Understanding Modular Coordination of Workstations in Modern Office Interiors. by Gaurav Khiani

Understanding Modular Coordination of Workstations in Modern Office Interiors. Dissertation submitted by: Gaurav Khiani 113703104

******* B. ARCHITECTURE (I.D.) VII SEMESTER ‘D’

Faculty of Architecture, Manipal University. October 2014

Faculty of Architecture Manipal University CERTIFICATE We certify that the Dissertation entitled â&#x20AC;&#x153;Understanding Modular Coordination of Workstations in Modern Office Interiors.â&#x20AC;? that is being submitted by Name & Roll no, in the VII semester of B.Architecture undergraduate programme, Faculty of Architecture, Manipal University, Manipal is a record of bonafide work, to the best of our knowledge.

-----------------------------Faculty in charge

---------------Director

ABSTRACT Offices are an important part of the economy. It is where people spend a major part of their life earning a living. Hence it is important to provide a good environment for when the people are in the office space. A good working environment is essential for the successful use of an office space, which in turn would bring success to the company. A good working environment has few basic necessities, some of which are consistent communication, optimum lighting & ventilation, open spaces and safety of the workplace. Along with the comfort zone, there are other factors contributing to the work efficiency of an employee, such as correct seating posture, physical comfort etc. These factors are together called ‘ergonomics’. Ergonomics, together with open plan office spaces have created optimum working environments in today’s age. Today’s offices have evolved to host a large number of people and a wide number of activities. It is important that people carry out these activities with ease. Thus, modular workstations were made to provide ease in construction, service, and replacement of the furniture for an office space. However, modular workstations weren’t achieved easily. Before the modular system there were many predecessors such as action office-I, action office-II and ethospace. Modular workstation, due to its functionality, flexibility and catering to modern requirements including those for good design, have become quite successful and popular in recent times. This dissertation begins with the study of terms such as modular and modular coordination and goes on to the history of offices. Studying the history of offices is important to understand the evolution of the office space. To design an office space it is important to know about ergonomics, which is the study of designing a workplace for a user’s comfort. This paper deals with the ergonomics of designing a modular workstation. The word "Ergonomics" comes from two Greek words "ergon," meaning work, and "nomos" meaning "laws." Today, however, the word is used to describe the science of "designing the job to fit the worker, not forcing 3

the worker to fit the job." Ergonomics covers all aspects of a job, from the physical stresses it places on joints, muscles, nerves, tendons, bones and the like, to environmental factors which can effect hearing, vision, and general comfort and health. Modular workstations have various components in them and thus this paper will cover the components of modules and modular workstation. In a broad perspective, Modular Workstation is a type of the computer workstation that is used to provide the components to the users according to the space and their need of the work is called as the modular workstation. The key component on which such workstation is based are the office drawer. hutches. writing etc. Generally these workstations are categorized in the corners or the u-shape places in the building or offices. Modular coordination deals with the coordination of the modules, and thus the layouts within and of the workstations are studied in this paper. Coordination of modules within modular workstations and arrangements of modular workstations is what gives us the different types of workstation present in the market. Characteristics of each workstation type with respect to modular coordination configuration is as follows: o Linear workstation or Straight workstation o Cluster workstations or L shaped workstations o Single seater workstations o Single pentagon workstation o Four Seater back to back workstation o Four Seater pentagon workstation o Cubicle workstation o Designer workstation o U shaped workstation o F2 screen systems o F3 screen systems Ultimately, Coordination also deals with modules within the modular workstation. There is an exhaustive variety of modules available because these modules are designed as per designer or clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements.

However, there are a certain number of types of modules for the workstation which are diverse in their own ways. Some of which are as follows: •

PANELS/TILES

•

CONNECTORS

•

ELECTRICAL OUTLETS

•

WORKSURFACE

•

STORAGE

Dedicated to my Dad, Ashok Khiani.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest appreciation to Professor Sonali Walimbe Chitgopkar, my advisor and mentor, for her excellent guidance and counseling which made this dissertation possible. I am grateful to Professor Shantanu Chitgopkar for his patience in explaining, correcting my errors and his useful comments on my research.

I would like to thank the people at Lumens Aircon Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, for the opportunity to conduct a study at their manufacturing plant and the guidance through various the processes and details. I also wish to thank my family, especially my Dad, for their encouragement, enthusiasm and emotional support. I thank my college, Faculty of Architecture, MIT, Manipal, for providing me with this opportunity to work on a research project of my choice.

Index Page Abstract...............................................................................................................i Dedication..........................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements............................................................................................v

Chapter 1..................................................................................INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1

Chapter 2....................................BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................................................................4 2.1................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... MODULE ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................COORDINATION ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.3................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... MODULAR ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.4................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................MODULAR COORDINATION .................................................................................................................... 10 2.5................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................HISTORY OF OFFICES .................................................................................................................... 13 2.6................................................................................................................... ...........................................................WORKSTATION – ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION .................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3....................................................................................ERGONOMICS 8

3.1................................................................................................................... ..................................................................ERGONOMICS AND HUMAN FACTORS .................................................................................................................... 29 3.2................................................................................................................... .................................................................................WHY HAVE ERGONOMICS? .................................................................................................................... 31 3.3................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................APPLICATION IN WORKSTATION .................................................................................................................... 31 3.4................................................................................................................... ....................................................................ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .................................................................................................................... 40 3.5................................................................................................................... .............................................................................PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 4................................................................MODULAR WORKSTATION 4.1................................................................................................................... ................................................................................WHAT IS A WORKSTATION? .................................................................................................................... 45 4.2................................................................................................................... ................................................................WHAT IS A MODULAR WORKSTATION? .................................................................................................................... 46 4.3................................................................................................................... ........................................................................WHY MODULAR WORKSTATION? .................................................................................................................... 47 4.4................................................................................................................... ............................DIVERSITY OF WORKSTATIONS AND MODULAR WORKSTATIONS .................................................................................................................... 50 4.5................................................................................................................... ...............................MODULES AND ACCESSORIES IN A MODULAR WORKSTATION .................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 5.....MODULAR COORDINATION IN MODULAR WORKSTATION(S) 9

5.1................................................................................................................... .COORDINATION OF MODULES WITHIN MODULAR WORKSTATION AND LAYOUTS OF MODULAR WORKSTATIONS..............................................................................56

Chapter 6...................................CASE STUDY – LUMENS AIRCON PVT. LTD. 6.1................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 59 6.2................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................. RAW MATERIAL .................................................................................................................... 59 6.3................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................MANUFACTURING PROCESS .................................................................................................................... 59 6.4................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................ASSEMBLY .................................................................................................................... 61 References 2

CHAPTER 1 Introduction A good working environment is essential for the successful use of an office space, which in turn would bring success to the company. A good working environment has few basic necessities, some of which are consistent communication, optimum lighting & ventilation, open spaces and safety of the workplace. A worker or an employee can work at a higher productivity rate if they are in their comfort zone. Along with the comfort zone, there are other factors contributing to the work efficiency of an employee, such as correct seating posture, physical comfort etc. These factors are together called ‘ergonomics’. Ergonomics, together with open plan office spaces have created optimum working environments in today’s age. Open plan office spaces started gaining popularity in recent times. Open plan spaces often make use of modular workstations. Hence, this dissertation deals with the study of modular coordination within modular workstations. Office spaces have seen various changes in course of time and have adapted to the changing patterns for an increasing work output and productivity of employees. Work efficiency of employees is important as without it, there would be no profits which would put a halt to development of a company. Initially, Offices mainly consisted of steel tables, with standard steel chairs and a set of drawers, all inside cabins or other enclosed space. Open plan offices had arrived about a century earlier, when architects had started to use cast-iron girders to open up larger spaces within building. Open plan offices, prior to the 1950s, mostly consisted of large regular rows of desks or benches where clerks, typists, or technicians performed repetitive tasks. Such designs were rooted in the work of industrial engineers or efficiency experts such as Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Ford. In the 1950s, a German team named Quickborner developed office landscape which used conventional furniture, curved screens, large potted plants, and organic geometry to create work groups on large, open floors. Office landscape was quickly supplanted by office furniture companies which developed cubicles based on panel-hung or systems furniture. 11

Clerical workers sat at small desks in straight rows, often facing the same way - a classroom without a teacher. Those further up the food chain had their own office, and the boss generally had a large corner office with windows on two sides. His lieutenants - usually men - would be dispatched to survey the activities of the secretarial pool - usually women. Gradually, as the number of people working within an office increased, space became an increasingly valuable aspect. Thus, layouts in an office transitioned from desk and chair to work stations in cabins. In course of time cabins lost popularity, which gave rise to open plan offices. Open plan office spaces began with use of workstations and then moved on to modular workstations in arrangements so as to provide maximum multi-utility of space. This provided accommodation to increasing staff requirements and also efficient use of space, and promoted casual engagement and impromptu discussions between staff members. After Open plan office, modular workstations enter the picture of an office space. They provide flexibility in terms of space planning and usage. They also permit change in their design so as to meet requirements of various users or groups of users. This dissertation will thus begin with the aspects of modular coordination in modular systems and modules and then gradually move onto the details of the modular systems and it’s layouts in context with modular workstations in offices. Although modular was being used, in the 1960s, Herman Miller Research Corporation formulated a plan to address the problems plaguing office workers of the time. It was introduced in the Herman Miller lineup in 1964, called the ‘Action Office I ’. Action Office I featured desks and workspaces of varying height that allowed the worker freedom of movement, and the flexibility to assume the work position best suited for the task. Action Office I was ideally suited to small professional offices in which managers and employees often interacted using the same furnishings. However, Action Office I was expensive, difficult to assemble, and wasn’t suitable for offices at large corporations. Following the poor sales of Action Office I, the Herman Miller Research Corporation sought to create the next-generation, ‘Action Office II ’. They wanted to allow the employee a degree of privacy, and the ability to personalize their work environment 12

without impacting the environment of the workers around them. They then recognized that people are more productive within a territorial enclave that they can personalize, but also require vistas outside their space. Action Office II was based around the mobile wall unit that defines space. The unit also supported multiple workstation furnishings that benefited from

the

vertically

oriented

work

space.

