Gardener News August 2023

Shamrock Shaped Leaves and Pollinator Friendly Flowers

White clover is becoming very prevalent in under-fertilized lawns. It grows best in full sun; however, it can also multiply into turf areas that receive fertilizer and are partially shaded.

By Tom Castronovo Executive Editor/Publisher Gardener News

Every time I see clover in a lawn I think about the pop group Tommy James and The

Shondells song—“Crimson and Clover.” The song title is fairly straightforward. “Crimson” is associated with the color red, a hue also associated with love, while “Clover” is a specific species of flower. Love is

blossoming.

White clover seems to be everywhere this year. I’ve seen it mostly in county, municipal and on state properties. I’ve also seen it in residential turf as well.

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a short-lived perennial that can reseed itself under favorable conditions, grows rapidly, and spreads via stolons (a stem, at or just below the surface of the ground, that

produces new plants from buds at its tips or nodes). It grows best during cool, moist weather on well-drained, fertile soils with a pH between 6 and 7. The clover looks like it has creeped into (Cont. on Page 22)

Tom Castronovo/Photo

Around The Garden

By Tom Castronovo Gardener News

New Columnists. Jumping Worms. NJCSE. And the Jersey Shore.

I’m all over the place this month.

First and foremost, I welcome New Jersey Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Joe Atchison as a new columnist to Gardener News. Joe has taken over the duties of New Jersey Secretary of Agriculture from Douglas H. Fisher, who recently retired after 14 plus years of serving the agricultural constituents of the great Garden State. His column can be found on page 4. The State Board of Agriculture is now searching for a permanent successor. As Assistant Secretary, Joe has assumed direction of the Department of Agriculture since July 1.

I also welcome my long-time friend Bert Kuhn as another new columnist to Gardener News. Bert is currently president of the New Jersey Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture (NJISA). His column “Tree Notes” can be found on page 10. Bert is also co-owner of Action Tree Service (#NJTC768009), based out of Watchung, NJ.

Now, let’s talk about the invasive Asian jumping worm (Amynthas agrestis) that has many common names: Alabama jumpers, Jersey wrigglers, wood eel, crazy worms, snake worms, and crazy snake worms.

In a garden, earthworms can be great for soil. But did you know about these jumping worms?

Like other earthworms, Asian jumping worms eat tiny pieces of fallen leaves. But there’s a problem. Those fallen leaves make up the top layer of forest soil. The litter layer, as it’s called, is home to a vast number of tiny animals. Many plants can’t grow or spread without the layer of leaf litter.

The worms began arriving in the early 1900s,

tucked away in the soil of potted plants. But only in recent decades have these species been showing up in more natural forested ecosystems.

They are considered non-native and invasive because they did not evolve alongside the species of the U.S., and because they harm other species in the ecosystem.

Since jumping worms live in the soil, they can be spread in mulch, potting mixes or potted plants. Raking or blowing leaves can move and concentrate earthworms or their egg sacks, called cocoons. Some municipalities collect fallen leaves from local residents, and then return it in the form of compost. This too can spread the invasive worms.

The best way to prevent future invasions is to avoid moving earthworms around.

During the month of July, I had several opportunities to work alongside members of the New Jersey Landscape Contractors Association (NJLCA) to help set up their newest demo day and exposition. The New Jersey Contractors Showcase Expo (NJCSE), in its inaugural year, is taking place on August 2 at the County College of Morris, behind the Landscape and Horticultural Technology Building. What a great group of professionals. Working alongside them reminded me of the days when I had a horticultural and landscape maintenance business. Thank you for the opportunity.

I’m sure Gail Woolcott will be writing about the event’s success in her September column.

Finally, I’m planning on visiting the beach during the eighth month, I hope nobody shakes their towel in the wind. And I hope the sharks stay far offshore…

Editor’s Note: Tom Castronovo is executive editor and publisher of Gardener News. Tom’s lifelong interest in gardening and passion for agriculture, environmental stewardship, gardening and landscaping, led to the founding of the Gardener News, which germinated in April 2003 and continues to bloom today. He is also dedicated to providing inspiration, and education to the agricultural, gardening, landscaping and nursery communities through this newspaper and GardenerNews.com.

After 14-plus years as Secretary of Agriculture and a contributor to the Gardener News, Douglas H. Fisher retired on June 30, 2023.

The State Board of Agriculture now begins searching for a permanent successor. As Assistant Secretary, I assume direction of the Department of Agriculture until that person is sworn in.

Some reading this may have met me before and know something of my background. They may know how I came to be Assistant Secretary and Director of the Division of Marketing & Development.

For 18 years, it’s been my pleasure to serve agriculture. I was initially a Marketing Specialist with the Jersey Fresh program before becoming Coordinator of Agricultural Development. In 2020, I was named Director of Marketing. In 2022, I was honored to be appointed as Assistant Secretary.

Prior to that, I worked at an ad agency serving primarily for Jersey Fresh efforts. I was pleased to work on other projects, including the development of the Jersey Grown program to promote horticultural products grown in New Jersey under certain conditions.

Currently, the Division of Markets is developing a website and promotion program called

NJ Dept. of Agriculture

By Joe Atchison III Assistant Secretary of Agriculture

Carrying on Amid NJDA Changes

Jersey Natives. Through surveys, we narrowed an extensive list of native plants to identify those most readily available at retail garden centers and nurseries and to create a database of that list.

I clearly have an affinity for the marketing side of agriculture, but serving as Assistant Secretary has brought the work of other divisions more onto my radar. I am confident that NJDA will continue to work in the many facets of the industry that are served by all our divisions.

For those who might not know, the following is a brief description of each division and the varied programs included in each.

Agricultural & Natural Resources – This division encompasses programs related to protecting resources like water and soil, ensuring they will remain healthy and ready to be of service to farmers. It also involves

a unit to help develop the state’s aquaculture industry, and oversees our Agriculture Education efforts, with programs designed to develop a new generation to lead farming into the future.

Animal Health – This division is dedicated to protecting the health and viability of farm animals by preventing animal diseases from entering our livestock population and to minimize the impacts of those that get through a robust surveillance system. The division oversees our Humane Standards for Livestock. That regulation, adopted in 2009 as the first of its kind in the nation, sets forth minimum standards livestock producers must meet to be in a “safe harbor” against animal cruelty complaints.

Food & Nutrition – As the administrators of state-level and federally funded nutrition programs – including school-feeding and

Farm-to-School efforts; community feeding through emergency feeding organizations; and gleaning efforts on farms with excess produce –this division works to reduce food insecurity throughout New Jersey.

Marketing & Development –

As mentioned, the work of this division includes promotional efforts like Jersey Fresh, but also oversees programs for the equine, livestock, and dairy sectors, and implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). The Department’s role in the annual State Agricultural Convention is largely coordinated through this division.

Plant Industry – Like its Animal Health counterpart, this division seeks to limit damage to agriculture’s plant resources from pests and diseases. A major part of that effort is the Phillip Alampi Beneficial Insect Laboratory, one

of just a few facilities of its kind in the nation, which rears insects and other biological controls that prey on pests and invasive plants, helping farmers to avoid millions in pesticide costs and applications. There also are two “in but not of” agencies connected to the NJDA. The State Agriculture Development (SADC) works to preserve farmland and administer the state’s highly regarded Right to Farm Act. Most recently, the Office of the Food Security Advocate was placed in NJDA to help coordinate all efforts for food security in the state.

We have a terrific, responsive team at the NJDA, and we are here if you need to speak with us.

Editor’s Note: New Jersey Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Joe Atchison III is directing the Department, assuming the responsibilities of Secretary, until the State Board of Agriculture’s recommendation for the new Secretary of Agriculture is approved by Governor Phil Murphy. Atchison is also the Director of the Division of Marketing and Development for the department. He can be reached at 609-292-3976.

Not Really Yellow, Not A Giant, Not A Hyssop!

By Hubert Ling

Yellow giant hyssop, Agastache nepetoides, has small but numerous flowers which are not a pure yellow. The 1/3 inch flowers are greenish-pale yellow and are crowded on narrow spikes from 2-16 inches long and ¾ inch wide. However only a few flowers are fully opened at any one time.

The flowers contain both male and female parts and provide insects with both pollen and nectar. In fact, yellow giant hyssop is generally grown because it is such a pollinator magnet; it is recognized in Canada as one of the top 20 plants for encouraging pollinators.

This plant attracts bumblebees, halictid bees, honeybees, bee flies, beetles, butterflies, hummingbirds, and wasps, but don’t expect the flowers to look buttercup

yellow. The plants look best when several are massed together. The plants begin to bloom in August and blooming may extend until frost. Small birds enjoy the seeds.

The genus name comes from the Greek “agan” which means “very much (like)” plus “stachys”, Greek for “ear of wheat” which refers to the flower heads. The species name is from Nepeta which is the genus name for catnip since the plant has a superficial resemblance to catnip.

In addition, yellow giant hyssop, is large but not a giant native plant; certain species of wild lettuce and Turk’s cap lily, et cetera, can, under ideal conditions, reach 11 feet high in a single season. So yellow giant hyssop is just a big, unusual mint at three to five feet tall with a maximum of seven feet. Compared with true hyssops however, yellow hyssop could be considered

a giant. Almost everything about yellow hyssop is reasonably large: the basal leaves can reach 6 inches in width, the stems are wide and tall, and the branched flower spikes can stretch out over more than a foot. Also yellow giant hyssop is not a hyssop. The true hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis, is a native of Europe and the Middle East. In the Bible the hyssop is associated with purification and cleansing. It is 2 feet tall with small purple flowers similar in general appearance to our much taller yellow giant hyssop. Both plants are in the mint family although the foliage of yellow giant hyssop is not fragrant as many mints are, such as the true hyssop.

