ACCUMULATION
THE ANNUAL 13
FEATURING Masters of Architecture, Landscape Architecture & Urban Design {Fall 2012 & Winter 2013} at the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape & Design, University of Toronto PRESENTED BY the Graduate Architecture Landscape & Design Student Union {GALDSU} EDITED & DESIGNED BY Jasmeen Bains & Clarence Lacy PRINTED IN Toronto ON by Astley Gilbert Limited ISBN 978-0-7727-8831-3 COVER IMAGE: Math sketches of Performative Materiality, Hali Larsen {refer to page 048}
THE ANNUAL 13
So long and thanks for all the fish
ACCUMULATION
CORE STUDIOS
Core studios include the first two years of M.Arch and M.L.A. and the first year of M.U.D. and provide the theoretical and technical foundation for option studios and thesis.
OPTION STUDIOS
Option studios offer a range of subject, scale, method, and instructor in architecture, landscape architecture and urban design.
THESIS
Thesis studio work allows students to independently pursue subjects under the supervision of a faculty advisor.
Accumulation
Accumulation is the process continuously acquiring and building. Accumulation is a judicious and selective compounding of Numbers (concrete, discrete, quantitative and numeric information), Amounts (qualitative information) and Masses (indefinite and nebulous information).
within this overload of information, we have categorized the work in the following modes of accumulation:
Thoughtful design is derivative of a systematic accumulation of thoughts, ideas, data, opportunities, challenges, rules, regulations, and symbiotic creativity. Thoughtful academic projects process these ideas and test the boundaries and unknowns of discipline. Projects ranging from first year conceptual massing studies to complex parametric computations and layered synthetic systems all begin with this process of conscious and unconscious accumulation.
AMOUNT2
The 13th edition of The Annual focuses on this notion of accumulation and its role in student work at the Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design. While past editions of The Annual have been a venue to display seductive images of student thesis work, this edition presents a larger body of student work, not as stand-alone, finished, polished images, but as the product a year of active and passive accumulation. The 13th edition, again, put an emphasis on work most representative of student idea generation and design process, regardless of design discipline academic program. The focus is the importance of innovation in contemporary design discourse, giving priority to projects that both test the understood and accepted boundaries of design and are represented in a clear and beautiful manner, both polished and unpolished.
As designers we are conscious of the importance of the image. Accumulation does not only pertain to the imperceptible, but includes the tactile palpable Figure. Representation is not the rendering, the rendering is just one form of representation. The Figure represents the image that expresses its beauty not through aesthetic perfection, but through message. The Figure can stand alone and explain an idea, being the product or a piece of accumulated Number, Amount, or Mass.
We present The Annual 13: Accumulation as a portal through which one can understand the influences the academic environment as well as current economic, political and social conditions can have not only on student work but on design work in general. In order to create a comparable order
NUMBER1 Words and or symbols used to count
Option
Core
THE ANNUAL 13: ACCUMULATION
MASS3 A body of matter And as the representation of accumulation: FIGURE4
Editors Jasmeen Bains Clarence Lacy Notes: 01. Refer to pages 008-064. 02. Refer to pages 066-142. 03. Refer to pages 176-254. 04. Refer to pages 146-172.
Thesis
A quantity / measure / value / aggregate
NUMBER 009
015
023 025
COMPREHENSIVE SECTIONAL STUDIES > Emma Dunn & Venessa Heddle / Laura Fiset & Cassandra Kotva / Paul Harrison & Mark Ross / Jason Ho & Ehran Holm
061
PAN-AMERICAN HIGHWAY 2.0 > Kiani Keyvani
AMOUNT 067
REFUGEE LANDSCAPES > Lina Al-Dajani
071
RE-PURPOSE / A CATALYTIC ENGINE > Lisa Sato & Crystal Waddell
075
A CHILD FOR LA TUNDA: AN IDEA FOR BUENOS AIRES > Anne van Koeverden
HARNESSING ESTUARY FLOW > Ding Ding
079
IN THE WAY OF CITY > Melissa Maria Tovar
PROTECT THE EDGE, EXPOSE THE TIDE > Jessica Wagner
083
OVERBURDEN > Nicolas Barrette & Alexandra Berceanu / Emilia Hurd, Xiaoxiao Lu & Rachel Weston / Mary Hicks, James MacDonald-Nelson & Peter Osborne
091
CONNECTIVE LANDSCAPES > Matt Perotto
093
N-DIALECTICS OF TRANSDISCIPLINARITY > Greg Bunker
SOCIETY, ECONOMY & BUILT CONTEXT > Anne Louise Aboud, Eliza Oprescu, Xiaoxiao Lu & Megan Esopenko / Douglas Robb / Vinh Van / Emilia Hurd
027
MAKING A LOT > Malgorzata Farun
029
SUCCESSIONAL CITY > Julia Smachylo
033
THE MOVING & THE STILL: THE ECTASY OF THE FRAGMENT & THE TRIUMPH OF THE IMAGINATION > Martha Sparrow & Zeina Koreitem / Clarence Lacy & Yi Zhou
037
A LIVING ARCHIVE > Craig Deebank
095
FREE STATE OF TORONTO > Krister Holmes / Yoav Ickowicz
041
RESPONSIVE GEOMETRIES > Faisal Bashir
099
THE HOUSING PROBLEM > Dimitra Papantonis
045
MATERIAL / IMMATERIAL > Hali Larsen / Javid Alibhai
105
DELIRIOUS PARKDALE > Sophia Radev
049
MYTHOLOGIES OF THE DIGITAL > Ultan Byrne
107
WOOD AS CANADIAN IDENTITY > Verena Hornig / Ola-Ife Ojo
053
POST-INDUSTRIAL RECLAMATION > Robin Heathcote
111
CHARISMATIC MINI-FAUNA & THE URBAN PARK > Catherine Dean
057
TOWARDS REGENERATIVE URBANISM > Pegah Fahimian
115
HIGH STREET LOW STREET > Dina Sarhane
Contents
121
TRANSPOSABLE PARK > Shira Davis
123
THE “AS IF” SOCIETY > Azadeh Zaferni
129
THE MUSEUM > Novka Cosovic
133
CHANGING IDEALS & SHIFTING REALITIES IN THE TAIWAN STRAIT > Bobby Chiang
137
CATALYTIC LANDSCAPE > Lulu Yu
141
AQUATIC INTERCHANGE > Benjamin Matthews
149
FIGURE INTERLUDE Catherine Dean, Roxanne Bejjany, Ayesha Moghul, Tyler Bradt, Elliott Sturtevant & Leo Tang, Matthew Blunderfield, Jesse Lap Hao, Jasmeen Bains, Dina Sarhane, Zeina Koreitem, Felix Wing Suen, Kristen Duimering, Azadeh Zaferani, Yi Zhou, Novka Cosovic, Adam Nordfors, Clarence Lacy, Mehran Ataee, Bobby Chiang, Nora Barbu, Skanda Lin, Jason Ho & Ehran Holm, Douglas Robb, Melissa Maria Tovar, Paul Christian
MASS 177
USER, INTERFACE, DESIGN > Matthew Blundefield
181
PATTERNING LAND > David Kossowsky / Sarry Klein
183
COMMUNITY CENTRE > Caterina Cuda / Anamarija Korolj
185
ARCHITECTURAL PROVOCATIONS OF THE GOLDEN AGE > Joel Leon / Gladys Cheung
195
CULTURE & THE METROPOLIS > Doug Robb / Billy Chung / Lara Gumushdijan / Leon Lai / Megan Esopenko
201
CURATORIAL OPERATIONS > Jesse Lap Hao
203
MASS INDIVIDUALISM; THE FORM OF THE MULTITUDE > Nathan Bishop
209
DISORDERS > Kenneth Wong
213
AFFORDABLE UTOPIAS > Paul Christian / Duncan Sabiston
217
VACANT/MEMORIES > Matteo Maneiro
219
REIGN OF LOGIC > Mahan Javadi
223
SACRED AND PROFANE > Jasmeen Bains
227
BETWEEN THE RAVINE & THE CITY > Kristen Duimering / Jason Van Der Burg
231
THREE URBAN CEMETERIES > Tyler Bradt
237
PRODUCTION URBANISM > Skanda Lin
241
PERIMETERS OF RE-IMAGINED ARTIFACTS > Ayesha Moghul
245
POST BUBBLE APARTMENTS > Min Woo Kim
247
GROUNDING DIASPORA > Jasmeen Bains / Benjamin Matthews / Javid Alibhai / Robin Heathcote / Tings Chak
253
STORY OF THE EGG > Zeina Koreitem
NUMBER words or symbols used to count
Featuring: Emma Dunn & Venessa Heddle * Laura Fiset & Cassandra Kotva * Paul Harrison & Mark Ross * Jason Ho & Ehran Holm * Anne Aboud & Eliza Oprescu & Xiaoxiao Lu & Megan Esopenko * Megan Esopenko * Douglas Robb * Vinh Van * Emilia Hurd * Martha Sparrow & Zeina Koreitem * Clarence Lacy & Yi Zhou * Craig Deebank * Hali Larsen * Javid Alibhai * Jessica Wagner * Robin Heathcote * Ding Ding * Malgorzata Farun * Julia Smachylo * Kiani Keyvani * Pegah Fahimian * Ultan Byrne * Faisal Bashir
Figure 2 {below}: Land loss in Southeastern Louisiana, V. Van Figure 3 {next page}: Stormwater and street infrastructure of example coastal cities, A. Aboud, M. Esopenko, X. Lu & M. Esopenko
Anne Louise Aboud, Megan Esopenko, Xiaoxiao Lu & Eliza Oprescu / Emilia Hurd / Doug Robb / Vinh Van {E. Shelley, J. Wolff}
Sea level rise, climate change and aging infrastructure present design challenges for cites across North America. The city of New Orleans for the past few years has served as a datum and departure point for the final studio in the MLA core sequence. Water and a city’s relationship with water serves as a basis for examining New Orleans and it composition of highly complex landscape systems. The water dilemma raises many design issues that are rhetorical—what should the image of water be in urban environments, and how can that image help citizens understand the ecological conditions they inhabit?—and practical—how does rainwater hit the ground, travel through the city, and make its way to an open body of water?
