Kolb studio ug03 by G.Doman

Chicago_framed

STU D IIOO BR STUD B RII EEFF _ This studio begins with a cla im: that we might describe each Chicago School—from the Commercial Style to Modernism, Post-Modernism to the Contemporary—by its use of the window frame in relation to structural framing. By creating a new efficient structural system divorced from the visible architecture, the surface was left to develop its own ideological autonomy. In other wor ds, the frame (as described by Colin Rowe) has been a linchpin around which the ideologies and aesthetics of key movements in the city find expression. If the frame is the structure, then the window frame represents the facade, and the interactions between the two systems pose a site not just of historical information, but of enormous design potential. Concurrent with its historical development, the Chicago Frame also accompanied the birth of the modern American office: an emergent post-industrial typology that coincided with the rise of business culture (hence, in part, “commercial style”). The office, the frame, and the window thus synthesized together: defining one another and es tablishing part of a complex foundation that would underlie the Modern movement. Together they trace the modern history of architecture through to the present.

Starting with this basic unit, we might ask: if the city’s history is written into its window frames, then how can we intervene today? What formal, programmatic, and tectonic devices might we introduce based on the city’s logics? The frame acts as a site that is both detailed and broad, specific and fundamental.

a g o fr fraa me me 0 4 _ CChh i c ago a g o W I N DO DOW W 15 _ CChh i c ago m e rc i al a l SSTTYL YLEE 2 5 _ CCoommme OPMM E N T 4 6 _ DE V EELL OP RQU ETT T E 5 1 _ MMAA RQUE

ChICAGO FRAME_

[HOME INSURANCE BUILDING_1884_Jenney]

[BibliothE que SainteGeneviEve_1838_Labrouste]

B egi nni ng i n t he 1 8 t h c e n t ur y , t h e d e v e l o p m ent of w r ou ght i r on le a d t o i t s l i m i t e d use i n b u i ldi ng cons t r u ct i on . E xt r a o r d i n a r y 1 9t h cent u r y adv ancem ent s i n st e e l p r o d uc t i o n g r eat ly r edu ced t he cos t o f st e e l a n d m a d e i t m u ch s t r onger . T hes e i m p r o v e m e n t s m a d e s t eel b u i ldi ng cons t r u cti o n w i d e s p r e a d . 5

6 FRAME WITH SHEAR TRUSS

RIGID FRAME

END CHANNEL FRAMED TUBE WITH INTERIOR SHEAR TURS

EXTERIOR DIAGONALIZED TUBE

EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAME SYSTEMS T he t ens i le pr oper t i es o f t h e i m p r o v e d 1 9t h cent u r y s t eel allow ed f o r i n c r e a s i n g l y t a l l b u i ldi ng s . F u r t her b r ac i n g a n d s t r uc t ur a l i nnov at i ons pu s hed t he h e i g h t l i m i t i n c r e a si ngly hi g h.

[RELIA NCE BUILDING_1894_ BURNH AM] T he st e e l f rame was i n cr eas i ng ly u s ed as t he b a sic b ui ldi n g block f or ear ly s kys cr aper s . As in t he Reli an ce Bu i ld i ng, i t w as com m on t o h a v e protru di n g bay w i ndow s or b alconi es e x t e nd b ey on d the recti li near f r am e. 8

[THE FAIR building_1891_Jenney] Co ve ring a large area wit h and ex t endi ng o nl y 1 2 stori es hi gh, the F ai r B u i ldi ng r epre se nt s an early stage i n t he ev olu t i on of s t e e l frames.

[RELIANCE BUILDING_1894_BURNHAM] T aller and w i t h a m u ch s m a l l e r fo o t p r i n t , t h e Reli ance B u i ldi ng i llu s t r a t e s a m o v e t o w a r d t all, s lender s kys cr aper s . T h e p r o t r ud i n g ba y w i ndow s s how s om e i ni t i a l e xp e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h t he f r am e s t r u ct u r e .

