ZOOTOPIA_ msa atelier USE ST1 by AUGUS PAN

THE ZOOTOPIA Junfu Xiao | Shuo Pan Atelier USE Studio 1

Surrealistic painting from "Tales From The Inner City" by Shaun Tan

Before Starting

Think about animals in a city. Why is it there? How do people react to it? What meaning does it suggest? ... In the highly urbanized future, Could animals only live in a skyscraper like humans? ... The answer is NO.

Introduction This document is the output of our Studio 1, which is the first of three portfolios that present our M.Arch thesis The Zootopia. As one of the major global threats, rapid urban expansion and excessive human interference have brought negative effects to the natural habitat and biodiversity of animals. We believe that the expansion of cities and human activities will not stop, which leading to trade-‐offs with ecological targets. As Junya Ishigami said that "We should consider architecture from a broader perspective to resolve the widespread problems that face us. We should not limit our understanding of architecture as an environment which is conceived specifically for human, but to forster an awareness of contemporary issues that incorporates all aspects of our surroundings." However, it seems that urban planers and architects always place human at centre in the process of urbanization. We are part of the nature, and the relationship between human and nature should be fair. There should be a certain resistance to Anthropocentrism. "Tales From The Inner City" is a powerful reflection on the nature of existence and the urban relationship we have with animals within our human world. The basic premise of the book was quite simple: Think about animals in a city. Why is it there? How do people react to it? What meaning does it suggest? The Surrealistic illustrations of the book were created from the perspective of animal, showing human's neglect of nature in the process of urbanization in an ironic way, and it also made me start thinking about the relationship between humans and animals. Based on these backgrounds, we came up with such a research question: How to design urban spaces based on the idea of Biocentrism, helping certian wildlife better inhabit the city and form a harmonious urban coexistence with humans?

Cover "Tales From The Inner City" by Shaun Tan I

This portfolio mainly consists of the following six parts: Site reflection, Ideological background, Ecological research, Feasibility review, Site research and Animal research, all of these will provide the support for the later output of Studio 2&3. II

Contents

Surrealistic painting from "Tales From The Inner City" by Shaun Tan III

00. Proposal Vision

01. Site Reflection

02. Ideological Background

03. Ecological Research

04. Feasibility Review

05. Site Research

06. Animal Research

125

07. Future Steps

149

08. Bibliography

165 IV

00 Proposal Vision

Overall Background

Research Question

Our Strategy

Project Ethos

Thesis Diagram

Theory Diagram

Proposal Vision | Overall Background

A Better Life For Human

Widespread Problems

The development of urbanization has brought tremendous convenience to people’s lives, and this trend seems to continue. Firstly, the urbanization have been creating more job opportunities and increasing the social productivity. In addition, modern cities have become the major scientific and technological innovation bases and information exchange centres, and then improve the overall development level of the region. The diverse urban lifestyle promotes the spread and exchange of culture. Thus, more cities will be built for the rise of population.

However, the development of urbanization has also brougt problems that cannot be ignored such as air pollution, global warming, desertification, overload traffic and so on. As Junya Ishigami said that architecture should not be simply defined as 'artefact' or 'artefact environment' that conceived and constructed specifically for human. We should consider architecture in the cities from a broader perspective to resolve the widespread problems that face us.

Proposal Vision | Overall Background

Anthropocentrism

How To Help Wildlife Better Live in The Cities?

Rather than limiting our understanding of architecture as an environment for people, we need to foster an awareness of contemporary issues that incorporates all aspects of our surroundings. However, it seems that urban planners and architects always place human at centre in the process of urbanization. We are part of the nature, and the relationship between human and nature should be fair. There should be a certain resistance to Anthropocentrism.

Inspired by the book "Tales From The Inner City" by Shaun Tan, we have started thinking about the relationship between humans and animals. As Alice Walker said that the animals of the world exist for their own reasons. Humans should respect the life rights of animals. Humans have to share urban space with animals. Thus, we came up with such a research question: How to design urban spaces based on the idea of Biocentrism, helping certian wildlife better inhabit the city and form a harmonious urban coexistence with humans?

Proposal Vision | Overall Background

The Zoo May Not Be The Best Answer

The Zootopia

In the past, Belle Vue Zoological Gardens was closed in 1977 because of the financial problem. And in recent, many zoos were closed because of coronavirus, but the animals still need care. Due to the declined vistors amid the coronavirus pandemic, with funding issues and reduced staffing numbers, animals living in the zoo are facing starvation and death. Both of these two stories tell us that the zoo may not be the best answer. It forms a stronger dependence of animals on humans, and it seems difficult for animals to survive independently when the zoos are facing other emergent problems.

The Fallowfield Loop was a railway line which was closed in 1988, and today it is a part of the National Cycle Network routes which is located in the south of Manchester, England. The natural recovery of the site could be regarded as a natural resistance to the ruined artefacts and urban environment, and it also created an impressive habitat for types of animals. With a background of upcoming urban development, the Fallowfield Loop could be a specific experimental point for our research question. Even if the site will be occupied by urbanization, how can we help the existing animals continue living here instead of forcing them to flee to other places.

Forming The Research Question

How to design urban spaces based on the idea of Biocentrism, helping certian wildlife better inhabit the city and form a harmonious urban coexistence with humans?

Our Strategy

Allowing animals to adapt to and share urban space with humans is not a simple task that can be completed in a short time. It takes years or even decades to explore and improve. In terms of the research question, our strategy could be mainly diveided into two prossive phases. The first phase is defined as "Accessibility", and the main purpose is to provide animals with suitable living spaces in various locations in the city, and to allow multiple species to form a dynamic equilibrium ecology, so that multiple species can survive in the city independently and maintain the respective local biodiversity. The second phase is defined as "Mobility", which aims to connect the scattered habitats formed in the first stage into an overall urban ecosystem, help animals actively expand their habitats, and further enhance the correlation between different species. Under the indirect intervention of human beings, a more stable and richer bioversity will be formed, rather than homogenization of communities across urban environments.

Proposal Vision | Project Ethos & Thesis Diagram

CHAPTER 00

CHAPTER 01

CHAPTER 02

CHAPTER 03

CHAPTER 04

CHAPTER 05

CHAPTER 06

CHAPTER 07

CHAPTER 08

Project Vision (Abstract)

Site Reflection

Ideological Research

Ecological Research

Feasibility Review

Site Research

Animal Research

Future Steps

Bibliography

Overall Background

Direct Reflection

Anthropocentrism

Ecology

Accessibility

Site Review

Animal Need

Project Review

Articles & Reports

Research Question

Indirect Reflection

Anti-Anthropocentrism

Ecosystem

Mobility

The Basics

Habitat Requirement

Methodology

Online Resources

Strategy

Ecocentrism

Biodiversity

Precedent Study

Overall Environment

Spatial Typology

Conceptual Proposal

Project Ethos

Biocentrism

Urban Ecology

Methodology

Social Background

Feeding Web

Animal Selection

We should change our attitude towards animals, rather than the methods we used.

Life is equal, we should respect the rights of animala during the process of urbanization based on the idea of Biocentrism.

A stable and rich urban biodiversity is vital for animals sharing coexist with humans in cities. There are five basic methods for improving the biodiversity of urban ecology.

The two phases of "Accessibility" and "Mobility" could be divided into four designing steps in our thesis.

Based on a general site An overall research is made for research, eight types of animals each animal, proposing a draft in Fallowfield are selected to habitat typology and a feeding explore the Steps 1 & 2 web for a local ecosytem for Steps 1 & 2.

Step1 + Step 2 (Phase 1)

Step3 + Step 4 (Phase 2)

Project Ethos

Thesis Diagram (Studio 1)

Some of the ruined artefacts in the Fallowfield Loop are occupied by vegetations and wildlife animals such as birds, foxes and squirrels. Thus, there may be architecture designed for animals to help them better adapt to the city instead of forcing them to move to other natural habitas. Animals may live here independently. Architecture may serve both animals and humans. Animals may have a more harmonious coexist with humans... We advocate treating wild animals equally with a respectful attitude. We hope to explore a strategy for a wildlife-friendly city to improve the urban ecology to achieve the goal of biodiversity.

This thesis diagram shows the relationship between the research contents of Studio 1. Inspired from the overall site reflection and background of Urban expansion, the thought of Biocentrism is our core viewpoint of the deisgn strategy. In the next, a general ecological researche will be conducted for the following feasibility review, which will guide our four design steps as methodology. Moreover, an overall site research and animal research will be conducted for the early design works later. Finally, a conclusion of Studio 1 and some conceptual proposals will be made as well.

Proposal Vision | Theory Diagram

Every Species have its own good

Value-Basis Theory

Moral Attitude Anthropocentrism (Human-centred)

Zoocentrism (Animal-centred)

Biocentrism (Life-centred)

Ecocentrism (Nature-centred)

Moral Consideration

Moral Norm Activation The Theory of Planned Behavior

Every species as entities possessing inherent worth The Principle of Intrinsic Value

Reverence of Life （）(Albert Schweitzer）)

Biocentric Egalitariansm （）(Paul W. Taylor)

Biodiversity Ecology

Urban Ecology

Human are the memebers of the Earth's community of life

Animal's Liberation （）(Peter Singer)

Interaction

Hierarchy Biosphere

Priority Species in Manchester Biodiversity Priority Species in Great Manchester

Specific Animals Selection

Ecosystem

Design for Animals

Food webs

The Earth's ecosystem is an organic system

Habitat

Belief System

Ethology

Each individual organism is a teleological center

Niche Trophic levels Metapopulations and migration

Anti-Anthropocentrism (Anti-Human-centred)

Community ecology

Denial of human superiorty

Niche constructionconstruction Biome Population ecology Basic Rules

Nonmaleficence

Keystone species

Noninterference Fidelity

Specific Animals Analysis

Animals Behaviour in City

Restitutive Justice Normative Principle

Priority Principle

Self-defense Proportionality

Right

Minimum Wrong

Permanent habitat allocation

Distributive Justice

Common conservation

Restitutive

Environmental integration

Animal Right

Subsistence and security

Accessiblity Phase 1

Mobility Phase 2 Strategy

Liberty Autonomy 15

01 Site Reflection

Direct Reflection

Indirect Reflection

Summary

Site Reflection | Direct Reflection

Direct Reflection: Nature's Return The seeds take root on the hard ground. The vine climbed up against the broken brick wall. The wanton growth of plants gradually blurred the boundary between human-made and nature. The birds are singing leisurely on the branches. Bees are greedily sucking the nectar. Squirrels are jumping in the forest, chasing and frolicking. The fish rushed out of the water with a crisp sound, breaking the silence of the lake. Nature is back here. -----------------------------------------------------This is our first impression after going to the Fallowfield Loop. This area was once full of factories and railways until people abandoned it. Now, wild animals and plants are enjoying the ‘Waste Land’ we once said. This is a natural intrusion and natural resistance. We can see the lush bushes and animals foraging in them, they settle, breed and live here. The traces of early human activities are gradually being hidden by nature. A direct example might be the Secret Lake. It was a reservoir used for printing work. Now there are lush aquatic plants, fish and birds growing here. Its borders are no longer obvious, although we can still perceive its regular shape through the map. People walk and cycle on the Fallowfield Loop. The development of primary cycling routes did not cause serious damage to nature here. People and other creatures are sharing this land in a subtle and balanced way. 19

