MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
MEAP26108 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN THESIS 2
A SELF-SUSTAIN CULINARY ACADEMY WITH URBAN FARMS & FOOD WASTE RECYCLING
GAN J-CHEN 1901290
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Food and organic waste has become a big contributor to climate change. Decomposing food and organic waste that mixes with other landfill waste is going to produce harmful greenhouse gases that will speed up the process of global warming. Malaysia itself did not address this issue and provide the sufficient facilities and manpower to sort out general waste, organic waste or other harmful chemical waste. By recycling food waste and urban farming, this could instill awareness of this global issues drastically by forming a successful model in to a city.
ISSUES
THESIS AIM FOOD WASTE Malaysia has about 16,688 tonnes of food waste generated per day Source: Solid Waste Management & Public Cleansing Corporation (SWCorp) 2019
LAND USE More waste are going into the landfill is going to require more land to dispose waste materials
GREENHOUSE EMISSION Climate change due to greenhouse emission by various sectors and human activities
HUMAN POPULATION By the year 2050, human population is expected to increase to 9.7 billion from 7 billion in 2020 Source: United Nations, 2019
OBJECTIVES
REDUCE FOOD WASTE
By sorting out the organic waste, which is 40% of landfill waste, and recycle it into a useful resource
REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Reducing the release of potent greenhouse gases from organic waste
IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY In order to feed 9.7 billion people in 2050, we have to produce 70% more of today's food
To identify appropriate ways to deal with urban organic waste
To identify ways to involve a community into the programs
To propose suitable facilities that enhance the overall model and make it self-sustain
Source: United Nations, 2019
A CLOSE LOOP MODEL The final outcome of the project is going to be able to self sustain, selfsufficient and able to be replicate elsewhere
To find out the extend of urban farming and food composting in reducing food waste
TOTAL GENERAL SOLID WASTE EXPECTED GLOBALLY GLOBAL WARMING
METHANE
50%-55%
LEACHATE
RIVER/ GROUNDWATER FOOD ENDING UP AT THE LANDFILL WILL DECOMPOSE AND EMITS GREENHOUSE GASES LIKE METHANE Source: Universiti Malaya
= RM900 per day
ABOUT A QUARTER OF FOOD IS WASTED, WHICH IS:
RM225
IS THROWN AWAY INTO THE TRASH EVERY MONTH, WHICH IS:
RM2,700 a year
Source: NST
TOTAL GENERAL WASTE GENERATED IN MALAYSIA EVERYDAY:
GLOBAL GREENHOUSE EMISSION VS. FOOD WASTE GREENHOUSE EMISSION Global food waste has become the 3rd largest emitter of greenhouse gases 1 just behind China and United States. It has become an enormous problem but it is one of the easiest ways to address climate change.
3,000 TONNES ARE STILL EDIBLE AND CAN FEED 2 MILLION PEOPLE
Source: NST
TONNES DAILY
It takes tons of resources and energy to produce food, transport it, and keep it fresh. Food leftovers, peel or inedible parts of food will decompose, which release potent greenhouse gases if left to rot on landfills. Instead of letting it rot or converting it into biogas for energy, why not we mimic the nature's process of decomposing organic matter, turning it into a significant resource for urban environment. Source: UCLA, Vox
900
465 2009
2011
2013
year
PERCENTAGE OF FOOD WASTE CATEGORIZED
54%
(9,000 TONNES)
wasted food and thrown away
Sales
3
FOOD WASTE
Year
15,000
KL alone: 3000
2025
untouched
GENERATED WASTE
TONNES
tonnes
Source: The World Bank
15,000
4. F&B SECTORS
FOOD AND KITCHEN WASTE PER DAY IN MALYSIA
wasted food
TONNES
billion tons
In contemporary, the world is on a pace of almost double its waste production by the year 2025. From 1.3 billion tons in 2012 to 2.2 billion tons in 2025.
