increase biodiversity.

• Protect and enhance the mosaic of semi-natural habitats, including waterside, lakes, ponds, etc. • Improve water quality. • Return rivers to a more natural state. • Increase the use of canals and watercourses for active travel.

113

Urban Research | Policy Support

114

Urban Research | Target Area

42km

36km

30km

24km

Target Area Selection Based On Urban Research The selection of the target area is mainly composed of four reasons:

18km

12km

6km

0km 0km

115

6km

12km

18km

24km

30km

36km

42km

48km

54km

60km

• The green space corridor is completely disconnected in the dense area of the city center, where it needs to be repaired to form a coherent corridor of wildlife activities. • The river and the canals meet in this area. As an existing green corridor, the canal can bring wild animals into the city center. By improving water quality, providing habitat and food, the city center could become to be a transit point for wild animals to spread around. • This area is representative, including urban brownfields, rivers of varying widths, fragmented green spaces, dense urban centers and residential areas. • Consisting with Greater Manchester's policy and Manchester's development strategy. According to Manchester's green and blue infrastructure strategy, the Action 1 is focus on River valleys and canals : continue to invest in the river valleys and canals to provide attractive settings for residential communities, leisure and recreation, health, and biodiversity benefits. 116

Urban Research | Target Area Analysis

Residential Area Loose building density

Urban Area Dense building density

117

Satellite Map

Building Texture

Protecting biodiversity has in recent years become much less about securing new protected areas in pristine habitat and more about making room for wildlife on the margins of our own urbanized existence.The target area is selected as a wide area. As the necessary connection point of the green corridor in Greater Manchester, it is necessary to study the urban scale space to find the appropriate development strategy. Besides, research on a larger scale helps to summarize different design strategies for different spatial characteristics.

The target area includes the high-density Manchester city centre, as well as the loose residential building area. Residential buildings are mostly one to two stories, with more space for planting and providing small habitats. In the high-density city centre, the ground space is limited, and traditional greening methods cannot be realized.

118

Urban Research | Target Area Analysis

River Irwell Wide：: Average 33 m Deep: Average 1.0 m

Crowded River Bank

Empty area along river

Rochdale Canal Wide：: Average 4.3 m Deep: 1.5-6 m

119

Traffic System

River and Canal System

By analysing target animals, We found that one of the important factors threatening animals in urban space is traffic collision . As the centre of the city, the target area has a dense traffic network. The study of the traffic road network helps summarize the different connection methods to provide a safe corridor for wild animals. At the same time, the connected railway is considered to have the potential to become a green corridor for wildlife

The connected water system is considered to be an important green corridor for wildlife and one of the common features of Greater Manchester. Through the study of the water system in the target area, the width of the river channel and the spatial scale around the river bank are different. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate targeted development and design strategies according to different site characteristics.

120

Urban Research | Target Area Analysis

Large Green Space General green space Woodland

Large Public Park Peel Park

Small Public Garden Parsonage Gardens Green Patch General green space

121

Green Texture

Public Garden and Park

The target area's vegetation distribution has a clear difference: large-scale coherent green space, continuous garden in residential area and green patches in dense urban areas. Large-scale green areas have more potential as habitats for wild animals, and the connection between patchy land and large green areas will help wild animals move in the urban area. Collectively domestic gardens make up a significant proportion of the green space within a city. In Manchester, one fifth of the land area is domestic gardens, which could contribute around one third of city’s green space. Simultaneously, there is not sufficient green space in the city's central area, which needs to be improved.

Parks are often a paradise for urban wildlife. However, the scale and number of parks in the target area are relatively insufficient and relatively isolated through analysis. Insufficient habitat space forces wild animals to face traffic dangers to find living space in cities. More green spaces and bridges that serve wildlife will help to solve the insufficient habitat problem in urban spaces.

122

123

Urban Research | Target Area Analysis

Brownfield

Parking Area Along the River

There are plenty of brownfields in the target area.These brownfield sites have become crucially important places for people and wildlife, reconnecting urban communities with nature.brownfield sites are typically made up of a mix of bare ground, short grassland, patches of weedy tall herbs, longer flower-rich grassland, scrub and temporary pools. This, combined with a lack of human intervention means that these sites are an essential source of nectar, sheltered warm areas, opportunities for burrowing and good foraging habitat for insects. Other species such as reptiles and birds can also thrive in these habitats due to an abundance of food, basking sites and shelter.

When investigating and analyzing the target area, we found there are many parking areas along the river, which is common in the wider area. The parking lot adopts hard pavement and takes up a lot of urban space, which is considered a potential area for developing green corridors. While meeting the parking demand, increasing greening and reducing hard pavement will help the city's rewilding. There are several large parking buildings in the target area, which have low demand for daylighting. Through renovation, the facade of the parking building can provide more green space.

