SDG booklet group 3 by Gemma Tan

Sustainable Development Goals To Architecture

GROUP 3 Jackson Goh Ding Yuan Wong Yew Fay Kong Zhen Onn(Griffin) Tan Xuan Ze Tan Ciu Ning(Gemma) Chew Jia Hui Erica Chung Ai Yen Pang Hei Emir Shauqey

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DEDICATION To our most respectful lecturers, Ms Tamil Salvi Mari & Ms Sujatavani A/P Gunasagaran, who helped us through this assignment. Giving us feedbacks on every tutorial and helped us to improve our works.

CONTENTS Acknowledgments

Pg 1-2

Introduction

Pg 3-4

Goal 2- Zero Hunger

Pg 6-13

Goal 3 - Good Health and Well-being

Pg 14-21

Goal 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy

Pg 22-29

Goal 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth

Pg 30-37

Goal 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Pg 38-45

Goal 11- Sustainable Cities and Communities

Pg 46-53

Goal 12- Responsible Consumption and Production

Pg 54-61

Goal 13 - Climate Action

Pg 62-69

Goal 15- Life on Land

Pg 70-77

Goal 17- Partnerships to achieve the Goal

Pg 78-85

Comic- Goal 9

Pg 86

Comic- Goal 11

Pg 87

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our group members, Griffin Kong Zhen Onn, Tan Xuan Ze, Jackson Goh Ding Yuan, Wong Yew Fay, Emir Shauqey, Pang Hei, Erica Chung Ai Yen, Chew Jia Hui and Gemma Tan Ciu Ning who contribute, helped in doing a lot of research and successfully finished this wonderful assignment on Sustainable Development Goal on Architecture. Once again, as we would like to thank you our most respectful lecturers, Ms Tamil Salvi Mari & Ms Sujatavani A/P Gunasagaran, who guided us throughout this assignment.

INTRODUCTION

The sustainable development goals are a universal plan for all countries to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all. They are a set of 17 goals. They provide a focus for the international community’s development efforts until 2030. The environment underlies each of those goals from eliminating hunger to reducing inequalities to building sustainable communities around the world. The 17 SDGs are integrated—that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability. All 17 Goals interconnect, meaning success in one affects success for others. Dealing with the threat of climate change impacts how we manage our fragile natural resources, achieving gender equality or better health helps eradicate poverty, and fostering peace and inclusive societies will reduce inequalities and help economies prosper. In short, this is the greatest chance we have to improve life for future generations.Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind first. That is why the SDGs are designed to bring the world to several life-changing ‘zeros’, including zero poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination against women and girls.

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The SDGs are unique in that they cover issues that affect us all. They reaffirm our international commitment to end poverty, permanently, everywhere. They are ambitious in making sure no one is left behind. More importantly, they involve us all to build a more sustainable, safer, more prosperous planet for all humanity.

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SDG 02 ZERO HUNGER

To end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture TARGETS 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair nd equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural 6

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infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 2: Zero Hunger The built environment contributes to the securing of food supplies through planning, landscape design and building complexes that protect existing ecosystems and prioritize the preservation and expansion of areas for food production. Responses 1. Supportive development and land use for sustainable agriculture 2. Promote agriculture in urban areas 3. Create seed banks to ensure the existence of food source 4. Planning, landscape design and building design can contribute by developing designs that favor land use for food production

Urban Hijau, Irfan Mohamed, 2017, Kampung Penchala, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Challenges Before the farm was built, the area was a waste land, but with the good soil conditions and the needs of the community, and to achieve the concept of permaculture. The goal is to establish diverse, stable and resilient ecosystems. A farm that self-sufficiently existing, providing various types of food to the community and creating zero waste & energy is needed. Contributions Permaculture is a practical agricultural approach that employs natural elements and sustainable techniques to create a self-sufficient environment that is both productive and environmentally friendly. Its principles can be adopted by anyone and practised anywhere, from private home gardens to shared community gardens or from small window boxes to large-scale farms. Being a farm in the city does have its unique advantages for Urban Hijau. The existing slope and concrete remains, also add on as elements which help to create many microclimate properties within the site. Following the goal to showcase multiple examples of urban farming, the site naturally allows various form of farming methods to be practiced in harmony â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from Aquaponics where the fish and plants live harmoniously. Aquaponics is a system which plants and fishes uses the waste product of each other as nourishment for self. In a way, it saves costs and energy to maintain the system. Food are produced within minimum amount of wastage and costs.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top : Bird eye view of the garden TN1: Top view of the garden TN2: The small pond that provide nutrient to the surrounding edible plants TN3: View of edible plant

Sources 1. https://www.uhijau.org/ 2. https://lovewholesome.com/people/urban-hijau-on-a-mission-to-meet-the-city-gardeners-needs/ 9

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Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Mitsuaki Tanabe, 2006, Norwegian island of Spitsbergen, near Longyearbyen, in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago, approximately 1,300 kilometres from the North Pole.

Challenges The fight to achieve food security and end hunger is one of the greatest challenges facing the world. Rising populations, diminishing resources and deteriorating environments only raise the stakes. Contribution The vault is used to preserve wide variety of seeds that act as spare samples to those which are held in gene banks situated around the globe. This is to ensure that the seeds are well preserved during a world-wide crisis. A greater diversity of genetic resources in gene banks, available to all through an efficient, global, ex situ conservation system, helps to ensure a secure food supply at more stable prices. It provides the raw genetic material to breed for a more nutritious and varied food supply and increases the access of the poor to more affordable and healthier food to fight malnutrition.