Site Reflection | Direct Reflection

Direct Reflection: Human Desire Desires, desires, desires! Humans never seem to be satisfied. As we often mention: the world is in our hands. Yes, in a human-centred world, we have the ability to change the world. Although from the present point of view, we often adopt a negative approach. -----------------------------------------------------The way we enjoy nature seems to be selfish. We keep reclaiming land without thinking because we need development. We habitually remove the lush wild plants and lay a soft and flat lawn, because we want the environment to become more comfortable for us. We keep widening the forest path so that more people can pass. The green corridors for animals and plants were ruthlessly interrupted by us. We want solid land, so plants are eradicated. We try to occupy more land, so the animals on the earth flee. We eager to travel freely in the river, so the waterfowls fly away. Man-made objects replace natural products at the fastest speed. Now, there is a 4.9 million improvement plan for the Manchester cycle route. Manchester City Council said it plans to enhance the 14km route, creating a safer, more convenient，attractive and accessible cycling and walking network. It was proposed to transformed open areas, which will provide better places for people to stop, relax and for children to play. We hope that it will not become to be an amusement park for humans only. 21

Site Reflection | Direct Reflection

Direct Reflection: The Urban Wild Look, it's a wild boar! -----------------------------------------------------Such exclamations are frequently appearing on social media recently. As the COVID-19 pandemic forces people to retreat from streets across the globe, animals are moving in to fill the void. Billions of people are inside, socially isolating themselves under the direction of health and government officials. When humans are away, the animals come back. People see animals roaming more freely during the pandemic as people are at home. Lots of creatures, from deer and boars to foxes and even a puma, have been making an appearance in places where we wouldn't normally expect to see them. Animals in urban areas are exploring emptied streets and waterways. While many of these are not unique sightings, the human restrictions due to the coronavirus pandemic seem to have given animals the confidence to go deeper into our cities and stay for longer. It is clear that the lockdown of humans is helping nature and biodiversity rediscover their natural spaces. Of course, a deadly pandemic that brings about a sudden economic collapse is no way to restore threatened ecosystems sustainably. Yet it's a clear reminder of how quickly the wild world responds when humans take a step back. How to cultivate a new and better “normal” after this pandemic, the needs, rights, and preferences of animals in urban spaces need to be considered as a part of our collective conversation. 23

Site Reflection | Indirect Reflection

Indirect Reflection: As For Animal Respecting animals and protecting their rights is an urgent and important issue. Crisis: The world is losing biodiversity at an ever-increasing rate as a result of human activity. Every 60 seconds a species dies out. In the UK we have lost over 100 species during the last century, with many more species and habitats in danger of disappearing, especially at the local level. The abundance and distribution of the UK’s species has, on average, declined since 1970 and many metrics suggest this decline has continued in the most recent decade. In England in the past twenty years, 71% of butterfly species, 56% of bird species and 28% of plant species have either suffered significant declines or have become extinct. The risk of extinction comes from the difficulty for individuals to survive and reproduce in unfamiliar contexts to which they have had no opportunity to adapt. The animals are struggling and we are running out of time. Significance: Biodiversity is essential for a healthy and functional ecosystem. If wildlife is extracted from its natural habitat, the delicate balance of the ecosystem will be disturbed which will then lead to disastrous results. 25

Site Reflection | Indirect Reflection

Indirect Reflection: In Terms Of The City Could we arrogantly instruct wild animals to live in the wildness only? The answer is NO. Crisis: The pace of urban expansion seems unstoppable. Wild animals could live in the wild. But the wilderness is not endless. We are ultimately limited by the limited natural world, rely on it. Of all rapid human-induced environmental changes, the urbanization process is currently one of the most important threats to biodiversity. Significance: Providing a city where wild animals can live comfortably is an important way for us to make up for the encroachment of their natural habitat, and to regard their rights as ours. For the urban context it has been proven that greenways in cities can be enhanced for wildlife to improve their role in strengthening networks. Urban ecosystems are considered to be suitable habitat for species such as small mammals, in part because of their ability to use highly fragmented habitats. Green patches, as habitat stepping stones can be valuable for many species in urban areas, particularly invertebrates and birds. Here are also good social and economic reasons for practicing habitat creation and repair in the areas where people live and work. 27

Site Reflection | Indirect Reflection

MORE POPULATION

Site Reflection | Indirect Reflection

LESS GREEN SPACE

Indirect Reflection: There May Be A Worse Result The population？ according to the latest demographic forecast: (1) The world’s population is expected to increase by 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from 7.7 billion currently to 9.7 billion in 2050.The global population could grow to around 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050, and 10.9 billion in 2100. (Estimated 7.7 billion people worldwide in 2019) (UN,2019) (2) The UK population was estimated to be 66,796,807 in mid-2019 (ONS, 2019). the population will reach 77 million by 2050 and experiencing continued growth throughout the century reaching 77.97 million in 2099. The area of cities, woodlands and farmland in the UK: (1) The number of hectares of land in UK is 24.2 million hectares. The total agricultural area in the UK is around 17.6 million hectares, with an additional 3.2million hectares covered by woodland and forests. The agricultural area, excluding woodland, accounts for 72% of the total area of land (Savills, 2019). (2) The utilised agricultural area (UAA) in England stands at just under 9.06 million hectares. Permanent grassland in England accounts for 41% of utilized agricultural area (UAA) and has remained virtually unchanged at 3.7 million hectares in 2019 (Defra, 2019). FASTER URBANIZATION

FEWER ANIMALS

We believe that human activities will not stop, the populations of the world will rise further, and cities will keep expanding. This may lead to a bad result that the green space is less, and there are fewer animals exist in the world. Thus, it is necessary that human share space with animals, human have to find a way to coexist with animals in cities. 30

Site Reflection | Indirect Reflection

URBAN NATURAL RESERVE

Indirect Reflection: Current Measures To Protect The Ecosystem For Animals At present, there are mainly three types of protection measures for the animals' ecosystem. However, all of these three measures have certain limitations. (1) Zoo The presence of zoos is to facilitate people's management of animals. It could be regarded as a relatively simple and effective animal protection measure, but it also forms a stronger dependence of animals on humans. Animals do not have enough freedom for activities, and their daily life is provided for people to watch. The relationship between human and animal is not fair in the zoo. When humans encounter other emergent problems, it seems difficult for animals to survive independently.

ZOO PARK & GARDEN

(2) Park & Garden As for the parks and gardens, the most are occupied by human activities. Humans' direct influence may be too much, the biodiversity may be threatened, and a certiain animals may be forced to move to other natural places. (3) Urban Natural Reserve Natural reserve could be the most useful and effective measure. However, the urban land is limited and it also ignores humans' role in the urban ecosystem.

Site Reflection | Summary

Summary: The Natural World And Of Our Place In It Now, people have already realized the significant role that animals play in our biosphere, which is indispensable and non-negligible ignored. Humankind has widely emphasized the importance of one-way, top-down protection, which seems always to be considered insufficient. Such results are believed to be due to our limited ideology. Thus, What attitude should we treat animals? If we want to answer this question, we should have a discuss interms of these four mainstream ideas: Anthropocentrism, Antianthropocentrism, Ecocentrism and Biocentrism. 33

02 Ideological Background

Overall Introduction

Anthropocentrism

Resistance To Anthropocentrism

Anti-Anthropocentrism

Ecocentrism

Biocentrism

Comparison Between China And Europe

Summary - Why Biocentrism?

Ideological Background | Overall Introduction

RESISTANCE TO ANTHROPOCENTRISM

Microbe

Animal

Human

Plant

Environment

Environment Human

Plant

Ecosystem

Environment

Human

Ecosystem

ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ANTI-ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ECOCENTRISM

BIOCENTRISM

Human is not part of the nature.

Human is part of the nature.

Considering human as the central fact of Universe.

Complete negation of anthropocentrism.

Humans have a higher view of bioethics.

Human intervention in nature is excessive.

Regarding the stability of the ecosystem as core value.

Extending inherent value to all living things.

Human have to respect environment.

Ecosystem should be protected rather than mangage it.

All creatures have an equal right of life. Considering human plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance.

Anthropocentrism & Resistance to Anthropocentrism Anti-Anthropocentrism

[Extremalisation]

[Opposite]

Anthropocentrism

Biocentrism

Ecocentrism

There are mainly three types of theories showing resistance to Anthropocentrism. The differences and relationships between these theories may be subtle and ambiguous. The most obvious difference is the focused point. Antianthropocentrism is totally opposed with the idea of anthropocentrism, while Ecocentrism and Biocentrism do not deny the value of anthropocentrism. Both Ecocentrism and Biocentrism insist that human is a part of the nature, but humans have a higher view of bioethics that human should have more obligations to maintain the balance of ecosystem and should protect the equal right of every living things. However, Ecocentrism does not trust the development technology and large-scale production. They believe that the ecosystem is complex and should be protected rather than managed by humans. Humans should satisfy the present rather than continue to expand. In contrast, Biocentrism does not oppose the expansion of human activities and the development of technology. It believes that while humans are developing, they should also consider other life individuals, and protect the environment under the premise of development to allow living things to coexist harmoniously. 38

Ideological Background | Anthropocentrism

Anthropocentrism (Humancentrism; Anthropocene; Egoism) "Animals are merely sophisticated automata. Only humans are deserving of compassion." --- René Decartes ------------------------------------------------------

Above: 'Anthropocentrism' by Evgeny Hontor , 2009.

Anthropocentrism, also known as homocentrism, human supremacism, and speciesism is a human-centred worldview that holds human beings as the central or most significant species on Earth. They are considered to have a moral standing above other beings. Anthropocentrism interprets or regards the world in terms of human values and experiences. 40

Ideological Background | Anthropocentrism

THE GADEN OF EARTHLY DELIGHT

‘INDUSTRIAL BUILDING’ BY ROBERT PENISTONE

DEER HUNTING SCENE THE ASTRONOMER CAVE PAINTING OF COW & HORSES

IRONIC PAINTING BY PAWEL KUCZYNSKI

Early Age

Agricultural Revolution

Religion-Christianity

Scientific Revolution

Industrial Revolution

Now

Early humans are the kind of foragers. Thy respected the nature.They felt nature and observed it. They are part of nature.

Central to the Agricultural Revolution was the change from an ecocentric worldview to an anthropocentric one. The humancentered worldview that originated from our alienation from nature. The farmed land is clearly separated from the wilderness beyond, commonly by physical boundaries.

"Man named all the animals, thus establishing his dominance over them. Although man’s body is made of clay, he is not simply part of nature: he is made in God’s image. Man exploit nature for his proper ends is God’s will which made it possible to exploit nature in a mood of indifference to the feelings of natural objects. People believe that we are superior to nature, contemptuous of it, willing to use it for our slightest whim." --Lynn White, 1967

The Anthropocentrism was enforced during the Scientific Revolution. Because of technology development, we got the ability to exploit natural resources.

In the eighteenth century, the Enlightenment inherited and expanded the Scientific Revolutions legacy of extolling the material mastery of nature. Ultimately, this legacy developed into the modern anthropocentric ethics of exploiting natural resources.

Now, the environment is practically on lifesupport. Thousands of species went extinct. Only 10% of the world’s fish are left. Deserts are expending due to deforestation and the air and water is no longer clean. We have realized the limitations and errors of human-centred thinking and intended to conserve species and ecosystem diversity while contributing to people s well-being by improving the living environment.