124

Strategy Review

Our strategy: Relying on waterways, and through the use of waterfront brownfields, parking area and other possible spaces, create habitats and green corridors for wild animals in our city. We adopt different habitat design strategies according to the different characteristics of the selected animals. However, the number of species we select based on the biodiversity priority list is limited, which may cause certain limitations.

04 Macroscopic Proposal

127

Attitude & Spirit Recap

129

Benifit Of Interaction

131

Planning System

133

"Point"

137

"Surface"

141

"Line"

145

Timeline & Species Development

149

128

Macroscopic Proposal | Attitude & Spirit Recap

Mutual Benefit As we discussed in Studio 1, a moral attitude is advocated by Biocentric Egalitariansm, proposed by Paul W. Taylor, which is a comprehensive branch of Biocentrism. Every species should be viewed as entities possessing inherent worth and have its own good.

WILDLIFE

HUMAN Spatial Interaction

PROJECT

Rich Urban Experience

Less Control & Management

Vivid Natural Atmosphere

Independent Life Better Urban Environment

129

Suitable Habitat

Natural Awareness

Stable Ecosystem

Natural Protection

Rich Biodiversity

Based on this principle, we believe that the project should not only help animals to have a better life in city, but also bring a relative equal value to humans. We should not simply protect animals and keep them away from humans, but to allow animals to live in cities without restrictions like humans. We aim to create more opportunities for the interaction between animal and human, forming a harmonious coexistence between wildlife and humans to echo a fair relationship in Biocentrism. In terms of the benefit for human, we hope this project could provide humans with a series of spatial interactions, bringing a rich urban experience and vivid natural atmosphere. At the same time, it may promote people to form a concept of nature, and the awareness of nature protection may be raised. (Bixler, Floyd and Hammitt, 2002) 130

Macroscopic Proposal | Benefit Of Interaction

131

Macroscopic Proposal | Benefit Of Interaction

Shape Moral Attitude

Physical and Mental Health Benefit

Cultivate Interest

Moral intuitions psychologically dependent on certain basic attitudes toward nature that we were imbued with in childhood. (Taylor, 2011) Organized Outreach Outreach programs, especially for children, are imperative to raise awareness of the importance of preserving nature. Increasing exposure to nature at a young age can improve the likelihood of a person taking action to preserve native habitat. (Bixler, Floyd, Hammitt 2002)

Wildlife and the desire to interact with urban wildlife has considerable physical and mental health benefits to the human population. (Soulsbury and White, 2015) Watching wildlife are potentially fundamental to human mental health and happiness and that the very existence of wildlife enhances our lives. (Curtin, 2009)

Interactions with nature can improve the wellbeing of urban residents and increase their interest in biodiversity. (Lopez, Minor and Crooks, 2020) A study by Bixler (2002) found that children, who played in a wildland setting, were more concerned about the health of the environment and preferred to protect it.

132

Background Research | Planning System

Planning System: "Point - Surface - Line" The book of Making Urban Nature by Piet Vollaard, Jaques Vink and Niels de Zwarte (2017) explains a planning system about how could the "Green City" could be developed and enable wildlife to have a harmonious urban coexisteence with humans. As defined in this book: Point: Places where animals can settle down --- Making nest, taking shelter or forage. Surface: More habitat elements and ecosystems needed by the species in question. Line: Structure through or over which animals can travel between points and surfaces. 133

134

Macroscopic Proposal | Planning System

2020 - 2030

2030 - 2040

2040 - 2050

"POINT"

"SURFACE"

"LINE"

"ACCESSIBILITY"

"MOBILITY"

This diagram illustrates how this system could be applied the Manchester and how it corresponds to our core strategies of "Accessibility" & "Mobility". "Point" is related to the "Accessibility", creating better existing environment to better help animals settle down. "Surface" is related to both "Accessibility" & "Mobility", providing more suitable habitas to so that wildlife could move in certain area. "Line" is related to the "Mobility", connecting the urban vegetation patches so that animals could move without limitation. Based on this, we proposed a 30-year development plan for Manchester City, which could be divided into three 10year stages, corresponding to the "Point - Surface - Line" respectively. 135

136

"Point" (2020-2030) | "Accessibility" (Preservation & Restoration + Reconciliation)

Manchester

"Water is the source of life." Maintaining water resources and improving the existing natural environment is always the foundation of every plan. --- Coder, 2001

Macroscopic Proposal | "Point" (2020-2030)

