INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO SUPERIOR “JUAN MONTALVO” CARRERA DE TURISMO Y HOTELERÍA
CUARTO SEMESTRE MATERIA: English Level IV professor: Lic. NANCY CORREA MARTÍNEZ
PERÍODO: Abril – Septiembre 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................. 2
UNIT 1 PERFECT TENSE ......................................................................... 4 Present Perfect ......................................................................................... 6 Past Perfect ............................................................................................. 13
UNIT 2 ADJECTIVES ...................................................................................18 Comparative Adjectives ............................................................................. 20 Superlative Adjectives ................................................................................ 27
UNIT 3 PASIVE VOICE .............................................................................32 Pasive Voice .............................................................................................34
UNIT 4 MODAL AUXILIARIES .................................................................. 41 Expressing Advice ‘’should ....................................................................... 45 Expressing Obligations ‘’must’’…............................................................... 49
Anexos .................................................................................................... 56 Bibliography................................................................................................... 59
ENGLISH IMPORTANCE INTRODUTION Communicate with people English is the most commonly used language among foreign language speakers. Throughout the world, when people from different nationalities want to communicate, they commonly use English language. That is why we like to call it “the language of communication”. Moreover, speaking English will enable you to contact people from all over the world and to travel more easily. Push your career forward All over the world, speaking English immediately opens up opportunities. Being able to communicate with foreign clients and business partners will provide you a more challenging position in your career. You will also have the option to apply for jobs requiring English like for instance a Manager position. So get your dream job, start learning English! Get access to knowledge English is also internationally recognized as the language of science. Most of the knowledge related to computer or health by example is in English. Being able to use English in your researches – especially on the Web - will give you unlimited access to knowledge! Enjoy art like never before English lets you feel the culture of the world like no other language. Learning it will offer you the opportunity to do wonderful things. English is the language of the Film industry and learning it means you will no longer have to rely on subtitles or dubbed versions. You will also be able to read books written by English-speaking authors in their original version. Last but not least, music is much better if you can understand the meaning. We are sure that you will be satisfied to enjoy English-language music more! Moreover, English is an easy language to learn and to use. It is based on an alphabet and, compared to Chinese, it can be learned fairly quickly. So, learning another language isn't just about communication or professional purposes, it will also give you advantages you had never imagined. Learning English can change your life for the better!
DESCRIPTION OF THIS UNIT This unit aims to study the English verb tenses. Thus, the intention of this unit is that students learn the grammatical construction for each tense, know how to use the grammatical structures appropriately in a sentence, recognize the correct tense within a conversation, dialogue or a reading passage. Furthermore, it is pretended that students are able to use both regular and irregular verbs according to the tense they are referring to. For this purpose it is extremely necessary for the students to learn and memorize the verbs in their infinitive, past, past participle forms and their meaning in Spanish.
In this unit you will learn the following topics: The present perfect tense. The past perfect tense. Statement of the problem: Since tenses are complex structures that require mastery and practice, it is very important to provide exercises and activities for students to learn these tenses in a practical way and making use of real situations. Moreover, it is imperative that students perform a logical analysis when identifying a certain tense within a sentence for it to have coherence and sense.
Expected results: The expected results for this unit are: Students familiarize well with regular and irregular verbs as well as with their infinitive, present and past participle forms. Students know by themselves to explain the difference between the English tenses. Students are able to apply the appropriate tense according to the situation or context to which they are talking about.
Setting the Context
Read the conversation Going Out Ted: Brenda: Ted: Brenda: Ted:
Are you enjoying your trip to New Orleans? Oh, yes. I really like it there. Would you like to do something tonight? Sure. I´d love to. Let´s see. Have you been to a jazz club yet? Brenda: Yes. I´ve already been to several clubs there. Ted: OK. What about an evening riverboat tour? Brenda: Uh, actually, I have gone twice this week. Ted: So, what do you want to do? Brenda: Well, I haven´t been to a theater in a long time. Ted: Oh, OK. I heard there´s a terrific show at the Saenger Theater. Brenda: Great! Let´s make a reservation.
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE USE The Present Perfect Tense describes actions or situations that developed in the past and have continued up to the present moment. The Present Perfect Tense is used in these situations:
This tense implies that the action or situation will continue in the future. .
The present perfect also refers to repeated past actions. No specific time is given with these statements. When, a specific past time is used, the verb is in the past tense.
TIME EXPRESSIONS used with the present perfect:
Already Ever Recently Still Yet (how) many times Since For So far To date Up tp now Until now How long…?
ya alguna vez / nunca recientemente todavía todavía / aún cuántas veces desde por hasta ahora hasta la fecha hasta ahora / hasta aquí hasta ahora ¿Cuánto tiempo…?
Examples: Affirmative Statements
Negative Statements
We have worked hard for several weeks.
We haven´t (have not) understood everything in class.
Oscar has visited Spain three times.
Our teacher hasn´t (has not) taught here for long.
Interrogative form (Affirmative answers) Have you ever visited Paris? Yes, I have. How long have you taught here? I have taught here for two years. How long has Mary stayed here? She has stayed here since 2008.
Interrogative form (Negative answers) Has he ever visited Paris? No, he hasn´t (has not). Have you ever been to Spain? No, I haven´t. (have not)
Here we have a further explanation about when we use this tense:
1.