Yellow giant hyssop is widely distributed in Eastern North America from Canada to Georgia and west to Nebraska. However, it is uncommon in several states and is considered rare in

WI, VT, NY, and in NJ it is listed as S2 (imperiled). At one time it was widespread in NJ, but currently it is restricted to a few sites in three or four counties.

Yellow giant hyssop is easy to raise and is considered a perennial. However, unless conditions are just right it often fades away in three or four years. If happy it can produce a system of rhizomes and establish a colony. Give the plant a lot of room to spread. The plant grows best in light shade to full sun in a moist, rich, light soil. It tolerates fairly dry conditions as well as very wet soil. It also tolerates sandy or clay soil, frost, deer, and rabbits.

Propagation is generally done from seed which should be sown in the fall or given a moist cool treatment for 60 days in the refrigerator (cold stratification) before sowing. Seedlings may not bloom until the third year. The plants have no serious pests

and are easy to grow.

The flower stalks may be utilized as cut flowers, but they are not spectacular since only a small number of flowers are in bloom at any one time. This characteristic however, makes the plant a great pollinator plant because it is a reliable source of pollen and nectar, as subsequent rings of flowers mature over many days generally from the bottom upwards. Our native-American people group, the Iroquois, used the crushed plant as a remedy for poison ivy and other skin irritations.

If you want to impress the pollinators and your friends, consider a patch of yellow giant hyssop.

Editor’s Note: Hubert Ling is Horticultural Co-Chair of the Native Plant Society of New Jersey. He can be reached at milhubling@ verizon.net.

Atlantic County

Phone: 609-625-0056

Bergen County

Phone: 201-336-6780

Burlington County

Phone: 609-265-5050

Camden County

Phone: 856 216 7130

Cape May County

Phone: 609-465-5115

Cumberland County

Phone: 856-451-2800

Essex County

Phone: 973-228-2210

Gloucester County

Phone: 856-224-8040

Hudson County

Phone: 201-915-1399

Hunterdon County

Phone: 908-788-1339

Mercer County

Phone: 609-989-6830

Middlesex County Phone: 732-398-5260

Monmouth County Phone: 732-431-7260

Morris County

Phone: 973-285-8300

Ocean County Phone:732-349-1246

Passaic County Phone: 973-305-5740

Salem County

Phone: 856-769-0090

Somerset County Phone: 908-526-6293

Sussex County Phone: 973-948-3040

Union County

Phone: 908-654-9854

Warren County Phone: 908-475-6505

Bridging the Gap Between Residents and Farmers

Do you ever snack on a handful of pretzels and think about the wheat field where the flour originated? It is tough to draw that connection when you are several generations removed from living and working on a farm – as is the case for many New Jersey residents.

The disconnect between the public and the food we eat has contributed to growing misconceptions about agriculture and the people who produce it. Rutgers Cooperative Extension (RCE) of Burlington County aims to reconnect residents with agriculture by enhancing agricultural awareness and highlighting challenges faced by farmers.

The Burlington County Agricultural Center, a unique site within the county park system, is a diversified, working farm that serves as an excellent resource for agricultural public outreach. Prior to being acquired by the county, it was a long-time dairy farm and is currently home to a commercial farm that raises Romney sheep along with grain and hay crops. For many years, RCE of Burlington County has recognized that this local farm is a valuable tool for local community outreach about agriculture. An example of a unique learning opportunity that this living lab provides are Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Walks for county Master Gardeners. The IPM Walks aim to improve the practical knowledge of pest identification and management for our Master Gardeners, while also exposing them to how these principles are applied on a commercial farm. Practically, the walks allow Master Gardeners to observe current farm activities, practice pest identification, understand crop rotation, and learn about economic factors that influence

decision making. Farm viability, a major agricultural community issue, is another common topic. Such discussions while out in the field with farmers help Master Gardeners step into the farmers’ shoes for a day and bridge the gap of understanding. Attendees develop newfound respect for the profession of farming and acquire new information to share within their communities.

Another unique feature of the Agricultural Center is the RCE demonstration plots that provide educational opportunities for both Master Gardeners as well as the public. For example, a soybean study was conducted in 2022 to evaluate whether farmers could maintain soybean yield while reducing planting population. This provided an opportunity to discuss the impact of rising input costs on farm viability and efforts to address this threat. Previous demonstrations have featured niche crops like popcorn, sunflowers, Padron peppers, and more. These crops also serve as a backdrop during IPM Walks for meaningful conversations about the benefits and challenges of crop diversification in New Jersey. Smaller demonstration plots at the center are maintained by the Master Gardeners who evaluate crop varieties, demonstrate pest management techniques, or compare production practices. The small demonstration plots are readily accessible to the public who enjoy the county park, attend the weekly farmer’s market, or tend community garden plots. The demonstration plots provide another opportunity to educate the public about the challenges faced by farmers, by exemplifying the many factors that influence the success of crop production. One of the most impactful ways to change one’s perspective on agriculture is to go

to the farm. It is a vital living lab and an important tool in helping to connect people to agriculture.

Social media is another method to improve residents’ connection with farms and the challenges of farming. In particular, wildlife damage is a major problem that affects agricultural producers in New Jersey, but the impacts of the damage are difficult for the average resident to recognize. Since a picture is considered to be worth a thousand words, the project “Smile, You’re on Camera” was started in 2021 to capture a day in the life of an agricultural field and to document wildlife activity. For this project, trail cameras were placed in local soybean fields to photograph white-tailed deer and other wildlife as they browse on the soybeans. Captured photos are shared on the RCE of Burlington County Facebook page @ BurlCoRCE and routinely reach 500 to 2,000 people. It is powerful to see photos of 25 deer browsing in a soybean field and learn about what effect that has on the farmer. We have observed, firsthand, how sharing these photos has increased awareness of this issue faced by nearly all farmers.

If you value the open space preserved only by farming, lean into your local agriculture. Although we cannot always support each other financially, we can all make it a point to stand in someone else’s shoes and see the world from their perspective. The next time you go for that handful of pretzels, think back to the farm and the farmer, and give thanks.

To learn more about the Burlington County Agricultural Center, visit http://www. burlcoagcenter.com/. If you are interested in becoming a Rutgers Master Gardener, visit https://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/

Jason Grabosky Elected to Serve on the Board of Directors For The International Society of Arboriculture

Jason Grabosky, a professor in the Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources program, and an extension specialist for the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, has been elected by the general membership to serve on the Board of Directors for The International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) which serves the tree care industry.

Grabosky serves as the John and Eleanor Kuser Endowed Faculty Scholar in Urban and Community Forestry which has natural parallels to the ISA mission statement: “Through research, technology, and education, the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) promotes the professional practice of arboriculture and fosters a greater worldwide awareness of the benefits of trees.”

His research interests include: urban tree management in the development and maintenance of urban landscapes, managing stormwater for urban sustainability using trees and structural soils, and root-pavement conflicts.

“Having been associated with this organization for many years, it is an opportunity to serve the tree care community while learning where folks need advancement in understanding and in techniques within a rapidly changing natural environment and similarly rapid changing technological environment,” said Grabosky. “Serving on the board will undoubtedly influence our program’s research within the applied aspects of the program, and it will inform my understanding of the industry to improve our extension outreach programs.”

With more than 22,000 members and 31,000 credentialed tree care professionals, the ISA has 59 component chapters throughout North America, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and South America, as well as several associate organizations such as the Society of Municipal Arborists, the Utility Arborist Association and the Arboricultural Research and Educational Academy.

The ISA also maintains a research journal, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, a trade journal, Arborist News, and a portfolio of educational and training publications.

Lone Star Ticks Infected with Bourbon Virus in New Jersey

A recent report in the Journal of Medical Entomology has important public health implications for New Jersey, which only recently joined a select number of states to discover an emerging virus in populations of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum L.). The report was co-authored by Dana Price and Nicole Wagner from the Dept. of Entomology, and Andrea Egizi and Robert Jordan from the Monmouth County Tick-borne Disease Program.

Bourbon virus (BRBV) is a human pathogen that was first isolated from a symptomatic individual in Bourbon County, Kansas, who subsequently died of the illness. Since that time, human cases have been confirmed in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma.

The virus is likely to be transmitted to humans via the bite of the lone star tick and was very recently detected in a survey of these ticks in New York state. To assess the potential presence and abundance of BRBV in New Jersey lone star ticks, researchers from the Rutgers University Center for Vector Biology and Monmouth County Tick-borne Disease Program screened over 1,200 specimens and detected BRBV in three individual ticks, while also generating a complete genome sequence of the virus from a single infected tick.

Lone star ticks will readily feed on deer, and researchers in New York state found that greater than 60% of deer from many Long Island sites had been exposed to the virus. Exactly how so many deer were exposed, and whether ticks were ultimately responsible for transmission remains an unanswered question. We don’t yet have such data for New Jersey, but it will be an important aspect in determining what influences local Bourbon virus cycles.

It is important to note that only five human cases of BRBV have been confirmed in the U.S., and a very small fraction of ticks have tested positive in both New York and New Jersey. The likelihood of encountering an infected tick thus appears to remain exceedingly low. However, this virus is only one of several tick-borne pathogens that are increasing their known range and/or abundance throughout the Northeastern United States.

Residents are always encouraged to follow CDC guidelines for reducing tick bites during and after outdoor activities. New Jersey residents exposed to ticks can submit them to our citizen science project, NJ Ticks 4 Science at https://ticks.rutgers.edu/ and contribute to our understanding of humantick exposures.

Karyn Malinowski Honored with Distinguished Service Award from Equine Science Society

Karyn Malinowski, founding director of the Equine Science Center at Rutgers University, received the 2023 Distinguished Service Award at the 2023 Equine Science Society Symposium in Grapevine, Texas, on Friday, June 9. Presented to her during the Equine Science Society Symposium’s 2023 Awards Banquet, the award is the most prestigious honor that the Equine Science Society can bestow upon one of its members.