These issues cross disciplines and arenas: they engage planning, urban and landscape design, architecture, engineering, economics, and politics. They involve landscape types from public infrastructure to civic space to private gardens. They demand reckoning with ecological systems from regional to residential scales. The research and design methods developed in the studio, though based in New Orleans, apply to a wide range of places. Through an investigation of the hydrological infrastructure of different cities at risk, the studio develops a shared taxonomy of common dilemmas, likely sites for design, and useful precedents to be applied in New Orleans.
NUMBER
015
Aboud, Esopenko, Lu, Oprescu / Hurd / Robb / Van
Society, Economy & Built Context
CHARLESTON
SOUTH CAROLINA
664,607 Metropolitian Po`pulation
x x
Aboud, Esopenko, Lu, Oprescu / Hurd / Robb / Van
5,965,343 1,526,006 City Population
1,167,764 343,829 City Population
x x
4,629 SQ MILES
Metropolitian Area
143 SQ MILES
x x
x x
3,755 SQ MILES
Metropolitian Area
350 SQ MILES
x x
City Area
Sanitary
780 MI / 1,255 KM
Combined Sewer
N/A
Roads
2,525 MI / 4,064 KM
Stormwater
3,300 MI / 5,310 KM
Sanitary
1,080 MI / 1,738 KM
Combined Sewer
1,920 MI / 3,089 KM
Roads
1,703 MI / 2,740 KM
Stormwater Sanitary
295,747 48,444 City Population
Roads x x
873 SQ MILES
Metropolitian Area
208 SQ MILES
x x
City Area
390,096 Metropolitian Population
297,943 City Population
x
Sanitary Combined Sewer
2,120 SQ MILES
Metropolitian Area x x
City Area
1,260 MI / 2,027 KM
Stormwater
NOVA SCOTIA x
1,600 MI / 2,574 KM
Combined Sewer
TEXAS
Metropolitian Population
NUMBER
650 MI / 1,046 KM
LOUISIANA
Metropolitian Population
016
x
City Area
NEW ORLEANS
HALIFAX
Stormwater
PENNSYLVANIA
Metropolitian Population
GALVESTON
134 SQ MILES
x
City Area
PHILADELPHIA
650 MI / 1,046 KM
Metropolitian Area
122,689 City Population
2,591 SQ MILES
Roads
56 SQ MILES
Roads
3,325 MI / 5,351 KM
Stormwater
435 MI / 700 KM
Sanitary
621 MI / 999 KM
Combined Sewer
186 MI / 300 KM
CUT > Clarence Lacy & Yi Zhou Koreitem & Sparrow / Lacy & Zhou
A experimental ďŹ lm that critiques designer ecology in landscape architectural practice, exploring broader design struggles between process and product, action and consequence. An emphasis on quick cuts, free association, and a mix of media, the ďŹ lm evokes a sense of uneasiness and incoherent fragmentation. The designer, the protagonist, and iconic Canadian landscape play a role in describing the subject of fragmentation in the contemporary landscape practice. Despite meeting his demise, the unlikely protagonist gets the last laugh.
034
NUMBER
NUMBER
035 Koreitem & Sparrow / Lacy & Zhou
Figure 1 {opposite}: Gulistan-e-Johar Station platform Figure 2-4 {opposite bottom}: Gulistane-Johar Station structural systems: A single beam is carved on the inside; offset stacked to attenuate outside noise while lack of exterior openings avoids automobile pollution Figure 1 {below}: A - C: precast beams are stacked, rotated (on z-axis) and mirrored (on y-axis); D - F: cross shaped male/ female plug allow beams to snap in place for vertical stack. Female plug is rotated at a constant degree increment to create ruled surface and rebar is added to reinforce the beam stack; G - J: circular plug system allow beams to be stacked and rotated at variable degree increments which creates hyperbolic geometry. Guide lines etched on each beam for ease of construction; K - L: beam dimensions are limited to standard truck size for ease of transportation to site
Responsive Geometries
Responsive Geometries aims to revisit advances in computation and fabrication as a cultural project within the context of Karachi, Pakistan; in an effort to produce formal and tectonic design logic that instill ‘civic memory’, therefore enhancing urban citizenship. Over the past three decades Karachi has seen poor economic development, sectarian violence and increase in crimes. This has led to flight of human capital to Arab and European countries. The shortage of skilled labour as well as trained design professionals has partly resulted into stagnation of architectural development. How does decline in skilled labour - due to lack of skill training and
A
B
G
H
C
export of labour - affect architectural design practices, and can advancement in digital computation and fabrication help address issues of architectural design, construction and urban citizenship? This thesis suggests the utilization of surplus workforce of information technology sector into the construction industry, enabling the production of parametric architectural systems that could pay homage to Karachi’s architectural heritage as well as enable unskilled workforce to construct complex structures. Three different Karachi Central Rail Stations were chosen due to their unique track typologies, including an elevated track, a ground level track and an underground track. This difference in sites will test the flexibility of proposed building system.
D
I
Bashir
Faisal Bashir {R. Levit feat. G. Baird}
E
J
K
F
12m x 3m
l
6m x 3m
NUMBER
041
& Bay
Figure 4 {top}: Individual beam design and aggregation in bays Figure 5 {middle}: Elevation
N
Figure 6 {bottom}: Interior of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai Station a The 600mm beams are shaped to help articulate sunlight; protect from heat and attenuate noise.
Roof Beams
Platform
Track Beams
b The outside face of the beam is cut away to better modulate light, this allows for the interior to get brighter without direct sunlight.
Structural Arches - Built using variable rotation method
Bashir c The Inside face of the beam is shaped to help attenuate excessive interior noise.