The

components

were

interchangeable, standardized, and simple to assemble and install. More importantly, they were highly flexible, allowing the company to modify the work environment as needs changed. Thus, giving rise to modular workstations as we know them in this day and age. Coordination, i.e. arrangement or layouts of modules or components within a modular system is called ‘modular coordination’. This dissertation will deal with the modularity and the modular coordination aspect of modular workstations in offices.

CHAPTER 2 Background and Literature Review Modular coordination, in itself is a combination of two words, ‘modular’ and ‘coordination’. Hence, it is important to understand the meaning and significance these two terms with respect to modular coordination. ‘Modular’ and ‘coordination’ both have other various terms that fall under them. Terms such as ‘module’, ‘basic module’, ‘multimodule’ etc. fall under the category of ‘modular’. Whereas ‘coordination’ consists of terms such as ‘reference space’ and ‘coordinating space’. This information is 13

collected from sources such as Time Saver Standards and IS Codes regarding the respective topic. The above terms together are part of the modular coordination system. This makes it vital to understand what ‘modular coordination’ means. Like previous terms, modular coordination too has various terms that fall under it. Terms such as ‘dimensional coordination’ fall under this category. This too has been extracted from relevant IS Codes. Since this dissertation deals with the modular coordination aspect of modular workstations, it is necessary to understand what a workstation is. It is important to know the origin of workstation and its development to the point of modular workstations.

Modular workstations, being workstations, have basic facilities such as seating, a work surface, etc. Thus, understanding of ergonomics and anthropometry is required to understand designs of modular workstations. Ergonomics is the branch of science that caters to adaptation of the work environment to the user. Anthropometry is study of measurements and proportions of the human body. This information is collected from reliable web sources, reference books, and various studies.2.1.

Module

Module may be defined as: A separable component, frequently one that is interchangeable with others, for assembly into units of differing size, complexity, or function. Or A standard or unit for measuring. Or A selected unit of measure, ranging in size from a few inches to several feet, used as a basis for the planning and standardization of building materials. LIST OF TERMS IN CONTEXT WITH MODULE: Basic module The basic module is the fundamental unit of size in modular co-ordination Multimodules Multimodules are selected multiples of the basic module; different multimodules will suit particular applications. However, since their values must not be chosen arbitrarily if dimensional co-ordination is to be achieved, International Standards for their sizes are necessaryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;). Using multimodules, it is possible to achieve a substantial reduction in the number of coordinating sizes. A further reduction in the number of coordinating sizes may be achieved by means of general series of multimodular sizes based on selected multimodules. Such a reduction is particularly recommended for components having at least one dimension equal to one of the dimensions of the functional element of which they are a part. Module A unit of size used as an increment step in dimensional coordination. Basic module 15

The fundamental module used in modular coordination, the size of which is selected for general application to buildings and components. The value of the basic module has been chosen as 100 mm for maximum flexibility and convenience. The symbol for the basic module is M. Multimodule A module whose size is a selected multiple of the basic module. Planning module A multimodule adopted for specific applications. Modular size A size that is a multiple of the basic module. Sub-modular increment An increment of size the value of which is a selected fraction of the basic module. Coordinating dimension A dimension of a coordinating space, which defines the relative positions of two or more components in an assembly, according to the characteristics of the components which are relevant to the assembly. Coordinating size The size of a coordinating dimension. Technical size A size governed by important economic considerations. It may be modular only. Preferred size A modular or multimodular size which is selected in advance of others.

2.2

Coordination

Coordination may be defined as: The act or state of coordinating or of being coordinated. Or Proper order or relationship. Or Harmonious combination or interaction, as of functions or parts. Origin of the word ‘coordination’ dates back to Late Latin, coordinationcoordination, from Latin co- + ordination-, ordinatio arrangement, from ordinare to arrange. LIST OF TERMS IN CONTEXT WITH COORDINATION IN MODULAR ASPECT: Reference space A space assigned in a building to receive a component, assembly or element including, where appropriate, allowances for tolerances and joint clearances. The space is bounded by reference planes which are not necessarily modular. Coordinating space A space bounded by coordinating planes allocated to a component including allowances for tolerances and joint clearances. Coordinating plane A plane by reference to which one component is coordinated with another. Reference system A system of points, lines and planes to which the sizes and positions of a component, assembly or element may be related.

2.3

Modular The word ‘modular’ originated from the word ‘modulus’ in Latin,

and then ‘modularis’ in modern Latin, both of which are terms for absolute value. Modular has been in use since the beginning of the 1900s.It is used as an adjective to describe something as “Employing or involving a module or modules as the basis of design or construction.” According to Dictionary.com, 17

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Modular: composed of standardized units or sections for easy construction or flexible arrangementâ&#x20AC;?. Modular is one of the approaches to design. It deals with designing the different components of the system separately, and test each component in separate conditions. Modular design, or "modularity in design", is an approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts (modules or skids) that can be independently created and then used in different systems to drive multiple functionalities. A modular system can be characterized by the following: 1) Functional partitioning into discrete scalable, reusable modules consisting of isolated, self-contained functional elements. 2) Rigorous use of well-defined modular interfaces, including object-oriented descriptions of module functionality 3) Ease of change to achieve technology transparency and, to the extent possible, make use of industry standards for key interfaces. LIST OF TERMS IN CONTEXT WITH MODULAR: Modular component A component whose coordinating sizes are modular. Some modular components do not need to have sizes that are all modular. Modular element An element whose coordinating sizes are modular.

Modular grid A rectangular coordinate reference system in which the distance between consecutive lines is the basic module or a multimodule. This multimodule may differ for each of the two dimensions of the grid. Modular space grid A three-dimensional rectangular coordinate reference system in which the distance between consecutive planes is the basic module or a multimodule. This multimodule may differ for each of the three dimensions of the space grid. Modular plane A plane in a modular space grid. 18

Modular line A line formed by the intersection of two modular planes. Zone A modular or non-modular space between modular planes, which is provided for a component or group of components which do not necessarily fill the space, or which may be left empty.

2.4

Modular Coordination

Modular Coordination may be defined as “Dimensional co-ordination employing the basic module or a multimodule.” Modular Coordination is a system of dimension coordination based on a single Basic Modular. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MODULAR COORDINATION In modern architecture the history of modular coordination began in the year prior to World War II when Albert Farwell Bernis, in 1936, proposed a module for mass-produced building with size of 4 inches (100 mm). In 1953, “ European Productivity Agency – E.P.A. ” launch a systematic study of modular coordination and the general agreement reached in 1955 with the Munich Convention, called for the adoption of a module with base M = 10cm, as common denomination for correlating the dimensions of all elements involved in architecture and building. In 1972, Malaysia adopted metric system of measure and only in April 1986, modular co-ordination was introduced in building industry in Malaysia LIST OF TERMS IN CONTEXT WITH MODULAR COORDINATION: Dimensional coordination: A convention on related sizes for the coordinating dimensions of building components and the buildings incorporating them, for their design, manufacture and assembly. The purposes of dimensional coordination are a) To permit the assembly of components on site without cutting or fitting; b) To permit the interchangeability of different components. Modular coordination: Dimensional coordination employing the basic module or a multimodule.

PURPOSES OF MODULAR COORDINATION a) To reduce the variety of component sizes produced; b) To allow the building designer greater flexibility in the arrangement of components. AIMS OF MODULAR CO-ORDINATION The principal object of modular co-ordination is to assist rationalization and industrialization within the building industry and associated industries, by standardization in such a way that components may be manufactured on an industrial scale, and/or erected efficiently on site, thereby improving the economics of building. In addition, modular co-ordination is intended: 1) To facilitate co-operation between building designers, manufacturers, distributors and contractors; 2) To permit the use of components of standard sizes to construct different types of systems. 3) In design work, to simplify the preparation of building drawings and make possible the determination of the sizes and position of each building component in relation to other components and to the building as a whole. 4) To optimize the number of standard sizes of building components. 5) To permit the interchangeability of these components, whatever their material, form or method of manufacture. 6) To simplify site operations by rationalizing setting out, positioning and assembly of building components. 7) To ensure dimensional co-ordination between installations equipmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, storage units, other fitted furniture, etc.)