"Animals are machines, are automata, do not think, have no language, have no selfconsciousness. Only humans are deserving of compassion." --René Decartes

The Anthropocene began with the invention of the steam engine which was a key component of the English Industrial Revolution that began about 1760 and was established sometime between 1820-40.

History Of Anthropocentrism Development Anthropocentrism arguing that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world. This is a basic belief embedded in many Western religions and philosophies. The emergence of anthropocentrism is believed to be related to the agricultural revolution and the rise of Christianity. Human beings are emphasized as being different from nature, special life forms. With the rise of the technological revolution and the industrial revolution, our technological and scientific movement got their stare in the Middle Age which help us archived world dominance. Anthropocentrism regards humans as separate from and superior to nature and holds that human life has intrinsic value while other entities are resources that may justifiably be exploited for the benefit of humankind. Formerly man had been part of nature, now he was the exploiter of nature. 41

Ideological Background | Resistance To Antropocentrism

HIERARCHY OF CREATURES

Angels ALDO LEOPOLD

Human Beings

NATIVE AMERICAN

Animal

Insects & Plant Material Objects

571 - 471 BC

385 - 322 BC

1138 - 1204

1185

1759 - 1796

1875 - 1965

1889 - 1976

1923 - 2015

1946 -

Laozi | China

Aristotle | Greece

Maimonides | Spain

Zen Buddhism | Japan

Burns, R. | Scotland

Schweitzer, A | France

Heidegger, M. | Germany

Taylor, P. | America

Singer, P. | Australia

"One respect in which the human being is to emulate nature is by being self-effacing --- Living modestly and without extravagance, reducing one’s desires, taking the middle way and avoiding extremes." (Taoism)

"Every organism has a purposeful directed life." (Biocentrism)

"Human just like 'A mere drop of the bucket and not the axle of the world.'" (Anti-Anthropocentrism)

"All things have the Buddha nature." (Japanese Zen)

"I’m truly sorry man’s dominion has broken nature’s social union." (Anti-Anthropocentrism)

"Ethics is nothing other than Reverence for Life. Reverence for Life affords me my fundamental principle of morality, namely, that good consists in maintaining, assisting and enhancing life, and to destroy, to harm or to hinder life is evil." (Biocentrism)

"The imperceptible law of the earth preserves it in the sufficiency of the arising and perishing of all things within the allotted circle of the possible, a law that each thing follows yet none is aware of." (Anti-Anthropocentrism)

"Humans are nonprivileged members of the earth's community of life. In the contemporary world the extinction of Homo sapiens would be beneficial to the Earth's Community of Life." (Biocentrism)

"There are obviously important differences between humans and other animals, and these differences must give rise to some differences in the rights that each have." (Biocentrism)

Resistance To Anthropocentrism All Over The World History In the long history, there were lots of philosophers and scientists around the world expressed the salutary understandings of nature in different periods. However, there are certain differences in their thoughts. In ancient time, the Australian aboriginal, Polynesian, and Native American cultures shows human worship of nature. In China, Laozi and Zhuangzi took Taoism as their core thougt, which inspired the later Japanese Buddhism and Heidegger's anti-anthropocentrism. However, there were a certain philosophers thought the Taoism and anti-anthropocentrism are not practical or realistic. (Parkes, G., 2013) At the time of the Enlightenment, humans began to pay more attention to the relationship with nature. Aristotle’s Natural Philosophy could be defined as a version of Biocentrism, which advocating a balanced relationship between humans and other creatures. In addition, the thoughts of Albert Schweitzer, Paul Taylor, Aldo Leopold, Peter Singer and Gaia Hypothesis could be viewed as other versions of Biocentrism. (Bhuiyan, A., 2015) 43

Ideological Background | Anti-Anthropocentrism

Anti-Anthropocentrism "The imperceptible law of the earth preserves it in the sufficiency of the arising and perishing of all things within the allotted circle of the possible, a law that each thing follows yet none is aware of." --- Martin Heidegger ------------------------------------------------------

Above: Part of oil painting from ‘Sand Dune’ by Francis Bacon, 1983.

Martin Heidegger is usually considered as a source of winsdom regarding anti-anthropocentrism. In 'Being and time', Heidegger claimed that human beings do not belong to animals in a sense, but are a kind of existence between animals and gods. The expansion of human activities and the development of science and technology have brought harm to the natural environment, which is usually regarded as a crime by anti-anthropocentricists. Therefore, antianthropocentricists advocate a kind of thinking similar to Chinese Taoism and believe that humans should respect natural environment, and imitate the natural life state. In order to protect the living environment, human development needs to make compromises. However, most people think that anti-anthropocentrism is extreme and unrealistic. Heidegger's own hatred of individualism and rights is also a contributing factor to his becoming a fascist. (Dombrowski, A., 1994) 46

Ideological Background | Ecocentrism

Ecocentrism "Humans should appreciate the quality of life rather than aspire towards higher standards of living" --- Arne Naess ------------------------------------------------------

Above: Painting of Pachamama (Mother Earth).

Ecocentricists regard the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem as the most important core. They think that humans are part of nature and a member of animals. However, humans have more complex thoughts, and ecocentricists do not completely deny the important position of humans in nature. Human beings have a higher biological morality and have more obligations to maintain the stability of the ecosystem. Human society should be controlled by nature, not the other way around. Ecocentricists do not trust technology and stand against large-scale production and cooperation. They believe that ecosystems are complex and should be protected rather than managed by human. 48

Ideological Background | Biocentrism

The Monistenbund

Neo-Vitalism

Anarchism

Lebensphilophie

Biocentrism

The Reformbewegung

Biologism

Neo-Lamarckism

Organicism/Holism

Biocentrism - European Thinking "In some remote corner of the universe ... glittering in innumerable solar systems, there once was a star on which clever animals invented knowledge. That was the haughtiest and falsest minute of [so-called] "world history." --- Friedrich Nietzsche The biocentric way of thinking seems not any more to be merely one possible way, it is, rather, the only possible way to order experience, i.e. nature; to make it usable. Stated briefly: it is the only possible way to live.The age of biological thinking has ... just begun. --- Raoul Heinrich Francé -----------------------------------------------------Biocentrism, ethical perspective holding that all life deserves equal moral consideration or has equal moral standing. Although elements of biocentrism can be found in several religious traditions, it was not until the late decades of the 20th century that philosophical ethics in the Western tradition addressed the topic in a systematic manner. The Romantic movement of the 18th and 19th centuries defended the intrinsic value of the natural world against the tendency of the technological age to treat all nature as having mere instrumental value. These passages reflect the "Biocentrism" which characterized a worldview of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Above: Part of oil painting from ‘The Gaden of Earthly Delight’ by Hieronymus Bosch.

Biocentrism rejected anthropocentrism, decentering the human species in favor of "nature" and "life." Since humanity was seen to be part of these larger wholes of life and nature, everything humans do and produce is also part of nature for Biocentric, and hence explicable in its terms. 50

Ideological Background | Biocentrism

Biocentrism - European Thinking "Reverence for Life says that the only thing we are really sure of is that we live and want to go on living. This is something that we share with everything else that lives, from elephants to blades of grass—and, of course, every human being.we are brothers and sisters to all living things, and owe to all of them the same care and respect, that we wish for ourselves." --- Albert Schweitzer ------------------------------------------------------

Above: Part of oil painting from ‘Noah's Ark on Mount Ararat’ by Simon De Myle.

Biocentric ethics includes Albert Schweitzer's ethics of "Reverence for Life", Peter Singer's ethics of Animal Liberation and Paul W. Taylor's ethics of biocentric egalitarianism.Albert Schweitzer's "reverence for life" principle was a precursor of modern biocentric ethics. Schweitzer's ethical philosophy introduced a "depth, energy, and function that differs from the ethics that merely involved humans". "Reverence for life" was a "new ethics, because it is not only an extension of ethics, but also a transformation of the nature of ethics. Singer's ethics is extended from humans to nonhuman animals. Taylor maintains that biocentrism is an "attitude of respect for nature", whereby one attempts to make an effort to live one's life in a way that respects the welfare and inherent worth of all living creatures. Biocentrism is most commonly associated with the work of Paul W. Taylor. 52

Ideological Background | Biocentrism

Biocentrism - European Thinking "What we do about ecology, (nature and animals) depends on our ideas of the man-nature relationship... Humanity and nature are not separate." --- Lynn White -----------------------------------------------------There are four main point of a biocentric outlook, include: Humans and all other species are members of Earth's community, and on equal terms; All species are part of a system of interdependence, both physically, and in terms of relationships with other species.; All living organisms pursue their own "good" in their own ways; Human beings are not inherently superior to other living things. Taylor's thinking include three themes: Moral Attitude: Moral attitude means respect for nature, which is the central place in the foundation:The good (well-being, welfare) of a living thing; An entity possessing inherent. It is understood to be a disinterested matter of principle. It is this feature that distinguishes the attitude of respect for nature from the set of feelings and dispositions that comprise the love of nature. The latter stems from one’s personal interest in and response to the natural world.

Above: Part of oil painting from ‘Concert of the Birds’ by Frans Snyders.

Belief System: Belief system focus on the natural world and of our place in it. It includes four principles:Humans are the members of the Earth’s community of life; The Earth’s natural ecosystems is a complex web of interconnected elements that their good functions depend on each other. Each individual organism is a teleological centre of life, pursuing its own good in its own way; The denial of human superiority. Normative Principle: This is composed of a set of principles and rules, including: The basic rules of conduct and its priority principle; Priority principles for the fair resolution of conflicting claims

Ideological Background | Biocentrism

Above: Daoist Immortal, probably Laozi, China, 500-1000 A.D.

Biocentrism - Chinese Thinking "Dao Fa Zi Ran, Tian Ren He Yi."

--- Lao Zi

------------------------------------------------------

Above: The Chinese writing of Dao.

Dao Fa Zi Ran means follow nature's way. The natural world has long been conceived in Chinese thought as a self-generating, complex arrangement of elements that are continuously changing and interacting. Uniting these disparate elements is the Dao, or the way. Earliest Chinese believe that the universe, Earth humankind and other creatures are structured analogically and are equal in detail, forming an interconnected whole. According to Daoist beliefs, man is a crucial component of the natural world and is advised to follow the flow of nature's rhythms. Daoism also teaches that people should maintain a close relationship with nature for optimal moral and physical health. 56

Carbon Emissionc

Plum Blossom Mountain Bird Illustration by Chen Hongshou, 1649

Ideological Background | Comparison Between China And Europe

Chinese painting by Fu Ru, 1900A.D.

Chinese word: Mountain

Venus de Milo by Praxiteles, between 130 and 100 B.C

Spouted Wine Vessel (Gong), China, 1300-1400 B.C.

Ideological Background | Comparison Between China And Europe

Digesting Duck by Jacques de Vaucanson, 1739

Art: Nature played an important role in the arts in cultural tradition of China. Since China s earliest dynastic period, real and imagined creatures of the earth serpents, bovines, cicadas, and dragons were endowed with special attributes, as revealed by their depiction on ritual bronze vessels.

Language: Compared with words composed of letters, Chinese is a text derived by simplifying the image of an object. The picture above shows the two characters: Mountain and Water in ancient Chinese.