2
3. FOOD COURTS
Source: SWCorp
1.3
2012
2. NIGHT MARKETS
food waste
38,000
ABOUT
1. DOMESTIC
1.0 0.5
AMOUNT SPENT BY AVERAGE MALAYSIAN HOUSEHOLD OF FIVE PEOPLE ON FOOD
billion tons
2.0 1.5
SOURCE OF FOOD WASTE (HIGHEST TO LOWEST)
2.2
2.5 Solid Waste/year (billion tonnes)
IMPACT OF FOOD WASTAGE
6%
(900 TONNES)
of them are completely untouched PER DAY
40%
(6,000 TONNES)
kitchen waste (fruit peels, bones, etc)
Source: SWCorp, The Star, Poskod.my
DAILY WASTAGE PATTERN IN KL
WASTE GENERATED IN KUALA LUMPUR
(based on a study in Serdang & Tmn. Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur)
KL residents generate
FOOD WASTE COMPOSTING BASICS WHAT TO COMPOST
3,500
TONNES
of rubbish per day RAW/COOKED FISH & MEAT
FRUITS & VEGETABLES
2.9% DAILY
2.9% DAILY
DAIRY PRODUCTS
FRUITS & VEGETABLES
EGGSHELLS
3.5% DAILY
GRASS CLIPPINGS
TONNES
of rubbish in the past five years DRINKS 3.5% DAILY
This could fill Petronas Twin Towers in
325
40
DAYS
It costs about RM mil a year to collect and dispose waste in KUALA LUMPUR
RICE, BREAD RESTAURANT FOOD 2.9% DAILY
5.1% DAILY
1% DAILY
STORED FOOD
130
WASTE COMPOSITION IN MALAYSIA
PLASTICS
DIAPERS/ NAPKINS
PAPER
Recommendation: home-made enzyme
PET WASTE
DAIRY PRODUCT
Can create health risk containing parasites, bacteria, germs, etc. Rendering your compost pile completely useless
Create odor problems and attract pests such as rodents, flies
1.3% DAILY Oils and grease mess with the moisture needed to decompose
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency
WASTE COMPOSITION IN KUALA LUMPUR 57%
44.5%
FOOD WASTE
HIGHLY ACIDIC FOOD
Citrus fruit, tomato and pickled food producs can kill the good bacteria that helps beak down the compost
Create odor problems and attract pests such as rodents, flies
Source: Fegalo and Ismail, Adv Recycling Waste Manage ISSN: 2475-7675
Source: SWCorp, The Star
8.5%
BREAD
OILS, GREASE
Alam Flora collects TONNES of fat, oil and grease from KL drains per day
13.2% 12.1%
LEAVES
MEAT & FISH
OTHERS
1.3% DAILY
RICE/GRAIN
WHAT TAKES MORE EFFORT OR NOT RECOMMEND TO COMPOST
etc REFRIGERATED FOOD
TEA BAGS
ENRICH THE SOIL, HELPS RETAIN MOISTURE AND SUPPRESS PLANT DISEASE AND PESTS. ENCOURAGES THE PRODUCTION OF BENEFICIAL BACTERIA AND FUNGI THAT BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATTER TO CREATE HUMUS, A RICH NUTRIENT
KL residents illegally dumped
23,000
COFFEE GROUNDS
5.8% GARDEN WASTE
3.3%
3.3%
GLASS
TEXTILE
3.1% CARTONS
15%
7.9%
17% 5%
OTHERS FOOD WASTE
PLASTICS
PAPER
GARDEN WASTE
1%
1%
1%
3%
GLASS
TEXTILE
RUBBER/ LEATHER
OTHERS
Source: SWCorp, The Star
CASE STUDIES OF URBAN FARMING & VERTICAL FARMING SMALL SCALE
INDOOR FARMING
LARGE SCALE
BACKYARD GARDEN
FOOD-SCAPING ROOFTOP FARMING
COMMUNITY FARMING
GREEN HOUSE
GREEN WALLS
VERTICAL FARMING
STANDARD FARM CASE STUDIES OF FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT
1 acre
ZERO WASTE ACADEMY Kamikatsu, apan Kamikatsu recycle
81% of all their trash in 2016
General waste are sorted into 40 different categories and later on recycled