Unfinished Actions
Acciones inconclusas We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' an action or state has continued with 'since' and 'for'. Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos hablar de acciones inconclusas que empezaron en el pasado y continúan hasta el presente. Usualmente, lo usamos para decir “¿Por cuánto tiempo?” una acción o estado ha continuado con “desde” y “por”. Examples:
I’ve known Karen since 1994. She's lived in London for three years.
He conocido a Karen desde 1994. Ella ha vivido en Londres por tres años.
a) Make a TO DO list for the week or month. What have you started to do? What haven´t you started yet? What have you already finished? Use the following ideas and add at least five of your own. Make a chart, and write five original sentences for each category. Use the present perfect tense and already, not…yet, etc. Example: Call my parents
Clean my computer Go grocery shopping Pick my room up
Check my email
Do my homework
Take the garbage out Wash the floors TO DO Do last Friday´s homework Take the garbage out Do the laundry
Have already done I´ve already taken the garbage out
Organize my desk
Study vocabulary
Write letters
Do laundry
Haven´t finished yet
Still haven´t started I still haven´t started last Friday´s homework.
I haven´t finished doing the laundry yet.
b) Answer the following questions in your own words. Use since, for, or other time expressions in your answers. Example:
How long have you lived in this city? I have lived in this city for ten years.
1.
How long have you been in this country?
2.
How long have you studied English?
3.
Have you understood everything in your classes so far?
4.
Up to now, which class has seemed the most difficult?
5.
How long have you lived in Loja?
c. Write the participle form of the following verbs.
1. go → 2. sing → 3. be → 4. buy → 5. do → c. Complete the table in present perfect simple.
positive
negative
question
He has written a letter. They have not stopped. Have we danced? She has worked. Andy has not slept. d. Write sentences in present perfect simple. 1. they / ask / a question 2. he / speak / English 3. I / be / in my room 4. we / not / wash / the car 5. Annie / not / forget / her homework e. Write questions in present perfect simple. 1. they / finish / their homework 2. Sue / kiss / Ben -
3. the waiter / bring / the tea 4. Marilyn / pay / the bill 5. you / ever / write / a poem -
f. Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence. 1. They have talked about art at school. 2. Jane has got a letter. 3. Oliver has cooked dinner. 4. Caron has read seven pages. 5. You have heard the song 100 times. -
Setting the Context
Previewing the Passage Discuss the questions with a group. Do you know a religious explanation for why the world has so many languages? BABEL The entire world once spoke a single language, but this changed at Babel… Men had been journeying east for many months when they came upon the land of Shinar. “Come”, they said. “We have been travelling days without end” Let us build ourselves a city and a tower with a top in the heavens, and make a name for ourselves.” But the Lord came down to see the city and tower which mortal men were building. And He said, “Here they are, one people with a single language, and now they have begun to do this. After this, nothing they want to do will be beyond their reach. Come, let us go down there and confuse their speech. When we finish, they will have lost their one language and in its place there will be many.” So the Lord went down to the city. And after He had done this, the city was given the name of “Babel” because there the Lord had made a babble of the language of the world.
According the Bible, why was the Lord angry when He saw the city? What did He do?
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect tense refers to an activity or situation completed before another event or time in the past. The second event or time must be either mentioned or implied. Although the past perfect tense is often preferable in formal English, the simple past is frequently used instead of the past perfect in conversation. The past perfect tense stresses the completion of the earlier activity.
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Subject + had + verb in past participle Example: I had done my homework before playing soccer.
TIME EXPRESSIONS (EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO) already just no sooner recently still yet ever never after before by by the time (that) until when
ya (este es un adverbio) no justo antes de recientemente todavía, aún todavía, aún nunca, alguna vez nunca después antes por por ese tiempo (para aquel entonces) hasta cuando
Examples: Statements
Meaning
Joy had finished the article by 8:00 P.M.
The article had finished before 8:00 P.M.
She had never read the author before last night.
The author never had been read before last night.
By the end of 1932, they had already lost their farm.
They lost their farm before 1932.
After she had phoned, she went to the movie.
She went to the movie after the action of phoning.
USE USE 1: A COMPLETED ACTION BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION IN THE PAST The first use of this tense is to emphasize that one action in the past happened before another action in the past.
I had finished my homework before I went playing football. Yo había terminado my tarea antes de ir a jugar futbol. John had never been to London before we went there last year. John nunca había estado en Londres antes de ir allá el año pasado.
Good to know People (especially native speakers) do not use the Past Perfect in above sentences very often. For example, they will say: After I washed my car, I went to fill up. Rather than: After I had washed my car, I went to fill up. This is because "after" and "before" tell the listener which action happened first. Still, keep in mind that it is better to use the Past Perfect, especially in written English or when writing exams. To understand this tense better, let´s pay attention to this scene:: EVENT NUMBER 1: Summer 1990: Father:
Have you ever seen a camel, Julius?
Son:
No daddy!
Father:
Today we are going to the zoo.
Son:
Hurrah!
EVENT NUMBER 2: Summer 1990 – After Event 1: Father and son are in the zoo and they are seeing a camel. EVENT NUMBER 3: Now (Current Time) Father:
My son Julius had never seen a camel before we went together to the zoo in summer 1990.
Here we have a summary with the Past Perfect Forms. PAST PERFECT FORMS Affirmative Form
I had finished. You had finished. We had finished. They had finished. He had finished. She had finished. It had finished.
Negative Form
Interrogative Form
I had not finished. You had not finished. We had not finished. They had not finished. He had not finished. She had not finished. It had not finished.