[FISHER BUILDING_1896_BURNHAM] T he Fish er Bu i ldi n g f u rt her ex per i m ent s wit h c anti levered addi tions t o t he f r am e.

[WOOLWORTH BUILDING_191 3_GILBERT] T he gr i d of t he s t eel f r a m e w a s e a s i l y a d a p t ed t o f r am e a v ar i et y of bui l d i n g fo r m s .

[JOHN Hancock BUILDING_1965_KAHN & GRAHAM] T he J o h n H an cock Bu i ld i ng w as t he pr odu ct o f se v e ral stru ctu ral i n nov at i ons all w or ki ng in t and e m.

ChICAGO WINDOW_

CHICAGO WINDOW

[GAGE GROUP BUILDINGS_189 8_ Holabird & Roch]

T hi s s t yle of w i ndow de v e l o p e d a s p a r t o f t h e C om m er ci al S t yle i n co n j un c t i o n w i t h t h e C hi cago F r am e at t he en d o f t h e 1 9t h c e n t ur y. It i s char act er i z ed by o n e l a r g e w i n d o w f lanked b y t w o oper ab le w i n d o w s. T h i s a l low s t he f enes t r at i on t o c o m bi n e v e n t i l a t i o n w i t h m ax i m u m li ght pe n e t r a t i o n . 17

Traditional

Chicago Window

Oriel Window

EVOLUTION OF THE CHICAGO WINDOW T he Ch icago Wi n dow, and t he s u b s eq u ent O rie l W indow, both deriv ed f r om t he t r adi t io nal wi n dow of C hi cago v er nacu lar ar chi t e c t ure .

Brooks Building

Monadnock Building

Reliance Building

Influence of the Chicago window T he dev elopm ent of t he Ch i c a g o W i n d o w h a d a m ajor i m pact on f loor p l a n s o f t h e Co m m er ci al S t yle. T he enlar g e m e n t o f w i n d o w s, m ade pos s i b le b y t he C h i c a g o F r a m e , a l l o w e d f or i ncr eas ed dayli g ht in i n t e r i o r sp a c e s . A s s een her e, ar eas of li g h t e st g r a y h a v e t h e m os t w i ndow s , and t hus d a y l i g h t . 19

[MARQUETTE building_1895_Holabird & Roche]

[RELIANCE BUILDING_1894_BURNHAM]

[CHICAGO building_1904_Holabird & Roche]

[Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building_1899_ BURNHAM ]

VARIATIONS OF THE CHICAGO WINDOW O v e r t ime the C hi cago W i ndow has b een a d a p t e d to di f f eren t f u n ct i ons and s t yles , c re a t ing a large vari ati o n of t ypes w i t hi n t he s t yle .

C OMME R C I A L ST YLE _

THE FIRST CHICAGO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

[MARSHALL FIELD & COMPAN Y BUILDING_1892_BURNHAM]

T he C om m er ci al S t yle d e v e l o p e d a t t h e t ur n of t he cent u r y w i t h s ev e r a l k e y d i s t i n c t i o n s . N ew f i r epr oof cons t r u c t i o n t e c h n i que s i ncr eas ed b u i ldi ng s af e t y w h i l e e xp a n d i n g v er t i cally. L ow er lev el r e t a i l s p a c e a n d i n cr eas ed li g ht penet r at i o n t h r o ug h t h e Ch i c a g o W i ndow ar e als o i nd i c a t i v e o f t h e st y l e . 27

[ROOKERY BUILDING_1885_BURNHAM & ROOT] T he st ructu ral con strai n t s of m as onr y cons t ruc t io n di ctated a low w i ndow t o s oli d ra t io . T h e Rookery , as a n ear ly ex am ple of t h e Co mm erci al Sty le, st i ll i m plem ent s t hi s l o w rat io as a sty li sti c choi ce.