The Distinguished Service Award in Equine Science recognizes outstanding contributions in the field of equine science. Award recipients must also have a record of significant accomplishments in teaching, research and extension or service as it relates to the advancement of the equine sciences and horse industry.

“Dr. Malinowski’s passion and dedication to the

field of Equine Science, her passion for improving the care of the equine athlete, and her dedication to ensuring the viability of the New Jersey horse industry exemplifies the qualities of those receiving this award,” said Kenneth McKeever, associate Director of Research at the Rutgers Equine Science Center. “Her career is a model of excellence in all three parts of the land-grant mission: research, teaching, and outreach/service.”

Malinowski has served as a faculty member at Rutgers since 1978 in various roles, including Extension Specialist in Equine Sciences, Animal Sciences Professor, Founding Director of the Equine Science Center, and the Director of Rutgers Cooperative Extension.

Her research and extension programs concentrate on improving the equine athlete’s

well-being and quality of life while ensuring the equine industry’s vitality and viability, both statewide and nationally.

After having the opportunity to drive the famous Niatross, American champion standardbred race horse that many believe was the greatest harness horse of all time, Malinowski was bitten by the bug and spent several summers learning how to drive harness horses. In 2001, she acquired her first Standardbred racehorse, Could Be Magic, who carried her to victory in her amateur debut in 2003 at Freehold Raceway.

“I am deeply honored and humbled to receive this prestigious award from the Equine Science Society,” said Malinowski. “It has been my extreme pleasure to have worked for over four decades with top-notch young people and horses!”

How many weeks from late spring to early summer did it really rain in any measurable amount? Was it six, eight, ten weeks? Wow!

As I write this article, a big turnaround has occurred. Looking at my phone weather app, it shows ten days straight of no sunshine and some sort of rain, and it is raining now after last night’s thunderstorm. Mother Nature, what are you doing to us? I’ve never seen anything quite like these long unexplained rainy weather patterns. At least the rain took away a lot of the forest fire threats, and it finally stopped the awful wildfire smoke in the eastern part of the country. I don’t think we have to call Noah’s ark yet.

The relative amount of water on earth doesn’t really change, only when it rains in certain areas. I think the amount of rainfall in a region is similar on an annual basis. Usually when it rains a lot or a longterm drought is experienced, the rainfall balances itself out during the year ahead. What does the Farmer’s Almanac say? The good news is the recent rain in mid-summer

Annuals were traditionally considered as ‘Bedding Plants’ since they were planted in a garden ‘Bed’ where they rapidly covered the ground with low and dense floral displays. How they are used in the garden has changed, with many no longer used to simply carpet the ‘Bed’ of a garden. Verbena bonariensis, commonly known as Tall Verbena or Purpletop, is certainly not new to the gardening world, yet it is now providing new design opportunities for annual displays!

Verbena bonariensis is a member of the Verbena Family or Verbenaceae and is native from Columbia and Brazil, south to Argentina, where it inhabits dry and sunny locations. The genus name was initially penned in 1753 by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). The name comes from the ancient Roman term of Verbēna, which referred to stems and leaves of herbs with ‘supernatural powers’ used in religious rituals such as Olive and Myrtle. Linnaeus also crafted the species epithet honoring Buenos Aires Argentina, the city from which a dried specimen was first sent to England in 1723!

Both Tall Verbena and Purple Top are appropriate common

Turf ‘s Up

By Todd Pretz Professional Turf Consultant

What a turn around…

helped a lot of lawns recover or at least avoid a severe brown out or dormancy stage.

In spring of 2022, there was a lot of rain from April to June, not so this year. The drier spring weather this year provided a lot of time for us all to get out and do our desired lawn and garden projects. I seeded some bare spots, fertilized my lawn, planted my cosmos seeds around Mother’s Day, and my wife planted the garden with tomatoes, peppers, basil, and marigolds. We also planted some new winterberry bushes, so we hope to see many red berries this winter. Our lavender is also growing nicely showing its beautiful purple color.

One thing we notice

that has turned around is the absence of the dreaded Spotted Lanternfly. I live in Mercer County and this area has been one of the hardest hit with the Spotted Lanternfly in the last three to four years as it travelled east from its Pennsylvania origins. By now we would have seen the first or second stage of its development and we haven’t seen one so far. In past years, I have treated my yard for Spotted Lanternfly and used tape on my trees. Where have they gone or are they still coming? My neighborhood was hit very hard over the last few years with Spotted Lanternfly. Last year some customers saw some Spotted Lanternfly by my warehouse

in Farmingdale for the first time. Last year I asked a friend in Barnegat, “Have you seen Spotted Lanternflys yet?” He said, “What are they?” I couldn’t believe he had never heard of them. I’m sure they are invading shore areas by now.

What about bug activity around your home, has it been more or less than prior years? Our mild winter would usually lead to larger bug populations since there was little winterkill of insects. I have not seen many insects this summer. There has not been much worry about grub activity either. Grubs need certain levels of moisture to reproduce in spring, so maybe they are having trouble surviving. Let’s

Morris County Park Commission

By Bruce Crawford Horticultural Manager

An Annual of Yesteryear Providing Airy New Dimensions

names considering the plants easily reach heights of 3-4’ and are topped with purple flowers. The light green stems are slender, square and stiffly hairy or hispid. The main stem readily branches along its upper half, with those stems in turn branching again, ensuring there are ample clusters of the apical flowers. The unique and garden worthy trait for Purpletop is the shear strength of these tall stems. Often only ⅛” in cross section, they have an impressive ability to proudly support their flowers, even in the face of wind or rain! The sparse, olive-green foliage is oblong to linear in shape, measuring 1-4” long by ¼-¾” wide. Arranged oppositely along the stem, the broadest leaves are located near the base of the plant. Come midsummer, additional flowering

stems sprout from the leaf axils of these lower leaves, ensuring colorful blooms until frost.

The flowers appear on 1-3” diameter flat-topped structures called a corymb. For Verbena bonariensis, the corymb is densely packed with floral buds, allowing blooms for well over a month. Each flower features five petals roughly ⅓” long that are fused along most of their length to create a long basal tube that is maroon or maroon-red in color. As the flowers open, the tips of the petals reflex backward producing a ¼” diameter flower with a rosypurple to blue interior, which nicely complements the dark maroon floral tubes below.

The flowers are also a flurry of activity, attracting long tongued bees and a variety of butterflies. Following pollination, each flower

hope so, we’ll find out soon. There is not much to be done to your lawn this month. If your lawn has gone dormant this summer, it is best to ride this out until the fall to start re-seeding, fertilizing or watering if needed. Will we experience any hot, dry spells before fall arrives? We can access what we need to due in early fall to “fix” any problem areas in your lawn. I do hope that you can check off a lot of this summer’s to-do list by now. This list of course is not a projects list but a “fun” list of things to do. Did you make it to the shore at least once, have a picnic, see fireworks, visit the boardwalk, throw a few dice, or play some beanbag toss? I hope so and if not, you have a few weeks left before the fall schedule arrives. Enjoy summer!

Editor’s Note: Todd Pretz is Vice President of Jonathan Green, a leading supplier of lawn and garden products in the northeast. For more information, please visit: www.jonathangreen.com

modest 1-2’ tall and 2-3’ wide. It is ideal for smaller gardens and for container culture. The flower corymbs are slightly smaller in size although they are equal to the species in the number and length of bloom! Lollipop seedlings are hardy from zone 7-11 and following a warm NJ winter it is not unusual to see a few plants resprouting. Adaptable to soil pH, plants require well-drained soils in full or dappled sunlight to thrive.

produces four small nutlets or seeds, many of which will selfsow and appear the following spring. Invasive in southern regions of North America, unwanted seedlings are easily pulled or destroyed by disturbing the soil in May.

The beauty of this plant lies in those tall airy stems that easily allow people to view through them to plants or subjects beyond. This trait makes it a great option for planting at the front of the border, since the act of viewing through the stems gives the garden greater depth and apparent size. Plus, it is fun to interplant Verbena bonariensis amongst shorter annuals or perennials, giving the garden a 3-dimensional effect with multiple levels of color!

‘Lollipop’ is a more recent introduction growing to a more

Providing a number of unique and fun design solutions most annuals cannot provide, Verbena bonariensis remains a readily available yet little seen ‘annual’ for summer color. Wellmannered in maintained gardens and beloved by pollinators, what was once considered a traditional bedding plant is providing airy new dimensions for contemporary gardens!

Editor’s Note: Bruce Crawford is a lover of plants since birth, is the Manager of Horticulture for the Morris County Parks Commission, and a Past President of the Garden State Gardens Consortium. He can be reached at BCrawford@ morrisparks.net

Bobcat Expands Grounds Maintenance Lineup With

AT450 Articulating Tractor

Bobcat Company, a global compact equipment, innovation and worksite solutions brand, has expanded its grounds maintenance equipment lineup with the debut of the Bobcat® AT450 articulating tractor. The AT450 joins an extensive grounds maintenance product portfolio that Bobcat has strategically grown over the past five years.

This rugged and versatile machine excels at material handling, turf maintenance and snow removal, and is an ideal solution for hobby farms, commercial properties, golf courses and sports facilities.

The AT450 powers a variety of front-mounted, beltdriven attachments, and thanks to the machine’s fourwheel drive, low center of gravity and its ability to both articulate and oscillate, operators get enhanced stability across various types of terrain and conditions.

The tractor’s articulating and oscillating frame keeps all four wheels in contact with the ground—even on rough, uneven terrain—which helps limit surface disturbance during turns. The AT450 can navigate slopes as steep as 30 degrees, with attachments following the ground contour for professional results in one pass.