BASIS OF MODULAR CO-ORDINATION 1) The use of modules: the basic module and multimodules. 2) The use of a reference system to define coordinating spaces and zones for building elements and for the components which form them. 21

3) Rules for location building elements within the reference system. 4) Rules for sizing building components in order to determine their work sizes. 5) Rules for defining preferred sizes for building components and controlling dimensions for buildings. CO-ORDINATION OF NON-MODULAR SIZES The full use of modular co-ordination will not always be possible or economical, so that the use of non-modular sizes must be envisaged. In particular, the thicknesses of many components and assemblies may be nonmodular. Such thicknesses are determined by economic and functional considerations. In some cases, such sizes could be coordinated by the use of simple fractions to the basic module (sub modules). The determination of size for multimodules and planning modules shall not be based on sub modules. MATHEMATICS IN MODULAR COORDINATION: a)

Basic Module: Standard unit of modular measurement. Basic module M = 100mm

Multimodules: Multiples of 1 M, i.e. Multiples of one basic module. Multimodules = 3M, 6M, 9M, 12M etc…

Sub modules: Divisions of 1 M, i.e. Divisions of one basic module Sub modules = M/2 M/4

2.5

History of Offices ORIGINS OF THE OFFICE

The office has existed in one form or another throughout history as an administrative adjunct to the centralized power of the state. The Palazzo Uffizi in Florence of the Medici or the Bank of England are notable examples. The first commercial offices appeared in the northern industrial cities of the United States in the late nineteenth Century. Above: ‘Four Percent Office’, 18181823, John Soane. 22

In Chicago, the mid-western hub of the American rail network, technologies such as the steel frame and elevator enabled office buildings to be constructed higher than previously possible to generate maximum income from the site. These were the first speculative office buildings and generally followed the traditional layout of separate rooms opening into corridors. The floor plan would then be stacked to generate the greatest income from the site. TAYLORIST OPEN PLAN The production-line nature of much office work in the early twentieth century resulted in the work-pool arrangement of clerical workers lined up in rows in large rooms. Mail-order firms, insurance companies and

government

agencies

followed

the

Taylorist principles of splitting tasks into specific repetitive acts. These regimented spaces enabled an uninterrupted flow of work and close visual supervision by managers often having their own offices. The other economic gain derived from such a layout was that more desks could be fitted into open areas than cellular rooms. Above: Office laid out according to Taylorist principles, 1920s USA EUROPEAN MODERN MOVEMENT The scale and innovations of American examples were emulated to a limited extent in the more traditional countries of Europe. The Taylorist office started to appear at a smaller scale just as miniature skyscrapers were beginning to be built in some European cities. Many artists and architects involved in the European modern movement admired the modern and rationalist American examples but lacked the resources or opportunity to carry out their ideas. Above: Sketches of offices of the Ministry for National Education and Health in Rio de Janiero, Le Corbusier, 1936. STREAMLINED OFFICE Having developed solutions to the problems of organization and manufacture, the 1930s saw American companies becoming interested in more efficient working 23

environments and buildings that could express their corporate image. Alongside: Johnson-Wax Administration Building, Racine Frank Lloyd Wright, 1937–39. Wright extended his idea of the company as an organic social entity with the construction of the Johnson Wax building in 1939. As with the Larkin building,

workers

were

isolated

from

the

unsympathetic

industrial

surroundings within a great space supported by slender mushroom columns and lit from above. The great work room, with its rich spaces, warm, radiant materials and forms were intended to compensate for the lack of view and contact with the outside world. The Johnson Wax building created a sensation when it opened and the building is still in use by the same company today, admired as one of the masterpieces of 1930s architecture. THE 1950s CORPORATE AMERICA In the 1950s the steel and glass architecture of the international modern movement was adopted as the new image of corporate America. The Lever House of 1952 designed by Skidmore Owings and Merrill was the first project to offer the modernist image of efficiency and standardization to a corporate client. Alongside (1): Executive floor, Chase-Manhattan Bank, New York, Skidmore Owings and Merrill, 1961. Alongside (2): Scene from Playtime, Jacques Tati, 1967 The Chase Manhattan Bank of 1961 illustrates the essentially hierarchical nature of American business, where administrative and clerical staff still worked in open pools, and managers in partitioned offices and executives in the luxury of the sixtieth floor. BÜROLANDSCHAFT In the 1950s in Germany the Quickborner team of management consultants developed the radical office layout idea of Bürolandschaft or ‘officelandscape’. This consisted of free and open plans 24

of furniture scattered in large, structurally undivided spaces with mechanically controlled environments. Unlike the American open plan, strategic use of partitions and large plants created some degree of differentiation and privacy. The use of carpets and ceiling absorbing panels tempered the noise of a large office to some degree. Above: Office type organizational diagram Derived from organizational theory, the rationale of bürolandschaft was based on a more complex scientific ‘model’ of ‘human relations’ rather than Taylorism. For the first time the widely diverse nature of kinds of office work was recognized and the Quickborner team devised criteria for fitting a particular kind of office to a specific type of layout. The Social Democratic nature of post-war government in many Northern European countries fostered a more egalitarian management approach. The Quickborner team encouraged all ranks of company staff to sit together on one open floor in an attempt to create a non-hierarchical environment that increased communication between people and allowed for future flexibility. THE STRUCTURALIST OFFICE In the 1950s the supremacy of the Modernist model of the functional city had started to be criticized and certain designers looked to the patterns and human associations of the traditional city and archetypal forms of other cultures such as the North African Kasbah. Alongside: Centraal Beheer, Apeldoorn Herman Hertzberger, 1970–73. The

Dutch

architect

Herman

Herzberger

developed a kind of structuralist architecture influenced by

the

ethnic

anthropologist

Claude

Levi-Strauss.

Herzberger’s Centraal Beheer insurance company project — built in Apeldoorn, Holland in 1974 — is a kind of ‘worker’s village’ designed so that the occupants ‘would have the feeling of being part of a working community without being lost in the crowd’. The building is a deep spatial matrix of concrete and blockwork arranged on a tartan grid. Platforms separated by light wells enable light to filter down into the center of the plan. The unfinished quality of the materials and the repetitive nature of these small platforms allowed them to be appropriated by small groups of 8-10 people 25

who were encouraged to personalize and decorate the space. The company actively encouraged a sense of the family to enter the office and many workers actually brought pieces of furniture and members of their family from home into work. EUROPEAN STAKEHOLDER OFFICE The rejection of B端rolandschaft in Continental Europe more or less corresponded with the Economic crisis of 1973 triggered by increases in energy costs. Deep expanses of air-conditioned and artificially lit office space seemed less sustainable and the difficulty some found in adapting to open office environments resulted in its fall from fashion. Alongside: Gruner & Jahr, Hamburg, Steidle and Kiessler, 1985. The employee

increasing in

involvement

corporate

the

decision-making

resulted in workers councils that became influential in the design of the working environment. Countries such Germany

and

the

as Sweden,

Netherlands

adopted

regulations that governed space standards per employee and demanded access to views, daylight and open-able windows. Personal control of the environment was seen to be a very important factor in the wellbeing of the worker. As office workers became more enfranchised this control extended to the actual organization and ownership of companies, many opting to give their employees the opportunity to become stakeholders. Above: SAS offices, Stockholm Niels Torp, 1988. US/UK SHAREHOLDER OFFICE In Britain and America a more hierarchical corporate culture has resulted in a different response to B端rolandschaft. The space efficiency and perceived communication benefits of the open plan were retained but the underlying ethos 26

has remained that of the Taylorist office. Many offices have a mixture of cellular offices for senior managers and open plan space for other workers. Both the developers who build these buildings and the companies that occupy them are ultimately responsible to the shareholder rather than to the employee. Above: Typical British open plan office. Significantly higher rents in London than in other European cities and relatively few regulations regarding space standards in offices has resulted in deeper and more open office plans. The use of compact and efficient American-style open plans developed into the large dealing floors that became popular with financial services firms following the deregulation of the stock market in 1986. A great deal of interaction and urgency characterizes this type of work. In the UK office buildings are often designed as empty shells that only generally anticipate the organizations that will occupy the future building. It is usual for companies to rent rather than buy their space and therefore building developers dominate the office market. Offices are also often set up in old buildings such as warehouses that may not have been purpose-designed, but offer generously scaled and flexible spaces. VIRTUAL OFFICE The

influences

branding

and

information technology have had the greatest effect on recent developments of the office. The widespread use of the Internet, laptops and mobile phones has created a much more fluid situation. Work could become more mobile and move from the office to the cafĂŠ or the home. The cost savings of teleworking and outsourcings could not be ignored by companies facing new demands to remain competitive in the globalized markets of the 1990s. Above: Rush-hour M25, London The British Telecom office in Stockley Park, on the M25 near Heathrow airport, is an open plan business park building occupied as part of their â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Work style 2000â&#x20AC;&#x2122; initiative. This branded process was created to smooth the transition from being a public utility to a privatized company competing in a global telecommunications market. British Telecom took the opportunity to change the working culture of their organization, selling off properties in inner 27

city areas and moving to the outskirts and regional hubs. At Stockley Park staff - mostly managers previously accustomed to cellular offices in West London - now travel to work by car and spend a maximum of three days a week in the office – the remainder spent with clients or working from home. CASUAL OFFICE A parallel trend in office design is the casual office pioneered by Silicon Valley software

firms

the

eighties,

which

encourages highly personalized workspaces suited to long hours spent programming. The ‘dress code’ of such an office became much more relaxed than a conventional office. As this

approach

becomes

widespread,

especially in creative industries in fashionable central city locations, many have started to become open 24 hours to enable more flexible working patterns. Clearly these offices are the environments where design and creative thinking are developing new ideas that can make the office a more inspiring place. Above: TBWA/Chiat/Day offices, Los Angeles Clive Wilkinson Architects, 1997 2.5