042
NUMBER
Structural Wall - Built using constant rotation method
AMOUNT quantity, measure, value, or aggregate
Featuring: Lina Al-Dajani * Lisa Sato & Crystal Waddell * Anne van Koeverden * Melissa Maria Tovar * Nicolas Barrette & Alexandra Berceanu * Emilia Hurd & Xiaoxiao Lu & Rachel Weston * Mary Hicks & James MacDonald-Nelson & Peter Osborne * Matt Perotto * Greg Bunker * Krister Holmes * Yoav Ickowicz * Dimitra Papantonis * Sophia Radev * Verena Hornig * Ola-Ife Ojo * Catherine Dean * Dina Sarhane * Shira Davis * Azadeh Zaferni * Novka Cosovic * Bobby Chiang * Lulu Yu * Benjamin Matthews
1948
1953
AL-NAKBA agriculture
Red Cross Camps
1958
1963
1968
1973
MAKTAB AL-THANI / LE DEUXIEME BUREAU
A AL-THAURA
surveillance under Lebanon’s Secret Services
Cairo Accords (1969) C
UNRWA formation
construction ct of Beirut International Airport
1978
LEBANESE CIVIL WAR
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
1948 - Photograph of one of the many Red Cross Refugee Camps in the Beka’a Valley in Lebanon
JEEL FILISTEEN ϦϴτδϠϓ ϞϴΟ
JEEL AL-NAKBA ΔΒϜϨϟ ϞϴΟ
http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article800.html
http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article800.html
http://www.1948.org.uk/photo-gallery/expelle d-palestine/2613978
The “Golden Era”
JEEL AL-UNRWA ϭήϧϭϷ ϞϴΟ
JEEL AL-THAWRA ΓέϮΜϟ ϞϴΟ
1950’s - Burj al Barajneh Camp with a Pine Grove in the back and the beginnings of adobe and zinco construction
1970’s - Burj al Barajneh construction boom during the “Golden Era”
Al-Dajani
construction boom due to changes in authority introduction of private bathrooms 7 storeys
ZINC ROOFING
construction forbidden under the control of al-maktab al-thani RATION TIN SHEETS
1:150
EVOLUTION OF SHELTER
CONCRETE WALLS & ROOFS
refugee terminology: “chador” = shelter / cover
3 storeys
ADOBE / STONE / CLAY
By 1952, one third of refugees were dwelling in tents or barracks run by UNRWA refugee terminology: “beit” = house / home
CLOTH
1 storey
TENTS
LEBANESE RHETORIC:
CLANDESTINE DEVELOPMENT
ZINCO ROOFS
CONCRETE ROOFS & HORIZONTAL EXPANSION
GUEST / ϒϴο
TOPPING STRUCT
FEAR OF PERMANENCE
COMPETITO
VILLAGE RE-LOCATION
PINE GROVE
1948 42 42
40 40
38 38
40 40
38 38
38 38
36 36
34 34
32 32
42 42
4 40
KUWAYKATT K & AL-SHAYK DAWOUD 38
38
40
38
1950’s
36
34
32
PINE GROVE
30
AL-KABRI
28
28
AL-GHABISIYYA HA S YY
26
26
24
24
22
22
SHA’AB H
TARSHIHA
40 40
42 4 2
22 26
40 38
068
40 40
30 30
** evolution plans have been extropolated based on readings & interviews with refugees from Burj al Barajneh
1:5,000
EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURE
40 40
AMOUNT
34 36 32
30
28
24
residents of former Tarshiha, a town in the district of Acre in the Galilee settle in the Municipality of Burj al Barajneh after hearing word of a neighbour’s stay with a farmer in the area
TARSHIHA
refugees from nearby towns relocate from the South of Lebanon to be near one another
PROPOSED D AIRPORT ROAD
40
SUHMATA
42
22
NAHF 40 38
26 34 36 32
30
28
24
tents begin to form “clusters” as family & friends from the same towns relocate their shelters to be close to one another
SAFFURIYYA
1983
1988
1993
WAR OF THE CAMPS
1998
2003
2008
2013
POST-WAR BEIRUT
Israeli invasion & expulsion of the PLO
b The relationship between place and identity is more about the future than the past, more about where they are now and where they are going than simplyy about where they have been.
marginalization & introduction of new restrictive laws and regulations (especially labour laws)
u economic downturn in the oil-producing countries, sending home thousands of refugees and ending the remittances they sent home
http:// http://manasobject.tumblr.com/post/23054942998/androphiliaburj-al-barajneh-camp-lebanon
the Cairo Accords were abrogated
JEEL AL-HARB ΏήΤϟ ϞϴΟ
JEEL Al-ARGUILEH ΔϠϴΟέϻ ϞϴΟ 2012 - Current day Burj al Barajneh construction boom (fueled by rental market)
Al-Dajani
1988 - A Palestinian fighter holds a kitten in the refugee camp of Burj Al Barajneh near Beirut. It was taken on July 8, a day after pro-Syrian fighters ousted the PLO from the refugee camp, Arafat’s last stronghold in Beirut.
construction restricted but continues despite new laws & regulations
2012 HEIGHT MAP 1:10,000
TURES
DESTRUCTION DURING THE WAR
RS / INVADERS / ECONOMIC THREAT
40
42
40
REBUILDING
STRANGER / ΐϳήϏ
KUWAYKAT & AL-SHAYK DAWOUD 38
40
38
DENSIFICATION
38
FEAR OF TAWTEEN | PALESTINIAN = NON-LEBANESE
KUWAYKAT & AL-SHAYK DAWOUD
1969 - 1982 FARA 36
34
40
32
42
40
38
40
38
38
2012 36
34
32
30
AL-GHABISIYYA
30
AL-GHABISIYYA
AL-KABRI
AL-KABRI
28
28
26
26
24 22
24 22
MIXED / INFORMAL DEVELOPMENT TARSHIHA
TARSHIHA
population boom due proximity of new airport & an increase in job opportunities; there is also an improvement in the quality of available services with the presence of the PLO 40
SUHMATA
42
CEMETERY
22
NAHF
26
40 38
SHA’AB
residents from Fara leave the southern camp of Rashidieh due to violence during the camp wars & relocate in Burj al Barajneh
34 36 32
30
28
24
SAFFURIYYA
40
SUHMATA
42
22
NAHF
26
40 38
SHA’AB
34 36 32
30
28
24
SAFFURIYYA
slowed reconstruction & new building continue after the war, despite restrictions in new Lebanese laws & regulations
AMOUNT
069
1950s
Kitchen Time Line
Postwar era was marked by an expansion in kitchen size even by the 1950s the minimum size for a kitchen grew to 150ft2.
Turn of the Century Function of spaces became more distinct and so kitchens became more exclusive to food-prep. A typical bungalow had a compact 120ft2 kitchen with no table but everything within reach. Kitchens were proportional in size to the house itself.
19th Century
Aristocracy and developing middle class thought that food preparation was beneath them and ‘banished’ it to the basement. They were proud not to have to remain in, or enter, the ‘dirty’ room.
17th Century In Southeastern American colonies cooking was done indoors over an open fire in the early days but was later moved to a building apart for the house. Even in larger wealthier households, kitchens were either in a wing in the rear or separate from the house altogether.
A chimney-less central hearth.
Cave Dwellers and Nomads Fireplaces were not just built for warmth but to also prepare meals. Eating became enjoyed as a social event at which friends and family would gather.
Late 18th Century Separate dining rooms became more common.
1869 Melusina Fay Peirce’s neighbourhood strategy was to socialize housework under women’s control through neighbourhood networks. She coined the term ‘cooperative housekeeping’.
>The acceleration of the Industrial Revolution improves the kitchen and relieves woman of much labour.
>working class lived in 2 to 4 rooms and the “living” room lived up to its name as people continued the tradition of cooking, eating, socializing and sometimes even sleeping in it.
16th Century
18th Century
1869
1880s
Use of bricks to make chimneys - allowing for second floors and making kitchens more compact.
Walk-in fireplaces that were literally death traps. Burns ranked second to childbirth as the leading cause of women’s deaths.
Catharine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe invented new kitchen floor plans which lead to a domestic science movement. Modernist housing was more compact and better organized with built- in features.
August Bebel’s industrial strategy was to move traditional housework into the factory thereby abolishing the female domestic sphere.
20th Century (Early)
> The goal was to release the housewife from her domestic drudgery through better design.
The appeal of reducing the enormous amount of time and energy that went into meal production was recognized. Thus, strategies such as neighbourhood kitchens and communal food services were implemented. Some apartment buildings even offered cooperative dining and home delivery of meals cooked in a central kitchen.
Clarence Birdseye developed a quick freezing technology. This hits the market in 1930 and the first frozen prepared foods are developed in 1939. Three compartment dinners are served to the army in 1945 and hit the public realm in 1953, making $20 billion annually ($1 billion in 1950s).
>This becomes the model for modern kitchens.
>Can also be seen as the effects of the American Dream.
> Exploding the kitchen is a good example of “distributed domesticity”
Today As a cult object, the successor of the stove is the new restaurantcaliber stove for home use, few serious cooks actually require such size and power.
- Jamie Horwitz - we now do many things elsewhere that we use to do at the home.
1928
1940s
1967
1970
2002
Today
Today
Today
Poggenohi unveils the “reform” kitchen. It features connected cupboards and functional internal hardware. The kitchen moves from a workshop to hospitallike.
The kitchen work triangle model is developed addressing the efficiency of cooking, preparation and food storage, and is meant to maximize the efficiency of the kitchen. The model stemmed from Taylorist principles and also led to cost reduction through the standardizing of construction.
The introduction of domestic use of the microwave, discovered as a by-product of military research in 1945. 9/10 North American households own one.
Serving islands divided kitchen space from dining area in superkitchens.
Americans spent $6.6 billion on renovating their kitchens, with an average cost of $43,800. We are more material about domesticity than in the past. The kitchen is in the domestic spotlight and acts as a theatre of cooking a performance.
Back-to-the-future: the new superkitchen resembles the old hearth-centred ones from some 200 years ago. It is again often the busiest room in the house - used for nonkitchen tasks.
James Wentling says that breakfast areas lack the charm that the smaller eating nooks offered, that cramped but cozy spaces draw from the intimacy that small spaces evoke. In fact, a sense of togetherness results from dining in close quarters.
Bloomberg: “Our homes are increasingly not about shelter, but all kinds of lifestyle issues, especially status and success.”