With the added stability and maneuverability, AT450 operators benefit from optimal ground contact and minimal ground disturbance while experiencing a comfortable ride.

The AT450 features a 32-hp, liquid-cooled gasoline engine that produces generous power for front PTO attachments. With the articulating tractor’s attachment system, operators have added versatility to put a host of attachments to work.

The lineup of nine available attachments includes a bucket, AirFX™ mower decks (61” & 72”), BrushCat mower, Flex Deck mower, flail cutter, snowblower, V-blade and turbine blower. Additional attachments will be available in the future.

Whether it’s mowing acres of turf or handling snow, the AT450 empowers operators to tackle a wide range of projects in any season with rugged dependability.

The Durability and Uptime Expected from Bobcat

The AT450 comes equipped with a standard front hitch system, which allows operators to switch out attachments quickly and conveniently without tools. The machine’s large, seven-gallon fuel tank means fewer fuel stops so operators can maximize their time at work.

Skid plating along the underside of the frame helps protect components, enhancing the articulating tractor’s durability for a long and dependable service life. Service points and access to electric components are easily grouped under the hood for convenience. Operators also have unobstructed access to the battery, which is protected from outside elements in a compartment below the joystick.

Bobcat brings industry-leading toughness to turf with a large lineup of grounds maintenance solutions. In addition to the AT450 articulating tractor, Bobcat offers sub-compact tractors, compact tractors, utility work machines, small articulated loaders and mowers.

The AT450 will be available at select Bobcat dealerships. To find a dealership near you, please visit bobcat.com/dealer.

https://www.bobcat.com/na/en/company/news-media/ press-releases/bobcat-debuts-at450-articulating-tractor

Tree Notes

By Bert Kuhn NJ Licensed Tree Expert (LTE) Licensed Tree Care Operator (LTCO)

Love of Climbing

My name is Bert Kuhn. I am a career “tree man” having started doing tree work in 1977, albeit a relatively short time in the grand scheme. I’ve seen drastic changes in our natural world and increasing advancements in the tree industry. I feel an increasing responsibility to share experiences in our effort to give back to an industry which has provided much along my journey.

Basically, my role for the past 45 years has been that of a tree climbing/cutting production arborist. I’ve always been driven by a deep passion for cranking out tree work. Talk about accountability, arborists are continually immediately accountable for their actions, especially when disassembling trees surrounded by obstacles. Much is at stake, lives, limbs, and property.

I am currently the president of the New Jersey Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture (NJISA), which is an active, dynamic and thriving organization whose mission is “to advance the advancement of arboriculture in New Jersey.” What an incredible honor it is to collaboratively lead this extraordinary group of arborists. A continual goal of the NJAISA is to collaborate with other Green Industry partners. We are all connected, achieve greater strength collectively and need to share. There are currently over six hundred members in the chapter including commercial, consulting, municipal, and utility arborists, researchers and educators, horticulturists, and individuals interested in the proper and professional care of trees and landscapes.

This column will be devoted to sharing relevant tree topics of mostly regional significance. When speaking of trees there is no shortage of subject matter. As my current president’s role is an education, the same will hold true for composing for the Gardener News. I will strive to deliver current, relevant information in an interesting manner.

As stated before, the majority of

my experiences are from performing hands on arboriculture. The ever changing situations which emerge are one of the tree industry’s true treasures. The continual assessment of and awareness regarding our tasks at hand assures a greater level of success. Monotony in the tree business is rare, and can be averted.

Sometimes it’s simply a matter of switching up tasks.

Which leads into why I really love working in trees - Climbing. A year after beginning tree work, I started climbing. Always being physical, active and athletic I was immediately drawn to it. Rising to meet new challenges continues to stimulate and fully engage my dynamic skills. Today’s climbing arborists are required in most circumstances to be tethered in at all times. This was not the case when I was taught. Nowadays we use throwline to install climbing lines high in the trees canopies. Back then we would free climb untethered to achieve our tie in point. Personal protective equipment or PPE (hard hats, eye & ear protection) was not mandatory. For good reason times have changed!

In the late 70s into the early 80s, we would participate in a “Woodsman’s Competition” at the Flemington Fairgrounds. Events included were a pole climb, pole drop, four-man log carry, hand wood splitting, hand cross cut, power saw speed cut, and a tree climb. Moving forward and into the future, this competition was comprised of a tree climb, aerial rescue, throwline, and a belated speed climb. At this point the tree climbing competition was being hosted and run by the New Jersey Arborists, being members of the National Arborists Association, currently members of the International Society of Arboriculture or ISA. Over the years the competition has seen much change, however the main preliminary events remain. At these annual chapter events, the NJ tree climbing champion is crowned and moves on to represent the chapter at the international tree climbing championship. It is

at such events that all involved, from volunteers, competitors and spectators, can gain insight into current techniques, advancements and innovation. Tips, techniques and equipment are readily shared amongst participants, creating a hands-on learning experience for all involved. The spirit of comradery and encouragement at these comps is remarkable and something to behold!

The site of our annual tree climbing championship usually follows the site of our annual Work Day event. This is a massive volunteer event typically held in early December providing chosen entities an incredible value for their tree dollars. The amount of equipment and arborists amassed along with the amount of tree work produced safely at this event is remarkable! Incorporated into this volunteer Work Day is the selection and prep of the trees to be used for our tree climbing competition, which follows on the second weekend of June. Again our chapter’s spirit of seamlessly working together permeates and abounds!

Our premier annual event is the Garden State Tree Conference which is held in March in Atlantic City. This is an incredible educational event which continues to grow and improve, aligning with our vision of “delivering the highest quality Arboricultural education and opportunities for mentoring, networking and advancement.” Through much collective effort our board strives to and delivers an increasingly enhanced event. We are very excited to be expanding this event in 2024!

I hope in reading this you sense my anticipation of great happenings in the near future! The NJAISA is a dynamic and thriving chapter dedicated to improving the tree industry through its dedicated members, along with preserving its rich heritage which built its foundation.

Keep climbing the ladder of knowledge and awareness.

Yours in the trees, Bert.

Editor’s Note: Bert Kuhn is President of the New Jersey Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture and CO/Owner of Action Tree Service (# NJTC768009), based out of Watchung, NJ. He can be reached at 908-756-4100

In the Chef’s Corner

By Andy Lagana Chef

Summer Grilled Octopus with Charred Eggplant

Hello Gardener News readers. As we are in the midst of the summer season, I am continuing with our grill theme. This month’s recipe is Summer Grilled Octopus with delicious Charred Eggplant. Ingredients needed include 2lb. to 2¼ lb. whole octopus, 2 tbsp. neutral oil such as vegetable or canola oil, 2 tbsp. extra-virgin olive oil, 1 clove garlic - grated or minced, 2 tsp. lemon zest plus 1 tbsp. juice, 1/3 cup pitted olives (green or Kalamata or a mix) -roughly chopped, 1/4 cup flat-leaf parsley leaves - chopped, Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper.

To start, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add octopus and reduce to a simmer. Cook for 45 to 60 minutes, or until you can easily pierce the octopus with a fork. Transfer to a large bowl and drizzle with neutral oil. If making in advance of a meal, cover and refrigerate for up to one day prior to grilling.

Preheat the grill to medium high for five minutes, then clean and oil the grates. Grill the octopus for 15 to 20 minutes, flipping halfway through until lightly charred. Transfer the octopus to a cutting board. Meanwhile, in a large bowl, whisk together oil, garlic, lemon zest and juice, and ¼ teaspoon each salt and pepper.

Start by cutting the head off the octopus, cleaning out the inside and slicing it into rings. Then cut each tentacle away from the center. Discard the center

USDA to Forecast Fruit Production

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) will conduct a forecast survey for 2023 Fruit Production Inquiry (apples and peaches) during August 2023. The survey will collect information about acreage and projected production from more than 350 growers in the Northeastern Region of the United States.

and cut the thicker parts of the tentacles into 1-inch pieces, keeping the thinner parts longer. Add the cut up octopus to the bowl with the dressing and toss. Stir in the olives and parsley. Simply delicious!

For the charred eggplant, you will need extra-virgin olive oil, ¼ cup salt-packed or brined capers - rinsed, 1½ to 2 pounds eggplant (about 2 medium or large) - trimmed and sliced into ½-inch disks, 1 large handful of parsley, basil or a combination - finely chopped, 2 garlic cloves - grated, 1 teaspoon red-pepper flakes, zest and juice of one lemon, Kosher salt (such as Diamond Crystal) and black pepper.

In a small saucepan or skillet, heat ¼-cup olive oil over medium-high until it shimmers, for about one minute. Meanwhile, dry the capers very well by wrapping them in paper towels or a clean dishtowel and wringing out the moisture. Note that if there is too much moisture, the oil will sputter aggressively. Then, line a plate with paper towels.

When the oil is ready, carefully drop the capers in and fry for two to three minutes, until golden. Watch closely, as smaller capers will cook more quickly. Remove the capers from the oil with a slotted spoon and drain on the lined plate. They will crisp up further as they cool. Transfer the caper-infused oil to a large heatproof bowl and set aside to cool for a few minutes.

Next, lay the disks of eggplant on a large cutting

board or sheet pan, drizzle with olive oil, then flip over, and drizzle the other side. Heat a large (12-inch) grill pan or cast-iron skillet on medium-high. (See the below tips for grilling instructions.) When hot, working in batches, add the eggplant disks in a single layer and cook for two minutes, pressing the eggplant into the pan to encourage browning. Flip, reduce heat to medium and cook on the other side for another two to three minutes, until completely tender. The eggplant continues to soften as it soaks up the marinade in the next step, so do not be tempted to overcook! Remove the eggplant from the pan and place them back on the cutting board or plate. Continue cooking the remaining eggplant.