Had I finished? Had you finished? Had we finished? Had they finished? Had he finished? Had she finished? Had it finished?
In conclusion, the Past Perfect Tense is used when a has been completed action before something in the Past .
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
a. Complete the following sentences by using either the simple past or the past perfect tense of the verbs in parenthesis, as in the example. Example:
Before changing lifestyles began (begin) to separate modern families, several generations of the same family had often lived (live / often) together.
1. American society War II
(begin / already) to change when World (break out).
2. Women II
(work / rarely) outside the home before World War (produce) a labor storage.
3. By the time that World War II American way of life
(come) to an end, the (change) tremendously.
4. Soon after World War II (began).
(end), the great “Baby Boom”
5. By the early 1950s, many Americans in new suburbs near cities.
(move) to new homes
b. Write the past participle (3rd form) of the following irregular verbs. 1. think – 2. sleep 3. throw 4. wear 5. swim -
c. Complete the sentences in Past Perfect Simple (positive). 1. They spent their honeymoon in Paris where they (meet) 2. When Alice (do)
two years before.
the shopping, she picked her children up from school.
3. He showed us the place where he (hurt) 4. I looked at the photos that he (send)
his leg. .
5. Yesterday I read an interesting article which my teacher (recommend)
to me.
d. Complete the sentences in Past Perfect Simple (negative). 1. I (not / touch)
a snake before that day.
2. Andy won the match although he (not / play) 3. When I left the house, I (not / have)
squash before. breakfast yet.
4. Jim crashed into another car because he (not / realise) 5. I worked on Saturday, so I (not / go)
to the party the day before.
e. Complete the questions in Past Perfect Simple. 1. (what / you / say) 2. (he / speak) 3. (you / switch) 4. (you / take)
the red traffic light.
before you opened the window? to you before he called us? off the cooker before we left? the laundry in when it started to rain?
5. (who / live)
in that house before the Smiths bought it?
DESCRIPTION OF THIS UNIT This unit aims to study the English verb tenses. Thus, the intention of this unit is that students learn the grammatical construction for each tense, know how to use the grammatical structures appropriately in a sentence, recognize the correct tense within a conversation, dialogue or a reading passage. Furthermore, it is pretended that students are able to adjectives according to the tense they are referring to. For this purpose it is extremely necessary for the students to learn and memorize the adjectives and their meaning in Spanish.
In this unit you will learn the following topics: Adjectives Comparative grade. Superlative grade. Statement of the problem: Since tenses are complex structures that require mastery and practice, it is very important to provide exercises and activities for students to learn these tenses in a practical way and making use of real situations. Moreover, it is imperative that students perform a logical analysis when identifying a certain tense within a sentence for it to have coherence and sense.
Expected results: The expected results for this unit are: Students familiarize well with adjectives and comparative and superlative grade. Students know by themselves to explain the difference between the English tenses. Students are able to apply the appropriate tense according to the situation or context to which they are talking about.
SETTING CONTEXT
The City and the Country David: How do you like living in the big city? Maria: There are many things that are better than living in the country! David: Can you give me some examples? Maria: Well, it certainly is more interesting than the country. There is so much more to do and see! David: Yes, but the city is more dangerous than the country. Maria: That's true. People in the city aren't as open and friendly as those in the countryside. David: I'm sure that the country is more relaxed, too! Maria: Yes, the city is busier than the country. However, the country is much slower than the city. David: I think that's a good thing! Maria: Oh, I don't. The country is so slow and boring! It's much more boring than the city. David: How about the cost of living? Is the country cheaper than the city? Maria: Oh, yes. The city is more expensive than the country. David: Life in the country is also much healthier than in the city. Maria: Yes, it's cleaner and less dangerous in the country.But, the city is so much
more exciting. It's faster, crazier and more fun than the country. David: I think YOU are crazy for moving to the city. Maria: Well, I'm youn g now. Maybe when I'm married and have children I'll move back to the country. LIST OF COMMON ADJECTIVES
bad
malo
new
Nuevo
beautiful big bitter boring calm cheap clear cold complicated curious dark difficult diligent dirty dry easy empty entertaining expensive fair fat few full good happy hard healthy honest interesting lazy lean long
hermoso grande amargo aburrido tranquilo barato claro frío complicado curioso oscuro difícil aplicado sucio seco fácil vacío divertido caro justo gordo poco lleno bueno alegre, feliz duro sano honesto interesante perezoso flaco largo
old polite poor pretty pure quick rich sad salty short sick simple slow small strong stupid sweet tall thick thin tired ugly unfair warm weak wide young low modest much narrow nervous
antiguo, viejo Cortés Pobre Guapo Puro Rápido Rico Triste Salado Corto Enfermo Sencillo Lento Pequeño Fuerte Tonto Dulce Alto Grueso Delgado Cansado Feo Injusto Caliente Débil Ancho Joven Bajo Modesto Mucho Estrecho Nervioso
ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE GRADE
Often times in writing we wish to compare a noun to another noun. In order to do that we need to use a special form of adjective called a comparative adjective. Consider how the following sentence shows degrees of comparison. What Are Comparative Adjectives? Comparative adjectives compare two things, people, or places unlike positive adjectives which stand alone and do not make
comparisons
between
nouns.