Landscape: Compared with the exquisite portrait sculpture art in Europe. There are few precedents for the Chinese to use human statues to decorate the interior. Chinese literati prefer to use natural objects as decorations, thus metaphorically reflecting a way of advocating quiet thinking and literary pursuit. Traditional Chinese gardens were meant to evoke a feeling of being in the larger natural world, so that the occupant could capture the sensations of wandering through the landscape. In other words, the garden presented the larger world of nature in microcosm.

Development: In modern times, with the rise of Western countries, China has begun its path of development. The rapid development makes it easy to think of the development mode of the Western Industrial Revolution: people have obtained powerful science and technology, and unscrupulously demanded from nature without regard to the consequences.

Same Goals: Although Western countries and China have different development paths and processes, they are all facing urban expansion, rapid decline in ecological diversity, and environmental pollution. Therefore, discussing biocentrism and this thesis is of broad significance.

Ideological Background | Summary - Why Biocentrism?

RESISTANCE TO ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ANTI-ANTHROPOCENTRISM

ECOCENTRISM

BIOCENTRISM

Human is not part of the nature

Humans have a higher view of bioethics

Distrusting the development of technology

Disadvantage & Limitation

Core Theory Of Our Thesis

Anthropocentrism ignores the importance of nature, and humans brought excessive interference to the non-human world. It caused damage to the natural environment, and threatening the survival of animals.

Humans have a higher status than animals in the world and is not part of the nature, but humans should respect the nature, it advocates returning to a primitive state of life, which was inspired from the ideas of Taoism. It is widely regarded as an extreme and unrealistic theory, and it brought negative effect to the progress of human civilization as it it is believes that the value of nature is higher than that of human society. If human and non-human life is to prosper, the population must be reduced.

It do not believe that the technological development will bring a better future, it stands against the largescale production and cooperation. It ignores the value of human thought and the important role that humans play in the ecosystem as it claims that the nature is complicated, humans cannot manage the nature with their own wisdom, but should absolutely protect nature. Humans should satisfy the present rather than continue to expand, and the natural environment should not be occupied anyway.

We believe that people is part of the nature, and the relationship between humans and animals should be fair. However, because of our more complex thinking, we have a higher bioethics and obligation to protect nature. We are not opposed to the development of technology. We should try to use our wisdom to maintain the equal living right of every human and animal, and architecture could be one of the answers.

03 Ecological Research

Ecology

Ecosystem

Biodiversity

Urban Ecology

Ecological Research | Ecology

Ecology As we are focusing a proposal which enables certain animals to have a independent life, and to form a harmonious and fair relationship between humans and animals. It is necessary to have a brief understanding about ecological knowledgement and the ecosystem before we conduct a specific strategy. Ecology, a concept defined by German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866, is a science that studies the relationship between organisms and the environment and their mechanism of action. The survival, activity, and reproduction of living things require a certain amount of space, material and energy. During the long-term evolution of organisms, special needs for certain physical conditions and chemical components of the surrounding environment, such as air, light, moisture, heat, and inorganic salts, have gradually formed. The material and energy required by various organisms and the physical and chemical conditions they adapt to are different. This characteristic is called the ecological characteristic of the species.

Above: Ascidiae, plate 85 from Kunstformen der Natur painted by Ernst Haeckel, 1904.

It should be pointed out that due to the tremendous pressure on the environment and resources caused by the rapid population growth and the interference of human activities, mankind urgently needs to master ecological theory to adjust the relationship between man and nature, resources and the environment, and coordinate the relationship between social economic development and the ecological environment. To promote sustainable development. The survival of any creature is not isolated: individuals of the same species help each other and compete. There are also complex relationships between plants, animals, and microorganisms. In order to meet their own needs, human beings constantly transform the environment, which in turn affects human beings. With the expansion and diversification of the scope of human activities, the relationship between humans and the environment has become more and more prominent. Therefore, the scope of modern ecology research has expanded to include the complex system of various types of ecosystems, including human society, in addition to individual organisms, populations and biological communities. Several major issues such as population, resources, and environment that humans face are all ecological research content. 64

Ecological Research | Ecosystem

Ecosystem

NON-BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

CONSUMERS

PRODUCERS

Non-biological living environment: Including sunlight and all other basic materials that constitute the ecosystem: Water, Inorganic salts, Air, Organic matter, Rocks and so on. Producers: They are mainly a variety of green plants, as well as chemical energy synthetic bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria. They are all autotrophic organisms, is a bridge connecting the inorganic environment and the biological community.

DECOMPOSERS

HEAT ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

HEAT ENERGY (FROM METABOLIC REACTION, WARM BODIES AND FRICTION)

PRODUCERS

PRIMARY CONSUMERS

SECONDARY CONSUMERS

TOP CONSUMERS

CHEMICAL ENERGY IN DETRITUS (WASTE AND DEAD NOT EATEN BY CONSUMERS)

ENERGY FLOWW IN ECOSYSTM

Ecosystem is a dynamic balance system composed of biological communities and their living environment. Biological communities are composed of certain types of animals, plants, and microorganisms that exist in a certain range or area of nature and depend on each other. The living environment of different biological groups in the biological community includes non-biological environment and biological environment. There is continuous material exchange and energy flow between the biological community and its living environment, and they are in a dynamic balance of interaction and mutual influence. The scope of the ecosystem could be defined according to the research purpose and objects. There are many types of ecosystems, which can generally be divided into natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems. Natural ecosystems can be further divided into water ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems. Artificial ecosystems can be divided into farmland, urban and other ecosystems. The largest ecosystem is the biosphere, while a forest, a meadow, and a pond can all be regarded as an small ecosystem as well. The components of the ecosystem: Non-biological living environment and energy, Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers.

DECOMPOSERS

Decomposers: It is also called "reducers". They are a type of heterotrophic organisms, mainly composed of various bacteria (parasitic bacteria belong to consumers, saprophytic bacteria are decomposers) and fungi. The decomposer is a bridge connecting the biological community and the inorganic environment. Consumers: It refer to heterotrophic organisms that feed on animals and plants. The scope of consumers is very wide, including almost all animals and some microorganisms (mainly eubacteria). They transfer energy in the ecosystem through predation and parasitism. 66

Ecological Research | Biodiversity

Biodiversity Biodiversity means the whole variety of life on Earth. The three main levels of biodiversity that widely known are species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. In summary, species diversity is the most intuitive embodiment of biological diversity and is the center of the concept of biological diversity. Genetic diversity is the internal form of biological diversity. A species is a unique gene pool. It can be said that every species is the carrier of genetic diversity. The diversity of the ecosystem is the external form of biodiversity, and the most effective form is to protect the diversity of the ecosystem. The words biodiversity and Manchester may not appear synonymous but the strategy shows that in our urban habitats such as city parks there can be an enormous number of individual species. Changes in rural areas such as the intensification of agricultural practices has meant that urban spaces in Manchester are all the more valuable. Manchester's Strategy In the UK since 1990 a range of plants, insects and mammals have become extinct, some of these species are now globally extinct. The picture of species decline has begun to reverse in the last thirty years and the bird population in the UK is on the increase, although some species like the sparrow are facing massive decline. There is evidence that shows the value of biodiversity to Manchester residents however factors such as community safety, access to jobs and good quality housing are all of a relative higher importance. The key purposes of the strategy: 1. To create a full species and habitat audit to establish a baseline of biodiversity in the city. 2. To use a best practice approach when managing for biodiversity. 3. Promote biodiversity in Manchester. 4. Promote biodiversity through environmental education. 5. Integrate biodiversity into the wider sustainable development agenda. 67

Ecological Research | Urban Ecology

Toward An Urban Ecology "The city is part of nature."

--- Anne Whiston Spirn

Anne Whiston Spirn wrote these words some 30 years ago in her influential book, The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. There she argued for a new approach to urban design that would take into account the complex interaction between social and natural processes. (Orff, 2016) Cities have been the engines of socioeconomic development but also the centres of major environmental problems since the industrial revolution. Numerous studies have shown that our urban ecosystems and landscapes are on an unsustainable trajectory. Global sustainability depends critically on cities, and urban ecology can and needs to play a key role in the transition toward sustainability. (Wu, 2014) With the rise of the subject of urban ecology, nature and city are no longer regarded as opposites, but inseparable. Ian McHarg borrowed this discipline in his seminal book "Design with Nature" and promoted it. (Orff, 2016) Urban ecology was first developed as part of human ecology in the 1920s by a small and influential team of sociologists at the University of Chicago. After almost 90 years of development, urban ecology has evolved into a truly transdisciplinary enterprise that integrates ecological, geographical, planning, and social sciences. The most salient thrust of current research activities in the field is the emerging urban sustainability paradigm which focuses on urban ecosystem services and their relations to human well-being. There are different definitions of what a city is. Therefore, there is no uniform definition of urban ecology. (Wu, 2014) 69

Ecological Research | Urban Ecology

EVOLVEMENT Ecology In City

Changing Perspectives Of Urban Ecology Sustainability Of Cities

Ecology Of Cities

Cities as trashed or damaged habitat

City as ecosystems

City as socio-economic systems

Cities as social-ecological systems

Social Ecology & Human Ecology - 1920s - Chicago School

Bio-ecology - Late 1940s - Berlin School

Robert E. Park 1864-1944

Urban Systems & Human Ecosystem - 1960s / 1970s - J. Forrester - F. Stearns - H.T. Odum

Forest W. Stearns 1918-1999

Urban Landscape - 1990s - Landscape Ecology - Urban LTERs

Urban Sustanability - 2000s - Ecosystem services - Human well-being - Complex adaptive systems - Social-ecological systems - Resilience

Above: Evolving perspectives and approaches in urban ecology, modified from Jianguo Wu, 2008.

Herbert Sukopp 1930-

The various concepts and perspectives in urban ecology have been categorized as either "ecology in cities", which focuses primarily on the non-human organisms in the urban environment, or "ecology of cities", which considers the whole city as an ecosystem. Considering the new developments in urban studies during the past decade, a third category “sustainability of cities” was added. Based on this broad categorization, several distinct but related urban ecological approaches can be identified. According to the left diagram, different urban ecology approaches, arranged chronologically based on the approximate time of their emergence, are classified into three broad perspectives: ecology in cities, ecology of cities, and sustainability of cities. Dashed lines denote relationships among different approaches and the thickness of the lines denotes the relative strength of influence. During the recent decades, different perspectives tend to merge together, and the field of urban ecology has become increasingly interdisciplinary, dominated by the landscape approach with rising emphasis on urban sustainability. (Wu, 2014) Today, we are witnessing the burgeoning of a golden age of urban ecology. Unlike many other fields of study that wax and wane in their popularity, the study of urban ecology and sustainability will most likely stay hot because our present and future depend on it. Although urban sustainability has now risen to prominence in urban studies, a generally acceptable and operational definition is yet to be developed. As cities are spatially heterogeneous, complex adaptive systems, however, urban sustainability is more use fully viewed as a dynamic process instead of a fixed goal. We may consider the city as a key laboratory for human-environment interactions and urbanization as a global experiment on sustainability. We do not know how the experiment will turn out; but we know the significance of the out-come: it will determine the fate of the human species. Therefore, urban ecology has to embrace sustainability in its scientific core and as its ultimate goal. Indeed this is happening, but the journey has just begun. (Wu, 2014) 72

Ecological Research | Urban Ecology

Challenges Of Current Urban Ecology Cities represent the extreme of human-modified environments, with only remnants of the original habitats existing. Generally, urbanization decreases species richness and, correspondingly, biodiversity. Specialist animal species decline in urban areas, while generalists thrive. However, results obtained from different scales, biotopes and landscapes might differ, indicating scale and habitat specific behavioural response of individuals, populations and species on urbanization. High dominance of a few species and low species richness cause homogenization of communities across urban environments. Therefore, green areas in urban environments are relevant for biodiversity conservation and environmental awareness. Because of the increasing rate of urban sprawl worldwide, it is important that both landscape planners and conservation biologists recognize the need to focus management efforts on urban biodiversity. Informed management decisions require more information about the factors affecting individual animals and their responses to humans. In addition, their breeding success and mortality, and movements across habitats are key factors to improve our understanding of how to support more diverse animal communities in urban environments. Urbanization affects the behaviour of wildlife species too. Ideas of predator– prey interaction, foraging, sexual selection and network theories might also be relevant to use in an urban context. The theoretical frameworks and methods of behavioural ecology can certainly lead us towards novel insights in the field of urban ecology and the development of novel alternatives for the management and conservation of species in urban environments. We call for new interdisciplinary collaborations between urban ecologists and animal behavioural ecologists. This can be a productive endeavour that will bring novel insights for disease ecology, landscape genetics, wildlife management, and certainly urban ecology. (Jokimäki, 2011) 73

Ecological Research | Urban Ecology

Improving The Biodiversity Of Urban Ecology

CITY & ECOSYSTEMS

PRESERVATION (BASIC)

RESTORATION

Avoiding Soil Pollution Scientifically using sewage to irrigate farmland instead of using industral sewage. Using pesticides reasonably and actively develop high-efficiency and low-residue pesticides. Actively promoting biological control of pests and diseases. Increasing the application of organic fertilizer.