Meanwhile, add the herbs, garlic, red-pepper flakes, lemon zest and juice, ½ teaspoon of kosher salt and a few pinches of black pepper to the bowl with the cooled caper-infused oil. Toss to combine and taste, making sure it has enough salt. Add the warm eggplant slices to the oil and gently toss to coat. Allow to marinate for at least five minutes. Enjoy this summer favorite!

Tips to grill the eggplant: Heat a grill to medium-high, then clean and oil the grates. Grill the eggplant over direct heat for two to three minutes, until there are char marks and the eggplant has begun to soften. Flip and cook for another two to three minutes until cooked through. If using a gas grill, close the lid between flips.

“The information from these surveys directly impacts our regions’ fruit growers by providing a forecast of fruit production in the Northeast,” said King Whetstone, director of the NASS Northeastern Regional Field Office. “Growers can use the survey results when making business plans and marketing decisions. USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) relies on the average yields to administer farm programs. Cooperative Extension uses the data to provide needed outreach and education, and state departments and agencies of agriculture use the information to aid growers.”

In these surveys, NASS asks participants to answer a variety of questions about apples and peaches, depending on state and version of the questionnaire. For their convenience, survey participants have the option to respond online. As with all NASS surveys, all information from respondents is kept confidential as required by federal law. NASS safeguards the confidentiality of all responses and publishes only state and national level data, ensuring that no individual producer or operation can be identified.

NASS will compile, analyze, and publish survey results in the August 11, 2023 Crop Production report.

USDA to Forecast Cranberry Production

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) will conduct a forecast survey for 2023 cranberry production during August 2023. This survey can be completed by mail, phone, or online at agcounts.usda.gov.

“The information from this survey directly impacts our regions’ growers by providing a forecast of production throughout the country,” said King Whetstone, director of the NASS Northeastern Regional Field Office. “States with cranberry growers participating in this survey include Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oregon, and Wisconsin.”

In these surveys, NASS asks participants to answer a variety of questions about cranberries. For their convenience, survey participants have the option to respond online. As with all NASS surveys, all information from respondents is kept confidential as required by federal law. NASS safeguards the confidentiality of all responses and publishes only state and national level data, ensuring that no individual producer or operation can be identified.

NASS will compile, analyze, and publish survey results in the August 11, 2023 Crop Production report.

Editor’s Note: Andy Lagana is a Chef at Crystal Springs Resort in Hamburg, Sussex County, N.J. For more information on its culinary program, visit www.CSResort.com.

In times of adversity, it is essential to have a strong support system that can help farmers weather the storms and overcome the challenges they face. Today, I want to shed light on the critical role played by the Farm Service Agency and its robust disaster assistance programs.

The FSA understands that Mother Nature can sometimes be unforgiving, subjecting our hardworking farmers to unforeseen natural disasters such as floods, droughts, wildfires, and hurricanes. To alleviate the financial burden and help them get back on their feet, the FSA offers a range of disaster assistance programs.

One of the primary programs is the Emergency Conservation Program (ECP), which provides funding and technical assistance to restore farmland damaged by natural disasters. Through ECP, farmers can access resources to repair fences, restore conservation structures, and mitigate erosion, allowing them to resume their operations and protect their land for future generations.

Additionally, the Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP) and the Tree Assistance Program (TAP) offer much-needed assistance to farmers who have suffered livestock losses or crop damage due to eligible natural disasters. These programs provide financial relief, compensating farmers for their losses and helping

Now that we have officially reached the dog days of August, we are usually blessed with an abundance of locally grown seasonal offerings of fruits and vegetables. Peppers, eggplant and tomatoes are in full swing. Summer vine crops such as melons, cucumbers and summer squashes should also be doing well.

As the days shorten later in the month, cooler season vegetables such as lettuce, kale, and other leafy greens will start to reappear after taking a couple of months off for the heat of the summer. But sometimes, either due to the short seasonal nature of many plants, or issues that are brought about by weather events such as drought or excessive rains, some plantings do not last quite as long as we would like. Mother Nature just doesn’t always cooperate. But then again, Mother Nature doesn’t have to eat. If you want to have some extra added insurance to ensure a full refrigerator/pantry/ cellar, there are a few simple steps that we can take.

One way to take full advantage of the summer growing season is by using successive plantings to ensure that there is a steady

USDA Farm Service Agency

By Bob Andrzejczak State Executive Director

Supporting Farmers Through Challenging Times

them recover from the devastating effects of unforeseen events.

Furthermore, the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) serves as a safety net for farmers who grow crops that are not covered by traditional crop insurance. NAP provides financial assistance when natural disasters result in the loss of crops or prevented planting.

The FSA stands committed to supporting our farmers during challenging times, ensuring that they have access to the resources and assistance needed to overcome adversity and sustain their operations. We encourage all farmers, whether new or experienced, to familiarize themselves with these disaster assistance programs and reach out to their local FSA office for guidance and support.

Securing access to capital is crucial for farmers to invest in their operations, expand their businesses, and navigate unforeseen challenges.

The Farm Service Agency understands this reality and offers a range of loan programs, including disaster loans, to help farmers fulfill their financial needs.

One notable loan program is the Emergency Loan Program, which provides financial assistance to eligible farmers who have suffered significant production losses due to natural disasters. These loans help farmers cover essential operating expenses, replace livestock, and recover from physical and production losses.

Another vital loan program is the Operating Loan Program, designed to assist farmers in financing their day-to-day operating expenses, such as equipment, seeds, fertilizers, and labor. The FSA’s Operating Loan Program provides affordable credit options, giving farmers the financial stability they need to sustain and grow their operations.

For farmers looking to purchase

or expand their farms, the Farm Ownership Loan offers the necessary capital. These loans provide funds for land acquisition, construction of farm buildings, and farm improvements. The FSA’s Farm Ownership Loan Program supports farmers in realizing their dreams of owning or expanding their agricultural enterprises.

In times of disaster, the FSA’s disaster loans become invaluable tools for farmers. These loans help bridge the financial gap caused by natural disasters, providing funds for essential repairs, livestock replacement, and the rebuilding of farm structures.

As a proud partner to our farmers, the FSA remains dedicated to ensuring that they have access to the loans and financial support they need to thrive. We encourage farmers to reach out to their local FSA office, where our knowledgeable staff stands ready to provide guidance,

The Town Farmer

By Peter Melick Agricultural Producer

Successive Plantings

and constant supply of produce for harvest throughout the entire season. Many of the crops that are grown here in the Garden State lend themselves to the concept of successive plantings very well. And a little bit of foresight and planning can lead to a very successful and abundant harvest.

Let’s start with tomatoes. Because we sell tomato transplants to the public at our farm market, I get to witness the buying habits of home gardeners first-hand. We probably sell ninety percent of our tomato plants between the last week of April and the middle of May. What does this mean? It means that all of these tomatoes are going to be ready for harvest at the same time. So, from the end

of July to the middle of August most home gardeners will have an overabundance of tomatoes. And if the weather does not cooperate, the harvest season can be cut even shorter than that. I always recommend that people not only plant tomatoes in early May, but also plant some around June 1, with another planting three weeks after that. This should stretch the harvest window for tomatoes well into October. And if the plants can be protected from a night or two of a potential isolated frost in October, they could produce into November. And how many times have you been harvesting good quality tomatoes, but have run out of the basil to go with them a couple of weeks prior?

This same strategy can

support, and personalized solutions to meet their unique needs. Together, we can navigate through challenging times, strengthen our agricultural community, and foster a resilient and prosperous future for our farmers and their families.

Deadlines:

August 1 - USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) is currently accepting nominations for county committee members for elections that will occur later this year. All nomination forms for the 2023 election must be postmarked or received in the local FSA office by August 1.

September 30 – Margin Protection insurance provides coverage against an unexpected decrease in operating margin caused by reduced county yields, reduced commodity prices, increased prices of certain inputs, or any combination of these perils.

Editor’s Note: Bob Andrzejczak is the State Executive Director of the USDA Farm Service Agency (FSA) in New Jersey. He can also be reached at 609587-0104 during regular business hours. For more information, please visit https://www.fsa.usda.gov/ state-offices/New-Jersey/ sed-biography/index

be used with plenty of other summer vegetables also. Peppers, eggplant and cucurbits can all be treated in the same manner with the expectation of similar results. But the effects of using this system are even more pronounced with shorter season vegetables such as beans, beets, radishes and sweet corn. Not only do these crops take much less time to mature, but their optimal window of harvest is also much narrower. All of those aforementioned crops should, more or less, be harvested within a one week window for optimal flavor and quality. So, it should go without saying that in order to enjoy these vegetables throughout the growing season, successive plantings need to be made.

When planning these successive plantings, one item to keep in mind is that plants grow much faster when they are grown in warmer/hotter weather. For example, sweet corn planted in early April might be ready for harvest three months later in early July. But that same variety planted June 15 might be mature as soon as mid-August. And the opposite is also true. As the days shorten in early autumn, plants will need more time to reach maturity. The nice thing about this though is that you also have a longer window in which they can be harvested. See you in September!

Editor’s Note: Peter Melick is co-owner of Melick’s Town Farm in Oldwick and a 10th-generation New Jersey farmer. Peter is Mayor of Tewksbury Township, Hunterdon County, NJ. He also served as a director for the New Jersey Farm Bureau and is a past president of the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture. Peter has also been featured on NJN, News 12 New Jersey and on the Fox Business Network.

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A New Exotic Pest in NY: The Elm Zigzag Sawfly

The elm zigzag sawfly (EZS) (Aproceros leucopoda) is an insect that only eats elm leaves and can cause severe defoliation (leaf loss) that threatens tree health. They get their name from the easily recognizable “zigzag” feeding pattern larvae create as they chew through leaves. However, when most of the tree’s leaves have been eaten, the zigzag pattern may not always be as clear because larvae will eat all the leaf tissue down to the vein.