Frequently,
the
word than accompanies the comparative but not always. Paul is taller than John. The taller boy is Paul. Forming Comparative Adjectives In some cases the comparative is formed by adding the suffix –er to a one syllable adjective. Sometimes two syllable words become comparative with an – er suffix as well. At other times the words more or lessprecede a two or three syllable adjective to show degrees of comparison. However, it’s not acceptable to do both. In other words, it’s poor grammar to say Paul is more taller than John, or less taller than Michael. Examples of Comparative Adjectives The following are a few examples of how comparative adjectives are used in sentences. Stella is a smaller dog than Bruno so she usually loses the fight over dog treats. (Stella is compared to Bruno.) We ordered a bigger cake than usual in case unexpected guests came to the party. (The present cake is compared to the cake they usually order.) Trey is more handsome than any movie star I’ve ever seen. (Trey is compared to a movie star.) Susan is a kind person but she is less compassionate than Linda. (Susan is compared to Linda.)
The spring garden was lovelier than the fall display of flowers. Today feels cooler than yesterday’s sweltering temperature. Venus is brighter than Pluto. Freda’s red hair is curlier than Beth’s. I was more embarrassed than Carol about the test scores. Here is a list of some common adjectives and their comparative forms: angry – angrier
anxious – more anxious
Beautiful – more beautiful
brave – braver
bright – brighter
broad – broader
calm –calmer
cold – colder
cool – cooler
curly – curlier
dirty – dirtier
dry – drier
dull – duller
earlier – earlier
embarrassed – more embarrassed
evil – more evil
fine –finer
friendly – friendlier
fresh – fresher
happy – happier
hard – harder
hot – hotter
immense – more immense
long – longer
lovely – lovelier
nervous – more nervous
odd- odder
old – older
perfect – more perfect
quick – quicker
rich – richer
smart – smarter
sweet – sweeter
thin – thinner
As you can see, not all common adjectives are made comparative by adding the suffix -er. The examples above show cases where you have to use the words more or less to create the comparative form. Now, there is just one more rule to consider… Irregular Forms Some adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative degree, meaning they don’t have a suffix –er nor do they need the words more or less. The comparative forms of these adjectives are totally different words. good – better
little – less
bad – worse
far – farther
much – more
Recognizing and choosing comparative adjectives really isn’t difficult. Just remember they are used to compare two objects, people, or places, they are created by adding the suffix -er to the positive form of a one-syllable adjective or they are have the word more or less preceding them if the positive adjective is three syllables or more. By keeping these simple rules in mind – plus memorizing a few irregular forms – you can confidently use comparative adjectives in your writing.
A. Write the Comparative forms of the adjectives: tall taller 1. fast
2. heavy
3. dangerous
4. small
5. large
6. light
7. rare
8. common
9. bad
10. good
pets. X
2. Pigs are more intelligent as other animals. X
3. Turtles are slow than crocodiles. X
4. Elephants are heavyer than pigs. X
5. Bears are more rare than snakes. X
C. Comparative adjectives 1. I am
(tall) my sister.
2. My mum thinks that cats are 3. Cycling is one of
(good) pets than dogs. (dangerous) sports.
B. Corre ct the sente nces 1. Cats are popul arer than snake s as
4. I want to have 5. A blue whale is 6. You look 7. Bicycles are 8. She is 9. What is 10. Computers are
(big) car. (heavy) twenty-five elephants. (thin) last month. Have you lost weight? (slow) cars. (nice) person I know. (good) film you´ve seen? (cheap) mobile phones.
ADJECTIVES SUPERLATIVES GRADE
Como formar adjetivos superlativos en inglés: 1. Para adjetivos con dos consonantes añade est Tall - the tallest 2. Para adjetivos que acaban con la letra e añade st Large - the largest 3. Para adjetivos que acaban con una vocal + un consonante añade consonante +est Big - the biggest 4. Para adjetivos que acaban con y añade iest Tidy - the tidiest 5. Para adjetivos con dos sílabas ó mas usa most + adjectivo Important -the most important Modern -the most modern Common - the most common 6. Con algunos adjetivos con dos sílabas se puede añadir est ó most Clever - the cleverest ó the most clever Pleasant - the pleasantest ó the most pleasant 7. Adjetivos irregulares Good - the best Bad - the worst Old - the oldest Far - the farthest ó the furthest 4. Para adjetivos que acaban con y añade iest (tidy, empty, dry, busy, dirty, funny, early) Happy the happiest 5. Si el ajetivo tiene dos sílabas ó mas usa the most + el adjetivo (excepciones son los adjetivos que acaban en y)
Modern the most modern 6. Hay algunos adjetivos que se puede añadir est ó the most Clever the cleverest ó the most clever Narrow the narrowest ó the most narrow Simple the Simplest ó the most simple 7. Algunos adjetivos son irregulares Good the best Bad the worst Far the Farthest/Furthest
A. Complete the text using the superlative form 1. Jeremy is 10 years old. Jenny is 8 years old. Jeremy is (old) Jenny. 2. The Alps are very high. They are (high) 3. An ocean is (large)
mountains in Europe. a sea.
4. A Rolls Royce costs a lot of money. A Twingo costs less. A Rolls Royce is (expensive)
a Twingo.
5. John's results were bad. Fred's were very poor. Fred's results were (bad) John's. 6. This exercise is not very difficult. It's
I expected.