>Can be considered a precursor to the modular fitted kitchen.
>She opened a kitchen lab in New York incorporating Taylor’s time and motion studies.
>Represents the relocation of cooking away from domestic kitchens to industrial plants.
> The kitchen is thought of as the highlight of a house tour, the one space that must satisfy all members.
> We have kitchens that are all ready for their close-ups that go empty most of the time and are largely used for microwaving frozen meals by people on different schedules. > We work hard to get the kitchen we want, not to have time to cook in it.
Dining Room Time Line Mid-20th Century
18th Century
The bedroom was seen as both a refuge Beds were also the and a dangerous settings for the most place that habored important stages of microbes - to deal an individual’s life: with this in the early births, marriages, 20th century, many and deaths were all people slept “in the solemnized in beds. fresh air” - opening a window, retiring to > The bedstead - the the “sleeping porch” wooden frame - has a or bedding down sacking bottom tightly outdoors in special laced across it. Resting clothing and tents. on the sacking a straw-stuffed mattress, > Through mistakenly and on top of that is a thinking dust harbored feather-stuffed “bed”, germs it discouraged pillows, and bolsters. for dust to collect on Unlike the lightly filled furniture, moving the down comforters and Victorian look to more feather-beds of today, modern aesthetic of the 18th century shining wood floors, version is firmly spare furnishing, area packed; an estimated rugs and painted 90 pounds of feathers walls that is often could be used to fill a aptly described by single feather-bed. designers as “clean”.
> Locus for intimate pursuits, hobbies and sleeping - decorated less to impress others than about our own individuality. > With drapes, across the bed, a bed can become a private room within a room, as well as much warmer and less drafty as the rest of the bed chamber. > Also a stage for the fashionable woman to sit and be waited on, or receive her friends.
The bed as we know it didn’t exist until the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century, when metal inner springs for mattressess could be readily manfactured.
Today
This was a vast improvement from a crude sack stuffed with straw, cotton or the like supported on ropes hung from a wooden frame. Tightening these ropes inspired the expression “sleep tight” - because it was often vermininfested, people about to retire for the night announced they were “hitting the hay”
Early 20th Century
> well off: comforts of a cushioning featherbed and heavy curtains hung from bedposts that trapped body heat in what was often the home’s only truly warm place.
This was problematic in the popular apartments or onefloor home - where the solution: hallway still distances/ separates the bedroom from the living room.
Function trumps status. The bedroom transitions to a private place meant for sleeping and reoccupying.
Kathryn Anthany University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign our domestic splurging dates back to the prolonged spell of affluence that began in 1980s.
Today Designing and arranging closets has become a near science. Bedrooms grow bigger as our households become smaller and the spoils of our unparalleled consumerism require more and more storage space.
By the 1940s open living-dining areas in the so-called International style.
Today
Set Apart from the “public: home by a flight of stairs or a hallway, the bedroom is much more than just a place to sleep. It’s a refuge within the > High and low end refuge of the home domestic buying - a snug nest from binges clogged closets which we’re meant and cost the bedroom to emerge restored some of its traditional and ready to face serenity - cannot the larger domestic relax when looking at and outside world. clutter. As the home’s more private, mysterious > Master suite is space, however, the often attributed bedroom is sometimes to the needs of a the darkest. Its door dual-career couple can conceal loneliness simultaneous grooming and suffering as requires two bathroom well as comfort and pleasure. sinks.
With this if the postmodern living room is eclectic and personalized, it’s also multicultural, since 1960s America has become a more pluralistic society.
In Colonial America In early American houses, the “best room” was often the parental bedroom and was also used for many ceremonies, such as marriages and funerals for entertaining important visitors, and for storing prized possessions.
19th Century The feminine drawing room and its intimate style of socializing created the field of interior decoration, which, along with the term Living room, came into its own.
Japanese: wabi sabi, variously translated as the “perfect imperfection” or “never the same” quality that certain old things have. The growing population of Chinese-Americans popularized Feng Shui.
Today
Today The Great Room is a hundred year old American cultural experiment. Gradually shedding traditional manners and more to become more informal and open, while the home dropped walls and doors to the same end. Just as old-fashioned living and dining rooms were designed for paying calls and proper dinners, the great room is oriented around 24-7 electronic communications and casual, catch-as-catchcan meals. The space is an architectural illustration of the conflict between the ancient human need for community and the postmodern desire for autonomous choices, which has created a new definition of togetherness: being in the same place at the same time, but no longer necessarily doing the same thing.
In modern American and Canadian homes, the dining room is typically adjacent to the living room, being increasingly used only for formal dining with guests or on special occasions. For informal daily meals, most medium size houses and larger will have a space adjacent to the kitchen where table and chairs can be placed, larger spaces are often known as a dinette while a smaller one is called a breakfast nook.Smaller houses and condos may have a breakfast bar instead, often of a different height than the regular kitchen counter (either raised for stools or lowered for chairs). If a home lacks a dinette, breakfast nook, or breakfast bar, then the kitchen or family room will be used for day-to-day eating.
19th Century As the bourgeoisie expanded, the dining room became an increasingly important stage on which the drama of class was played out.
14th Century Over time, the nobility took more of their meals in the parlour which became functionally the dining room. The Black Death caused a shortage in labour and lead to a breakdown in the feudal system smaller more intimate gatherings became favourable.
In the Victorian era, the fashionable rich stopped serving “family-style” meals at the table in favor of restaurant-style service a la russe. There were 10 courses and dozens of tableware per person, which was attributed to their new awareness of germs, but really to establish wealth.
For much of history, simple people ate by the hearth and the wealthy in various parts of the large homes.
Medieval
17th Century
19th Century
Late 19th Century
Turn of the Century Today
Today
Medieval
18th Century
Early 20th Century
Today
Medieval
18th Century
Late 20th Century
In upper-class homes, the first room to be differentiated from the great hall was a kind of protokitchen at one end and the solar, or master and mistress’s secluded chamber, at the other.
Middle class expanded, special sleeping chambers had become more widespread but were by no means universal and were often shared by a number of people.
The built-in closet was a by-product of the accelerating Industrial Revolution . We now require a minimum of several feet of hanging space but until the burst of mass production in late 19th century, average people just didn’t own much.
Women’s rooms might have a couch, and a man’s, an armchair and both usually a desk, books and personal touches.
Before the advent of funeral homes, bodies were laid out in the bedroom; until the hospital’s reputation improved around the turn of the 20th century, one of its most important functions was to serve as the sick room.
Elizabeth Cromley points out this tradition of linking rooms to rank lives on...
The formal living room as we know it descended from the upper-class drawing room: the refuge to which English ladies withdrew from the masculine prospect of the medieval hall - a big, drafty, smoky chamber evocative of Beowulf.
As women’s status increased and the new leisure class expanded, the old halls and reception rooms seemed too large, formal and macho for new pastimes like tea parties and playing cars. These congenial pursuits soon migrated to the ladies’ smaller, daintier drawing room, where men were welcome but women were in charge. They designed the space with elegance and comfort in mind. The room’s lightweight, portable furniture could be arranged for easy conversation, and its chairs and couches were upholstered to allow for prolonged periods of sitting.
Elsie de Wolfe, America’s first woman interior designer to the elite, combined simple, comfortable chairs and couches with artwork, antiques, and important pieces to create the classic American living room that is still very much in evidence.
This Idea that the personality that your living room in particular expresses was formed not only by your nature, or your past experiences, but also by your nature - your biologically based temperament. The living room is a 3D representation of identity.
Upper Class in castles or large manor houses dined in the Great Hall. A large multi-function room capable of seating the bulk of the population of the house, and seating was based on rank.
The dining room as we know it came into its own with the growing leisure class, whose new padded chairs allowed them to eat and drink in more comfort and style, and at length. The room became more important and elaborate - and strongly associated with the ownership of fine things and the capacity to appreciate them.
Instead of a staid formal dining room, Marcel Breuer and Walter Gropius gave James Ford’s house, in Massachusetts, a table and chairs in a cheerful, open living-dining area whose wall of windows overlooked a pretty pond and cut the heating bills. This livable home’s sensibility is one of practical modern good taste, not opulent faux simplicity.
> A four-poster bed with four chairs parked against the wall beneath the window. A carpet is draped over the table against the right wall. At the other side of the room is the hearth.
As in bygone era, ours had put its stamp on the bedroom our unprecedented consumerism had mainstreamed the “master suite,” once the province of the rich. Two of the master bedrooms must have features, walk-in closet and queen or king bed.
> Even children had special rooms. > More of this idea of the personal and privates spaces, also made simpler and more hygienic.
Mass production, inexpensive readymade clothes compact storage, wire coat hangers - closets deep enough to accommodate - the first thing that ended up under the hallway staircase and in the bedroom.