Preventing Water Pollution Runoff protection. Maintaing the water balance. Underground water storage.

Controling Alien Species

Biodiversity Maintainance Ecological restoration focuses on protecting animals, preserving plant diversity and reintroducing simulated habitat. Protecting the native flora and fauna of the city, restore, maintain, and create a suitable environment to maintain the stability of the ecosystem. The amount of land required for a viable population of most species would be too cost-prohibitive. There must be enough land to maintain every trophic level of the ecosystem from plant to top predator (Stiling 2002).

CITY & SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

REFORESTATION

RECONCILIATION

More Possible Habitat

Public Programs

Creating new, forested habitat that does not necessarily reflect the original conditions. Planting native trees and plants is more important than previously thought- one fifth (20%) of the plant species globally are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss and climate changes (Shukman 2010). Increasing planting and vertical stratification is a space efficient way to accommodate more species in a smaller area.

Hosting adopt-a-plant events is a great way to encourage people to support the initiative.

Green "Corridor" Small preserves and refuges, which consist of a small percentage of total landmass, are not enough (Rosenzweig 2003). Vegetation patches in urban areas can maintain metapopulations of flora and fauna and serve as stepping-stones or corridors for mobile wildlife (Ruiz-Jaén and Aide 2006). Corridors can help maximize biodiversity by broadening the gene pool of mobile species.

GREEN ROOF

Habitats For Bird & Insect

Instituting more rigorous efficiency codes. Urban ecological remediation can help convince the public to make changes.

Richer Biodiversity

Organized Outreach Outreach programs, especially for children, are imperative to raise awareness of the importance of preserving nature. Providing safe natural areas for children to play may help support the future of environmental initiatives. A study by Bixler (2002) found that children, who played in a wildland setting, were more concerned about the health of the environment and preferred to protect it.

Easing Urban Heat Island

As Ferretti claimed in his article Improving Urban Ecology: Bringing Nature Back Home，Humans are not so different from their wild neighbours: every animal, from insects to cougars, needs a little land to claim as home. Given the scarcity of habitats amenable to urban development (ones in which water, food and temperate weather are available), it is not surprising that the expansion of human settlements has resulted in unprecedented competition with critical species for their prime habitats. Unlike other competitors throughout evolutionary history, when humans populate an area habitats become fragmented and degraded by pollution, buildings, and concrete infrastructure. Naturalist and author Richard Mabey suggests that modern large-scale eradication of weeds and native flora could be partly to blame for bee decline. Weeds play an overlooked role in nature, providing an important source of nectar and pollen, especially when crops are not present (McFarlane 2010). Thus, an act as simple as removing weeds can have dramatic effects on ecosystem users. On the contrary, simple actions that help animals to survive better in cities may also bring huge improvements to the urban biodiversity. Reducing wild plant populations harms biodiversity, which is the array of various plant and animal species that make up a community or ecosystem. It is difficult to convince people to encourage native plant growth when many do not understand what biodiversity is. Once residents understand the importance of maintaining ecosystems and the benefits to them, they may be willing to share their land to promote a healthier urban ecosystem. Expanding urbanization across the earth begs the question- where are the animals going? As cities continue to grow, they will require more land and resources, leaving less available for native flora and fauna. Rosenzweig points out, humans must share land with wildlife to preserve biodiversity. In Summary, five main methods for improving biodiversity of urban ecology are: 1. Preservation 2. Restoration

Rainwater Storage

3. Reforestation 4. Urban Reconciliation 5. Green Roof

04 Feasibility Review

The Colonization of Urban Environments

Accessibility & Mobility

Precedent Study

Forming The Methodology

Feasibility Review | The Colonization of Urban Environments

URBAN SETTLEMENT

Biodiversity

Feasibility Review | The Colonization of Urban Environments

FOURTH STEP

SPREAD STAGE

BE ABLE TO DEVELOP HEALTHY

MOBILITY

FIRST STEP

SECOND STEP

THIRD STEP

ARRIVAL STAGE

ESTABLISHMENT STAGE

INCREASE STAGE

BE ABLE TO REACH

BE ABLE TO ADAPT UNFAMILIAR CONTEXTS

BE ABLE TO PERSIST AND INCREASE

The Colonization of Urban Environments The colonization of urban environments may be described in four main ecological stages: arrival, establishment, and increase and spread. In each of these stages the ecological challenges vary, and so does the role of behavioural adjustments. Arrival Stage: For a species colonizing an urban environment, the first step is arrival. Because not all animals are able to reach and settle in urbanized environments, the arrival stage is a first filter that contributes to differences in biodiversity between urban and surrounding habitats. The high success of many introduced species in urban habitats suggests that urban communities could contain many more species if there were no arrival limitations. Establishment Stage: The choice to settle in an urbanized environment does notguarantee the establishment of a self-sustaining population, even when individuals are able to survive and reproduce there.However, this is considered as a good start to treat cities as habitats.

ACCESSIBILITY

FACILITIES ASSISTANCE

HUMAN INTERVENTION ECOLOGICAL FACTORS Habitat Avalability Ecological Interaction Dispersal dynamics Habitate Sorting Environmental Matching

URBAN ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT

Increase Stage: Once a species has established itself in an urban area, its longterm persistence and spread will depend on whether or not the population size increases. The changes in abundance are more related to carrying capacity and ecological interactions. Spread Stage: The carrying capacity of urban patches is limited. The establishment of green corridors will help increase the population. At the same time, the expansion of the gene pool can enable them to avoid the extinction of the population due to the limited living environment inbreeding. 80

Accessibility & Mobility

Accessibility

Mobility

Accessibility means how easy something is to reach, enter, use and so on, in terms of somebody with a disability.

Mobility means the ability to move or travel around easily.

-----------------------------------------------------Just as we make cities accessible to the disabled, cities should also be accessible to animals. Of course, for wild animals, they cannot be narrowly defined as disabled. However, the city is an unfamiliar and new environment for wild animals. They can be classified as a vulnerable group, a group that feels the obstacles of the new urban habitat. We should promote the accessibility of urban habitats in a reasonable way and help them reach the city without any hindrance.

-----------------------------------------------------Mobility can be considered as a definition of traffic conditions. Just like our developed road and track system, animals also need paths that can be safely passed. For wild animals, especially those living on land, their activity area is limited by the size of their habitat. Especially in patches of cities, their habitats are often interrupted by buildings and roads. The size of the patch is not enough to meet the space needs of wildlife development. Their survival is also threatened by road mortalities. Over the most recently reported 15-year period, wildlife-vehicle collisions have increased by 50 percent, with an estimated one to two million large animals killed by motorists every year. Therefore, It is very important to satisfy the autonomous and safe movement of animals in the city.

Feasibility Review | Precedent Study

Bugs Hotel - Accessibility Offering a sanctuary to beneficial insects, especially pollinators, insect hotels are considered to be the urban solution to declining population of beneficial insects in human environments due to habitat loss, pollution and abuse of pesticides.Although altered and heavily landscaped gardens can be beautiful, they often lack enough of the natural habitats needed to attract beneficial insects and encourage biodiversity. Placing insect hotels in your garden offers optimal bug real estate the right kinds of habitats to attract these beneficial insects, increase their numbers, and reduce the need for pesticides, since these bugs offer biological pest control. A balanced ecosystem provides numerous benefits not just for the individual garden, but for the environment as a whole. ------------------------------------------------------

Above: Hyönteishotelli. (Avaliable Online) 83

Reflection - Contain animal: Shelter Different hotels for different insects: Good materials to build insect hotels with can include using dry stone walls or old tiles. Drilled holes in the hotel materials also encourage insects to leave larvae to gestate. Therefore, different materials, such as stones and woods are recommended for a wide range and diversity of insect life. Logs and bark, and bound reeds and bamboo are also often used. The various components or sizes of holes to use as entry of an insect hotel attract different species. 84

Feasibility Review | Precedent Study

Bat Tower - Accessibility Due to human-caused climate change，bats are among the species under threat. In the UK, bats are vanishing as they lose their habitats and food supply thanks to non-porous buildings, pollution and pesticides, despite being protected by law. One way to mitigate these problems is to provide roosts that compensate for increasingly inaccessible roof spaces. American designer has created a monumental bat skyscraper, which also functions as effective propaganda for the pro-bat cause. This is a zigzagging wooden tower, stands about 12 feet tall. the construction consists of four hundred pieces of plywood. It is comprised of five triangular cavities that simulate a cave where bats can crawl in and safely rest. Its base planted with insectattracting herbs to Provide enough attractive food sources for bats. ------------------------------------------------------

Above: Joyce Hwang’s Bat Tower in Griffis Sculpture Park. 85

Reflection - Attractive Bats are an endangered species. When designing buildings for animals, considering their behavioral characteristics and living habits is necessary. At the same time, the effectiveness of the building depends on an excellent system. In addition to the form of the shelter, a sustainable food source was also designed to increase the attraction of the project to animals in order to enhance the effectiveness of the building. 86

Feasibility Review | Precedent Study

Bird Houses - Accessibility City birds are a hot topic in the design world. This is the bird house roof tiles designed by Klaas Kuiken, that tend to provide an esthetical, yet subtle solution to accommodate city birds. The standard roof tiles are made of terracotta with a small house perched on top where the bird can nest in. This design which offers more places in which our feathered friends may rest and feed within the city，while providing them with good ventilation and protection from domestic creatures such as cats. ------------------------------------------------------

Above: Jarchetype Birdhouse Rooftile Design by Klaas Kuiken. 87

Reflection - Accessiblity: City This is a strategy that allows animals to integrate into the urban environment. The city is eroding the wild and becoming a huge habitat. Creating a suitable living environment to make the city accessible is a form of respect for animal rights. 88