7. The weather is not good today. It's raining. I hope the weather will be (good) next week. 8. People are not very friendly in big cities. They are usually (friendly) in small towns. 9. In the government of a country, the President is (important) person. 10. People say that Chinese is (difficult)
B. Fill in the correct forms.
to learn than English
Positive Form
long
clever
difficult
hot
wonderful
Comparative
Superlative
DESCRIPTION OF THIS UNIT
This unit aims to study the Passive Voice. Thus, the intention of this unit is that students learn how to change the active voice into the passive voice. The students will learn how to form this voice with simple tenses and what are the most common verbs used with the passive voice.
In this unit you will learn the following topics:
Introduction to the passive voice. The passive voice with simple tenses Verbs commonly used in the passive voice Anticipatory IT with the passive voice.
Statement of the problem:
The writing of formal compositions sometimes results difficult for many students, since they have to use a appropriate tone, a more polite way of addressing the readers and in most of the cases the writer needs to make use of the passive voice. So that, the passive voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or technical writing or lab reports.
Expected results: The expected results for this unit are: Students know well what the passive voice is. Students distinguish between the active and passive voice. Students are able to apply appropriately the verbs in the passive voice as well as to differentiate between agent and object.
SETTING CONTEXT
Lea: Would you believe, a car that runs on plain water was finally invented? Betty: Really? By whom? Lea: That, I do not know. If I do, I should have told you that so and so invented a car runs on plain water. But since I don't know the inventor, I'd rather talk about his invention. Betty: But why didn't you at least try to find out who that genius is? Lea: I missed his name. The newsacaster mentioned it only once. Betty: So, you got this news on TV, huh? Lea: Exactly. And you know what? Extracts from water lily and banana were used in this car. Betty: Oh? What for? Lea: To enhance the life of the engine, I heard. The first time this technology was introduced, only a liter of gasoline was needed to prime the car's engine, the rest was water. But now, it has improved. Betty: Mmm...that's something.
INTRODUCTION TO THE PASSIVE VOICE All verbs have active voice forms, but only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can appear in either the active and passive voice. The voice (active or passive) does not normally affect the meaning but it does change the focus of the sentence. In other words, the passive voice states that an action is performed by someone. The focus is on the SUBJECT. The structure to form the passive voice is the following:
SIMPLE PRESENT
Active
Millions of peopleusethe Internet everyday.
SENTENCES
Voice
SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT
Verb TO BE (SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE) + VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Passive
+ BY + AGENT
Voice
The Internet is used bymillions of people everyday. SUBJECT
SIMPLE PAST SENTENCES
Active
Verb TO BE (SIMPLE PAST TENSE)
Voice
+ VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE) + BY +
VERB
AGENT
My dog bit the mailman. The mailman was bitten by my dog.
AGENT
Passive
SUBJECT
VERB
AGENT
Voice
Use of the Passive Voice Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known; however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen.
REMEMBER
Mi bicicleta fue robada.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
Un error fue cometido.
In this case, it is focused on the fact that a mistake was made, but it does not blame anyone, as in the following example: Example: You have made a mistake.
Tú has cometido un error.
IMPORTANT REMINDER GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE PASSIVE VOICE Subject + was / were + Past Participle Example: A letter was written.
PASSIVE VOICE WITH THE DIFFERENT TENSES Tense Active: Simple Present Passive: Simple Past Active: Passive: Active: Present Perfect Passive: Future I Active: Passive:
Tense Present Continuous Past Continuous Conditional I Conditional II
Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive:
Subject Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter
Subject Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter
Verb writes is written wrote was written has written has been written will write will be written
Object a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.
Verb is writing is being written was writing was being written would write would be written would have written would have been written
Object a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.
a) Which of the following sentences are in the active voice and which are in the passive voice? Label each. Then label the subject (S), verb (V), object (O) and or agent (A) in each sentence. Put one line under the subjects and two lines under the verbs. Finally, tell the primary focus of each sentence. A Example: Passive The first fax machine was manufactured by Muirhead, Ltd, England. S V Focus: The first fax machine.
1.
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
2.
The phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison in 1877.
3.
Warner Brothers introduced movies with sound in 1927.
4.
Bank credit cards were first introduced by Bank of America.
5.
Intel Corporation created the first microprocessor in 1971
6.
Martin Cooper invented the first cell phone in 1973
7.
The Walkman was developed by Sony Corporations in 1979
8.
Microsoft released Windows 1.0 in 1985
9.
Apple produced the first version of Powerbook in 1989
10.
In the 1990´s the Blackberry was developed.
11.
The first iPod was released by Apple in 2001.
The Passive Voice with Simple Tenses
The passive voice of verbs in simple tenses is formed in this way. Verb TO BE (am, is are for present tense / was, were for past tense / will be for future tense) + past participle + agent).
The verb TO BE is singular or plural, depending on the subject.
The passive forms have the same general meanings and time frames as verbs in the active voice.
Examples Active
Focus
Computer companies install computer Computer networks everyday.
companies
Simple Present
Passive Computer networks are installed by Computer
Active
computer companies everyday.
networks
A computer company installed a new
A
computer network in our office.
company
computer
Simple Past
Passive A new computer network was installed in
Active Simple
A new computer
our office (by a computer company)
network
A computer company will install a new
A
computer network next week.
company
computer
Future Passive A new computer network will be installed A new computer (by a computer company) next week.
network.
VERBS COMMONLY USED IN THE PASSIVE VOICE VERBS
EXAMPLES
Be based on
Be involved in (with) The movie was based on the novel.
Be connected to
Be located in (at, Wash your hands! You are covered with dirt!