These rooms had large chimneys and high ceilings and there would have been a free flow air through the numerous doors and windows.
Each of us is naturally attracted to places that offer just the right amount of stimulation: enough to keep us interested but in control. To achieve that comfortable state, the extrovert might head off to the nightclub or mountain peak and the introvert to the concert hall or hearth.
A pattern emerged where the ladies of the house would withdraw after dinner from the dining room to the drawing room. The gentlemen would remain in the dining room having drinks. The room thus tended to take on a more masculine tenor as a result.
Your living room is a personal expression, but it also reflects the larger culture. At the most basic level, this place illustrates the human tendency to set aside a room “for good” in any home of at least two.
Lego-Style; Christian Schallert
Housing Time Line
The second CIAM conference is held in Frankfurt on the topic of Existenzminimum. Here the housing problem becomes a key issue of the world post war. Gropius felt that the rationed dwelling must become the minimum requirement of every gainfully employed person, that the “minimum of space, air, light and heat necessary to men for developing their own vital fucntions without restrictions due to the loding” [Gropius 1959: 126]
This lead to the development of the Mezas Prison, in which prisoners apparently enjoyed the facilites. Several of which wre quoted saying “they would consider themselves quite lucky if they were free they could always be assured of such a comfortable dwelling”
1880s Until 1880, and well into the 20th century, housing made a relatively small demand on workers’ bedgets in comparison to food and other basic expenses. “Housing riots” were rare, to say the least.
Habitants: 1 Spaces: 4
Marina City Tower
Hannes Meyer For Meyer, housing was a more temperal thing, almost like a tent ready to move. The spaces he shows are set designs. They look like they can be packed up at any moment, and they are more descriptive about the space between the things we own.
Le Corbusier
Plans of such units were provided at an exhibition on the conference. Information provided included surface area, cubic volume, number of beds and window surface area. Each plan differed only in minor technical details
At close examination it is seen that Le Corb’s Bachelor unit is in fact a shrunk down version of his borgiousie unit. For Le Corb, the minimum dwelling is a 14 square meter compacted space fit for a Bachelor.
Studio apartments = 1 petal One bedroom = 1.5 petals Two bedroom = 2.5 petals
1869
Le Corbusier
Karl Teige
Alexander Klein
Karl Teige
The apartment alows architects and hygienist to begin to describe living space and public spaces in terms of hermetic, discontinuous, individual unita.
Melusina Fay Peirce’s neighbourhood strategy, to socialize housework under women’s control through neighbourhood networks. She coined the term ‘cooperative housekeeping’.
Le Corb felt that with modernist architecture, we should sweep aside old architectural conventions and ornaments, and even old ways of life in search for a “cell at the human scale” which “is to forget all existing houses, all existing building codes, habits and traditions”
These individual cells come along after the war and the advent of the indiviual dweller. For the first time ever, more people were living on their own. Karl Teige wrote “as a result, the family has become atomized into independent individuals, which in turn has made it necessary for individuals to maintain a certain psychological distance vis-a-vis each other even in marriage, and therefor at home as well. For these reasons, any rational solution to the minimum dwelling must posit the following rule as its most basic requirement: each adult individual must have his or her own separate (living and sleeping) space.”
Adding on to this idea of the new sense of indiviuality, add that “we must keep in mind the influence of symptoms of psychological fatigue that negatively influences man’s nervous system, caused by unpleasent feelings generated by an accidental disposition of the elements of the plan”
Unlike Le Corbusier, Teige felt that by exporting specific spaces from the dwelling unit and allowing them to be shared, the unit may in fact naturally shrink. This comes about with the increasing amount of people not only living alone but having exported many social engagements outside of their households.
Things that become apparent with Le Corb is that he had been paying attention to both Monk cells, but most importantly 19th Century French Experiments. The bases of Existenzimimum was thus based on this notion that the number of beds placed in each bedroom shall be in proportion to the rooms dimensions, such that there is at least 14 cubic meters per person, independent of ventilation
AMOUNT
With this Klein goes on to describe and design the ‘Functional House for Frictionless Living’
A solution for a group of hostel buildings without plumbing. A tower of prefabricated WC and shower units arranged along a spiral ramp with access to each floor. Creates social spaces as each student wonders up and down the ramp for available units.
Moving away from “the cult” of the right angle.
Skid Row; Michael Maltzan Examines the role of creating spaces of transformation with an extreme socioeconomic and urban context. The idea is how to counteract the insularity and hermetic nature of resident’s daily lives, amid concerns over safety and security, by introducing openness and social spaces in an effort to enable their reintegration into public life.
CONS - Have to share a washroom in the hallway with two other similar units. - Bare minimal kitchen has no sink, so even if you have enough space, you must use the washroom for water - unhygienic. - Is there enough stretching room? - Definitely only enough space for one person, comfortably. A couple might have an issue in here with the idea of more than one spaces happening at one time. How can more than one space work simultaneously?
CONS - Can a space this size be a little more private? While maintaining space/ openness - No bathtub, while the shower sits in living room almost like an art piece - Admitted by owner, after getting into a relationship, that it can truly only work for a bachelor - regardless its transformable nature - Laborious - not ideal for all types of people - No sink in the WC hands always washed in kitchen sink, is this sanitary?
Tower of Bathrooms; Nicolas Grimshaw
Shotgun House; Smallest House in Toronto Location: Toronto Size: 312 ft2 Dimensions: 2.2m by 34.6m Habitants: Ideal for those living alone, or with one other person Spaces: 4 distinct CONS - There are only two windows in such a long and narrow space, does this allow for enough natural light, especially considering their size? - Washroom is too far away from the bedroom - Open Laundry in intermediate hallway - What does the bedroom becomes when the bed is folded up, how easily is this space transformed, and is it really needed? Dinning room? Feels like an awkward space. - Needing to go through the bedroom to get to the backyard.
11.2m2
6m2
Location: Toronto
Cost: $800/Month
Technique: Clever Built-In Furniture
“Those long hallways with scores of doors opening anonymously are inhuman. Each person should retain his own relation to the core. It should be the relation of the branch to the tree, rather than of the cell to the honeycomb.” - Goldbery 1960
Smallest Condo Toronto
Technique: Transforming furniture; External living
Spaces: 4 (only one distinct)
Early 1840s
098
Size: 78 ft2
Habitants: 1 *Note: Christian recently moved out after getting into a relationship - this is a great bachelor pad
1929
In Australia, while the use of the dining room is still prevalent, family meals are also often eaten at a breakfast counter or in front of the television in the lounge.
Location: Manhattan
Size: 258 ft2/24 m2
Felix Leblanc sat in a cell at Paris’ Conciergerie prison - the room contained a bucket of water and a sample of bodily waste. The air tight space had two tubes attached to it that acted as an unstrument for regulating air flow. This was one of a series of French experiments on the minimium a person required to survive, Through this particular experiment, it was determined that 10 cubic meters per hour was sufficent, raised to 12 cubic meteres per hour in the summer time.
This was traditionally the case in England, where the dining room would for many families be used only on Sundays, other meals being eaten in the kitchen.
Walk-in-Closet; Luke Clark Tyler
Location: Barcelona
1843
7.2m2
Size: 301ft2 Habitants: 1 (maybe 2) Spaces: 4 Technique: Merge + Transform Spaces 3.2m
> Wealthy couples occupied adjoining chambers connected by an interior door that could be left open or closed.
The rich had dressing and storage rooms but most had no built-in closets. People shared their few possessions in cabinets and chests or hung them from hooks and pegs - sometimes concealed in an early shallow version of the closet.
“People still buy the idea that the master should have a suite”
1.7m
> The drawing to the right shows a woman entertaining friends from her impressive bed. “Le Visite a l’Accoucher,” from the suite “Mariage a le Ville,” c. 1630s at the British Museum.
> Highly value privacy and think of the bedroom as very personal but in welloff early American homes, the sleeping chamber was also the site of important social experiences, from visiting to sharing events such as birth and death.
2.2m
Papantonis
The living room began to drop its traditional walls and ways to turn into the openedup living-dining area. Flex living space soon found its way into new suburban houses and urban apartments alike. This urged everyone, as a 60s expression puts it, to “do your own thing”.
Late 19th Century
Victorian Era
> As society grew more concerned with the individual, the private, the upstairs realm became more sequestered from the ground floor public spaces.
> Persons of lower standing slept upstairs in a room or rooms that had several beds, shared regardless of gender and often with visiting strangers; servants usually bunked over the kitchen.
Many new homes have kitchen, living and dining rooms merging into the great room by demand of house owners who wanted to be able to see their family while cooking and architects need to figure out how to make space “flow”.
> Becomes a room-of-its-own status.
Living Room Time Line
> Gradually change from status to function as the home’s organizing principle dramatically changed the domestic environment and behavior.