The elm zigzag sawfly is native to Asia, specifically parts of China and Japan. Its common name comes from the zigzag feeding pattern of its larvae.

Elm zigzag sawfly larvae are light green with a black band on their head with T-shaped markings above the second and third pair of true legs. Adults are black with yellowish-white colored legs and smoky-brown colored wings. Cocoons are loosely-spun and net-like; they can be found attached to leaves or other objects like fence posts.

The elm zigzag sawfly reproduces parthenogenetically, meaning females reproduce without mating. Females can lay up to 60 eggs at a time, with four to six generations a year.

The sawfly can be unknowingly spread through the introduction of infested nursery stock. Once introduced, the sawfly can fly up to 56 miles in a year or further when assisted by wind currents.

Prevention and early detection are considered to be the best control methods at this time.

Currently, little is known about management for EZS. Insecticides have had some success in European infestations but only for individual trees or small stands. With EZS being relatively new to North America, there is still a lot to learn about managing this species. Insecticides labeled for use on other defoliators are likely to work for EZS management, but none are currently labeled for use on EZS in the US. Small infestations can be picked off by hand if they are reachable or possibly removed with a strong stream of water from a hose.

Monitoring elm trees plays a key role in preventing the spread of this sawfly . If an insect is suspected to be EZS, capture the insect or take a picture and report it to your local Cooperative Extension Office.

If you happen to be sitting in your yard or on a beach somewhere, and think about how you can make your yard into a destination or give it that resort feel, I ask that you consider hiring an NJLCA member to do your fall or spring project.

NJLCA members are required to carry insurance and must not have any unresolved Better Business Bureau complaints. Our members tend to enter awards programs and strive for perfection in their projects. Whether it’s a small project or a full property makeover, hiring a landscape professional can significantly impact the outcome and ensure success. While many folks may consider the DIY approach, the advantages of hiring a seasoned professional are well worth the cost.

Proficiency and Expertise: Our members, as part of a trade association, are eager to hone their craft and learn the proper ways to provide a professional result. Professionals possess specialized knowledge and skills honed through extensive training and experience. They have dedicated their time and effort to mastering their craft, allowing them to tackle complex tasks. By hiring a professional, you tap into their expertise, and benefit from their in-depth understanding of plants, hardscapes, irrigation and more. Their proficiency saves

The NJLCA Today

By Gail Woolcott Executive Director

Achieving Excellence with a Professional

you time and resources while delivering superior results. We don’t all know that some barberry are invasive and what the process is to install pavers correctly. And remember, YouTube videos haven’t been vetted.

High-Quality Workmanship: One of the most compelling reasons to hire a landscape professional is that they truly take pride in their reputation and strive to maintain a high standard of excellence in their field. Their attention to detail, meticulousness, and adherence to industry standards ensure the landscape is of the highest caliber.

Time and Cost Efficiency: While it may seem cost-effective to tackle certain projects on your own, the truth is that hiring a professional can often save you time and money in the long run. In my home, we used to do most projects (in and outside) on our own. We have since learned that hiring a pro has saved so much in the way of aggravation, money

(from those “oops” moments to “we don’t have the right tools”) and well, a few arguments! Professionals possess the necessary tools, resources, and networks to streamline processes and overcome challenges right away. Their efficiency lowers the risk of errors and delays, ultimately reducing project costs and time spent.

Access to Networks and Resources: Association members have extensive networks within the NJLCA, giving them access to valuable resources and contacts. Whether it’s discounts on materials, finding reliable subcontractors, or connecting with key industry players, our members leverage their connections to benefit your project. We also keep them updated on the latest trends, technologies, and best practices, ensuring that your landscape project benefits as well.

Problem-Solving and Risk Mitigation: Every project faces its

share of challenges and obstacles. Hiring a landscape professional equips you with an experienced problem-solver who can navigate these hurdles with ease. NJLCA members possess a wealth of knowledge and practical insights, helping them to identify potential pitfalls and develop plans to avoid them. Their expertise provides a sense of security knowing that your project is in capable hands, and they are prepared to handle any unforeseen circumstances. Hiring a landscape professional that is a member of and participates in an association like the NJLCA can elevate your projects to new heights. While the allure of DIY projects may seem tempting, the benefits of hiring a landscape professional far outweigh the initial costs. Their expertise, commitment to quality, efficiency, access to resources, and risk mitigation capabilities make them indispensable in your landscaping projects. So, next time you’re faced with a challenge,

The Home Depot Sets Goal for Battery-powered Products to Represent over 85% of Outdoor Lawn Equipment Sales by 2028

The Home Depot expects that by the end of fiscal year 2028, more than 85% of U.S. and Canada’s sales in outdoor power equipment, specifically push lawn mowers and handheld outdoor equipment like leaf blowers and trimmers, will run on rechargeable battery technology instead of gas. This transition will reduce over 2,000,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases annually from exhaust pipes of residential lawn equipment.

To reach this goal, The Home Depot will work to extend its leadership position in battery technology and offer cordless outdoor power tools from market leading brands such as Ryobi, Milwaukee, Makita, DeWalt and more. These brands are committed to building rechargeable tools that deliver the power that customers have come to expect from gas-powered equipment and the run times they need to complete a job, all with less noise, less maintenance and easier startups.

The Home Depot’s greatest environmental impact comes from the products it sells, and the biggest opportunity to create change is providing customers with product selections that reduce their carbon impact.

According to industry data, using a gas-powered lawn mower for an hour creates as much air pollution as driving 300 miles in an average car. Running a gas leaf blower for an hour creates the same number of emissions as a 1,100-mile drive or driving from Los Angeles to Denver.

“By innovating residential lawn equipment away from gas powered combustible engines, we can help make our neighborhoods cleaner and quieter,” said Ron Jarvis, chief sustainability officer for The Home Depot. “By working with our suppliers to bring innovative and sustainable products to every aisle of our store, we can help our customers create more sustainable homes and workplaces.” For more information about how The Home Depot is doing its part to operate sustainably, visit https://corporate.homedepot.com/page/responsibility.

The Home Depot is the world’s largest home improvement specialty retailer. At the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2023, the Company operated a total of 2,324 retail stores in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, 10 Canadian provinces and Mexico.

consider the huge advantages of hiring a landscape professional and witness the transformation it brings to your outdoor oasis. As I write this, our New Jersey Contractors Showcase and Expo is just a few days away. Can’t wait to tell you all about it in next month’s column! Happy August!

Editor’s Note: Gail Woolcott is the Executive Director for the New Jersey Landscape Contractors Association. Gail received the New York State Turf & Landscape Association 2022 “Person of the Year” award on December 1, 2022. Gail also received a proclamation from the Westchester County, New York Board of Legislators proclaiming December 1, 2022 as “Gail Woolcott Day” in Westchester County. Gail has also been presented with a community service award from the Borough of Fairview, New Jersey for her assistance in leading the 9-11 Memorial Park project and the Legislative Champion of the Year award from the Federation of Employers and Workers of America. She can be reached at 201-703-3600 or by emailing gwoolcott@ njlca.org.

Husqvarna Recalls Residential 300 Series Snow Blowers Due to Injury Hazard

This recall involves Husqvarna-branded gaspowered residential 300 Series Snow Blowers with model numbers ST 324, ST 327 and ST 330. The snow blowers are orange and black with the Husqvarna logo painted on the front plastic cover. The product is about 46 inches tall, 54 inches deep and 24 to 30 inches wide, depending on the model.

Consumers should immediately stop using the recalled snow blowers and contact an authorized Husqvarna Professional Products dealer for a free repair. The dealer locator is available at https:// locations.husqvarna.com/us/.

The firm has received 22 reports where the auger pulley bolt loosened and the drive unexpectedly became engaged. No injuries have been reported.

Husqvarna authorized dealers and various hardware stores nationwide and online at www.husqvarna.com from July 2022 through February 2023 for between $1,350 and $1,800.

N.J. Restrictions on Neonicotinoid Pesticide Use

Beginning October 31, 2023, no person shall sell, offer for sale, or use within the State any neonicotinoid pesticide, unless such pesticide is registered and will only be applied by a licensed pesticide applicator to an agricultural plant.

CHAPTER 386

An Act concerning the use of neonicotinoid pesticides and supplementing P.L.1971, c.176 (C.13:1F-1 et seq.).

Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey:

C.13:1F-4.2 Definitions.

1. As used in sections 1 through 3 of P.L.2021, c.386 (C.13:1F-4.2 et seq.):

“Agricultural plant” means any plant, or part thereof, grown, maintained, or otherwise produced for commercial purposes, including any plant grown, maintained, or otherwise produced for sale or trade, for research or experimental purposes, or for use in part or their entirety in another location. “Agricultural plant” includes, but is not limited to, grains, fruits, and vegetables; wood fiber or timber products; flowering and foliage plants and trees; seedlings and transplants; and turf grass produced for sod. “Agricultural plant” does not include pasture or rangeland used for grazing.

“Environmental emergency” means an occurrence of any pest which presents a significant risk of harm or injury to the environment, or significant harm, injury, or loss to agricultural crops, including, but not limited to, any exotic or foreign pest which may need preventative quarantine measures to avert or prevent that risk, as determined by the Department of Environmental Protection in consultation with the New Jersey Department of Agriculture and Rutgers, the State University.

“Neonicotinoid pesticide” means any pesticide containing a chemical belonging to the neonicotinoid class of chemicals, including, but not limited to, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, flonicamid, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, or any other chemical designated by the department as belonging to the neonicotinoid class of chemicals.

“Restricted use pesticide” means a pesticide that can be purchased and used only by a certified and licensed pesticide applicator, as determined by the department pursuant to the “Pesticide Control Act of 1971,” P.L.1971, c.176 (C.13:1F-1 et seq.), or persons working under the direct supervision of a certified and licensed pesticide applicator.