Workstation – Origin and Evolution. EARLY WORKSTATIONS Desk-style furniture appears not to have

been

used in classical antiquity or in other ancient centers of literate civilization in the Middle East

or Far

East, but there is no specific proof. Medieval illustrations show the first pieces of furniture

which

seem to have been designed and constructed for reading and writing. Above: Chinese editing desk of the 12th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art). Before the invention of the movable type printing press in the 15th century, any reader was potentially a writer or publisher or both, since any book or other document had to be copied by hand. The desks were designed with slots and hooks for bookmarks and for writing implements. Since manuscript volumes were sometimes large and heavy, desks of the period usually had massive structures. 28

Desks of the Renaissance and later eras had relatively slimmer structures, and more and more drawers as woodworking became more precise and cabinet-making became a distinct trade It is often possible to find out if a table or other piece of furniture of those times was designed to be used as a desk by looking for a drawer with three small separations (one each for the ink pot, the blotter and the powder tray) and room for the pens. The desk forms we are familiar with in this beginning of the millennium were born mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries. The ergonomic desk of the last decades is the newest addition to a long list of desk forms, but in a way it is only a refinement of the mechanically complex drawing table or drafting table of the end of the 18th century. INDUSTRIAL ERA Refinements to those first desk forms

were

considerable through the 19th century, as steam-driven machinery made cheap woodbased paper possible in the last periods of

the

first phase of the industrial revolution. This produced a boom in the number of, or some might say the birth of, the whitecollar worker. As these office workers grew in number, desks were massproduced for them in large quantities, using newer, steam-driven woodworking machinery. This was the first sharp division in desk manufacturing. From then on, limited quantities of finely crafted desks have been constructed by master cabinetmakers for the homes and offices of the rich while the vast majority of desks were assembled rapidly by unskilled labor, from components turned out in batches by machine tools. Thus, age alone does not guarantee that an antique desk is a masterpiece, since this shift took place more than a hundred years ago. Above: an untidy desk. More paper and more correspondence drove the need for more complex desks and more specialized desks, such as the rolltop desk which was a mass-produced, slatted variant of the classical cylinder desk. It provided a relatively fast and cheap way to lock up the ever increasing flow of paper without having to file everything by the end of the day. Paper documents started leaving the desk as a "home," with the general introduction of filing cabinets. Correspondence and other documents were now too 29

numerous to get enough attention to be rolled up or folded again, then summarized and tagged before being pigeonholed in a small compartment over or under the work surface of the desk. The famous Wooton desk and others were the last manifestations of the "pigeonhole" style. The newer desks could be transformed into many different shapes and angles and were ideal for artists. STEEL DESKS A small boom in office work and desk production occurred at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th with the introduction of smaller and less expensive electrical presses and efficient carbon

papers

coupled

with

the

general

acceptance of the typewriter. Steel desks were introduced to take heavier loads of paper and withstand the pounding meted out on the typewriters. The L-shaped desk became popular, with the "leg" being used as an annex for the typewriter. Above: Sonrisa Vintage Metal Desk. Another big boom occurred after the Second World War with the spread of photocopying. Paperwork drove even higher the number of desk workers, whose work surface diminished in size as office rents rose, and the paper itself was moved more and more directly to filing cabinets or sent to records management centers, or transformed into microfilm, or both. Modular desks seating several co-workers close by became common. Even executive or management desks became mass-produced, built of cheap plywood or fiberboard covered with wood finish, as the number of people managing the white collar workers became even greater. STUDENT DESKS A student desk can be any desk form meant for use by a student. Anna Breadin designed and patented a school desk in the late 1880s that was built with a table section and attached in front of it was a wooden seat and back rest. Before this, most students sat either on chairs or long benches at long tables. Usually the term designates a small pedestal desk or writing table constructed for use by a teenager or a pre-teen in their room at home. It often 30

is a pedestal desk, with only one of the two pedestals and about two thirds of the desk surface. Such desks are sometimes called left-pedestal desks and right-pedestal desks, depending on the position of the single pedestal. These desks are not as tall as normal adult desks. In some cases, the desk is connected from the seat to the table. The desks are usually mass-produced in steel or wood and sold on the consumer market. There is a wide variety of plans available for woodworking enthusiasts. Modern student desks are often made with laminate table tops and molded plastic seats in a combined single unit, with storage found under the desktop or on a wire shelf beneath the seat. There are many novel forms of student desks made to maximize the relatively restricted area available in a child's room. One of the most common is the bunk-bed desk, also called the loft bed. INFLUENCE OF COMPUTERS Until the late 1980s, desks remained a

place for

paperwork and business negotiation, though at

the end of

this decade, the personal computer was taking

hold

large and medium sized businesses. New office

suites

included a "knee hole" credenza which was a place for a terminal or personal computer and keyboard tray. Soon new office designs also included "Ushape" suites which added a bridge worksurface between the back credenza and front desk. During the North American recession of the early 1990s, many manager and executive workers had to do word processing and other functions previously completed by typing pools and secretaries. This necessitated a more central placement of the computer on these "U-shape" suite desk systems. Above: A desk in an office. With computers abounding, "computer paper" became an office staple. The beginning of this paper boom gave birth to the dream of the "paperless office", in which all information would appear on computer monitors. However, the ease of printing personal documents and the lack of comfort with reading text on computer monitors led to a great deal of document printing. The need for paperwork space vied with the rising desk space taken up by computer monitors, CPUs, printers, scanners, and other peripherals. As well, the need 31

for more space led some desk companies to attach some items to the modesty panel at the back of the desk, such as multi-outlets and cabling. Through the "tech boom" of the 1990s, office worker numbers skyrocketed along with the cost of office space rent. The cubicle desk became widely accepted in North America as an economical way of putting more desk workers in the same space without actually shrinking the size of their working surfaces. The cubicle walls have become new place for workers to affix papers and other items once left on the horizontal desktop surface. Even computer monitor frames themselves are used to attach reminder notes and business cards. Early in the 2000s, private office workers found that their side and back computer-placing furniture made it hard to show the contents of a computer screen to guests or co-workers. Manufacturers have responded to this issue by creating "Forward Facing" desks where computer monitors are placed on the front of the "U-shape" workstation. This forward computer monitor placement promotes a clearer sight-line to greet colleagues, increases computer screen privacy and allows for common viewing of information displayed on a screen.

CHAPTER 3 Ergonomics The word "Ergonomics" comes from two Greek words "ergon," meaning work, and "nomos" meaning "laws." Today, however, the word is used to describe the science of "designing the job to fit the worker, not forcing the worker to fit the job." Ergonomics covers all aspects of a job, from the physical stresses it places on joints, muscles, nerves, tendons, bones and the like, to environmental factors which can effect hearing, vision, and general comfort and health. ANTHROPOMETRY IN ERGONOMICS Anthropometry, is the branch of the human science that studies the physical measurement of the human body, particularly size and shape. Ergonomics is 32

the science of work: of the people who do it and the way it is done; the tools and equipment they use, the places they work in, and the psychological aspects of the working environment. In a simpliﬁed way can be understood as the adaptation of work to man. One characteristic of the ergonomic is its interdisciplinarity; since it is based on many different areas of knowledge. Anthropometry has a special importance because of the emergence of complex work systems where knowledge of the physical dimensions of man with accuracy is important. One application of anthropometrical measurement in ergonomics is the design of working space and the development of industrialized products such as furnishing, cars, tools, etc. With advances in technology, the precision and automation of measurement techniques will increase, improving deﬁnition of human size, and the mechanics of workspaces, clothing and equipment. A well-developed tool will perform better in a worker’s hand without injuring his bodily structures. When designing products it is important to remember that people come in many sizes and shapes. Anthropometric data varies considerably between regional populations. For example, Scandinavian populations tend to be taller, while Asian and Italian populations tend to be shorter. Now for understand measurement of ergonomics design we must follow the “Anthropometric Measurements”. Percentile Human

Anthropometric dimensions for each population are ranked by size and described as percentiles. It is common practice to design for the 5th percentile (5th %) female to the 95th percentile (95th %) male. The 5th% female value for a particular dimension (e.g. sitting height) usually represents the smallest measurement for design in a population. Conversely, a 95th% male value may represent the largest dimension for which one is designing. The 5th% to 95th % range accommodates approximately 90% of the population. To design for a larger portion of the population, one might use the range from the 1st% female to the 99th% male. Below figure shows comparisons of percentile males and females.