Animal Facility

Macroscopic Proposal | "Point" (2020-2030)

Hydro-Infrastructure

Fertilizer Control

Specific Facility

Primitive Facility

Noise&Light Control Garbage Management

Hydrological Tower

Conceptual Massing Development --- "Point" "Places where animals can settle down --- Making nest, taking shelter or forage." -----------------------------------------------------This stage aims to provide a good environment for the existing urban animals, and this could be divided into two parts. 1. Considering that water is the most basic factor for animal survival. Thus, the planning and utilization of Manchester's water system resources should be an early focus. Some hydrological towers could be built at some specific points along the river to purify the water and the surrounding air. Moreover, this tower can be planted a large number of different plants or crops, acting as a vertical forest for many types of birds. In addition, the bio-materials or wastre from the vegetation and birds could be the perfect feed for the fish of the river, forming a stable energy circle and small ecosystem. 2. As for the suburb area, some animal facility could be built to enable the wildlife such as fox and squirrel, to better settle down in the existing urban green patches. 139

140

"Surface" (2030-2040) | "Accessibility" + "Mobility"(Restoration & Reforestation + Reconciliation)

Manchester

People are generally reluctant to part with large parcels of land because they see it as "wasted" on natural functions. Some urban areas can be properly restored to a species natural habitat to promote a larger population. The amount of land required for a viable population of most species would be cost-prohibitive, but the benefit is considerable as well. --- Duryea, 2001

Macroscopic Proposal | "Surface" (2030-2040)

Targeted Planting

Garden Management

Urderground Habitat

Pet Control

Eco Playground & Landscape

Community Event

Green Roof

Green Facade

Green Project

Green Roof & Facade

Wetland

Building Concession

Conceptual Massing Development --- "Surface" "More habitat elements and ecosystemsneeded by the species in question." ------------------------------------------------------

Underground Habitat

143

This stage will focus on the whole river area, along with the surrounding green patches, to integrate them together into a continious natural land for animals so that they can move more freely. In order to expand the natural land near the river, the lower floors of some buildings near the river may be properly raised up or demolished to restore the space back to natural habitat for animals. (Accessibility) As for the dense area near the river, the green roof and green facade could be widely used as green corridor for birds or insects as well. (Mobility) In addition, more underground habitat for hare or hedgehog could be built in the suburb. 144

"Line" (2040-2050) | "Mobility" (Reforestation + Reconciliation)

Manchester

If resources are limited, scattering as many vegetated corridors as possible throughout the city will provide mobile wildlife with ways to flourish. Corridors can help maximize biodiversity by broadening the gene pool of mobile species. --- Ruiz-Jaén and Aide, 2006

Macroscopic Proposal | "Line" (2040-2050)

Targeted Planting

Animal Bridge

Urderground Habitat

Green Roof

Green Facade

Green Project

Conceptual Massing Development --- "Line" "Structure through or over which animals can travel between points and surfaces." ------------------------------------------------------

Underground Tunnel

147

This stage will focus on how to build the green corridor, connecting all these urban green patches together and form the exclusive traffic system for wildlife. On the one hand, the green roof and facade could be used as a type of animal corridor. On the other hand, a series of animal bridge will be built at specific nodes to increase the overall mobility. 148

Macroscopic Proposal | Timeline & Species Development

149

Macroscopic Proposal | Timeline & Species Development

2020 - 2030

2030 - 2040

2040 - 2050

"POINT"

"SURFACE"

"LINE"

150

05 Conceptual Proposal

151

Proposed System

153

Target Planning Area

155

Proposed Building Typologies

157

Vertical Forest Tower

159

Conceptual Animal Facility

167

Future Scenario

169

152

Conceptual Proposal | Proposed System

Conceptual Proposall | Proposed System

Tower

Vertical Habitat

Plant Cultivation

Water Utilization

Planting Expansion

Garbage Collection

Garbage Reuse

Parking Restoration

Green Roof

Building To Building

Building Restoration

Green Facade

Building To Green

Animal Facility

River Monitoring

Green To Green

Existing Green Patches

River Nodes

"Point"

Urban Brownfeild

Existing Building

"Surface"

"Line"

Connecting

153

154

Conceptual Proposal | Target Planning Area

Conceptual Proposall | Target Planning Area

St. John’s Park

Bridgewater Canal River Irwell Castlefield Deansgate

Plan Of Current Urban Context (Taregt Area) This target planning area is selected as our test point in Studio 3, and it is mainly based on the following five reasons: 1. There is an intersection of two rivers which could be an important urban node. 2. There are many parking lots and urban brownfields along the river area. 3.Some Green parks act as transition area between quiet residential area and high dense building area, serving people that have various types of public activities. Hulme Park

St. Georges Park

4. Based on the governmental support documents, lots of projects and buildings will be planned and built in this area, such as Deansgate Square, and it have the potential to do large-scale urban planning for both humans and animals. 5. This area was planned by government to build conservation areas and green corridors for birds and fishes.