Feasibility Review | Precedent Study

Project "Animal Estates" - An Exploration Architect Fritz Haeg designated animals as "clients". Haeg collaborated with wildlife experts in multiple cities to construct a series of structures, performances, installations, workshops and "field guides" – documents explaining the species and habitats particular to each project's site. The interventions reinsert spaces for native animals, excluded – sometimes permanently – through human presence, activities and forms of development. ------------------------------------------------------

Above: Animal Estates project, A snag tower for seven native species by Fritz Haeg, 2008. 89

Reflection - Preserving the existing biodiversity This project tested the possibility of a synthetic facility which forms an snag tower for seven native species. It could serve several animals at the same time and avoid their mutual influence as well, which may promote the improvement of the local biodiversity. Moreover, it could be viewed as a special urban landmark at the local. Humans are one of many territorial creatures that occupy the planet, but we are the only ones who, when establishing territory, preclude the existence of most other life forms that we have not domesticated. Thus, most creatures not a part of the human plan are either considered a threat or a pest. As natural predators are eliminated, the populations of pigeons, cockroaches, rats, ants and mice spiral out of control. In fact, this may be the only ‘wildlife’ remaining in most cities. (Campkin, 2010) 90

Feasibility Review | Precedent Study

Wildlife Bridge - Mobility Wildlife overpass in Banff National Park was constructed in 1997 over a new four lane divided highway. Two tunnels on either side of the Trans-Canada Highway arc in semicircles that end bluntly on the pavement below. On top, lies a grassy oasis. Pine trees and wildflowers have taken root here, giving the overpass a fringe of greenery. On the edges, wire fencing provides safe passage for roaming animals. This project proved to be very active and effective，which reduce wildlife collisions by 80 per cent. In addition, the crossings have significantly reduced the fragmentation of wildlife habitats and have preserved migratory routes in this area. The number of gene banks of the species is guaranteed, thus avoiding the population damage caused by inbreeding. 91

Feasibility Review | Precedent Study

Crabs Bridge - Mobility On Christmas Island, Millions of red crabs marched from their forest homes to the ocean to breed. It's the world’s biggest annual land crab migration. The journey is treacherous, especially when crabs travel back and forth across busy roads. To solve that problem, rangers at Christmas Island National Park have set up over 12 miles of barriers to direct the migrating crabs out of the roads and into 31 underpasses and onto a 16-foot high crab bridge which reduce crabs casualties. In the mean time, this inventive bridge system has become quite an attraction, and tourists flock from all over the world to see the crabs in action. This is a helping behaviour for individual species, and it is based on an understanding of animal habits. 93

Forming The Methodology

We devide the two phases of "Accessibility" and "Mobility" into four designing steps. Accessibility

Mobility

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

At the begining, this step aims to design a series of simple facilities for specific animals to attract their arrival and to help them have a better life based on the respective researchs about behaviour, habits and needs. In addition, the facilities may also provide some simple interactions with humans while avoiding the negative mutual influence.

As for this step, the facilities formed in Step 1 will be placed at a specific site in Fallowfield Loop as the test point. It aims to provide a relative good ecological environment for animals to settle down. A dynamically balanced ecosystem will be formed at local, helping wild animals gradually survive independently.

In this step, habitats similar to that formed in Step 2 will expand and connect together as a whole along the Fallowfield Loop, attracting more species to form a richer and more stable local biodiversity. In addition, it will provide more types of interaction between animals and humans to echo the local govermental strategies.

In terms of the last step, it will explore the possibility of an urban ecosystem, helping animals actively expand their habitats, and further enhance the correlation between different species in the city. Animals and humans will have a harmonius co-existence in the city. Green"Corridor" and Green Roof could be precendents to study.

Specific Animals

A Specific Site

A District (Fallowfield)

A City (Manchester?)

05 Site Research

Site Review

The Basics

103

Overall Environment

107

Social Background

113

Animal Selection

117

Feasibility Review | Site Review

W还要hy Located in Manchster? Crisis: The rapid and intense development seen in urban areas, policies encouraging the concentration of development in urban centres and fragmentation of land ownership and land use do not allow for the creation of large, unfragmented areas of semi natural habitat or for protective buffer zones around designated areas across all of Greater Manchester. There may not be many large un fragmented blocks of semi natural habitats remaining, but there are small areas of many different types of habitat supporting small populations of a very wide variety of species. Potential: The UK’s urban areas are where most people make a connection with nature. There is therefore enormous potential for engaging people to take action in t in local green space projects. Many wild animals are living in the city now. Across Greater Manchester close to 5,000 different species have been recorded. 99

100

Feasibility Review | Site Review

WOODLAND

W还要hy Fallowfield Loop? Crisis: New further development may lead to the escape of wild animals here.

HEDGEROWS

RESERVOIR

WILDLIFES 101

Potential: The industrial heritage has left a legacy of unusual habitat mosaics, including reservoirs, mining subsidence flashes, railway sidings and areas of old industrial waste. Many rare and uncommon plants and animals depend on the Canal networks and Reservoirs. The ponds once associated with the cotton print work factory are now havens for wildlife, often in an otherwise deeply urban context. The ecological and natural state here is better. Within the overall urban matrix, urban nature becomes increasingly confined to official urban green spaces (Parks, Public gardens, Road verges), especially in the inner-city part of cities. This official green space is managed by rules of visual attractiveness, low cost maintenance and traditional views on urban green management. This results in a low diversity of biotopes and limited naturalness. Here, the diversity of the natural environment is guaranteed, including woodland, hedgerows, waterbodies. There are several labels in this area: The most natural areas; Habitat opportunity area (Habitat Mosics biodiversity opportunity area); Great Crested newt and major bird sites actions target area; Preserve and enhance natural habitats actions target area; link and buffer for wildlife. 102

Site Research | The Basics

Fairfield

Gorton

Whalley Range

Fallowfield

Levenshulme

Chorlton-cum-Hardy

General Location The Fallowfield Loop is overally lacated in the south area of Manchester. It is a 14km long off-road path used by pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders running from Chorlton-cum-Hardy through Fallowfield and Levenshulme to Gorton and Fairfield, forming an arc around Manchester. It is regarded as the longest urban cycleway in the country, runs past several parks and open spaces, and is linked to many other cycle and public transport routes. According to the future strategy, what Manchester City Council want to improve is to create a safe, convenient, efficient, and accessible cycling and walking network that will help to encourage greater and more widespread sustainable travel use. (City Coucil, 2020) 103

104

Site Research | The Basics

History The Fallowfield Circle was a local railway line. This line was fully opened to traffic in 1892, and remained in use until 1988. Stations located at Hyde Road, Levenshulme South, Fallowfield and Wilbraham Road were closed in 1958 following the withdrawal of passenger services. In 1954, in order to maintain the new electric train fleet on the Woodhead Line, Reddish Depot was built near the railway and remained open until 1983. The abandoned railway facilities were once eroded by the wild grassland. And because of the new railway application, some of the platforms have been transformed into social participants have provided new The railway from Chorton to Fairfield has also been cleaned up and transformed, and the exhausted railway system has become a space for people's leisure and entertainment. Moreover, there are other points of interest could be considered as historical heritages such as disused Stockport Canal, Gorton Reservoir, Greenfold Bridge, Nico Ditch, Thirlmere Aqueduct and so on, which enriches the stories and contexts of the Fallowfield Loop. 105

106

Site Research | Overall Environment

MAX, MIN AND AVERAGE TEMPERATUER (°C)

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE RAINFALL (MM) AND RAIN DAYS (d)

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

CLOUD AND HUMIDITY (%)

SUN HOURS (hr) AND SUN DAYS (d)

WINTER WIND-ROSE

SUMMER WIND-ROSE

Overall Climate In summary, the yearly temperature difference of the site is about 10 °C, and there is neither hot summer nor severe cold in winter. The humidity is very high all the year round. In addition, the rainy days and sunny days are relatively balanced, which may be good for the growth of various vegetation and the life of animals. Climate is also an important factor that may influence animals' behaviours. It should be take further detailed research as reference for our design in the later steps. 107

108

Site Research | Overall Environment

WATER RESOURCE

GREEN AREA

Natural Resource An overall analysis for natural resource could be useful on guiding us to choose a specific site as the test point for the step 2 of our strategies. BASIC CONTEXT

SATELLITE IMAGE 109

Based on this research, we could find two sites in which are relatively better than the others in Fallowfield Loop. The site may have a the greater potential on biodiversity because of a richer natural resources. There may be more types of animals, which brings more design possibilities. Both of the two sites have a large green area and water resource. The first site is Gorton with a Reseroir and Debdale natural park. The another one is Highfield Country Park with the nearby Secret Lake as a water resource. In later Studio 2, we may take a futher detailed site research and made an evaluation between these two sites to select on of them as the "test point" for step 2. 110

Site Research | Overall Environment

Tree

Site Research | Overall Environment

Shrub & Herb

Vines

Others

Vegetations in Fallowfield Loop

111

01. Apple 02. Bebb's willow 03. Chestnut 04. Common Ash 05. Common hawthorn 06. Common hazel 07. Common holly 08. English Oak 09. English Yew 10. European beech 11. European hornbeam 12. Hourse Chestnut 13. Norway maple 14. Norway spruce 15. Prunus americana 16. Rowan 17. Silver birch 18. Bramble 19. Bukhara fleeceflower

20. Creeping buttercup 21. Creeping Thistle 22. elm leaf blackberry 23. Hardy fuchsia 24. hedge bindweed 25. Rockspray cotoneaster 26. Sweet alyssum 27. New Zealand flax 28. Common groundsel 29. Himalayan Balsam 30. Hoary Willowherb 31. Spiny Sowthistle 32. Hollyhock 33. English ivy 34. English ivy 35. Eagle fern 36. Feather-moss 37. Lily pads

112

Site Research | Social Background

Human Activities • Cycling: The Fallowfield Loop is an off-road cycle path, which is one of the National Cycle Network routes. Cycling is one of the main activities here. • Jogging: Due to the better environment, it is also a gathering place for jogging enthusiasts. • Walking : The Fallowfield Loop is an attractive, largely traffic-free walking route. • Commuting: Every working day morning, Floop will become as a shortcut for commuters to be used. • Planting: Some land around Floop is used for farming and floristry. • Dog walking: Dog walking is a very common activity in floop. The possible reason is the large number of houses around. • Resting: There are many water bodies in the area, and people like to relax and talk on the shore. • Amusement: The parks and large lawns in this area make here as a playground for children. 113

114

Site Research | Social Background

(a)

(b)

(c)

Current Problems and Development Strategies Current problems: The main current problems is the result of two times field surveys, including: • A large number of obstacles obstruct cycling and passing. • The road width is not enough for cycling and walking at the same time. Development strategies: There £4.9m improvement plan to make the fallowfield loop more family friendly. The overall plan is to improve the Loop’s connections to surrounding neighbourhoods, creating a more welcoming and attractive environment with revitalised habitat and landscaping. Plans have not yet been finalised with the town hall. The current plan includes:

Above: Current problems. 115

(a) Took the barriers down. (b) Upgraded access points are proposed to make entry and exit points clearer. (c) Transformed open areas for people to stop, relax and for children to play, including seating areas along the route. 116

Site Research | Animal Selection

Animal Selection The Fallowfield Loop is rich in animal and plant resources, especially birds. The selection of species is based on existing species, and according to local ecological conditions, combined with animal characteristics and the govermental strategies. Birds and insects will be considered as a large population. In addition, several animals were selected due to historical migration and priority levels. 117

118

Site Research | Animal Selection

119

Site Research | Animal Selection

Red Fox

Grey Squirrel

Hedgehog

The red fox is our only wild member of the dog family in UK.Foxes thrive in many urban areas and it is in streets, back gardens and parks that most people will encounter a fox nowadays. They adapt well to human environments such as farms, suburban areas. Indeed, red fox as the most urbanized canid (Mark, 2007). Although people generally pretend to have had foxes, in fact the most recent scientific research on foxes indicates the national fox population has fallen by 41% since 1995. The fox is sometimes incorrectly referred to as vermin, however, foxes play a very important role in our towns and cities. The red fox is not only our urban street cleaner but also our natural pest controller; eating discarded food that would otherwise attract rats and mice, and predating on both.