Above: The relative sizes of different percentile humans.

Measurements of Percentile Humans These are measurements comparable to the BIFMA guidelines taken from the Natick study. Dreyfuss used 1st and 99th percentile data from several civilian and military datasets from the 1970s to the 1990s. Woodson used 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile data from primarily 1980s military data. Numbers here can be used as a guide for design. All measurements are in inches except for weight, which is in pounds.

Anthropometric Database: Anthropometric datasets compare people of different ages and occupations. Data in anthropometric databases may represent static dimensions, such as “lower leg length” or functional dimensions such as “reach.” Figure 2 and Table 2 show common ranges of measurements used in office furniture design. Figure 2: - Common office environment posture measurements. Values are in Table Table

Anthropometric

measurements

(including

allowances for clothing) of small and large males and females, from BIFMA Ergonomics Guidelines, 2002. All measurements are in inches. 3.1

Ergonomics and Human Factors

Often when we imagine the kind of employees who get workplace injuries, we think of those who need to exert a lot of physical energy on the job or of those who work with heavy machinery. It is true that employees in 36

these work environments may be at greater risk for injury, but office workers are also at risk. Many office injuries are caused by the repetitive tasks that put strain on our muscles and joints. ERGONOMICS The National Research Council of Canada defines ergonomics as “The application of scientific knowledge to the workplace in order to improve the well-being and efficiency of both the individual and the organization.” In other words, it is the science of designing the job to fit the worker, not forcing the worker’s body to fit the job. “The science of studying people at work and then designing tasks, jobs, information, tools, equipment, facilities and the working environment so people can be safe and healthy, effective, productive and comfortable.” (Ergonomic Design Guidelines, Auburn Engineering, Inc., 1998). MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURY (MSI) An injury or disorder of the soft tissues, including tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves or related soft tissues arising from exposure to risk factors such as awkward posture, repetitive motions, and forceful exertions. These injuries can be acute or cumulative. SOFT TISSUES Muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels and nerves. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MSIS These can include tenderness, weakness, tingling, disturbed sleep, swelling, numbness, pain, unreasonable fatigue, and difficulty performing tasks or moving specific parts of the body.

STAGES OF MSIs Stage 1: Mild discomfort, present while working, but disappears when not working. Does not affect work or daily living tasks. Completely reversible. Stage 2: Pain is present while working and continues when not working. May be taking pain medication (non-prescription).Begins to affect work and daily living tasks. Completely reversible. Stage 3: Pain is present all the time. Work is affected. May not be able to complete simple daily tasks. Not reversible, can Improve (but not a full recovery). MSI RISK FACTORS: •

Force

•

Posture o Static o Awkward

•

Repetition

WARM-UP Activities performed before stretching used to warm the body. STRETCH Activities and positions used to increase the range of motion (ROM). PALM REST (WRIST REST) A soft surface used to rest the palms. Often mistakenly used to rest the wrists.

3.2 Why have ergonomics? Ergonomics is about ensuring a good fit between people and what they interact with. This could include the objects they use or the environments they live in. Ergonomics should be considered in the design of every product, system or environment. Ergonomics is important because when you’re doing a job and your body is stressed by an awkward posture, extreme temperature, or repeated movement your musculoskeletal system is affected. Your body may begin to have symptoms such as fatigue, discomfort, and pain, which can be the first signs of a musculoskeletal disorder. 3.3 Application in Workstation A good posture is achieved by use of ergonomics. To identify poor posture, you need to be able to answer: “what is good posture?” When using a computer, we may start with correct posture, but quickly resort to slouching and reaching. Alongside: Schematic representation of comfort zones in a workstation. Above image depicts ideal sitting posture, however, it should be noted

that no posture is ideal

indefinitely. You must change your posture and position frequently by adjusting the setting on the chair and alternating tasks (typing, writing, walking and standing) as often as possible.

This will ensure proper blood flow and reduce the risk of injury. LIST OF TERMS REGARDING ERGONOMICS: Chairs When workstations go wrong, the first place people typically look is their chair. Providing an ergonomic chair does not benefit the user if the user does not 39

know how to use and adjust the chair. There are some basic guidelines to look for in a suitable office chair: • Provides lumbar support. • Height can be adjusted. • Width is appropriate for the individual • Using the chair. • Backrest is adjustable. • Seat depth – well-fitted or adjustable. • Adjustable or removable armrests. • Five-prong base. • Breathable fabric. • Well-fitted – small, medium or large chair. HEIGHT While standing, adjust the height of the chair so the highest point of the seat is just below your kneecap. This should allow your feet to rest firmly on the floor when seated. If you feel pressure near the back of the seat, raise you chair. If you feel pressure near the front of the seat, lower your chair. The goal is to evenly distribute your weight. Alongside: Schematic representation of ‘Knee Height’. BACK SUPPORT When sitting, adjust the height of the backrest so the lumbar pad supports the natural curve of your lower back (lumbar curve). The tilt of the back support should allow you to sit with your upper body slightly reclined (110 degrees is usually recommended). Seat tilt Seat tilt can be adjusted to improve your comfort. This will also affect your weight distribution. A tilt of five degrees is usually recommended. Alongside: Schematic representation of ‘Lumbar Support.’ DEPTH When sitting, the seat pan (part of the chair you sit on) should allow you to use the back support without the front of the seat pressing against the back of your knees. If the seat is too deep, try a back support (lumbar roll, or Obus Forme) to reduce the size of the seat pan. Some chairs have adjustable seat pans. The adjustment lever is usually located under the front of the chair, much like the lever that moves the seat forward and backward in a car. Alongside: Schematic representation of ‘Depth of seat’. WIDTH The seat pan should be wide enough so it does not apply pressure to your thighs. Conversely, the seat should be narrow enough to be able to reach the armrests when they are properly adjusted. The following sections provide information on how to adjust your chair and workstation, and how to work to maintain the best posture possible for as much of the workday as possible. 40

ARMRESTS Armrests can provide support for the upper part of your forearms, thereby reducing the stress on your shoulders and back. However, the armrests should not prevent the chair from being drawn close to the desk, nor restrict natural movements. If your armrests cannot be adjusted to allow for this, then consider removing or replacing them. Also keep in mind that soft armrests will minimize contact stresses on your elbows. Gel wraps can be purchased to go over armrests that may be too hard. Alongside: Schematic representation of Armrests. Armrest should be adjusted to elbow height. Too high, and the shoulders will be shrugged, which can cause discomfort. If they are too low, the shoulders may be depressed, which can affect the posture of the back and neck. Work Surface Like your chair, your work surface should fit you. Once you have adjusted your chair, you can determine the appropriate height for your work surface. The top of your work surface should be at your elbow height. Elbow height is measured while your upper arms are hanging relaxed by your sides and your lower arms are bent at a right angle. Make any necessary adjustments by raising or lowering your work surface or chair. If your work surface cannot be lowered or raised to accommodate your elbow height, you can raise your chair and use a footrest. The footrest should be large enough for both feet. If necessary, a keyboard tray can be used to bring the keyboard and mouse to elbow height. A keyboard tray should be height and tilt adjustable, have room for both the keyboard and mouse, and should not compromise legroom. Materials used frequently should be located within easy reach (a good way to arrange work materials is in a semicircle shape). By keeping materials you do not use frequently out of reach, you will have to get out of your chair for them. This will promote blood circulation and reduce overall discomfort. Below: Schematic representation of zones on work surface.

