Test Yourself Answer Key

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1. D) All the above

The EPA has proposed National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) for six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS).

2. A) 2023.

The proposed rule is expected to be finalized by the end of 2023.

3. D) all the above.

The known health effects of PFAS include increased risks of certain types of cancer, disrupted normal bodily hormone function, and decreased fertility.

4. D) all the above.

Humans can be exposed to PFAS via dairy products, food packaging, and drinking water.

5. B) 4 ppt.

The EPA-proposed maximum contaminant level (MCL) for PFOA is 4 ppt.

6. D) 4 ppt.

The EPA-proposed MCL for PFOS is 4 ppt.

7. D) all the above.

The EPA-proposed rule concerning PFAS will require public water systems to provide treatment of drinking water that exceeds standards, provide public notification of testing results, and monitor water systems for PFAS.

8. D) all the above.

The PFAS are man-made chemicals that have been produced since the 1940s to manufacture water repellent clothing, nonstick cookware, and personal care products.

9. C) 1 (unitless) Hazard index.

The EPA-proposed MCL for PFNA is 1 (unitless) Hazard index.

10. A) 1 (unitless) Hazard index.

The EPA-proposed MCL for HFPO-DA (common name: GenX chemicals) is 1 (unitless) Hazard Index.