The most illustrious person got to bed down in the nicest but not necessarily the most private room, so that the head of the household often slept in the first-floor “bestchamber”
There is an increasing number of our “strange, no-place places to eat”: the stool by the kitchen counter that faces the wall, the table by the TV, the computer desk, the car.
1990
Christine Frederick becomes interested in Taylorism, leading to books, courses and lectures to explain Taylorism to middleclass women. She argued that women played a vital role as consumers in a mass production economy.
Families who could afford to took trouble over decor - showing wealth and taste and adding to room’s comfort and privacy.
In Colonial America
Today
Where once a minimal amount of steps were prerequisites for an ideal, efficient design, now ample kitchens encouraged longer distances and wider spaces.
1912
Early 18th Century
Bedroom Time Line
>This also involved opening up to other areas of the home to facilitate the interaction between people in the kitchen and in adjacent areas.
1930
>This kitchen was dubbed the Frankfurt Kitchen. Everything was well laid out and it fit all the essentials. Its biggest problems was that it was not a flexible space. More than one person inhabiting the space at a time had not been considered.
0.8m2 3.3m
2
One Square Meter House; Van Bo Le-Mentzel and Corinne Rose + BMW Guggenheim Lab
Hallway House
Location: Berlin
Habitants: 1-2
Size: 1m2
Spaces: Various
Habitants: 1 (maybe 2)
Technique: Collective Spaces
Spaces: 3-ish? Technique: Basic Shelter Cost: $1.30 a night or 250 Euro to build out of mostly wood CONS Almost all of the above “pros” No lock - you can be carried away The inability to stretch out Cannot realistically be wherever you want - infrastructure for communal kitchens and washrooms need to be considered. Can be a “rooming house” but not a house itself. Not Stackable - still a density issue
2.3m
Location: China Size: 14-21 m2
CONS - Multiple designs not fixed architectural intervention, merely a transforming box. - What is the difference between a 14 - 21m2 units? - No real implications on how ‘Ant Tribe’ would work infrastructure for outsourced aspects of life.
2
CONS - Requires more privacy through architectural intervention? - Duel access to washroom - when bedroom, feels like ensuite, when guest are over use other entrance.
8.6m2
Overlap 3.2m2
2.7m
Medieval Kitchens
For the middle class farmers and workers in Europe however, all the household activities happened in one room since the house only consisted of one room.
> The stove becomes a cult object. >Big changes mid- century when Sarah Josepha Hale made Thanksgiving a national holiday oriented around the bounty that women provided from their kitchens.
Austria’s first female architect, Margarete Lihotzky, creates the galley kitchen to help solve the German housing problem. She drew inspiration from the kitchens she had seen in the dining car of a train which were tiny but could still produce enough food for 100 people.
>Transformation was accelerated by socioeconomic shifts. Many women were taking on better jobs in new factories and with cheap help, hard to find women were forced to tend to their own house leading to compact, well-designed houses with tight and efficient kitchens.
The cast-iron woodburning stove appears.
18th Century
> Major changes since WWII in the placement and the status of the kitchen. The superkitchen becomes popular as preparing, serving and cleaning up after baby boomers meant meals had to be more convenient and in an eat-in kitchen.
1926
14.2m2 7.4m2 5.6m2
4.4m2
Micro-Unit; New York Bloomberg pushes for Tiny, formerly illegal “Micro-Apartments”
Figure 1 {opposite top}: Kitchen timeline Figure 2 {opposite middle}: Bedroom, living and dining room timelines Figure 3 {opposite bottom}: Housing timelines Figure 4 {next page}: Bathroom timeline
The Housing Problem Papantonis
Dimitra Papantonis {J. May}
Microunits are an increasingly popular option for the growing demographics of singles, couples without children or lone parents. Recently the Mayor of New York even issued a competition for 300ft2 units, 100ft2 smaller than the legal minimum.
the typical bourgeoisie unit down to 14m2 for a bachelor. Whereas Teige argued for quality, not quantity of spaces, by exporting aspects from the house, collective housing allowed for quality shared spaces and private dwellings to shrink.
The housing problem is not new. Housing became an issue when woman entered the workforce, changing the traditional family. More people began living on their own, exporting social engagements outside of the household. This was reected in the CIAM II conference, focusing on Existenzminimum, the bare minimum a person needs to survive.
By looking at the history of spaces we live in, adjacent to our current lifestyles, we can tackle housing. This thesis investigates how by exporting the most private, but least used and expensive spaces of our dwellings, making them shared instead, the remaining unit may grow by re-purposing left behind space into larger living spaces, rather than shrinking down as Teige suggests. How can we create more quality spaces through communal living? Could this lead to more spacious and humane dwelling units?
Monks cells, and French prison cells experiments, among others, provided inspiration for modernists to develop new dwelling ideas. Le Corbusier shrunk
AMOUNT
099
BOXED FOREST > Verena Hornig Nearly half of Canada’s entire surface is covered by trees - the density of these forests served as inspiration - which create enclosed spaces that are not in fact enclosed at all, but open and accessible in all directions. As a result, one can feel both a sense of protection and insecurity, a fear of loss of orientation. Forests offer a flexibility of movement, with a lack of punctual elements to block or mark any specific course.
Documentation Room
Elevation South Scale: 1:100
N
pf ei l 18
46,00m
0,34m
4,45m
1,50m
1,50m
2,21m
10,00m
Floorplan Level 1 Scale: 1:100
Floorplan Level 2 Scale: 1:100 pf ei l 22
Movement Mechanism: The elements can slide through the roof; to enable this movement the wooden elements are hollow with a rail in the middle to fasten them at roof level and allow their movement. The rail has notches which are needed to lock the elements. By pushing the elements up the mechanism allows them to slide upwards. But the mechanism locks as soon as the elements move downwards. In this way the elements are saved from falling down. But if the exhibition concept determines them to move downwards, the rail in the middle can be rotated around 90 degrees. Only this controlled intervention makes a sliding down possible.
Ramp outside
FLEXIBILITY
pfe il
Detail-Section Scale: 1:25
18
anism
N
Ojo / Hornig
Section D-D Scale: 1:100
This design creates an exhibition hall that both encloses and opens space - allowing for flexible programming that can be arranged differently each year by the responsible curator.
108
AMOUNT
Figure 1 {opposite top}: Section, elevation, floorplan. Figure 2 {opposite bottom}: Module and flexibility concept.
Ojo / Hornig
Figure 3-5 {below}: Sections and elevation.
Can ntilever ttiilille ever er Con nnectio ction
AMOUNT
109
Sarhane
116
AMOUNT
Sarhane
AMOUNT
117
Chiang
134
AMOUNT
BORDER ENCLOSURE + SITUATING BACKDROP
CULTURE ECO PENINSULA
TO TOWN
FRAMING ENCLOSURE SEPARATION BY CHANNEL
TO TOWN
TRANS-ISLAND HWY REGIONAL AIRPORT
INTENSIFIED POINT OF ACCESS INTERMODAL CONNECTION DEMARCATION OF BORDER CITY
PORT RT ISLAND
FRAMING ENCLOSURE SEPARATION BY CHANNEL RESTRICTED PRIVATE ENTRY
METROPOLE PENINSULA FRAMING ENCLOSURE CREATE BACKDROP CONTEXT SEPARATION BY CORRIDORS
/DEMARCATION GLOBAL DEMARCATION METROPOLE DEMARCATION LOCAL DEMARCATION /ACCESS ROUTES INT’L WATER ACCESS DOMESTIC WATER ACCESS ACCESS CORRIDORS TRANS-ISLAND HIGHWAY PUBLIC ACCESS ROUTES PRIVATE ACCESS ROUTE /ACCESS POINTS INT’L ACCESS POINT DOMESTIC ACCESS POINT RESTRICTED ACCESS POINT
AMOUNT
135
Chiang
ISLAND DRIVE
DEPARTURE ISLAND
FIGURE an interlude of the image
Featuring: Catherine Dean * Roxanne Bejjany / Ayesha Moghul * Tyler Bradt / Elliott Sturtevant & Leo Tang * Matthew Blunderfield / Jesse Lap Hao * Jasmeen Bains / Dina Sarhane * Zeina Koreitem / Felix Wing Suen * Kristen Duimering / Azadeh Zaferani * Yi Zhou / Novka Cosovic * Adam Nordfors / Clarence Lacy * Mehran Ataee * Bobby Chiang / Nora Barbu * Skanda Lin / Jason Ho & Ehran Holm / Douglas Robb * Melissa Maria Tovar / Paul Christian
166
Figure 20: Super Kabul, Mehran Ataee
167
168
Figure 21 {page 133}: Cross-Strait Exchange Programming, Bobby Chiang
Figure 22: Urban Water Experience, Nora Barbu
169
MASS body of matter
Featuring: Matthew Blunderfield * David Kossowsky * Sarry Klein * Caterina Cuda * Anamarija Korolj * Joel Leon * Gladys Cheung * Douglas Robb * Megan Esopenko * Billy Chung * Lara Gumushdijan * Leon Lai * Jesse Lap Hao * Nathan Bishop * Kenneth Wong * Paul Christian * Duncan Sabiston * Matteo Maneiro * Mahan Javadi * Jasmeen Bains * Kristen Duimering * Jason Van Der Burg * Tyler Bradt * Skanda Lin * Ayesha Moghul * Min Woo Kim * Robin Heathcote * Javid Alibhai * Tings Chak * Benjamin Matthews * Zeina Koreitem
50/50 > Megan Espenko 14,171 m2 performative
It is projected that Toronto will grow from 5.6 million (current) to 7.5 million people in the next 20 years.