Input Devices There are several different types of input devices. The most popular and widely used are the keyboard and mouse. When using a keyboard and mouse, the upper arms should be relaxed and by your side, your elbows bent at a right angle (90 degrees) and your wrists straight. Alongside: Schematic representation of wrist postures. KEYBOARD There are many types of keyboards designed to place the hands in a more neutral position to help prevent musculoskeletal injuries. The effectiveness of alternate keyboards depends on the user and the type of work being performed. They have been shown to promote neutral wrist and hand posture, but available research does not provide conclusive evidence that alternative keyboards reduce the risk of discomfort or injury. Since purchasing a keyboard is a matter of preference, you should ensure a trial period of at least a month. Your keyboard should lie flat or negatively inclined (tilted slightly away from you), not propped up on keyboard legs. If a tilting keyboard tray is used, the end of the keyboard closest to you should be on the same plane as your forearms. MOUSE 42

The mouse should be at the same level as the keyboard and easy to reach. You may want to switch the side of the keyboard on which your mouse is located (by changing hands, you are using different muscles, thereby reducing the risk of injury). It also relieves those who are right-hand dominant, since most tasks are already performed with the right hand. Changing hands can take time and patience, so a gradual change is recommended. The buttons on the mouse can be changed in the Windows Control Panel to accommodate the use of a left-handed mouse. Computer Monitor DISTANCE How far you sit from you monitor will depend on your vision, your age and the size and resolution of your monitor. As a general rule, it is best to move the monitor as far away as possible and increase the size of the font. Studies have found monitor distance should be between 60-90 centimeters. This is why it is difficult to recommend one specific distance. A good way to see if your monitor is far enough is to sit in your neutral position (with the chair pulled in where you would normally sit) and straighten your arm in front of you. If your hand touches the monitor, it is likely too close. HEIGHT AND LOCATION The monitor should be positioned directly in front of you with the top of the monitor just below eye level. A common practice is to place the monitor on a computer case or stand (sometimes even stacks of paper and phonebooks); however, this places the monitor much too high for most individuals and causes neck discomfort and pain, leading to injury. The monitor should also be tilted 15 degrees for proper accommodation of the eye. Below: schematic representation of ergonomic arrangrement of computer monitor and seating posture.

GLASSES AND BIFOCALS If you wear bifocals, the monitor will need to be even lower. Depending on vision levels, and the amount and type of computer work being done, people have found that a second pair of glasses for computer-use only works better. Another alternative is to have a computer prescription in the upper part of the lens. Your optometrist will be able to determine the best solution, based on your vision. LIGHTING AND GLARE 43

For computer use, only about 300-500 lux (SI unit of illuminance) is needed, whereas most offices are lit to 1,000 lux. This is not only a potential cause of glare, but it also wastes a significant amount of energy. To test for glare, turn off your monitor. If the screen provides reflections, you have glare. Since this glare is caused by light shining directly onto your screen, check its source. If it is a window, this can be corrected by positioning your monitor so that your line of sight is parallel to the window. If this is not practical, cover the window with vertical blinds. If lighting is causing the glare, the lights should be shaded or removed. A desk lamp will provide the extra lighting to see paper documents (while avoiding excessive light near the monitor). If you are right-handed, the lamp should be on the left side (and vice versa) to reduce shadows. Anti-glare screens can be used as a last resort if all other options are not possible. These collect dust easily and should be cleaned frequently. Take regular eye breaks. Get into the habit of taking your eyes off the screen every few minutes and focusing on something far away. You can also move your eyes up and down, and side-to-side without moving your head. This will help decrease eye strain. Noise Office noise is generally “annoyance” noise that is distracting and/or interferes with concentration. Consider the following options to address “annoyance” noise: • Rearrange the office layout so the noise generating activities or equipment is separated from quiet tasks e.g. locate meeting rooms and lunchrooms etc. as far away from workstations as possible. • Isolate noisy, high use photocopiers/shredders. • Select equipment with low noise output – consider noise when purchasing new equipment. • Noise ‘barriers’ can help contain noise to a particular area e.g. fabric covered room dividers placed around a group of work stations. • Lower the volume setting on telephones – including personal mobile phones • Consider co-workers when using radios/playing music at your work station • Be considerate with speaking volume. Laptops Laptop computers offer a convenient and compact way to take your work with you. They provide the ability to telecommute and work away from the office. However, laptop design has compromised posture for portability. With increased use of laptop computers we should be aware that the same principles apply as with any computer workstation. DOCKING STATION 44

When possible, use a docking station where the laptop will be most used (at the office, or home office). These allow you to connect a keyboard, mouse and monitor to your laptop essentially turning it into a desktop computer and making it more user-friendly. When a docking station cannot be used, a keyboard and mouse can still be connected to the laptop to make the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s posture as neutral as possible.

Computer & desk stretches Sitting at a computer for long periods often causes neck and shoulder stiffness and, occasionally, lower back pain. Do these stretches every hour or so throughout the day, or whenever you feel stiff. Also, be sure to get up and walk around the office whenever you think of it.

Accessories

DOCUMENT HOLDER AND DOCUMENT RAMPS If a document ramp is used it should be placed directly between your keyboard and your monitor, this will minimize refocusing when your eyes go from the document to the screen. If a vertical document holder is used, it should be positioned next to the monitor for the same reason. PALM REST WRIST SUPPORT Palm rests are designed to raise the palm to keep the wrist in a neutral position. Palm rests should be used while taking short breaks from typing or 46

using the mouse, they are not designed to be used to support the wrists whilst using these devices. TELEPHONE Your telephone should be kept within easy reach, within the “usual work” area. If you regularly use the telephone whilst keying or writing, you should use a headset to avoid awkward positioning of your neck. Hot Desking “Hot desking” means that users share a particular workstation with another employee, this is a common occurrence for job sharing, casual and relieving staff. It is very important that furniture and equipment is adjustable to fit the size, shape and set up preferences for as many users as possible. Key components to consider for hot desking workstations include: • Minimize hot desking wherever possible • Provide fully adjustable furniture and accessories including, desks, chairs, monitors, stands/document holders and footrests (staff may need to have specific accessories assigned to them or available when they change desks) • Provide regular training for workers on how to adjust their workstation • Remind staff to adjust their workstation and establish this as common practice at the start of the work day. • Provide suitable cleaning material to enable standard precautions for infection control e.g. to wipe down workstation, keyboards, phones/headsets, mouse and shared equipment. 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages ADVANTAGES OF USING ERGONOMICS IN A WORKSPACE: 1) Increased savings a) Fewer injuries b) More productive and sustainable employees c) Fewer workers’ compensation claims 2) Fewer employees experiencing pain a) Implementing ergonomic improvements can reduce the risk factors that lead to discomfort. 3) Increased productivity 4) Ergonomic improvements can reduce the primary risk factors for MSDs, so workers are more efficient, productive, and have greater job satisfaction. 5) Increased morale 6) Attention to ergonomics can make employees feel valued because they know their employer is making their workplace safer. 7) Reduced absenteeism 47

a) Ergonomics leads to healthy and pain-free workers who are more likely to be engaged and productive. DISADVANTAGES OF ERGONOMIC IN A WORKPLACE: 1) The main problem with ergonomics is that it is perceived as having is that getting used to them usually takes time and effort. Though once you get used to it, it can make working easier, faster and less awkward, but getting used to it can take time and can cause error and frustration when you are doing so. One does need to get used to it before one can become used to it and regain speed and accuracy. 2) They can be expensive. Though some ergonomic components can be priced the same as regular components, many cost double and triple that. Most real ergonomic components can cost about three to four times as much as a regular component.

3.5

Principles and Guidelines

Ergonomic principles provide possibilities for optimising tasks in the workplace These principles are summarised below:

GUIDELINES FOR ERGONOMICS IN A COMPUTER WORKSTATION:

GUIDELINES FOR ERGONOMICS IN A LAPTOP WORKSTATION:

CHAPTER 4 Modular Workstation 4.1

What is a workstation?

According to Merriam-Webster, a workstation is “An area that has the equipment needed for one person to do a particular job.” or “an area with equipment for the performance of a specialized task usually by a single individual.”

The basic workstation is the fundamental building block in understanding the anthropometric considerations for the planning and design of the general

office. The worktask zone must be large enough to accommodate paperwork,

equipment,

the and

other

accessories that support the user's function. The work/activity zone dimensiion is established. by t he space requirements needed for use of the typical return . In no case should this distance be less than the 30 in, or 76 .2 cm, need to provide adequate space for the chair clearance zone . The visitor seating zone, ranging in depth from 30 to 42 in, or 76 .2 to 106 .7 cm, requires the designer to accommodate both the buttock-knee and buttock-toe length body dimensions of the larger user If an overhang is provided or the dsk's modesty panel is recessed, the visitor seating zone can be reduced due to the ad ditional knee and toe clearances provided . The specific type and size of the seating (i .e ., if it swivels or if it has casters) also influence these dimensions. Figure 2 shows the typical workstation expanded into the basic U-shaped configuration . The work/activity zone dimension range is shown as 46 to 58 in, or 116.8 to 147.3 cm; additional space is needed to allow for drawer extension of the lateral file. Not only does it provide more storage, the lateral file unit is generally the same height as that of the worksurface and is often utilized as a upplementary worksurface . The distance between this unit and that of the primary worksurface must be sufficient to allow for movement and rotation of the chair. 4.2

What is a Modular Workstation? 52

According to Chaucerfreight.com, Modular workstation can be defined as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Individual self-contained work space which may be connected by wall panels or freestanding panels.â&#x20AC;? Office workstation plays a vital role for an employee of any office and nowadays due to technological advancements and ergonomic product availability it makes ones office to be more flexible and accessible in nature by offering multitude of possibilities that lets to design a workstation with ones creativity ideas where every individual feels and likes to work in. With a proper design and style to the workstations it lets out a company to be more efficient in using its work place area which even helps to increase productivity and also cut down the costs by placing more number of people in a smaller area. In addition workstation also provides certain amount of privacy along with certain accessibility and sharing of information's between employees. Moreover if required the workstation can be custom planned and configured according to space specification as per work area. 4.3

Why Modular Workstation?