3-12 months
BACK TO
3-12 months FOOD WASTE DRUM BARREL
RESTAURANT/ SUPERMARKETS
COMPOST
URBAN FARM
RESTAURANT/ SUPERMARKETS
Food waste will be collected and composted in a drum barrel and turn it into fertilizer for the local farm The Zero Waste "waste station" has become an education centre of educating people about general waste management across the region Source: nippon & South China Morning Post
BOKASHI MYANMAR Yangon, Myanmar 'Bokashi' is a Japanese word meaning "fermented organic matter". Bokashi actually ferments the organic matter instead of decomposes it
VERTICAL FARM
6-8 weeks
100TIMES
6 RESTAURANTS, HOTELS & 6 SCHOOLS
MORE VOLUME
BOKASHI + FOOD WASTE
FERMENTATION PROCESS
RETAINS 50%-75% OF NUTRIENT
READY FOR SOIL MIXTURE
URBAN FARM
LOCAL MARKET
BOKASHI Myanmar collabs with local schools, hotels, restaurants to turn food waste into rich compost soil. BOKASHI Myanmar educates and provide training of food waste management to the locals Source: From Bioregenerative Life Support Systems for Space to Vertical Farming on Earth – The 100% Spin-off & RealLifeLore
Source: Bokashi Myanmar & Drew Binsky
FEED IT FORWARD Toronton, Canada
Feed It Forward receive food donation or rescued food from local supermarkets, restaurants and groceries. 53% of all food produced in Canada ends up in the landfills
4.9 million people live in poverty in Canada "PAY WHAT YOU CAN" PROGRAM
RESTAURANT/ SUPERMARKETS
SOUP BAR
LOCAL URBAN POOR
EDIBLE FOOD WASTE RESTAURANT
CUSTOMERS
Feed It Forward created a unique "pay what you can" grocery store, bakery and coffee shop. They also let the urban poor get the food for free Source: CBC News & Feed It Forward
EXAMPLE OF CROPS SUITABLE FOR URBAN ENVIRONMENT ON VERTICAL FARM
CABBAGE
HERBS
KALE
MIZUNA
LEMONGRASS
CHIVES
EGGPLANT
POTATO
BERRIES
FLOWERS
GINGER
BAK CHOY
CUCUMBER
GARLIC
AMARANTH
ON GROUND LEVEL
FRUITS
ALOE VERA
PROPOSED VERTICAL FARM SYSTEM - HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FARM
Why hydraulic vertical farm compare to other vertical farm methods:
PESTICIDE-FREE
1/50 WATER USAGE
SAFE, CLEAN, HIGH NUTRITION
HIGH YIELD
LOWER PRICE
HIGH QUALITY & ORGANIC
CHANCE OF PEST INFESTATION
50-100x EFFICIENCY
LIMITED RANGE OF CROPS
LOW MAINTENANCE
IMMATURE TECH
LOW ENERGY USAGE
MANUAL POLLINATION Source: SkyGreens Singapore
PRECEDENT STUDIES
KEBUN-KEBUN BANGSAR, INITIATED BY NG SEK SAN KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA Kebun-Kebun Bangsar is a proposed 2.5 acres linear green garden on a TNB reserve in Lorong Bukit Pantai, Bangsar which is designed, built, managed, funded and maintained by community efforts and volunteers. With only 2 full time gardeners, the orchard finally become self-sustained after 3 years since it was being founded in 2015. The purpose of KKB is to feed the homeless. The idea to be applied to the scheme is to incorporate urban farming that helps generate the community spirit and revenue that help sustain the site.