Robb / Espenko / Chung / Gumushdijan / Lai
Within a 20 minute walking distance of Dufferin Mall there are few community centres, parks and open spaces. The greatest concentration lies in the centre where Dufferin Mall currently presides. This project will seek to enhance the quality and community feel that Dufferin grove currently has.
196
MASS
A layer of absorbent soil and vegetation on top of buildings can retain rainfall and allow it to evaporate and transpire. A green roof may also provide heating and cooling savings by insulating the buildings, improving air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect. These green roofs also provide recreational activities for the community centres within the development.
6,543 m2 private
This spike in population growth will have a direct affect on neighbourhoods within the City of Toronto, including the Dufferin Grove neighbourhood. With the increase in population, there will be a greater demand for density. Therefore, this plan attempts to look to the future growth as a benchmark for future development within the Dufferin Mall site. Dufferin Mall is at the centre of many school districts. Within a 20 minute walking distance there are over 9000 students. who may pass by this site every day. This could have a direct affect on the age group that this project caters to and allowing for more program for the youth nearby.
GREEN ROOFS
1,706 m2 Semi-public
TECHNIQUES These are some of the low impact development techniques that can be found within this development to help mitigate the effects of stormwater runoff.
absorbent landscape
rainwater harvest [re] use
11,906 m2 public utilize porous pavement
implemented roadside swales
create natural buffer and drainage ways
add green roofs
PLANTING UPLAND Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) $WVVGTƃ[ OKNMYGGF (asclepias tuberosa) Brown eyed susan (Rudbeckia subtomentosa) Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) Indian grass (sorghastrum nutans) Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)
FLOODPLAIN Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) Indigo bush (Amorpha fruiticosa) Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) Virginia wild rye (Elymus virginicus) Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Green Bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens) A A
B
WET MEADOW Black Willow (Salix nigra) Red-Stemmed Aster (Aster puniceus) Culver’s root (Veronicastrum virginicum) Big Blue Stem (Andropogon gerardii) Canada’s blue-joint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis) Giant manna grass (Glyceria grandis)
C D
E
stormwater wetland
Stormwater wetlands have the capacity to improve water quality through microbial breakdown of pollutants, plant uptake, retention of stormwater, settling, and absorption. Within these systems, sediment for-bays are often designed to prevent sediment from ƂNNKPI VJG YGVNCPF 5VQTOYCVGT KU CNUQ FKXGTVGF FKTGEVN[ VQ VJG YGVNCPFU
A - UPLAND B - DRAINAGE CORRIDOR C - TEMPORAL WETLAND D - SEDIMENT DEPOSIT E - CULVERT
ƃQQFRNCKP \QPG
transition to a wet meadow zone
with community efforts, and understorey should be planted in Dufferin Grove Park for regeneration
upland zone
50m 0
1:400
URBAN STITCHES > Billy Chung Urban Stitches re-imagines a possible development for Dufferin Mall, located in the Eastern end of downtown Toronto.
Robb / Espenko / Chung / Gumushdijan / Lai
Currently, the mall serves as a locus for this neighbourhood’s retail activities and houses several communal organizations. Despite the commercial success, Dufferin Mall and its surrounding service roads is extremely disconnected from the neighborhood, specifically, the neighboring Dufferin Grove Park. Recognizing this condition, Urban Stitches addresses the neighbourhood’s connectivity and builds upon the mall’s commercial success by operating at two scales: The first operation is a series of linear green spaces inserted into the surround residential zone allowing for an increased porosity in the east west direction. The green spaces are programmed differently in accordance to their location; the programs may include low density housing units, small scale commercial space or everyday park areas. The goal is to diversify the monotonous residential area and accommodating changing urban lifestyles.
MASS
197
(F20.0) PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA
(F40.2) SPECIFIC PHOBIA - ACROPHOBIA
STRONG FEELINGS OF PERSECUTION AND DELUSIONS BASED ON A BIZARRE REALITY, AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS
EXTREME OR IRRATIONAL FEAR OF HEIGHTS
Wong
210
(F22.0) DELUSIONAL DISORDER
(F44.8) DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
DELUSIONS BASED ON A BELIEVABLE REALITY
2 OR MORE DISTINCT PERSONALITIES, WHERE ONE DOMINATES THE MEMORIES
(F33) RECURRENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
(F40.2) SPECIFIC PHOBIA - CLAUSTROPHOBIA
PROLONGED SADNESS, ANGER, ANXIETY, AND THOUGHTS OF SUICIDE
EXTREME OR IRRATIONAL FEAR OF CONFINED SPACES
(F40.0) AGORAPHOBIA
(F40.2) SPECIFIC PHOBIA - HEMOPHOBIA
ANXIETY OF WHICH ESCAPE IS EMBARRASING AND/OR DIFFICULT
EXTREME OR IRRATIONAL FEAR OF BLOOD
(F40.1) SOCIAL PHOBIA
(F43.1) POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
ANXIETY OF BEHAVING IN A WAY WHICH MAY LEAD TO RIDICULE
ANXIETY OF RELIVING PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA
MASS
(F60.3) BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER UNUSUAL VARIABILITY AND DEPTH OF MOODS THAT RESULT IN UNSTABLE RELATIONSHIPS
Wong
(F42) OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER REPETITIVE RITUALS CARRIED OUT IN AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE ANXIETY
(F60.0) PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
(F60.6) AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER
LONG STANDING SUSPICIOUSNESS AND GENERALIZED MISTRUST OF OTHERS
DESIRES SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, BUT FEELS INADEQUATE AND IS UNABLE
(F60.7) DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER
(F65.8) ZOOPHILIA
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE ON OTHER PEOPLE
SEXUAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANIMALS
(F45.2) HYPOCHONDRIACAL DISORDER
(F65.8) NECROPHILIA
IRRATIONAL FEAR OF ILLNESS AND OVERREACTIONS TO NORMAL FUNCTIONS
SEXUAL ATTRACTION TO CORPSES
(F60.8) NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
(F43.1) POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
LACKS EMPATHY, NEEDS ADMIRATION, SELF-IMPORTANT
ANXIETY OF RELIVING PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA
MASS
211
BACHELOR OF ARTS, ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES 083
YEAR THREE > Alexandra Berceanu
MASTER OF URBAN DESIGN 057 029 123
181 181 088 091 086 016 016 &195 088 020 &086 016 &086 016 018 &194 015 &019 067 223 &247 231 093 121 111
023 027 053 &247 033 141 &247 025 137 033
THESIS > Pegah Fahimian > Julia Smachylo > Azadeh Zaferni
> Ding Ding > Malgorzata Farun > Robin Heathcote > Clarence Lacy > Benjamin Matthews > Jessica Wagner > Lulu Yu > Yi Zhou