The grey squirrel is a highly invasive, non-native species and is listed by the IUCN as one of the 100 worst global invasive species. The presence of grey squirrel is one of the main reason’s why there has been a sharp decline in the native red squirrel. They can cause significant damage to trees by bark stripping and also can damage homes if they enter lofts and roofs. Gathering of gray squirrels helps to monitor them and prevent incursion to red squirrel conservation area.Monitoring the effectiveness of control will be informative for both current and future operations (UK Forestry Standard, 2019). It is neither practical nor desirable to remove all grey squirrels as they now form part of our wildlife and many people enjoy their presence (Manchester City Council, 2005). In fact, squirrels in heavily populated areas will allow closer interaction than those in secluded areas (Laura,Heather, Jill, Cleveland, Lisa, 1999).

Hedgehogs are native and widespread across the UK, currently rapidly declining, with at least a third lost from Britain since 2000 (State of Britain’s Hedgehogs Report, 2018).Hedgehogs are protected by British law under Schedule 6 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, making it illegal to kill or capture them using certain methods.They are also protected in Britain under the Wild Mammals Protection Act (1996), prohibiting cruelty and mistreatment.They’re listed as a Species of Principle Importance in England under the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006. They appear to be faring better in urban than rural areas, with those populations potentially improving. They are one of the few animals able to happily live alongside us, actually preferring gardens and amenity grassland habitats. Enhancing and connecting urban and suburban areas will help this struggling species to survive (BHPS, 2019).

120

Site Research | Animal Selection

121

Site Research | Animal Selection

Water Vole

Great Crested Newt

Brown Long-eared Bat

The water vole is a priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Until 1960 several million water voles lived along streams and riverbanks, but they have suffered a serious long-term decline and have disappeared from nearly 90% of these sites. Many of the habitats where water voles can be found are important in their own right. Habitats such as swamps and reedbeds are all UK priority habitats and are of high value in both a national and local context.

The great crested newt is a native species and is a UKBAP & GMBAP Priority species. The great crested newt is still quite widespread in Britain, but has suffered a decline in recent years with studies in the 1980s indicating a national rate of colony loss of approximately 2% every five years. The number of species has declined due to: Loss of ponds and lodges through development; Introduction of fish to waterbodies; Loss of ponds and lodges through natural vegetation changes; Loss of associated terrestrial habitats, for example, hedgerows; Pollution.

Brown long-eared bats are one of the most common bats in the UK, but we don't know whether their numbers are on the up or down.We do know that they are threatened by loss of their woodland habitats, which deprives bats of roost sites and hunting grounds.Known as the 'whispering' bat for its almost silent echolocation noises, this little bat's huge ears make it an expert woodland insect hunter. Brown long-eared bats are at low risk of extinction worldwide (IUCN status, 2001). The brown long-eared bat is common in Britain although roost sites should still be protected and bat boxes erected (University of Brisotol, 2005).

122

Site Research | Animal Selection

123

Site Research | Animal Selection

Bird

Insect

Biodiversity Principle

Birds are the most common wild animals in cities, and their protection is of broad significance. The selected birds are mainly based on the British Priority Species List. For example, bullfinch is a priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Between 1968 and 1991 there was a massive 75% decline in bullfinch numbers on farmland and a 47% decline in woodland in the same period. It is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and is on the Red List of the Birds of Conservation Concern.The living environment and behavior of birds are very different. Choosing a variety of bird studies will help to consider bird protection measures more comprehensively.

Insects create the biological foundation for all terrestrial ecosystems. They cycle nutrients, pollinate plants, disperse seeds, maintain soil structure and fertility, control populations of other organisms, and provide a major food source for other taxa. More than 30 British insect species have been newly classified as in danger of extinction, due to pollution and habitat loss. Members of two groups of insects have been placed on the official "red list" of endangered species. The insects we selected are generally regarded as priority species, including butterflies, beetles, bees, etc.Butterflies and moths are among the most threatened groups of wildlife in the UK (BC).

Biodiversity provides functioning ecosystems that supply oxygen, clean air and water, pollination of plants, pest control, wastewater treatment and many ecosystem services. The selection of animals follows the principles of biodiversity. High dominance of a few species and low species richness cause homogenization of communities across urban environments (Jokimäki, 2011). Therefore, the selection of species follows the biological chain relationship to ensure a stable and good biodiversity system.

124

06 Animal Research

125

Animal Need & Habitat Typology

127

Summary Of Habitat Typology

145

Feeding Web

147

126

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Underground Cave/Space

Shelter/Space Inside The Hill

Red Fox Basics • Size in average: Male 67-72cm, females 62-67cm; tail about 40cm • Activity range: The size of territories depends on habitat. They can be as small as 0.2 square kilometres in urban areas or up to 40 square kilometres in hill country. • Activity time: Mostly active at night. • Characteristics: Red fox’s eyes being specially adapted to night-time vision. The fox's hearing is also excellent, helping it to locate prey easily. • Feeding habits: Carrion | Small mammals | Beetles | Fruit | Birds & Eggs | Dustbins & Compost heaps. Natural Habitation & Required Habitat Typology Preferred den sites tend to be on sheltered (among trees, under buildings or under dense vegetation such as bramble), well-drained ground (often slopes) with loose, easily dug, soil. Most of dens were on south east-facing slopes, which had an average inclination of 20-30 degrees. In some rare cases they have been known to make arboreal dens. Summary Natural Habitation- Earth Dens 127

Natural Habitation- Earth Dens

The form of the dens is underground. At the same time, based on its dens form, a large underground transportation network is considered to be available. 128

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Shelter In The Tree

Shelter/Space Inside The Hill

Grey Squirrel Basic • • • •

Size in average: 30cm + 25cm (Body + Tail). Activity range: 1.2 Acres (The minimum home range) & 140m (The greatest linear dimension). Activity time: Morning & Afternoon. Characteristics: Grey squirrel is an invasive species. Squirrels have an excellent sense of vision, which is especially important for the tree-dwelling species. Many also have a good sense of touch, with vibrissae on their limbs as well as their heads. • Feeding habits: Nuts | Seeds | Conifer cones | Fruits | Fungi | Insects | Bird egg. Natural Habitation & Required Habitat Typology Grey squirrels create two types of dens . The first type is simply a den within a tree cavity (hollowed out, lined with moss and leaves and with an entrance hole of about 10cm diameter), while the second type consists of a ball or dome-shaped mass of leaves and twigs. These dome-shaped dens can be located anywhere from ground level up to 12m in a tree and are referred to as dreys. there are actually three types of drey: summer (shallow platforms of twigs), winter (more robust and insulated nests, 30cm diameter) and breeding/natal. Each squirrel used between two and eight (average of four) different dreys, each situated in different locations throughout their home range. Summary Natural Habitation- Tree Cavity 129

Natural Habitation- Dreys

The nest are generally on branches. The establishment of animal dens may be an opportunity for observation, which will help to count the number of gray squirrels and provide necessary data for population control based on this. 130

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Semi-undergroun Shelter

Underground Cave/Space

Shelter/Space Inside The Hill

Hedgehog Basic • Size in average: 150-300mm head and body length, dependant on age; tail: 10-20mm. • Activity range: On average, they are around 10—20 hectares in size, but are not territorial. Basically, they move 1-2km on a night. • Activity time: Mostly active at night. • Characteristics: Hedgehogs are naturally very timid animals. They have poor vision, and use their heightened sense of smell and hearing to navigate their world, making them extremely sensitive to their environment and how they are handled. • Feeding habits: Beetles | Worms | Caterpillars | Slugs | birds' Eggs | snails | frogs | snakes | carrion | caterpillars. Natural Habitation & Required Habitat Typology Hedgehog nests can be broadly classified into two types, summer and winter. Summer nests are generally loosely constructed balls of grass and leaves. Winter nests are more tightly woven structures with walls several centimetres thick; they’re composed of carefully placed leaves, twigs, grass other plant material and may measure up to 60cm in diameter. They require amixture of habitats for foraging, nesting and mating, and a connected landscape. Summary Natural Habitation- Nest 131

Natural Habitation- Hibernation in Trunk

The nest are generally on Land. A warmer and safer nest can help them avoid predators. 132

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Aquatic Underground Cave/Space

Semi-undergroun Shelter

Water Vole Basic • Size in average: Adults range14-22cm, average 18-19cm; tail 9.5-14cm. • Activity range: Male voles live along about 70 - 130 metres of water bank. • Activity time: Water vole Can be active throughout 24-hour period depending on location. 。They tend to be active more during the day than at night. • Characteristics: Water voles are expert swimmers and divers. They do not usually live in large groups. Adult water voles each have their own territories, which they mark with fecal latrines located either near the nest, burrow and favoured water's edge platforms where voles leave or enter the water. • Feeding habits: Insects Fruit | Water molluscs | Fish | Grasses and waterside vegetation- 227 plant species have been recorded. Natural Habitation & Required Habitat Typology The water vole lives along rivers, streams and ditches, around ponds and lakes, and in marshes, reedbeds and areas of wet moorland, typically remains within 2m (6.5ft) of water. Water voles use a series of bankside burrows comprising many entrances, inter-connecting tunnels, food storage, nest chambers and bolt holes. They often make an underwater entrance providing a quick escape if they are attacked. Occasionally water voles will weave a nest into the base of sedges and reeds as a large ball of vegetation. Summary Natural Habitation- Bankside Burrows 133

Natural Habitation- Bankside Burrows

The Burrows of the water vole is a complex network. If you design a nest for them, you should clearly understand the structure of the cave. Aquatic plants can be used as their food source and provide a certain degree of shelter. 134

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Aquatic Underground Cave/Space

Great Crested Newt Basic • Size in average: Body Length up to 17cm. • Activity range: Larvae forage for invertebrates in all zones of ponds; Adults will Move between ponds. The newts do not migrate very far, rarely disperse much farther than one kilometre. • Activity time: Great crested newts are nocturnal, mostly active during the night. • Characteristics: Great crested newt breeding pools must be of medium depth (over 50 cm). After mating, the eggs individually laid and wrapped inside the leaves of pond plants. • Feeding habits: Other newts | Tadpoles | Young froglets | Worms | Insect larvae | Water snails | Insects | Worms | Invertebrates | Tadpoles. Natural Habitation & Required Habitat Typology Newts are amphibians. Larvae spend the day at the bottom of ponds or hidden in vegetation. Adults hide on land during the day in burrows or under hibernacula like logs, tree roots, burrows, and log or rubble piles. Great Crested Newts spend the winter close to the pond edge at sites with dense pond edge vegetation and nearby features such as mammal burrows or old tree stumps. Summary Natural Habitation: Larvae in Pond 135