SOFTSCAPE RECOMMENDATIONS
Pokok Bungor Raya Lagerstroemia speciosa
Senegal Mahagony Kkhaya senegalensis
Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza
Lalang Imperata cylindrica
Weeping paperbark Melaleuca leucadendra
Lemongrass Cymbopogon
White Waterlily Nymphaea alba
Javanese Flatsedge Cyperus javanicus
Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Orange Jasime Murraya paniculata
MAN-MADE WETLAND
ROADSIDE TREES & SHRUBS
Chinese Water Chestnut Eleocharis dulcis
WATER EDGE PLANTS
WETLAND PLANTS
Hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum
REED BED, SAND FILTER, ETC CARP
TILAPIA
DUCK
FROG
DRAGONFLY
POLLINATOR
LUMEN BUILDING, WAGENINGEN CAMPUS, BEHNISCH ARCHITEKTEN WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS
A plant science laboratory and an administration building. The design brief was for a functional, user-friendly research facility working harmony with nature, versatile and ecologically. The building design was not to dominate rural setting, but embracing the surroundings' elements. It was designed to be a human-friendly with natural elements such as wetlands and vegetation; and materials such as timber. The idea to be applied to the scheme is of using natural renewable resource as material such as timber helps in setting the tonality and essense of the building as a whole.
SUNQIAO URBAN AGRICULTURE DISTRICT, SASAKI ASSOCIATES SHANGHAI, CHINA
Sunqiao agriculture district is a Shanghai project to caters to the idea of feeding the people of Shanghai (24 million people). The whole project provide a robust public realms that creates an overall great agriculture experience and an urban life that celebrates food production as one of the most important functions of a city. In the same time educates generations of urban children about how and where their food comes from. As agriculture industry was deem unattractive, the agriculture district was able to educate and expose people to the value, hardwork and importance of food production in modern day society.
SITE INFORMATION
SITE SELECTION STUDIES
N
N
PREVIOUSLY TESTED SITES FOR SUITABILITY HIGH-TENSION POWERLINE
TEST SITES
Previous test sites include CHOW KIT, PUDU and SETAPAK JAYA. Chow Kit and Pudu is facing troubles such as traffic congestion, availability of suitable scale of operation. Desa Setapak was concluded to be furthest away from the dense city centre to determine between city centre versus suburb context. In the end, the results is the middle ground. Hence, the final site selection of Jalan Desa
N
KEY PLAN
N
GREYFIELD STUDIES IN KUALA LUMPUR HIGH-TENSION POWERLINE
WATER BODIES
EXISTING URBAN FARMS IN KUALA LUMPUR HIGH-TENSION POWERLINE
To identify greyfield in a big scale, the best way is to identify where high-tension powerline run across KL. The choice of site selection require water source that are underutilized. The most qualified site is a greyfield (with transmission towers) with an oxidation pond compare to other potential sites.
N
LOCATION MAP
EXISTING URBAN FARMS
The selected site have an existing urban farm that validate the thesis aims. The site meets the criterias of having a water source to water the plants, and having an existing urban farm helps expand the opportunities of the site compare to the sites.
GREYFIELD
DESIGN CONCEPT
Economically obsolescent, outdated site. Currently it was a site with transmission tower and an unpleasant site with oxidation pond
EXISITING URBAN FARM
The selected site is currently having an existing urban farm that are able to be expanded as an opportunity involving the community and generate revenue
SELF-SUSTAIN ACADEMY
Using on-site criterias, the culinary academy will recycle its own food waste and regrow its own food ingredients or sell it to the public
REGENERATION
Selected site contain an oxidation pond to be utilized as a opportunity, a holistic solution is to regenerate and provide a clean waterfront to the site
出淤泥而不染
To remain untainted in spite of growing out of mud By directly respond to the site's existing context, the selected site's greyfield are unable to be any use or provide any benefits to the surrounding context. The concept is to muster benefits out of this unpleasant and underutilized site by regenerating the oxidation pond. The proposal of a culinary school is to insert the necessary programs to enhance the overall scheme.