C.13:1F-4.3 Rules and regulations, neonicotinoid pesticides.

2. a. No later than 12 months after the effective date of P.L.2021, c.386 (C.13:1F-4.2 et seq.), the department shall adopt, pursuant to the “Administrative Procedure Act,” P.L.1968, c.410 (C.52:14B-1 et seq.), rules and regulations classifying neonicotinoid pesticides as restricted use pesticides.

b. No later than 12 months after the effective date of P.L.2021, c.386 (C.13:1F-4.2 et seq.), and every three years thereafter, the department shall review the latest scientific information concerning neonicotinoid pesticides, and classify as a restricted use pesticide any neonicotinoid pesticide that the department determines will cause harm to populations of pollinating bees, birds, other pollinating wildlife, or aquatic invertebrates. Any person may petition the department at any time to classify a pesticide pursuant to this section.

c. The provisions of this section shall not apply to:

(1) any pet care, veterinary, personal care, or indoor pest control pesticide product;

(2) an application for the commercial production of a preserved wood product;

(3) the application by a licensed pesticide applicator of a neonicotinoid pesticide within one foot of a building foundation perimeter to manage structural pests provided that the neonicotinoid pesticide is not applied on any plant;

(4) any direct action taken by certified and licensed responsible pesticide applicators or by persons working under their direct supervision within the New Jersey Department of Agriculture or its agents, or within the Department of Environmental Protection or its agents, against any invasive plant or pest; or

(5) any application to protect agricultural seeds.

Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (3) of this subsection to the contrary, the application by a licensed pesticide applicator of a neonicotinoid pesticide adjacent to a building foundation perimeter to manage structural pests may be extended by an additional four feet, if such additional area is necessary to treat the source of the infestation and the application is limited to a spot-targeted treatment of the source of the infestation only.

d. Nothing in this section shall be construed to impose liability on any news media that accept or publish advertising for any product or activity that would otherwise be subject to the provisions of this section.

C.13:1F-4.4 Restrictions on neonicotinoid pesticide use.

3. a. Beginning October 31, 2023, no person shall sell, offer for sale, or use within the State any neonicotinoid pesticide, unless such pesticide is registered and will only be applied by a licensed pesticide applicator to an agricultural plant.

b. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection a. of this section to the contrary,

the commissioner, in consultation with the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, may, by written order, authorize one or more licensed pesticide applicators to use a pesticide that is prohibited under subsection a. of this section if the commissioner finds that:

(1) a valid environmental emergency exists;

(2) the pesticide would be effective in addressing the environmental emergency; and

(3) no other, less harmful pesticide or pest management practice would be effective in addressing the environmental emergency.

c. Any order issued by the commissioner pursuant to subsection b. of this section shall include the basis for the commissioner’s determination and specify the approved time period, geographic scope, and purpose of the permitted sale or use of a pesticide. An order issued pursuant to this section shall be valid for a period not to exceed one year.

d. The provisions of this section shall not apply to:

(1) any pet care, veterinary, personal care, or indoor pest control pesticide product;

(2) an application for the commercial production of a preserved wood product;

(3) the application by a licensed pesticide applicator of a neonicotinoid pesticide within one foot of a building foundation perimeter to manage structural pests provided that the neonicotinoid pesticide is not applied on any plant;

(4) any direct action taken by certified and licensed responsible pesticide applicators or by persons working under their direct supervision within the New Jersey Department of Agriculture or its agents, or within the Department of Environmental Protection or its agents, against any invasive plant or pest; or

(5) any application to protect agricultural seeds.

Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (3) of this subsection to the contrary, the application by a licensed pesticide applicator of a neonicotinoid pesticide adjacent to a building foundation perimeter to manage structural pests may be extended by an additional four feet, if such additional area is necessary to treat the source of the infestation and the application is limited to a spot-targeted treatment of the source of the infestation only.

e. Nothing in this section shall be construed to impose liability on any news media that accept or publish advertising for any product or activity that would otherwise be subject to the provisions of this section.

NORTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURE NEWS

The Northeastern Association of State Departments of Agriculture convenes the following 10 states: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FFA Students Place

First in Forestry Challenge

Odessa High School in Townsend placed first among six Delaware high school FFA chapters that squared off at Brecknock County Park at the annual “Forestry Career Development Event (CDE),” a challenging test of tree identification skills, forestry tools and knowledge, and math-related abilities. Each team consisted of four students who answered both individual and team-based questions. Led by their instructor Jeff Billings, Odessa also fielded the event’s individual overall winner, Natalie Holdren. The event was held in cooperation with the Delaware Department of Agriculture’s Delaware Forest Service.

Schools represented this year were Odessa, Woodbridge, Smyrna, Christiana, Middletown and Sussex Central. Delaware Forest Service TrainerEducator Ashley Melvin developed the curriculum and organized the event, which tested student knowledge in six separate skill areas: tree identification, equipment identification and troubleshooting, timber stand improvement, compass and pacing, board-foot volume estimation, and an individual written examination.

Odessa High School will now go on to represent the First State against teams from all over the U.S. as part of the four-day National FFA Convention scheduled to begin on Wednesday, November 1 in Indianapolis, Indiana.

According to the FFA, Career Development Events help students develop the abilities to think critically, communicate clearly, and perform effectively in a competitive job market.”

There are 26 CDEs, covering job skills in everything from communications to mechanics. Some events allow students to compete as individuals, while others allow them to compete in teams.

RECYCLE

NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Governor Murphy Recognizes Retirement of Secretary of Agriculture Douglas Fisher

Assistant Secretary Joe Atchison III to Lead Department

Governor Phil Murphy marked the retirement of Department of Agriculture Secretary Douglas Fisher on June 30, 2023. Fisher has served as Secretary since 2009 under the Corzine Administration and after 14 years of dedicated service to the state’s agricultural community, his retirement is effective tomorrow, July 1, 2023. Assistant Secretary Joe Atchison III will direct the department, assuming the responsibilities of Secretary.

“Since 2009, Secretary Fisher has been a steadfast advocate for the Garden State’s agricultural community,” said Governor Murphy. “From expanding agritourism to combating food insecurity, Secretary Fisher has dedicated his career to preserving New Jersey’s agricultural roots, while exemplifying a sincere commitment to this state and serving the public. I wish him nothing but the best and congratulate him for all he has accomplished at the Department of Agriculture.”

“While the agricultural community is losing a fierce advocate and friend, I am confident that Assistant Secretary Joe Atchison III will lead the Department with diligence and dedication,” continued Governor Murphy. “As Assistant Secretary and Director of Marketing and Development, Joe has played a critical role in ensuring that the importance of our agricultural heritage and industry is communicated throughout the state. His years of experience, coupled with his unique insight, will serve as assets to the Department.”

“I am blessed to have the privilege of serving the public in my career in government and have always strived as Secretary of Agriculture to bear in mind how we could help not only the industry, but also all residents whose lives are enhanced by agriculture in our state,” said Secretary Doug Fisher. “I sincerely thank Governor Murphy as well as Governors Christie and Corzine, under whom I have served, and who showed faith in me throughout my over 14 years in this position.”

“As Secretary Fisher retires, he leaves an illustrious mark on agriculture in New Jersey,” said Assistant Secretary Joe

Atchison III. “His ability to understand the broad range of sectors, and having an exceptional knowledge of the legislative component of the position, is a unique gift that has benefited farmers and agriculturerelated businesses in immeasurable ways during the last 14-plus years. Looking forward, the Department’s goal is to continue to advance the industry well into the future.”

Joe Atchison III, Assistant Secretary and Director of Marketing and Development for the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, joined the Department in July 2005 as a Marketing Specialist. Through the years, Atchison advanced to Coordinator of Agricultural Marketing and then to Division Director of Marketing and Development before being named Assistant Secretary in January 2022. As Assistant Secretary, Atchison is familiar with all the facets of the Department operations and oversees the Fiscal, IT, and Human Resources units. He also fulfills the duties of the Secretary of Agriculture when the Secretary is unavailable.

In his role as Division Director, Atchison oversees all of the Department’s agricultural marketing efforts primarily under the banner of the Jersey Fresh branding program. During his tenure, the Division has begun a transition from an Organic Certification program to a program that offers technical, educational, and marketing support for organic and regenerative farming operations. Additionally, the Department has introduced a Jersey Raised livestock marketing program and is working to add livestock processors in the state to reduce travel and wait times for livestock producers. The Division of Marketing and Development also administers a suite of regulatory services including food safety inspection and enforcement; regulation of the state’s commercial dairy, feed, and fertilizer industries; commodity import inspections; and other programs. The Division administers more than $5 million in annual grant-funded programs. Joe Atchison III holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Rutgers University School of Business in Management and Marketing. He and his family live in Cherry Hill, NJ.

I returned in May to the Royal Horticultural Society Chelsea Flower Show in London for the first time in 30 years. Chelsea occurs every year towards the end of May. It is considered one of the greatest horticultural shows around the globe.

There are 36 showcase gardens and an additional 79 displays by nurseries and growers. The Flower Show every year is constructed over 25 days with 8,000 people and it is set on the bucolic grounds of the Chelsea Physic Garden along the Thames River.

Chelsea every year showcases the best-of-the-best garden designers from around the world. A perennial favorite is the extraordinarily talented Sarah Price. Her garden, “The Nurture Landscapes Garden” was inspired and drew on the paintings of artist and gardener, Cedric Morris. She featured Morris’ Benton iris which are a bearded iris that has romantic colors of smoky pinks and purples and mesmerizing brownish tones. The garden was surrounded on two sides with soft topecolored walls. In addition to the iris were other very soft pastel-colored perennials and many shrubs with silvery foliage. The provocative color combinations used flowers with muted colors which created a mystical and ethereal effect.