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
182 183
YEAR ONE > Caterina Cuda > Anamarija Korolj
YEAR ONE > Sarry Klein > David Kossowsky > James MacDonald-Nelson > Matt Perotto > Rachel Weston
197 010 012 195 012 010 010 010 012 195 185 012
YEAR TWO > Billy Chung > Emma Dunn > Laura Fiset > Lara Gumushdijan > Paul Harrison > Venessa Heddle > Jason Ho > Ehran Holm > Cassandra Kotva > Leon Lai > Joel Leon > Mark Ross
YEAR TWO > Anne Louise Aboud > Megan Esopenko > Mary Hicks > Emilia Hurd > Xiaoxiao Lu > Eliza Oprescu > Doug Robb > Vinh Van THESIS > Lina Al-Dajani > Jasmeen Bains > Tyler Bradt > Greg Bunker > Shira Davis > Catherine Dean
046 &247 084 203 177 247 213 037 227 201 095 108 096 045 107 088
YEAR THREE > Javid Alibhai > Nicolas Barrette > Nathan Bishop > Matthew BlunderďŹ eld > Tings Chak > Paul Christian > Craig Deebank > Kristen Duimering > Jesse Lap Hao > Krister Holmes > Verena Hornig > Yoav Ickowicz > Hali Larsen > Ola-Ife Ojo > Peter Osborne
Index
214 228 209 041 049 133 185 129 219 061 245 075 033 &253 237 217 241 099 105 115 071 033 079 071
> Duncan Sabiston > Jason Van Der Burg > Kenneth Wong THESIS > Faisal Bashir > Ultan Byrne > Bobby Chiang > Gladys Cheung > Novka Cosovic > Mahan Javadi > Kiani Keyvani > Min Woo Kim > Anne van Koeverden > Zeina Koreitem > Skanda Lin > Matteo Maneiro > Ayesha Moghul > Dimitra Papantonis > Sophia Radev > Dina Sarhane > Lisa Sato > Martha Sparrow > Melissa Maria Tovar > Crystal Waddell
ADVISORS 129 &253 219 037 &053 &129 &217 &105 079 183 &195 053 &091 093 &137 045 247 009 095 247 093
Zeynep Çelik Alexander Matthew Allen George Baird
Adrian Blackwell Aziza Chaouni Sandra Cooke John Danahy Rodolphe El-Khoury Arrousiak Gabrielian Margaret Graham Burton Hamfelt Alison Hirsch Ted Kesik
041 &049 &203 247 111 &141 &181 067 &195 &223 099 &177 &245 &253 079 &115 &133 &201 &237 213 185 &195 035 107 &209 195 181 129 009 &071 015 &025 227 033 &241 083 023 083 029 &057 &061 &075 &123 &133 &213 &231 009 015 027 &121 &195
Robert Levit Andrea Mantin Liat Margolis Francesco Martire John May
Laura Miller
Hrvoje Njiric Erkin Ozay Gerardo Paez Pina Petricone Michael Piper James Roche Eric Beck Rubin Barry Sampson Elise Shelley Brigette Shim John Shnier Scott Sorli Victoria Taylor Etienne Turpin Mason White
Betsy Williamson Jane Wolff Robert Wright
DATE JUNE MAY
LECTURES 28
OF URBAN EQUIPMENT, OBJECTS, AND GROUND > Erkin Ozay {Harvard GSD} AMERICAN URBANISM AND THE IDEA OF UTOPIA > Marshall Brown {Marshall Brown Projects, Inc.}
09
APRIL
ANNUAL GEORGE BAIRD LECTURE >Rahul Mehrotra {RMA Architects} COMPUTERS AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE > John Danahy {Daniels}
17
PERFORMANCE HOUSING > Thomas Pucher {Atelier Thomas Pucher}
11
MICHAEL HOUGH / OALA VISTING CRITIC LECTURE > Alan Berger {MIT} MARCH
21 19
08 07 06 05 04 FEBRUARY
28 26 24
14 12 7
JANUARY
29 24 22
MOSQUITOES IN THE BEDROOM: FRY, DREW AND THE ETHICS OF VITAL CHANGE FOR A DECOLONIZING WORLD > Ijlal Muzaffar {RISD} THE MYTHS AND REALITIES OF THERMAL BRIDGING > Mark Lawton {Morrison Hershfield} TOPOTEK 1 > Martin Rein-Cano {Topotek 1} BAASS PRESENTS ATMOSPHERE AND ARCHITECTURE >Jay Pooley {Daniels} MODERATORS OF CHANGE > Andres Lepik {TU München} SEQUENTIAL SECTIONS > Marion Weiss {Weiss / Manfredi} ALVAR AALTO AND THE FUTURE OF THE MODERN PROJECT > Kenneth Frampton {Columbia GSAPP} CURATING ARCHITECTURE > Elke Krasny {Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna} 3 PROJECTS, THEME: COMMERCIAL > Manuelle Gautrand {Manuelle Gautrand Architecture}
DECEMBER
DESIGNING FOR DISTRICT ENERGY SYSTEMS > Urban Ziegler {RETScreen International}
12 06
EVERY BUILDING IMPLIES A CITY > Bruce Kuwabara {KPMB} SANAA > Ryue Nishizawa {SANAA}
NOVEMBER
16 15 08
OCTOBER 23 19 18 11 09
SEPTEMBER
SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE > Laura Solano {MVVA} CITY CATALYST > Alexander Eisenschmidt {UIC, SoA} SYMBIOTIC CITY > Craig Applegath {DIALOG} VOLUNTARY COLLECTIVISM > Michael Piper {dub sutdios} ANNUAL KOHN SHNIER ARCHITECTS LECTURE > Anton García-Abril {Ensamble Studio} HUMAN AUTOMATA & COMPUTATIONAL CONSTRUCTION > Skylar Tibbits {MIT, SJET LLC} ON THE URBANIZATION OF ARCHITECTURE > Burton Hamfelt {BHASP}
SYMPOSIUMS & FORA
EXHIBITIONS & REVIEWS
OP CITY: THE URBAN FUTURE AND ITS AUDIENCES > Eve Blau {Harvard GSD}, Richard Sommer {Daniels}, Roger Sherman & Dana Cuff {cityLAB/UCLA}
CROSSING BORDERS: RESPONSES TO GLOBAL ISSUES > Ashley Adams & Tamsin Ford {Architecture for Humanity Toronto}, Aziza Chaouni {Daniels} KEVIN ROCHE: ARCHITECTURE AS ENVIRONMENT > Curators: Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen {Yale, YSOA}
WINTER 2012 REVIEWS THESIS PRESENTATIONS {M.ARCH, M.L.A. & M.U.D.}
GLOBAL ARCHITECTURE 2012: STUDENT WORK NEURO LOGICS > Sarah Williams Goldhagen {The New Republic}, Jonathan Hale {University of Nottingham}, Lian Chang {ACSA}, Harry Francis Mallgrave {IIT}, Andrew Payne {Daniels}, Elysse Newman {FIU}, Sanford Kwinter {Harvard GSD}, Warren Neidich, Catherine Ingraham {Pratt Institute}, Graham Harman {American University in Cairo}, Marie-Pier Boucher {Duke University}
METROPOLIS AND MOBILE LIFE > Federico Parolotto {Mobility in Chain}, Tom Vanderbilt, Richard Sommer {Daniels}
FALL 2012 REVIEWS THESIS PRESENTATIONS {M.ARCH}
HERE BE MONSTERS: THE TERRITORY RISKY BUSINESS: FINANCING THE CITY > David Arthur {BrookďŹ eld}, Peter Clewes {architectsAlliance}, Ron Dembo {Zerofootprint} & Ira Gluskin {Gluskin Sheff + Associates Inc.}
HERE BE MONSTERS: THE MAP > Curators: Catherine Dean, Francesca Joyce, Regina Park & Doug Robb
ISBN ISB N 9789787 0-7 0-7727 0727-88 727 -88 -883183131 3
9 780772 788313
architecture landscape & design
Featuring: Anne Louise Aboud * Lina Al-Dajani * Javid Alibhai * Mehran Ataee * Jasmeen Bains * Nora Barbu * Nicolas Barrette * Faisal Bashir * Roxanne Bejjany * Alexandra Berceanu * Nathan Bishop * Matthew Blunderfield * Tyler Bradt * Greg Bunker * Ultan Byrne * Tings Chak * Bobby Chiang * Gladys Cheung * Paul Christian * Billy Chung * Novka Cosovic * Caterina Cuda * Shira Davis * Catherine Dean * Craig Deebank * Ding Ding * Kristen Duimering * Emma Dunn * Megan Esopenko * Pegah Fahimian * Malgorzata Farun * Laura Fiset * Lara Gumushdijan * Paul Harrison * Jesse Lap Hao * Robin Heathcote * Venessa Heddle * Mary Hicks * Jason Ho * Ehran Holm * Krister Holmes * Verena Hornig * Emilia Hurd * Yoav Ickowicz * Mahan Javadi * Kiani Keyvani * Min Woo Kim * Sarry Klein * Anne van Koeverden * Zeina Koreitem * Anamarija Korolj * David Kossowsky * Cassandra Kotva * Clarence Lacy * Leon Lai * Hali Larsen * Joel Leon * Skanda Lin * Xiaoxiao Lu * James MacDonald-Nelson * Matteo Maneiro * Benjamin Matthews * Ayesha Moghul * Adam Nordfors * Ola-Ife Ojo * Eliza Oprescu * Peter Osborne * Dimitra Papantonis * Matt Perotto * Sophia Radev * Douglas Robb * Mark Ross * Duncan Sabiston * Dina Sarhane * Lisa Sato * Julia Smachylo * Martha Sparrow * Elliott Sturtevant * Felix Wing Suen * Leo Tang * Melissa Maria Tovar * Vinh Van * Jason Van Der Burg * Crystal Waddell * Jessica Wagner * Rachel Weston * Kenneth Wong * Lulu Yu * Azadeh Zaferni * Yi Zhou