SITE INFORMATION ADDRESS KUALA LUMPUR LAND AREA PLOT RATIO HEIGHT LIMITATION
: JALAN DESA, TAMAN DESA, 58100 : 6.3 ACRE :1:4 : TEMPORARY STRUCTURE 2 STORIES (under the transmission tower) : 10 STORIES
SITE INVENTORY
FONGKY OBSERVATORY
N
WATER BODIES
N
N
LAND USE
N
AJINOMOTO FACTORY
LANDMARK
BUILDING
FIGUREGROUND STUDY
RECREATION RESIDENTIAL
DESA SENTRAL SALES GALLERY
NODES
NODES
N
COMMERCIAL RELIGIOUS
INSTITUTE EMERGENCY
CONSTRUCTION/ UNUSED SPACE
1 STORY 7-8 STORIES
N
PEDESTRIAN FLOW
RIVER EDGE
EDGES
N
2 STORIES 20 STORIES
BUILDING HEIGHT
3 STORIES 30 STORIES
4 - 5 STORIES
N
NEW TRANSIT LINE
PATHS
PRIMARY PATH
SECONDARY PATH
DISTRICTS
HIGHWAY EDGE
FLOOD RETENTION POND
CONSTRUCTION
19.27 SUNSET
WATERFRONT
WATERFRONT BUILDABLE SPACE 7.6 acre
PROPOSED SITE
N
KERAYONG RIVER
SUNPATH
AJINOMOTO FACTORY
N
HIGH TENSION WIRES
TRANSMISSION TOWER
ON-SITE TRANSMISSION TOWER
FLOOD RETENTION POND
NPE HIGHWAY
NPE HIGHWAY
N
SUN ORIENTATION
WATERFRONT
WATERFRONT
07.11 SUNRISE
SMELL
VIEWS
NOISE
NOISE & SMELL
FLOOD RETENTION POND
FLOOD RETENTION POND
FLOOD RETENTION POND
CONSTRUCTION
WATERFRONT
WATERFRONT
WATERFRONT
NPE HIGHWAY
NPE HIGHWAY
AJINOMOTO FACTORY
N
GREEN PATCHES
N
LOW TRAFFIC
ON-SITE VEGETATION
MODERATE TRAFFIC
HEAVY TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC DENSITY (MORNING)
N
LOW TRAFFIC
MODERATE TRAFFIC
HEAVY TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC DENSITY (NOON)
FLOOD RETENTION POND
LOW TRAFFIC
MODERATE TRAFFIC
INDUSTRIAL
FUTURE MRT STATION
PUBLIC
WATERFRONT
PUBLIC
SEMI
PRIVATE
PROPOSED SITE
N
N
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
INGRESS & EGRESS
PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT
N
PUBLIC & PRIVATE ZONING
HEAVY TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC DENSITY (NIGHT)
PUBLIC
FUTURE RESIDENTIAL
MAIN VEHICULAR ACCESS
NPE HIGHWAY
COMMERCIAL
N
WATERFRONT
COMMERCIAL EDUCATION INDUSTRIAL
N
BUILDING USAGE
EDUCATION
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT TOWER NOISE + SMELL SUNKEN SPACE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
UR
GROUND LEVEL
GROUND LEVEL
BA
NF AR
MS
1. SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
The primary spaces will serves as the main program in the center of the site, serving as a public interactive space while the secondary spaces serve as supporting elements to uphold the primary program
2. DIFFERENCES OF LEVEL
The sunken space create a definitive spatial differences with the ground level. It creates a pleasant eye level view that welcome the public into the sunken wet/dry market. Whereas the tower creates a hierarchy on the site, and provide more buildable green and open spaces
3. LINKAGES
The grand staircase serve as a direct linkage between the tower and the ground level. In the mean time, creating multiple linkages below the staircase and above the staircase
4. GREEN FILTER
The vertical nursery building block are placed in a linear form along the side of the river to filter out the excessive noise, smell and smog from the NPE highway, the Ajinomoto Factory and the Kerayong River
LIBRARY, STAFF'S QUARTERS
CULINARY ACADEMY
WET/DRY MARKET
ENTRANCE
5. CULINARY ACADEMY
The culinary academy sits on top of the sunken wet market. Providing a clear distinct of focus in the middle of the site, shelters the wet market in the same time
6. VISUAL TREATMENT
The building block was push down on the side to provide a pitched facing towards the waterfront to provide better views for the culinary students