[FIRST LEITER BUILDING_1887_JENNEY] T he C om m er ci al S t yle g r a d ua l l y i n c r e a s e d t he r at i o of v oi d t o s oli d a s t h e a r c h i t e c t s b ecam e pr og r es s i v ely m o r e c o m fo r t a bl e usi ng t he C hi cag o s t eel f r a m e .

[MANHATT AN BUILDING_1889 _JENNEY]

[RELIANCE BUILDING_1890_BURNHAM ROOT & ATWOOD]

[FAIR BUILDING_1890_ JENNEY]

[MONADANOCK_1891_BURNHAM & ROOT]

WINDOW RATIOS I n ge ne ral, the amou n t of f enes t r at i on i n Chic ago Frame bu i ldi n gs gr adu ally i ncr eas ed o v e r t ime. The n otable ex cept i on b ei ng t he Mo nad an ock Bu i ldi n g o f 1 8 9 1 , w hi ch f or s t ylist ic r eason s chose to hav e s m aller w i nd o ws. 34

[Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building_1899_ BURNH AM]

[FIRST LEITER BUILDING_1887_JENNEY]

DEVE L OOPM P M E NT NT_ The chronological development of the Commercial Style over 19th-21st c. can be traced through emergent stylistic elements.

_TRANSPARENCY _grid _verticality _horizontality

_material

_size

_symmetry

_ornament 36

**THE LAST DECADES OF THE XIX CENTURY: NEW ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS WERE IMPLEMENTED, NEW RELATIONSHIPS WERE FOUNDED_ IT’S ABOUT TECHNIQUES. BUILDING

1780 jean baptist point chicago’s first commercial structure

1868 jenney establishes office in chicago

1871 chicago fire

1893 columbian exposition

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Nixon _1871

Fireproof Structure +Materials

First Leiter_1879

Steel-Iron Frame + Large Windows

Home Insurance_1879

Mature Use of Steel-Iron Frame

Second Leiter_1891

Steel-Iron Frame; Department Store Model

Chicago Stock Exchange_1868

Cassion Construction

Auditorium_1888

Raft Foundation

Rookery Building_1898

Grillage Foundation

Reliance Building_1895

Chicago Bay + Chicago Window

Montauk_1882

Portal system of wind bracing

Monadnock_1893

Burnham + Root form relationship with Brooks family

Tacoma_1889

Riveted Steel Joints

Marquette_1895

Chicago Bay - Chicago Window

Sullivan Center_1899

Sullivanesque Built for Large-scale commerce

James Charnley House_1892 J

Sullivanesque Residential

[ HOME INSURANCE IN SUR ANCE BUILDIN BUILDING_1884_Jenney] G_18 8 4_Jen n ey ] Th e first The f irs t iteration it e rat io n of o f what w hat would w ou l d b e c ome the become t he Chicago C h ic ag o “grid.” “ g rid .”

[ AUDITORIUM AUDITORIU M BUILD BUILDING_1888_ADLER+SULLIVAN] IN G_18 88_A DL ER+SUL LIVAN ] F i rs t use First u s e of o f “raft” “ raf t ” foundation, f o u nd at io n, al l o w ing greater allowing g re at e r height. h e ig h t .

[ rookery bu building_1888_burnham+root] ild ing_1888_burn ha m +r oo t ] Th is building This b u il d ing marks the t he first f irs t mat u re use mature u s e of o f steel s t e e l iron iro n frame. f rame .

[ james cha ch arnley rnl ey hous house_1892_ADLER+SULLIVAN] e_1892 _A D LER +SU LLIVAN ] Th e Charnley The C harnl e y House Hou s e is a residential re s id e nt ial t rans l at io n of translation o f the t h e Sullivanesque Su l l ivane s qu e style. style.