Be covered with
on)
He was known for his honesty.
Be filled with (by)
Be made of (from)
The class is made up of students from many
Be formed of (from,
Be made up of
places.
by)
Be related to
She is related to the president.
Be known for (as)
Be used for (as, with)
Passive Verb Formation The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive forms of "design."
Auxiliary Tense
Subject Singular
Plural
Past Participle
Present
The car/cars is
are
designed.
Present perfect
The car/cars has been
have been
designed.
Past
The car/cars was
were
designed.
Past perfect
The car/cars had been
had been
designed.
Future
The car/cars will be
will be
designed.
Future perfect
The car/cars will have been will have been designed.
Present progressive The car/cars is being
are being
designed.
Past progressive
were being
designed.
The car/cars was being
A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence: Active
Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
Passive An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa. Passive Jorge was given an A.
Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*:
resemble look like equal agree with mean
contain
hold
comprise
lack
suit
fit
Become
a) Complete the following sentences by adding appropriate forms of the verbs in parentheses. Use past, present or future tenses. Then add the appropriate prepositions in the spaces provided. Example: Today, magazines and newspapers are filled(fill) with stories about the Internet. 1. Electronic mail, which is (Know / commonly) is the fastest growing means of communication in the world.
email,
2. Today, millions of people from all seven continents each other through the Internet. 3. Today´s Internet (base) researchers in the United States during the 1970s.
(connect) a network built for
4. The original network of the 1970s (use) communicating about research projects at different universities. 5. At that time, most of the research projects the defense industry. 6. Today, the Internet regional computer networks.
(make / actually)
(relate) hundreds of
7. Today, networks world.
(locate)
8. Each year the number of companies that Internet sales has increased.
countries all over the (involve)
b. Are the sentences written in Active or Passive voice? 1. Steven likes to play baseball. o Active voice o Passive voice 2. A letter was written. o Active voice o Passive voice 3. French is spoken in Niger. o Active voice o Passive voice 4. They often read e-mails. o Active voice o Passive voice 5. Bingo is played in Britain. o Active voice o Passive voice c. Rewrite the sentences in Passive voice. 1. Levi Strauss invented the blue jeans. . 2. The mechanic repairs cars. . 3. The girls can play handball. 4. John cleaned the bathroom. .
5. They understand Spanish. 6. Rewrite the sentences in Active voice. 7. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. 8. The exercise is completed by the teacher. 9. Coffee is sold by Marie. 10. Football is played by the children.
DESCRIPTION OF THIS UNIT This unit aims to study the English modal auxiliaries. Thus, the intention of this unit is that students learn how to apply these modal auxiliaries in their everyday conversations. Furthermore, it is pretended that students are able to use the different modals according to the situation they are referring to. For this purpose it is extremely necessary for the students to think logically to use the correct modal.
In this unit you will learn the following topics: Expressing Preference: Would like (prefer) Giving Advice and Expressing Obligation: Ought to, Should, Had better, Must, Have to
Statement of the problem: Since requests, asking for permissions, expressing preference or giving advices are part of our daily speech, it is really important for the students to know how to express them in a correct way. Many of our requests need to be polite because we always are in touch with strangers, even our friends need us to be polite when we ask something or give them some advice. Thus we need to know the appropriate form to address those people. For that reason, the students will apply the modal auxiliaries in real situations, conversations, dialogues, etc. Moreover, it is imperative that students perform a logical analysis when identifying a certain modal within a sentence for it to have coherence and sense.
Expected results: The expected results for this unit are: Students familiarize well with modal auxiliaries and their uses. Students are able to apply the appropriate modal according to the situation or context to which they are talking about.
Read the conversation Ordering a meal Waitress:
What would you like to order?
Customer:
I would like have the fried chicken.
Waitress:
Would you like rice or potatoes?
Customer:
Potatoes, please.
Waitress:
What kind of potatoes would you prefer? Mashed, baked, or French fries?
Customer:
I would prefer French fries.
Waitress:
OK. And what would you like to drink?
Customer:
I guess I would like a cup of coffee.
Waitress:
Would you like anything else?
Customer:
No, that will be all for now, thanks.
After you read: What would the customer like to eat? What would you like to eat if you were at a fast food restaurant.
EXPRESSING PREFERENCES: WOULD LIKE (PREFER)
Affirmative and negative statements and questions with would like (prefer) may express desires, preferences, or choices. The contracted form of would (I´d, etc) is almost always used in conversational English. Oraciones afirmativas y negativas y preguntas con “would like” (gustaría) y “would prefer” (preferiría) podrían expresar deseos, preferencias, u opciones. The forma contraída de “would” (`d) es casi siempre usada en inglés conversacional. EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: WOULD LIKE (PREFER) Structures I would (not) like + infinitive or noun Would you like + infinitive or noun? Wouldn´t you like + infinitive or noun?
Explanations
Examples
Would (not) like (prefer) is followed I would like a window seat. by either a noun or the infinitive form of a verb. No, I would like (prefer) to sit in the middle section. Would you like to see the new store? Wouldn´t you like (prefer) to see the new store?
Negative Form:
The negative form of would like is: WOULD NOT LIKE. And the contracted form is: WOULDN´T LIKE
Examples: I wouldn´t like to go to that doctor. She wouldn´t like to order salad.
No me gustaría ir a ese doctor. A ella no le gustaría ordenar ensalada.