155

156

Conceptual Proposal | Target Planning Area

Aerial View Of Current Urban Context (Taregt Area) 157

158

Conceptual Proposal | Proposed Building Typologies

Sites near the River

Conceptual Proposal | Proposed Building Typologies

Vertical Forest Tower

Conceptual Idea In Stduio 2

"Point" (2020-2040) High-Interactive Facility Green Patches Low-Interactive Facility

Parking

Waste Building "Surface" (2040-2060)

Integrated Habitat Along The River

Conceptual Idea Green Roof

Green Facade

Building - Building

"Line" (2060-2080)

Green Corridor

Building - Green Patch

Green Patch - Green Patch 159

These are draft plan, and all of theses will be designed in Studio 3.

Based on the draft system mentioned, we currently proposed 10 types of building typologies that serving both humans and wildlife in different development stages. These are draft plan which will be designed in the later Studio 3. Currently, we have done a simple primary design about the hydrological tower, as well as the conceptual ideas about the primitive facility and interactive facility in the suburb area. All of these are related to the plan of Stage "Point" (2020-2030). 160

Conceptual Proposal | How We Start?

Plant Strategy

Seedling Cultivation

Conceptual Proposal | How We Start?

Faclities

Raw Material Supply

Adequate Nutrient & Water Supply

Space for Manufacturing

More Planting Area

Processing Factory

Seedling Cultivation Adequate Nutrient & Water Supply More Planting Area Biological Fermentation & Composting

The facility provides shelter for wild animals. In addition to designing facilities for different animals, we consider the entire process of facility manufacturing, including manufacturing and material sources.

The ground space in cities is limited. We need to create more planting space and ensure the supply of nutrients and water. The collection and utilization of rainwater can become to be a green water supply system.

Facilities Manufacturing Garbage disposal Garbage Collection Water Purification

Pesticide & Fertilizer Control

Organic Fertilizer

Trash Management

Biological Fermentation & Composting

Garbage Collection

Water Purification

The management of garbage can generally be summarized as garbage collection and garbage disposal. The garbage recycling helps to form a sustainable supply and marketing relationship. Noise & Light Control

Separate Control Area

Water is one of the most basic needs of living things, so it needs to be addressed in the first stage. Hydrological infrastructure includes a series of measures such as water quality monitoring, water purification, and water recycling. 161

Separate Control Area

How we start-up? The main tasks of the first stage include: • Reducing pollution; • Providing more habitats and natural food sources for wild animals;

Water Quality Monitoring Construction Space

Water Quality Monitoring

Vertical Forest (Hydrological Tower)

The use of fertilizer is sometimes necessary, which cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore, we encourage the use of organic fertilizers, which are biologically fermented and pollutionfree. Pesticides can be controlled or even eliminated, relying on a complete natural ecological network (food web). Hydrological Infrastructure

Garbage disposal

Light and noise pollution in cities have had a great negative impact on wildlife, although some animals have already adapted. It seems very difficult to control light and noise in the full range of the city. An seperate control area could provide a good habitat for wild animals.

• Improving the urban environment and increasing green areas; • Setting up facilities for different animals' needs and providing them with shelters. This is a relatively complex function combination and system. Through the whole process analysis of each task, we designed a complete sustainable system to support the implementation of the first phase. 162

Conceptual Proposal | Vertical Forest Tower

Rainwater collection

Water quality monitoring

Urban Green Spaces

Vertical Forest Sustainable System

163

Plastic garbage cleaning

Plastic garbage melting

Facilities manufacturing

Plants

Facilities

Provide raw materials

Garbage classification

Garbage collection- Unmanned boat

jus

Garbage collection-Private Boat

The vertical forest contains a sustainable functional system. The bottom layer is the water quality monitoring system and the water quality improvement system, including the natural wetland system and the artificial filtration system, which creates a habitat in the city for otter, water vole, water birds and fish. By encouraging the collection of garbage by canal boats and the use of unmanned garbage collection boats, harmful garbage in the water body is reduced, and animal shelters are made using this as a raw material. The roof layer consists of a composting system, planting area and rainwater collection system. The heat generated by the processing shelter is used to ferment the fertilizer. The planting area is for urban reforestation to cultivate seedlings. At the same time, the excretion of the attracted animals will be collected and used as fertilizer to grow seedlings, and may be used in a wider area. The rainwater harvesting system provides sufficient water supply for seedling cultivation