The range of prestige office systems modular workstations are designed to add an aesthetic feel to your office interiors. The greatest advantage of modular workstations is the ability to customize. There are various other advantages of modular workstations: 1. WIDE RANGE Conceptually, Modular refers to a rational grid system. These systems need to have a horizontal as well as vertical grid designed on the basis of anthropometrics,

office

dynamics

and

service

networking.

Modular

workstations are available in various range of styles, colors and shapes which would enhance your office arena and interiors. There are various materials to choose upon the modular workstations like fabric, laminate, wooden, plastic, metal, glass, etc. For home office there are many options available where chairs come with a wide range of features and prices. Here ergonomic chairs have more adjustable features which usually costs more than the simple desk chairs. Home office chairs should be more adjustable in terms of height and must have wheels for easy movement. 2. FLEXIBILITY 53

Modular workstations are extremely useful for home office and small businesses. Their ability to customize gives options for modifications as per your needs and requirements with the growth of your business. They are an effective as well as an affordable solution. Without having to tear down or build up new walls or perform any other kind of renovation with modular workstations, you can modify your office layout almost instantly. Modular workstations offer the option of adding on or subtracting in terms of height, due to its building blocks of specified dimensions. In non-modular systems the only option is replacing partition panels of standard heights at a major expense. Modular systems do not need any attachment to walls, floors or beams, once a stable configuration in the layout is given. 3. ADDS A SUPERIOR LOOK TO YOUR OFFICE There is a grandeur offered by modular workstations which is highly unlikely to be gained from the usual and simple office furniture. They offer neatness, consistency and orderliness impressing your employees and clients giving a crisp, clean and professional look. 4. STORAGE SPACE INCLUDED In modular workstations, you do not need separate storage spaces as they come along with file cabinets with locks. They come with drawers, shelves and cabinets for storage. Hanging organizers and end tables can be used for storage. Built in storage spaces and file cabinets with interlocking mechanism means less clutter and more working space. It also provides security to your office improvising professionalism, giving your employees instant access to the documents to avoid walking to another location and wasting their valuable time. 5. ERGONOMICALLY FRIENDLY Usually modular workstations are Ergonomically designed making your employees more comfortable while performing their tasks and duties. They come along with many adjustments making them suitable for workers. Good ergonomic modular workstations also cuts down on employee injury, downtime and lost productivity. 6. COST-EFFECTIVE Modular workstations are sold as units as well as in individual pieces which makes it very convenient for the buyers to pick as per their needs and 54

requirements. Buyers can also save their money assembling the furniture themselves rather than paying someone else to do it as the built-in systems are more expensive. Modular systems reduces recurring expenses in the long term as outlined below a) Fascia – Aesthetic or material obsolescence can be catered to by replacing only the fascia tile rather than the entire partition b) Renovation – Influx economy causes frequent changes in office setups. With modular systems, re-configuration incurs minimal expenses. c) Leased Space (i) Custom made offices incur rental over a non-operational period of up to 6 months while site work carried on. Modular workstations require only a day or two for installations. (ii) Modular workstations require no indentations in the floor, walls or ceiling, since it is stable by structure and configuration. Hence the liability at the time of shifting premises is reduced. d) Surplus avoidance – Avoids use of surplus material. 7. PROVIDES PRIVACY The modular workstation designs are built in a way where each cubicle is separated from other. Eventually, this design provides privacy to the employees which therefore, helps in their performance and hence, business growth. 8. WIRE MANAGEMENT The conception of modular workstations was driven by the need in modern office for significant volumes of power and data cabling. Accessibility of these wires is easier and hence maintenance is easy and fast. The installation sequence differs from the traditional method – where pre-assembled panels are installed, leaving only marginal areas for subsequent ducting of cables.

The first stage of installing modular workstations involves only the bare framework, leaving uninterrupted access to electricians and data engineers. When all cabling is complete, the fascia tiles are snapped in place, and the accessories are installed.

9. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE Lesser number of joints used in Modular systems â&#x20AC;&#x201C; snaps fit of UNC 6 mm screws. No special training or skills are required for assembly or reconfiguration. 10. CUSTOMIZATION Most mass manufacturers require compromises in the layout or design when ceiling heights or column grids do not match standard panel sizes. Modular workstations, takes care of odd ends by giving the last frame as a special. It provides the best of material management and prefabricated construction. 4.4

Diversity of Workstations and Modular Workstations

DIVERSITY OF WORKSTATIONS There are different types of computer workstation that plays an important role in maintaining the professionalism and also the networking with the help of heavy duty softwares. Some of the important and the common type of the workstations are as follows: 1. ERGONOMIC WORKSTATIONS The first type of the computer workstation is ergonomic workstation. It is a type of workstation that

the deals

with the work of the users in the comfort area. In this workstation different type of organizations maintain

their

offices or the stations with the out class furnishing equipments and also provide the comfortability to their customers or the employees. Generally ergonomic workstation can own the type of furnish equipments such as complete lumber supporting tables and chairs etc. basically they are designed by keeping in view the sitting or the working posture of the workers of the particular organization. 56

2. ARMORIES WORKSTATION A type of workstation in which the computer system is hides in a decorative shelf or trolley when not in use. Generally

they are known

for decorating or hiding the monitors, printers, scanners, CPU and other units of the computer system. Different types of drawers are also used for such purposes of concealing the unwanted devices of the computer systems or rarely used devices. For example they are generally used in the offices. in the homes such as kitchens and lounges also because such armories workstations can give the stylish look to the rooms or the workplaces. 3. NETWORK WORKSTATIONS The second type of the workstation is the station. It is that type of workstation that deals

network

work with

the different type of desktop computers that are officially connected with the local area network and the operator that operate that workstation can operate all the other devices attached to the central point such as printer. scanner etc. If we compare these workstations with the home users typical computer then we have come to know that they are faster. more reliable and have more powerful processing of data. They also have high memory storage that can benefit the users to store different component of the network on its system. 4. MODULAR WORKSTATIONS: A type of the computer workstation that is used to provide the components to the users according to the space and their need of the work is called as the modular workstation. The key component on which such workstation is based are the office drawer. hutches. writing 57

etc. Generally these workstations are categorized in the corners or the ushape places in the building or offices. 5. PORTABLE WORKSTATIONS: Another important form of the workstations is the portable workstations. They are the workstations that provide the opportunity to the users to perform their working at different locations and same time with consistency. The big advantages of such workstations are the mobility. Basically the

working of this

workstation is completely associated with the websites and the people who are attached with such workstation can perform their duties over websites. DIVERSITY OF MODULAR WORKSTATIONS o Linear workstation or Straight workstation Also called by its other names like straight

workstation

row

type

workstation. This type of workstation can be in different sizes and normally will have partition in front of the desk with

certain

partition

feet

provided

of in

height.

The

respective

sections have option for white board and fabric board for pinning up various documents. The surface has also different coating of materials and these types of workstations can be noticed in call centers, BPO and KPO industry. o Cluster workstations or L shaped workstations As

the

name

indicates

these

workstations are in a group or bunch of workstations of more in number. These workstations helps out in easy accessiblity between different employees and probably used by managers, team leaders and it can be noticed in widely IT industry. o Single seater workstations 58

This is specially designed for an operation of an individual and these type of stations doesn't have any link or connectivity to its partner. o Single pentagon workstation This type of workstations are covered by two sides with an opening at one end and suits more for an individual operations and are more privacy in nature. o Four Seater back to back workstation In this type of workstations the seating arrangements are made by facing back to back. o Four Seater pentagon workstation In this type of workstations the seating arrangements are made by enclosing workstations within partitions on all sides with single opening for access to the workstations o Cubicle workstation Its purpose is to isolate office workers from the sights and noises of an open workspace so that they may concentrate without distractions. Cubicles are composed of modular elements such as work surfaces, overhead bins, drawers, and shelving, which can be configured depending on user's needs. Installation is generally performed by

the professionals,

although some cubicles allow configuration changes to be performed by users without specific training. o Designer workstation Designer workstations are tailored to fit the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs, requirements, wants, size etc. They have no standard and are manufactured on request. Most cases, you will find designer workstations of different kinds at different places. They also may or may not have the same functions of a standard workstation of few added functionalities. o U shaped workstation

U shaped workstations are single user workstations designed for increased task work. They generally have 3 work surfaces, one on each side and and opening for access at the fourth side. The workssurfaces make it easy for the user to organize larged amounts of documents etc. required for work. o F2 screen systems F2 screen systems are very rarely found in offices and they are customisable based on ones style and budget. Moreover F2 system workstations are recyclable in nature and also supports in built cable management and accessory support. o F3 screen systems F3 screen systems comes in different ranges of touches, configuration styles and patterns and they are recyclable with additional built in accessory support.