DEVE L OOPM P M E NT NT_ 1900s

1950s

1920s

FISHER

COMMONWEALTH APTS

HEYWORTH

KRAUSE MUSIC

TRIBUNE TOWER

CARBIDE CARBON

1960s

-------- 1980s

JOHN HANCOCK TOWER

present

AON TOWER

CROWN HALL

DEWITT CHESTNUT APTS

BRUNSWICK

ONE MAGNIFICENT MILE

ONTERIE CENTER

IBM PLAZA

LAKE POINT TOWER

TIMBER TOWER

WILLIS TOWER

[ lake la ke shor shoree ddrive_1970_mies riv e_197 0_m ie s van der rohe rohe]] At t e nt io n shifted Attention s h if t e d towards t o w ard s the t he d e ve l o p me nt of residential development re s id e nt ial arc h it e c t u re in Chicago architecture C hic ag o post-WWII. p o s t -WWII.

[ john joh n hancock h anc ock center_1965_falzur cent er_1965_fa lzu r ka kahn] hn ] The John Jo h n Hanc Hancock ock C Cetner e t ne r attempts at t e mp t s t o break to b re ak the t he grid g ri d with w it h diagonal d iag o nal me mb e rs . members.

[ ibm plaza_1970_mies pl aza_1970_m ies vvan an der roh rohe] e] De s ig n of Design o f the t h e IBM Plaza Pl aza attempts at t e mp t s to to t h in down thin d ow n the t he Chicago C h ic ag o Frame F rame and lean l e an t o w ard s complete towards c o mp l e t e transparency. t rans p are nc y .

[ timber tow tower_2014_s.o.m] er_2014_s.o.m ] M od e rn concerns Modern c o nc e rns about ab o u t eco-friendly e c o- f rie nd l y d e s ig n pushes design p u s h e s an idea id e a about a bo u t timber t imb e r c o ns t ru ction constru c t ion of o f a skyscraper. s ky s c rap e r.

mar que marq ue tte b u ild i ld in i ngg _

[martin roche]

He was born in Cleveland, Ohio on August 15, 1855. During July of 1857, his family moved back to Chicago and he partook in his early studies there.In May, 1872, he entered the office of W.L.B. Jenney, where he stayed until 1881. During this year, he made a partnership with Holabird & Simonds and added his name to the firm. Holabird and Roche had their early training and the same office. 50

[martin roche]

[marquette building_1895]

All aspects of the planning and construction of the Marquette building were managed by Real Estate Developer, Owen Aldis. Completed in 1895, the Marquette building, named after Jacques Marquette, the first European settler in Chicago, has made a significant impact on the city of Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architectural history and is a one of the most relevant examples of the Chicago School of Architecture. 53

Marquette building uses a smaller scale of ornamentation on the exterior facades, placing a larger effect on more formal design elements such as proportion.

The building was divided vertically into a base, a shaft and a top, and that the two sides were emphasized by rustication at the corners

[cornice]

The original cornice was 12 ft high and it wrapped around the top floor while extending eight feet out over the sidewalk. Around 1950 the cornice was removed due to the steel support rusting away and another story was added on.

mar que marq ue tte b u ild i ld in i ngg _ [entry]

The original grand entrance was composed of large Ionic columns and extended four feet out from the building line. They used classical features in an un-classical way. Bruegmann believes that this was because of a unfamiliarity with classical ornament.

Broze exterior details. 59

[material]

The terra cotta is located on the exterior of the Marquette building. At eye level, the observer sees great blocks whose heaviness is underscored by the way the surfaces are covered with a guilloche pattern, resembling classical torus moldings.

[restoration]

In 2002, they began a fouryear renovation. The restoration to the exterior proceeded in two phases: reconstructing the cornice and replacing the 17th story windows to match the original windows; and cleaning and restoring the masonry and restoring the remainder of the windows.

[historical reference]

Using authentic gold medallions, trophies, and Native American apparel the mosaics begin to represent original historic period costumes, coats of arms, weapons, and timeless icons of Chicago history.