Artificial purification system

Wetland purification system

Seedling cultivation

Fermentation & Composting

Various facilities for different wildlife 164

Conceptual Proposal | Vertical Forest Tower

Conceptual Section

Crop Planting

Insects

Fishes & Planktons Section 1:500 At A3 165

The hydrological tower with multiple functions could be an important urban facility in the early stage of "point", and it will be built at some specific sites along the river. Firstly, it could act as a water quality monitoring station and have a certain water purification capacity. Secondly, the garbage salvaged from the river can be processed and degraded here, and be reused as part of the construction materials for animal facility in suburb area. Thirdly, the tower is equipped with facilities to store the river water and collected rainwater for other flexible use such as irrigateing the planting area. As for the planting area, it may act as a cultivation station of plants and crops. In addition, it acts as a "vertical forest" that could be inhabitated by many species such as birds, bats or insects, protecting the urban biodiversity of plant and animal. Moreover, a colletion facility is equipped to collect the bio-materials or waste of plants and animals, and further provide to decomposers in the river, and futher feed to the fishes. It is unlikely and cost-prohibitive to do a large-scale horizontal urban restoration and reforestation in the early stage, and many plants and animals have a competitive relationship in a limited amount of land. The Vertical Forest facilitates the classification and management of plants, avoids the bio-competition between plants and animals, and reduces the homogenization of urban ecology. Secondly, Vertical Forests provide a stable habitat for different plants and animals, and it ensure a certain extent of biodiversity in a limited area, saving the use of urban land. Increasing planting and vertical stratification is a space efficient way to accommodate more species in a smaller area. Thirdly, as we did some researches about birds, different birds have different habitats in different height, and vertical forest could be a perfect habitat for different animals at the same time. In addition, the tower is built along the river, the river water could be fully and quickly used, and the bio-waste from the birds and plants could be feed to fishes in the river. The hydrological tower acts as a "vertical forest" that could be inhabitated by many types of species such as birds, insects and fishes, forming a small energy flow circle and ecosystem itself. The left section is a draft layout about the habitats for different species based on the previous animal researches, and this will be further designed in Studio 3. 166

Developed Proposal | Conceptual Animal Facility

Interactive Facility

Adaptability

Interaction Structure

Primitive Habitat

Primitive Facility

Cognitive Ability

Conceptual Facility (Primitive)

We designed two types of conceptual facilities according to the different cognitive ability and adptability of wildlife.

Attractive Habitat + Interaction Structure

1. As for the animals with strong ability and low adaptibility such as hedgehog, squirrel and fox, they have stricter requirements for the habitat such as form, material, light and temperature. They will only use facilities similar to their natural habitat which they are familiar with. Thus, these animals should be provided with primitive facility with natural form of habitat, and the interaction structure should be isolated with the habitat to avoid the direct interaction. 2. Animals with low cognitive ability or strong adaptibility such as birds and insects, could be provided with interactive facility. The forms of interactive facility could be diverse and attractive. Humans will have more direct interaction with animals. The interactive facility could be a combinition of attractive habitat and interaction structure.

Conceptual Facility (Interactive) 169

In studio 3, we will do some further researches and exploration about these two conceptual facilities and do some further design to make them in detail and specific. 170

06 Future Steps & Appendix

173

Future Steps

175

Appendix

177

174

Future Steps & Appendix | Future Steps

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

STEP 4

STEP 5

System Improvement

Typology Design

Specific Site

Technical Design

Story Book (Final Output)

Stage "Point"

Animal Facility

Site Analysis

Materials & Construction

Storyboard Design

Stage "Surface"

"Green Corridor"

Development Plan

Construction Detail

Script Idea

Future Scenarios

Stage "Line"

How to link the three stages more closely through this system?

175

Future Steps & Appendix | Future Steps

How to design the building typologies in detail and specific, and what types of interaction could be provided between humans and animals?

Choose a specific site as the test point to illustrate our strategy.

Scenario Illustration

How the building will be constructed and how it works?

An illustrated storybook that presents our Thesis Project narrativerly.

176

Future Steps & Appendix | Appendix

Air Purification

Rainwater Collection

Falcon

Bird

Insect

Water Purification Mammal

Waterfowl Amphibian

177

Previous Conceptual Sketch - "Point" Preservation

Previous Conceptual Sketch - "Line" Green Corridor

Previous Conceptual Sketch - "Surface" Restoration & Reforestation

Previous Conceptual Sketch - "Line" Green Corridor 178

07 Bibliography

179

180

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