7. SENSE OF WELCOME
To create a sense of welcome to the users, the building block was curved outwards to provide a direct vista towards the large grand staircase that accomodates kiosks along the staircase
LOBBY, THEATRE, OFFICES
RESTAURANT & EXHIBITION
8. BUILDING PROGRAMS
The building programs was distributed with the frontage and the ground level serving mainly the public, while the culinary academy and the tower serves mostly the students
WATER FEATURE
SS
O CR
W
ND
LA
ET
MAIN ACCESS
CONCOURSE WATERFRONT
A
WATERFRONT
WATERFRONT
DIRECT TO RESTAURANT & SCHOOL
9. ACCESSIBILITIES
With 3 different access to the site, the given accesses are providing options for the users to directly connects to the urban farm below the transmission towers, with access on foot from the wetland, directly from the school and lastly from the main acess
DESIGN PALETTE
10. EMBRACING THE VIEW
As the site lack pleasant views, the waterfront is going to be served as the main natural attraction of the site
11. REGENERATION
The grand staircase having a water feature from top to bottom represents the regenerated waterfront and brings the clean water flowing into the centre concourse part of the site.
12. INTERACTION
The waterfront serve as a fishing spot, interactive playscape, wetland, lounge area to provide activities that are engaging to the public and the students as well
PROGRAM BREAKDOWN
FOOD WASTE
COMPOST / FOOD WASTE RECYCLING
URBAN FARMING
Compost was able secure the nutrients into the mixture of soil, and end up with fertile soil that are able to grow food
Serves as traditional route of farming with the secondary purpose of educating the public as well
VERTICAL FARMING
Providing both options will be able to cater towards different types of crops to be cultivate in large quantities
GASTRONOMY STUDIES
Gastronomy is the study of relationship between food and culture which will focuses on local cuisines.
COOKING COMPETITION
FISH FARM
Cooking competition is going to help in generating exposure to the current scheme in creating interest in attracting volunteers and culinary students
The fish are able to be fed with food scraps and later sold off or be use as ingredient for the culinary academy/restaurant. Types of fish considered: Tilapia, Catfish (highly resilient)
DUCK & CHICKEN
Duck and chicken are part of the ecosystem as natural pest control in farmland and serve as farmed ingredient later on.
COWS & SHEEPS
Cows and sheeps are going to help in wild grass control and provide natural fertilizer for the farmland
ANIMAL MANURE
The animal manure can be use to help in enriching the soil or compost instead of using artificial or processed fertilizer
WET MARKET / DRY MARKET The extra fresh produce that was harvested and be sold at the market
CULINARY ACADEMY
The culinary academy receive farmed goods as ingredients for the students. The students will be able to cook up different dishes based on the ingredients
RESTAURANT
The restaurant will help expose the students to culinary arts' training. Other than that, it helps generating revenue to further sustain the whole business model
AERIAL VIEW
ACCESS FROM WETLAND
GRAND STAIRCASE
CONCOURSE
AERIAL VIEW
URBAN FARM - UNDER THE TRANSMISSION TOWER
GRAND STAIRCASE
RESTAURANT/EXHIBITION
SUNKEN LOUNGE
OUTDOOR PLAZA
SECTION A-A SCALE 1: 100
SECTION B-B SCALE 1: 100
N
SITE PLAN SCALE 1:1000
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1
OVERALL SECTION - CULINARY ACADEMY
5
AXONOMETRIC VIEW
STUDY MODEL
STUDY MODEL
STUDY MODEL