Other top gardens included “Memorial and Green Acres

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society

By Andrew Bunting Vice President of Horticulture

The Chelsea Flower Show

Transcendence Garden” by Gavin McWilliam and Andrew Wilson, which was a modern garden that promoted the discussion of the grieving process and end-of-life experience. The primary route through the garden related to the experience from birth to death.

One of the most whimsical gardens was Tom Massey’s “The Royal Entomological Society Garden” which highlighted the role that insects play in the garden. A small laboratory was constructed with a geodesic dome-like roof that was inspired by the eye of an insect. Features throughout the garden included gardening approaches that could increase habitat for insects such as dead trees and stumps which are key to insects overwintering. A rainfall collection pond provided a water source for insects. Plants that attract a host of insects and pollinators were featured in the garden including some that are usually considered weeds, like dandelions and clover.

Korean designer, Jihae Hwang created “A Letter From a Millions Years Past”. This mountainous planting was inspired by the Jiri Mountains, which are home to a rich flora of over 1,500 species. Not only did this garden highlight the rich flora of Korea, it highlighted those plants which have been historically cultivated from the wild to treat and cure diseases.

In addition to the major exhibit gardens, a massive 3-acre tented structure, The Great Pavilion was constructed to showcase the great nurseries and growers of the UK. Here extraordinary displays of plants were cultivated to perfection. Some of my favorites included W. S. Warmenhoven and their dozens of masses of perfection-grown ornamental onions, Allium Other stellar collections included Streptocarpus, chyrsanthemums, Dianthus, Glaidiolus and Agapanthus to name a few.

From the United States was an exhibit that was a

joint partnership between the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Chicago Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden, Naples Botanical Garden and Glasgow Botanic Garden. This conservationbased exhibit showcased the plight of the ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii, which reached some level of notoriety when The Orchid Thief was published. Due to poaching and a number of ecological reasons, the ghost orchid, which is found in the Everglades of Florida, is teetering on extinction. This exhibit brought to light a global conservation effort to identify current populations; propagate through tissue culture new plants; and efforts to re-introduce plants to the wild.

Like the Philadelphia Flower Show, Chelsea also had a host of small exhibits that were perfect for the homeowner like “balcony and container gardens”, “small wonders” were for people with limited spaces, and very popular were

Honey Bees More Faithful to Their Flower Patches Than

By Kim Kaplan USDA/ARS

Honey bees are more faithful to their flower patches than bumble bees when it comes to returning to collect more pollen and nectar, according to a study by U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service scientists.

Overall, 76 percent of honey bees in the study revisited the same plot of alfalfa flowers in contrast to just 47 percent of eastern bumble bees.

But size does matter, especially to bumble bees. They were more faithful to larger flower patches, while the likelihood of honey bees returning to a flower patch was not affected by patch size. Large patches in the study were nearly 15 by 15 yards, each planted with 225 plants, more than twice as many as the small patches, which were about 10 by 10 yards with 100 alfalfa plants each.

To remain faithful to a specific location, an insect or animal requires reliable spatial memories enabling them to navigate complex landscapes and repeatedly return to the same site. Both honey and bumble bees have demonstrated this ability to return to previously visited foraging locations, so there must be other speciesspecific factors to explain the differences in patch fidelity observed between the two species, explained ecologist Johanne Brunet with the ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit in Madison, Wisconsin, who led the study along with postdoctoral associate Fabiana Fragoso.

Differences in patch fidelity could be the result of bumble bees’ more explorative foraging behavior—their willingness to invest individually in foraging, often visiting more than one type of flower per foraging bout—compared to honey bees’ more highly developed communication

system—the honey bees’ well-known waggle dance. Honey bee foragers perform the dance when they return to the hive to share the location of valuable food sources with other foragers; bumble bees do not.

“So higher patch fidelity of honey bees, relative to bumble bees, may reflect a greater aversion to risk, be it in terms of wasting energy and resources or encountering predators” Brunet said.

The better our understanding of the characteristics that drive patch fidelity in important pollinators like honey bees and bumble bees, the better beekeepers, producers and conservation biologists will be able to support pollinators health as well as uphold the essential agricultural need to have crops pollinated to produce a harvest, Brunet added.

But the implications go far beyond that. For example, the pattern of pollination can have potential impacts on gene flow, the

a number of exhibits that showcased houseplants.

If you visit Chelsea, plan on going for the day. I would suggest becoming a member of the Royal Horticultural Society so you can visit on one of the member’s days. It is crowded, for sure, like all the great flower shows, but this adds to the excitement of your visit.

Editor’s Note: Andrew Bunting is Vice President of Horticulture for the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. He is one of the most recognized horticulturists in the Philadelphia, Pa., region and a highly regarded colleague in the world of professional horticulture. Bunting has amassed a plethora of awards, including the American Public Gardens Association Professional Citation, Chanticleer Scholarship in Professional Development, Delaware Center for Horticulture’s Marion Marsh Award, and the Certificate of Merit from the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. In addition, Bunting has lectured extensively throughout North America and Europe, and participated in plant expeditions throughout Asia and Africa. Learn more at https://phsonline.org/team/ andrew-bunting

Bumble

Bees

way in which gene pools of two separate populations of the same species mix.

“Bumble bees’ lower patch fidelity can translate into higher gene flow among the patches they visit, creating a higher probability for bumble bees to move genes longer distances,” Brunet said. “Higher gene flow in plant populations in the natural environment will also tend to homogenize their genetic diversity.”

This study was published in Ecosphere.

Editor’s Note: The Agricultural Research Service is the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s chief scientific in-house research agency. Daily, ARS focuses on solutions to agricultural problems affecting America. Each dollar invested in U.S. agricultural research results in $20 of economic impact.

Shamrock Shaped Leaves and Pollinator Friendly Flowers

the thin turf. It seems like the clover has grown very well this spring and it now has prolific blooms. I’ve learned that the foliage typically dies back in winter, and new leaves are produced from crown tissues in spring

White clover belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae) and is classified as a perennial.

It will attract bees (pollinator friendly) because of its white flowers. This can be unfavorable if you are allergic or have people and pets who play on the lawn. Clover is an invasive grower because the roots spread out far and fast. The roots can even creep over edging and enter gardens and landscaped beds. It can be kept at bay by using a thick layer of mulch. This will keep the seeds from germinating. You can plant clover by itself for ground cover, but it stands up better to foot traffic when combined with lawn grass. Only 5 to 10% of the weight of tiny clover seed needs to be mixed with the recommended amount of grass seed to create a thick stand.

The extensive root system and ground cover capabilities of white clover keep soil from running off,

(Continued from page 1)

keeping key nutrients in place. White clover is also used to help increase soil health because of its erosion protection and nitrogen fixation.

Did you know that clover converts nitrogen from the air into ammonium, which can be absorbed by grass to make it greener and stronger? Clover will keep lawns looking greener year-round when grasses might need that extra boost of nitrogen. Clover is effective at out-competing weeds and requires less mowing than grass.

The leaves on white clover grow in sets of 3 leaflets. Each leaflet is shamrock shaped and many have a reddish stripe across it. The flowers on white clover are spiky and white with a brownish green center.

If white clover is already established in your yard, controlling it can either be done through hand pulling or by using an herbicide. In either case, while killing the white clover already in your lawn is easy, you need to understand that killing white clover seeds is not. The seeds can survive high heat, low temperatures and can stay dormant for years before germinating. Whichever method you choose for getting rid of

white clover, you can expect to do it once a year to control the white clover plants that emerge from the seeds. Consult the herbicide label for specific instructions. Clover forms dense clumps that spread by their secondary roots and will out-compete broadleaf weeds, so it effectively acts as its own herbicide.

A clover yard only needs to be mowed a few times a year, as opposed to the weekly mowing required by most grass lawns. This is because a white clover lawn grows only 2 to 8 inches tall.

Not only do clover lawns require less mowing, but they also need less watering than most grasses. That’s because clover grass is drought-tolerant—yet it might stay green year-round, even in northern hardiness zones.

By itself, clover doesn’t hold up well to repeated heavy foot traffic or playing fields, However, when blended with turfgrass, it can make a strong lawn and take occasional heavy traffic. If you have white clover ground cover, it can appear patchy and bare in heavily traveled areas. One of clover’s few downsides is that it stains clothing more than turf. Another drawback is

that it’s a short-lived perennial and, as such, may require reseeding every 2 to 3 years.

Clover also attracts beneficial insects, including pollinators, and wildlife such as rabbits, so avoid applying pesticides on clover out of caution. Frequent use of broad-spectrum herbicides and pesticides (particularly synthetic pesticides) can be toxic to people and animals, and it can negatively impact local ecosystems and waterways. Crimson and clover, over and over…

Editor’s Note: Tom Castronovo is executive editor and publisher of Gardener News . Tom’s lifelong interest in gardening and passion for agriculture, environmental stewardship, gardening and landscaping, led to the founding of the Gardener News , which germinated in April 2003 and continues to bloom today. He is also dedicated to providing inspiration, and education to the agricultural, gardening, landscaping and nursery communities through this newspaper and GardenerNews.com. The

Number

Website: www.GardenerNews.com

E-Mail: Mail@GardenerNews.com

Staff Executive Editor/Publisher ..... Tom Castronovo Art Director ................. Susan F. Kessel Advertising .................. Tom Castronovo

Tom Castronovo

Todd Pretz

Gail Woolcott

Andrew Bunting

August 2023 Columnists

Brian Schilling

Peter Melick

Bob Andrzejczak

Bruce Crawford

Andy Lagana

Joe Atchison III

Bert Kuhn

August 2023 Contributing Writer

Hubert Ling

16 Mount Bethel Road #123 Warren, NJ 07059

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