Artificial Habitation: Hibernant Burrow

The great crested newts usually hibernate in their nests on land in winter. Aquatic plants can provide shelter for larvae, and some animal dens can be used by adults. 136

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Small Shelter In The Tree

Underground Cave/Space

Shelter/Space Inside The Hill

Brown Long-eared Bat Basic • Size in average: Body length 37-52mm; wingspan up to 30cm. • Activity range: Usually, they travel a distance of up to 4 miles away from the roost. • Activity time: Brown long-eared bat active at night, averagely emerge on more than half an hour after sunset and are active for an average of around six hours. • Characteristics: It emerges from its roost at dark to forage on moths, flies and small beetles, using echolocation to locate its prey. It forages over grasslands, woodland edges and large gardens. They usually roost singly or in very small clusters and could roost with other bat species. • Feeding habits: Insects | Spiders | Nocturnal moths. Natural Habitation & Required Habitat Typology Found across the UK, the brown long-eared bat prefers light woodland and usually hanging from the trees and bushes, inlcuding in inhabited areas. It can be found in cellars and stables during the winter, and in hollow trees, steeples and lofts in summer.But it avoids built-up areas. Summary Natural Habitation- Natural Cave 137

Natural Habitation- Roof

They need a cave that is warm, safe and undisturbed. The size of the nest is more suitable for them so as not to be attacked by predators. 138

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Shelter In The Tree

Spotted Flycatcher

Open Shelter In The Tree

Song Thrush

Bird Bullfinsh • Size in average: Length from 14.5-16.5cm. The Wingspan from 22-26cm. • Feeding habits: Seeds | Buds | Insects。. • Natural Habitation: Bullfinches make their nests, usually at or near to (human) head height (4-7 feet), in hedges or on woodland edges low down in taller trees. Made of small, dry twigs, lined with fine root fibres and hair. The nest diameters are 10.3 cm outside and 4.2 cm inside. Song Thrush • Size in average: Length is 23cm. The Wingspan from 33-36cm. • Activity range: Territory size varies depending on the habitat, from 0.2-6 hectares, or even more. Most song thrushes in the UK remain in the same area all year. • Feeding habits: Worms | Snails | Fruit. • Natural Habitation: The song thrush typically nests in woodland with a thick understorey of shrubs or bramble. The nest is cup shaped and constructed from grass, twigs, and earth, which are unique among British bird nests. The lining is very smooth and typically comprises mud or dung mixed with saliva. Most nests located between 1.3 and 2.4 m. The nest diameters are normally 9 cm.

Bullfinsh

Spotted Flycatcher • Size in average: Length is 14cm. The Wingspan from 23-25cm. • Activity range: They are birds of deciduous woodlands, parks and gardens, with a preference for open areas amongst trees. • Feeding habits: Moths | Butterflies | Damselflies | Craneflies | Other insect. • Natural Habitation: They build an open nest in a suitable recess, often against a wall, and will readily adapt to an open-fronted nest box. 28mm big hole is needed for these birds. Required Habitat Typology Natural Habitation: Bullfinsh Nest 139

Natural Habitation: Song Thrush Nest

Different types of birds have different needs for nests, and their location and height are also different. 140

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Bewick's Swan

Aquatic Shelter On Land

Bird Little Bittern • Length of 33–38 cm. The Wingspan from 52–58cm. • Activity range: The habitat used by the species is varied across its huge range. Most typically it uses freshwater wetlands having thick herbaceous vegetation with trees or bushes interspersed nearby. • Characteristics: Little Bitterns can be very tolerant of humans and nest in places regularly visited by people. • Feeding habits: Fishes | Amphibians | Insects. • Natural Habitation: the Little Bittern nested in reed beds of at least 350 cm in width. The nest is made of stems of herbaceous vegetation, lined with finer material.

Little Bittern

Black Tailed Godwit

Black Tailed Godwit • Size in average: Length of 40–44 cm. The Wingspan from 70–82cm. • Activity range: The black-tailed godwit is a large wader. The habitat used by the species is varied across its huge range. In city, secondary habitats will be used, such as lowland wet grasslands, coastal grazing marshes, pastures, wet areas near fishponds or sewage works, and saline lagoons. Once eggs are laid, an area of 30–50m around the nest is defended. • Feeding habits: Nvertebrates | Aquatic plants | Fish eggs | Frogspawn | Tadpoles. • Natural Habitation: The nest is a shallow scrape on the ground, usually in short vegetation and loose colonies. Bewick's Swan • Size in average: Length of 1.15-1.27m. The Wingspan of 1.7-1.95m. • Activity range: The habitat usually include Farmland, coastal bays, and freshwater wetlands in winter. Swans are usually strongly territorial. The minimum distance between two swan nests was 82 m. • Feeding habits: Aquatic plants | fish | Molluscs | Frogs | Worms | Crops | Grass. • Natural Habitation: Bewick's swans Nest in Siberia but spends the winter in the UK. Required Habitat Typology

Natural Habitation: Little Bittern Nest 141

Natural Habitation: Black Tailed Godwit Nest

Different types of birds have different needs for nests, and their location and height are also different. 142

Animal Research | Animal Need & Habitat Typology

Flydragon

Shelter In The Tree

Shelter In The Bush

White Letter Hairstreak Small Heath

Tansy Beetle

Ivy Bee

Insect Insect are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum. There are over 24,000 known species of insect in the United. The research on insects is complex and massive. We have selected some representative insects, which are on the Priority species list, Including: Bees | Butterflies | Moths | Bettles | Flydragons.

Required Habitat Typology Natural Habitation: Honey Bees Hive 143

Natural Habitation: Ivy Bees Nest

Different insects have different nest sizes, shapes and locations. 144

Animal Research | Summary Of Habitat Typology

Red Fox

Underground Space

145

Grey Squirrel

Hedgehog

Space Inside The Hill

Water Vole

Semi-underground Shelter

Animal Research | Summary Of Habitat Typology

Great Crested Newt

Brown Long-eared Bat

Aquatic Shelter

Bird (Flying)

Aquatic Shelter On Land

Bird (Aquatic)

Bee & Butterfly

Facility In The Tree

Other Insect

Facility In The Bush

146

Animal Research | Feeding Web

Feeding Web Based on the former ecological research, the feeding web and energy flow are important factors that should be taken into consideration on building and improving an ecosystem. The left drawing is a proposed feeding web based on our animal selection. The feeding web could guide us to design the ecosystem for the specific site of step 2, and it could alos help us to decide the locations of habitats for each animal, as well as the circulation. Combining the habitat typologies and the feeding web system might create many possibilities and interesting points for the later design process. 147

148

07 Future Steps

149

Project Review & Methodology

151

Conceptual Proposal

153

150

Future Steps | Project Review & Methodology

ACCESSIBILITY

MOBILITY

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

STEP 4

In terms of the last step, it will explore the possibility of an urban ecosystem, helping animals actively expand their habitats, and further enhance the correlation between different species in the city. Animals and humans will have a harmonius coexistence in the city. Green"Corridor" and Green Roof could be precendents to study.

We will make further researches about animals in terms of the demand and behaviour, and design a series of simple spatial typologies and facilities based on the research. In addition, some physical models will be made for testing and present our idea in another way.

• Scale & Location analysis

• Specific site research

We will begin to consider our proposal based on the whole Fallowfield Loop. The system formed in Step 2 may explored in some other special sites in Fallowfield Loop. In addition, some new species will be introduced, and we will try to create more positive interaction between animals and humans based on the social background and governmental strategy. The animals' ecosystem may be combined with other urban artefacts such as children playgrounds, cycling loops, communal spaces and so on. We will try to present our proposal by a series of macroscopic illustrations and storyboards.

The Step 4 could be viewed as our vision for the future of this proposal, and it will have risen to an urban scale project. Thus, we will also try to present our proposal by a series of illustrations to express a macroscopic imagination based on the former research about urban ecology.

• Spatial typology

Based a further site research, we will choose a specific site in Fallowfield Loop as a test point, and we will place the facilities formed in Step 1 at the site. According to our ecological researches, we will design a dynamically balanced ecosystem for them so that all of them can live independently. In order to prevent the animal habitat from being negatively affected by human activities, we will consider the circulation design between animals and people as well.

• Precedent study & Human Interaction

• Further ecological research

• Background about history and society.

• Physical model

• Proposed ecosystem

• Further site research about the Fallowfield Loop

• Analysis about human activities

• Circulation strategy

• Precedent study & Technological research

• Further animal research

• Urban background research • Macroscopic governmental strategy • Precedent study

• Precedent study & Technological research 151

152

Future Steps | Conceptual Proposal

Conceptual Proposal (Step 1) --- Facilities For Specific Animals 153

154

Future Steps | Conceptual Proposal

Conceptual Proposal (Step 2) --- Creating An Ecosystem At A Specific Site 155

156

Future Steps | Conceptual Proposal

Sightseeing Tower + Bird House

Water Purification Facility

Conceptual Proposal (Step 2) In Detailed

Soil Monitoring

157

In this step, we aim to create a relatively balanced ecosystem at a specific site in the Fallowfield Loop. Facilities designed in the Step 1 may be placed and connected as whole. Considering the biodiversity of this stage may be unstable and weak, thus creating a suitable living environment is necessary and fundamental. Humans can provide indirect help, such as soil maintenance and water purification. In addition, the circulation and activity area between humans and animals should be relatively separated to minimize the negative influence. 158

Future Steps | Conceptual Proposal

BAT BIRD BIRD

SQUIRREL INSECT

BAT

HORSE

HEDGEHOG FOX

Conceptual Proposal (Step 3) --- Expanding The Ecosystem Along the Loop 159

160

Future Steps | Conceptual Proposal

Above The Ground: Sightseeing Tower + Bird House

Tower - Top Area: Bird House & Bat Fly Out (Night)

Future Steps | Conceptual Proposal

Underground: Habitat For Hedgehog

Conceptual Proposal (Step 3) In Detailed

Above The Ground: Cycling Loop & Bird House & Insect Nest

Tower - Middle Area: Outside Bird House & Inside Bat House

Underground: Habitat For New Species

In this stage, animals may expanding their habitat into a district scale. Assuming that the dispersed ecosystems at different sites will be connected as a whole, a richer and more stable biodiversity may be formed, which might attract more types of new species. Underground space may acts as an another type of "bridge" that connecting the ecosystem of different sites, animals may have the possibility of actively moving to other sites without being affected by human daily activities. Based on these, we will combine some urban artefacts to creaate some positive interactions. Thus, this architectural system will serve people and animals at the same time, showing a fair relationship between people and animal.

Above The Ground: Play Ground For Children & Squirrel House

Tower - Bottom Area: Underground Bat House (Daytime)

Underground: Habitat For Fox

ABOVE THE GROUND

TOWER - BETWEEN THE SKY AND UNDERGROUND

UNDERGROUND

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According to the future strategies for Fallowfield Loop from the city council, what the city council want to do is to create a better cycling and walking network that will encourage a greater sustainable travel use, and also to provide more inviting places for people to relax, play, and include seating areas along the route. Thus, it could be a good consideration that providing some play grounds for children, raised cycling loop for a better view, sightseeing tower for tourists. 162

Future Steps | Conceptual Proposal

Conceptual Proposal (Step 4) --- An Urban Ecosystem For Animal's Independent Life 163

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