4.5

Modules and accessiories in a Modular Workstation

FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF MODULES IN A MODULAR WORKSTATION: PANELS/TILES Panels or tiles in a modular workstation make up the partitions within the modular workstation. They are available in different sizes and materials. They range from 12” height and are generally in multiuples of 6” ( panels with height in multiples of 3” are also available in certain cases) i.e.,12”, 18”, 24” and so on. These panels may either be a single piece of full height of the workstation or in multiple pieces which are combined to obtain full height of the respective modular workstation. These panels are either made of glass, fabric or metal. Glass panels allow visibility through them for the user and outsiders. Fabric panels are made using thin sheets of wood and are covered in plastic sheet (to prevent spoiling of the wooden sheet) and then a layer of fabric. Glass panels are made by fixing of a glass slab within a fabricated metal frame.The glass slab may be plain, frosted or even etched with a pattern as per the design. Whereas metal panels are made by cutting and punching the sheet and the various slots for connecting the sheet. The metal sheet may be treated with embossing, ribbing, etc.. The panels also provide a cover for the electrical and/or other systems inside the frame of the partition. Above: Panels in a workstation. CONNECTORS Connectors are vertical column like elements that are fit between partitions or panel systems. They are made as per requirements. Connectors are available in various forms, such as 2-way and 3-way connectors, triangular connectors etc. They are generally made of aluminium.

ELECTRICAL Electrical componenets in a modular workstation consist of standard fittings and equipment such as jumpers, power supply, festoons, recepticles, wire management etc. Various components are available as per the requirement of the design or specification of the modular workstation. WORKSURFACE Worksurfaces of a modular workstation are availble in a wide variety of materila, shapes and styles as well. They range

from

shaped surfaces and corner worksturfaces

Lto

rectangular and peninsula worksturfaces. They may be made using wood, steel, glass etc. specification of design or requirement. STORAGE Storage units within a modular workstation vary from tall cabinets to low height cabinets that fit in under the worksurface of the workstation. They are generally made using materials such as steel, aluminium. They may also be protected with a locking system.

per

CHAPTER 5 MODULAR COORDINATION OF MODULAR WORKSTATION(S) This chapter will explain the modular coordination aspect of modular workstations, as well as within the modules of the workstation Coordination

modules

within

modular

workstations

and

arrangements of modular workstations is what gives us the different types of workstation present in the market. Characteristics of each workstation type with respect to modular coordination configuration is as follows: o

Linear Workstation or Straight Workstation

A linear or straight workstation may be characterized by the linear arrangement of the worksurfaces of each individual workstation. Each worksurface is placed linearly in a single line from end to end. This configuration was often used during the origin of the modular workstation. o

Cluster or L-shaped Workstation

Cluster or L-shaped workstation may be characterized by the arrangement of the worksurfaces in a perpendicular arrangement. Each worksurface is place at right angles with respect to the other. A simple L-shape may be achieved by aligning shorter side of one worksurface with the longer side of the second worksurface at one corner. L-shaped workstations when repeated in different arrangements give rise to clusters. Clusters may be square, rectangular or even irregular shaped. o

Single Seater Workstation

Single Seater workstations are workstations which are placed seperately from each other, thus creating a personal workspace. Single seater workstations are often equipped with all or maximum possible faciliter and accessiories for maximum flexibility in number of tasks a person may perform. o

Single pentagon workstation

Single pentagon workstations are similar to single seater workstations, however they are grouped or clustered with each other. They are carefully placed in such a way that each workstation is a separate workspace for each worker and yet the workstations are kept close to each other. This is usually achieved by aligning workstations back-to-back and side-to-side. o

Four Seater back to back Workstation 63

This type of workstation is defined by the simple arrangement of workstations opposite to each other. Each workstation has another workstation behind and beside it. This is a cluster of four single seater workstations. o

Four Seater Pentagon Workstation

This type of workstation is similar to the four seater back to back workstation, however in this case the workstations are not placed opposite each other. Instead, they are placed in such a way that the worksurfaces create a rectangular or square enclosure with small open space for access, with the staff or workers sitting inside the enclose and facing towards the outside. This is achieved by using exactly 4 workstations. o

Cubicle workstation

Cubicle workstions are the most compact and people-dense system of workstations. They consist of a worksurface between panels from one end to the other and have other workstations adjacent to all enclosed sides of the workstation. The panels of this workstation tend to be over the eye level for the privacy of the staff. o

Designer workstation

Designer workstations are custom built workstations as per the user’s needs and requirements. They are not industrially manufactured on a large scale as the demand for these workstations is low and high cost of production and facilities and accessiories. These workstations may range from having large worsurfaces to even digital worksurfaces. Design firm’s are the primarly clients of designer workstations.

o U shaped workstation U shaped workstations are larger than other workstations. They have panels on three sides and worksurfaces attached to each of these panels, such that the panels and worksurfaces are in the shape of the letter ‘U’. This leaves access to only one side and is generally occupied by executive staff. o F2 screen systems

F2 screen workstations, although rarely seen, do exist in today’s offices. They are designed as per the client’s requirements and no fixed layout or design is fixed for these workstations. o F3 screen systems F3 screen workstations, like the F2 screen workstations are rare but exist. They are more flexible and vary in designs more than F2 screen workstations. Similarly to F2 screen workstations, these are manufactured as per user’s needs and demands.

CHAPTER 6 CASE STUDY – LUMENS AIRCON PVT. LTD. 6.1

Introduction

Lumens Aircon Pvt. Ltd. is situated Kiadb Industrial Area in Hoskote, Bangalore. It is a manufacturing plant of modular workstations. At the time of Case study, The plant had been manufacturing modular workstations for Wipro. Following is the data obtained from the case study: 6.2

Raw Material

Modular workstations are generally made out of either wood as primary manufacturing material or metal. Here, metal was used as primary manufacturing material. Metal Sheets imported by the plant: H.R. – Hot Rod Metal. G.P. – Galvanized Phosphate Metal. C.R.C. – Cold Road Carbon Metal M.S. – Mild Steel Al – Aluminum Machinery Used: Punching Machine, Bending Machine (Hydraulic & Mechanical), CNC – Bending Machine (Computer Based), Shearing (Cutting) Machine, Welding (Spot Welding), Powder Coating. 6.3

Manufacturing Process

Punching Machine: Used for punching slots and embossing metal sheets. Design for the sheets is fed through a computer using CAD. Bending Machine: Uses high force to bend metal sheets as desired. It is used to create base rails, panels and other parts of the workstation.

Shearing Machine: Shearing machine is used to cut the metal sheets before they are put through other manufacturing processes. Sharp blades are put under high force to cut through the metal sheet. Welding Machine: Spot welding is used in this plant. Spot welding provides a quick and instantaneous solution for welding requirements. Powder Coating: Powder coating process takes place in 2 different processes in tanks. First process is for powder coating of most metal sheets. Second process is used for powder coating of aluminium sheets. The first process for powder coating metal sheets takes place in the following eight steps: 1. Degreasing 2. Water Rinse 3. De-Rusting 4. Water Rinse 5. Activation (for Phosphating) 6. Phosphating 7. Water Rinse 8. Passivation The second process for powder coating Aluminium takes place in the following six steps: 1. Degreasing 2. Water Rinse 3. Etching 4. Water Rinse 5. Chromatizing 6. Water Rinse 6.4

Assembly

Following are the parts that are manufactured in the manufacturing process: 1. Base Rail 2. Transom 3. Connectors 4. Panel (Tile) 5. Raceway 67

6. Gable 7. Worksurface  Base Rail: The base rail is the bottom most part of the workstation. The base rail holds up the partitions of the workstation. It hosts pegs or legs at the bottom to keep the partitions slightly off above the floor.  Transom: A transom, in a workstation, is a long railing that is inserted between two panels. The transom prevents gaps in the partition and also strengthen the partition. Transom may also have slots for electrical outlets such as switches and plugs.  Connectors: Connectors are vertical posts between partitions that connect and hold the partitions in place. Connectors are of various types, viz., 2-way connectors, 3-way connectors, 4-way connectors,

and

of different profile shapes. Connectors are the main supporting members for the partitions.  Panel (Tile) : Panels may be made of either Wood (MDF) or Steel. Wooden Panels are covered with a plastic sheet to avoid rotting and then given a textile or any cover of choice. Panels may be used to host electrical outlets by cutting slots in them.  Raceway: Raceway is a horizontal component that is used to connect the worksurface to. It is at the height of the worksurface and als serves as a break between panels.  Gable: Gable is a bracket connected below the worksurface and is used to hold the worksurface up.

ď ś Worksurface: The worksurface is the most important component of the workstation. It is connected to the raceway and is supported by the gable. Alongside: Complete frame for the partitions stored upside down after assembly.

Below: Complete Partitions after inserting panels/tiles into frames.

REFERENCES o Time Saver Standards â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Architectural Design Data o Time Saver Standards â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Interior Design and Space Planning o Herman Miller - http://www.hermanmiller.com o