IMPORTANT REMINDER – RECORDATORIO IMPORTANTE It is important to remember that WOULD LIKE expresses preference AT THE MOMENT OF SPEAKING. It is very different from LIKE which expresses preferences in general. When you say: “I would like…something”, you mean that you want that right now and not in a general sense. Es importante recordar que WOULD LIKE (GUSTARÍA) expresa preferencia EN EL MOMENTO EN QUE SE ESTÁ HABLANDO. Es muy diferente de LIKE (GUSTAR) lo cual expresa preferencias en general. Cuando usted dice: “Me gustaría...algo”, quiere decir que usted quiere algo en este momento y no a nivel general.
a) Imagine that you have unlimited time and money. What would you like to do? Choose from the following list and add your own ideas. Make ten sentences. NOTE: For emphasis, you can say I would really like to… I would love to…. Example:
travel around the world. I would like (love) to travel around the world.
1. Move to Paris 2. Run a Marathon 3. Get a PH.D 4. Buy a yacht 5. Study arts 6. Learn yoga 7. play tennis everyday 8. go to a professional soccer game every weekend 9. play a musical instrument well 10. Study a lot more English grammar.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
b. Fill in the words to complete the sentences using "would, would like, would love or wouldn't like". 1-You want to do something with your friend tonight. You ask: What
to do tonight?
2-You are in a restaurant and you ask for a glass of water. you bring me a glass of water please?
3-You are exprecing how much you want to go to Paris. I to go to Paris. 4-You don't like to work as a waiter. I to work as a waiter. 5-You are offering your friend a sandwish. a sandwish?
c. Unscramble the sentence. 6-would/ she/ to/ like/ go/ vacation/ on/ this/ year. would _ to 7-like/ He/ meet/ wouldn't/ to/ you/ like. He 8-love/ We/ to/ you/ visit/ would/ again. We 9-play/ the/ guitar/ Would/ you/ like/ to/ ? you 10-wouldn't/ to/ swim/ there/ I/ like. I
Setting the Context
Pre-reading QuestionsHow careful are you with your money? Share your ideas and experiences by answering these questions about the picture. Describe Carlos´s room. Is it well finished? What is Carlos planning? Do you have a budget? Does this look like your budget?
Discuss the questions:
What are fixed expenses? Why should you list all of your fixed expenses first? If some costs change, why should you guess higher than lower? What is spending money?
GIVING ADVICE: OUGHT TO, SHOULD, HAD BETTER The modals ought to, should, and had better are used to give advice. In affirmative and negative statements and questions, had better, should, and ought to all express advice or suggestion. EXPRESSING ADVICE OR SUGGESTION: HAD BETTER, SHOULD, AND OUGHT TO Structures
Explanations
Examples
Both should and ought to can give You ought to attend class regularly. advice. Ought to is not common in Should you take an extra class? questions or negatives, however. Ought to Should
Tanto “should” como “ought to” sirven para dar consejo. You should not be absent. Sin embargo, “ought to” no es común en preguntas u oraciones negativas. Had better is stronger than should He´d better get some oxygen.
or ought to. It does not appear in affirmative questions. You´d better hurry or you´ll be late.
Had better
“Had better” es más fuerte (más Hadn´t you better hurry? exigente) en tono que “should” o “ought to”. No aparece en preguntas You´d better not stay here any longer or you’ll be late. afirmativas.
IMPORTANT REMINDER The contraction of had better is: ´d better. Example: You had better drink much water You´d better drink much water. More examples: A: I´m hungry. B: You should eat something.
Estoy hambriento. Deberías comer algo.
A: I am tired today. B: You ought to take a nap.
Hoy estoy cansado. Deberías tomar una siesta.
A: My clothes are dirty B: You had better wash them.
Mi ropa está sucia. Deberías lavarla.
Giving Obligation or Need: Must (not), Have To, Don´t Have To EXPRESSING NEED OR LACK OF NEED: MUST (NOT), HAVE TO, DON´T HAVE TO Meanings
Need Obligation
Structures
Must (not) + simple form Have to
Explanations
Examples
In affirmative statement and questions, must (not) and have to You must see a doctor about that cut in your hand. express need or obligation. Must or must not express a strong need to do or not to do something. John has to go for a physical En oraciones afirmativas y exam, so he can´t play tennis today. preguntas, must (not) y have to expresan necesidad u obligación. Must o must not expresan una necesidad más fuerte de hacer o no hacer algo.
Lack of Need
Don´t have to + simple form Doesn´t have to
Do / does not have to refer to something that is not necessary to do. Its meaning is very different I don´t have to see the doctor from must not. because my fever went away. Do / does not have to se refiere a que algo no es necesario de hacer. su significado es muy diferente de must not.
To sum up, we have different levels of obligation or need for which we have different modal auxiliaries, in the following way: Obligation / Need Advice (Softer Obligation) Lack of Need Obligación / Necesidad Consejo (Obligación moderada) Falta de Necesidad Have to Must / mustn’t
Should / shouldn´t Ought to Had Better / Hadn´t better
Don´t have to Don´t need to
a) Make suggestions for the phrases in the parentheses on invent your own suggestions. Use Had Better, Ought to or Should. Example:
A: I have had a headache for several days (call the doctor) B:You´d better call the doctor.
1. A: I have had a toothache since last week (see a dentist) B:
2. A: I can´t see well at night anymore (check your eyes with an ophthalmic ) B:
3. A: I can´t get rid of this cold (stay in bed for a few days) B:
4. A: None of my clothes fit anymore (go on a diet) B:
5. A: I am not doing well in my classes (study more) B:
6. A: I don´t understand the next assignment (talk to the teacher about it) B:
7. A: I have a problem with my visa (check on it right away) B:
B. Match the statements to the advice. Type the letter in the box. 1.
I've got a headache.
AYou should do some exercise.
2.
I'm cold
3.
The game starts at three o'clock.
CYou shouldn't sit so close to the TV.
4.
He's always tired in the morning.
DYou should stay in bed.
5.
I don't feel well.
EWe should leave at two-thirty.
6.
I want to lose weight.
FHe shouldn't stay up so late.
. BYou should put on a jumper.
C. Choose the most appropriate answer to express the idea specified in parentheses. 1. You don't look well. You are 2.
could
see a doctor. (Advice)
need
should
lending me your CD player for a couple of days? (Request) Can
Could
Would
Would you mind
3. Whose book is this? – I am not sure. It might 4. She
must
can
would
home yesterday because her little son was sick. (Necessity)
could have 5. You
should
had to
must have
might
will
might
get out of the burning building. (Ability)
should
was able to
7. The windows look clean. You can't 8. You could
wash them. (Absence of necessity)
don't have to
are not to
disturb him during his work! (Prohibition) don't have
9. Whose car is this? – It probability) might
should have stayed
leave work at 3:30 today. (Permission)
6. Though he was ill and weak, he could
be Ann's. (Possibility)
could
must
should not
be Anton's. I think I saw him driving a red car like this one. (Strong must
would
10. I don't believe it. It wouldn't be true. (Impossibility) can't
mustn't
shouldn't
wouldn't
LIST OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS Infinitive (Base Form) be become begin bring buy choose come do drink drive eat fall feel find fly forget get give go have hear keep know leave lend let loose make meet pay put read run say see sell
Simple Past was / were became began brought bought chose came did drank drove ate fell felt found flew forgot got gave went had heard kept knew left lent let lost made met paid put
Past Participle
been become begun brought bought chosen come done drunk driven eaten fallen felt found flown forgotten got (gotten in USA) given gone had heard kept known left lent let lost made met paid put read (pronounced read (pronounced /red/) /red/) ran run said said saw seen sold sold
Spanish Meaning ser / estar hacerse / ponerse comenzar / empezar traer comprar escoger / elegir venir hacer beber conducir comer caer sentir encontrar / hallar volar olvidar conseguir dar ir tener oĂr guardar saber / conocer dejar / salir / abandonar prestar permitir / dejar perder hacer / fabricar conocer / reunirse pagar poner / colocar leer correr decir ver vender
send sing sit sleep speak stand swim take teach tell think understand wear write
sent sang sat slept spoke stood swam took taught told thought understood wore wrote
sent sung sat slept spoken stood swum taken taught told thought understood worn written
enviar cantar sentarse dormir hablar mantenerse (de pie) nadar tomar / coger enseĂąar decir / contar pensar entender vestir / ponerse escribir
PRONUNCIATION OF REGULAR PAST FORMS with /d /
with /t /
with /id/
studied
worked
invited
stayed
watched
visited
GENERAL REFERENCES: BOOKS: 1. Hanreddy, J., & Whalley, E. (2007) Mosaic 2 – Listening /Speaking (Silver Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies. Singapore. 2. Kirn, E., & Hartmann, P. (2007). Interactions 1 – Reading (Silver Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies. Singapore 3. Richards, J., Hull, J., & Proctor, S. (2002). New Interchange . Student´s Book. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press 4. Smith, C., Bermejo, M., & Chang, E. (1979). Collins – Diccionario Español – Inglés / English – Spanish. Barcelona- España: Ediciones Grijalbo 5. Summers, D. (2005). Longman – Dictionary of Contemporary English. England: Pearson Education Limited 6. Tanka, J., & Baker, L. (2007). Interactions 2 – Listening and Speaking (Silver Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies. Singapore 7. Werner, P., & Nelson, J. (2007). Interactions 2 – Grammar (Silver Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies. Singapore WEB SITES: 1. Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com 2. Retrieved from http://www.wikipedia.org 3. Retrieved from http://www.ego4u.com 4. Retrieved from http://www.grammar-monster.com 5. Retrieved from http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca 6. Retrieved from http://www.eslcafe.com 7. Retrieved from http://www.chompchomp.com 8. Retrieved from http://www.engvid.com 9. Retrieved from http://www.englishbaby.com 10. Retrieved from http://www.antimoon.com 11. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com 12. Retrieved from http://www.grammaring.com 13. Retrieved from http://www.ompersonal.com 14. Retrieved from http://www.allposters.com.ar 15. Retrieved from http://my.opera.com 16. Retrieved from http://www.quemellevodeviaje.com 17. Retrieved from http://www.curso-ingles.com/ 18. Retrieved from http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca 19. Retrieved from http://www.lyriczz.com/lyrics
20. Retrieved from http://spanish.about.com 21. Retrieved from http://www.usingenglish.com 22. Retrieved from http://www.englishpage.com 23. Retrieved from http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com 24. Retrieved from http://www.lyrics007.com 25. Retrieved from http://www.answers.com 26. Retrieved from http://www.schmoozd.com 27. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org 28. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com 29. Retrieved from http://www.englishpage.com 30. Retrieved from http://esl.about.com 31. Retrieved from http://www.hablamejoringles.com