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TN1 TN2 Top : Front view of Svalbard Global Seed Vault TN1: Interior of Seed vault TN2: Space organization of the seed vault TN3: nighttime exterior view of Seed vault

Sources 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault#Construction 2. https://www.croptrust.org/our-work/svalbard-global-seed-vault/ 11

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Pasona Urban Farm, Kono Design, 2010, Tokyo, Japan

Challenges Pasona tried to create an environment with high work efficiency, social interactions and engages the wider community of Tokyo by showcasing the benefits and technology of agriculture. To achieve the concept of more sustainable food distributing system that reduce energy and transportation. Contribution Urban farming facilities integrated within the building. The green space totals over 43,000 square feet with 200 species including fruits, vegetables and rice that are harvested, prepared and served at the cafeterias within the building. It is the largest and most direct farm-to-table of its kind ever realized inside an office building in Japan. Using both hydroponic and soil based farming, crops and office workers share a common space. These crops are equipped with metal halide, HEFL, fluorescent and LED lamps and an automatic irrigation system. An intelligent climate control system monitors humidity, temperature and breeze to balance human comfort during office hours and optimize crop growth during afterhours. This maximizes crop yield and annual harvests. Seasonal flowers and orange trees are planted on the balconies between the 3' deep double skinned facade. Partially relying on natural exterior climate, these plants create a living green wall and a dynamic identity to the public. This was a significant loss to the net rentable area for a commercial office. However, Pasona believed in the benefits of urban farm and green space to engage the public and to provide better workspace for their employees. Such benefits are beyond aesthetic and visual improvement. It exposes city workers to growing crops and interaction with farmland on a daily basis and provides improvement in mental health, productivity and relaxation in the workplace. Studies show that most people in urbanized societies spend over 80% of their time indoors. Plants are also known to improve the air quality we breathe by carbon sequestration and removing volatile organic compound. The crops harvested in Pasona HQ are served within the building cafeterias, it highlights 'zero food mileage' concept of a more sustainable food distribution system that reduces energy and transportation cost. Pasona Urban Farm is a unique workplace.

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TOP: Exterior of view of Pasona Urban Farm TN1: Interior farming system with artificial lightings TN2: How humidity was controlled inside the building TN3: Meeting room

Sources 1. http://konodesigns.com/urban-farm/ 2. https://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/12/pasona-urban-farm-by-kono-designs/ 13

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SDG 03 GOOD HEALTH & WELL-BEING

Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being at all ages is essential to sustainable development. TARGETS 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live births. 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1000 live births. 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases. 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol. 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidentsBy 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes.

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3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination. 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate. 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all. 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and Small Island developing States. 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 3: Good health and well-being Ensuring a healthy lifestyle and promote well-being for all people of all ages is critical to building a prosperous society. A lot of effort is needed to eradicate diseases and solve many different persistence and emerging health problems. Responses 1. Avoid use of environmentally hazardous materials and substances. 2. Layout of settlements and urban areas are well planned to avoid transmission of diseases and illness. 3. Encourage physical activity among the citizens. 4. Minimize risk of accidents through design. 5. Implementation of suitable ergonomics design on public equipment. 6. Provide a healthy indoor climate concerning light, acoustic, air quality and exposure to radiation and degassing.

Cantilever house, Design Unit Sdn bhd, 2015, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Challenges As air quality worsens in Malaysia, building emissions are being taken into account and reduced with state-of-the-art climate control systems that improve the indoor environment. Encourages efficient use of eco-friendly construction materials. As a result, sustainable housing, super-efficient high-rise buildings, rooftop solar installations and an eye for nature’s beauty characterize many of Malaysia’s newest construction projects. Contribution This green-roofed house juts out over the lush rainforest of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Architecture firm Design Unit Sdn Bhd envisioned the Cantilever House as a “forest” of industrial steel columns that create a weightless-looking volume. Passive House design features – including an adjustable envelope – minimize the building’s impact on the environment.The house façade is designed to be flexible in terms of view/ventilation/shade; act as a 'passive' house to cool down the micro climate, the grass covered roofs at LG1 & roof top levels create gardens for relaxation and entertaining in contrast to the ‘wilder’ natural steeply sloping landscape surrounding the house - encouraging outdoor living in this tropical climate.

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Top : Overview of the green building TN1: The house is entered by a ramp - heightening our awareness to the valley, the floating block and also the separation from the ordinary. TN2: Worm-eye view of the courtyard implemented with concept which maximises contact with nature. TN3: adjustable glass louvers over half the opening width followed by external sunscreens of perforated stainless steel that cover/shade the entire opening when closed & bi-folds to the open position electronically to allow views while still shading the opening. Sources 1. https://www.archdaily.com/867840/cantilever-house-design-unit-sdn-bhd. 17

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Kasungu Maternity Waiting Village, MASS Design Group, 2015, Kasungu, Malawi

Challenges In Malawi, maternal and neonatal mortality continue to be major public health challenges, largely because few deliveries are attended by a skilled professional; in 2010, one in thirty-six Malawian women had a lifetime risk of dying during pregnancy or delivery. Contribution Maternal waiting homes house expectant mothers, giving them a place to stay within easy reach of a hospital or health center about 6 weeks before giving birth. The idea is for women to go through the final weeks of pregnancy in the best conditions possible for their health and the baby. MASS Design Group took design cues from the vernacular layout of Malawian villages, where family compounds are composed of several small buildings housing branches of an immediate family. MASS broke the large dormitory-style waiting home into similarly intimate four-bed units around all courtyards, offering women a protected and dignified space in which to carry out daily activities. Rather than a sleeping hallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impersonal scale, the clusters create small communities that encourage knowledge sharing between experienced and first-time mothers.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Expectant mothers often arrive in the company of two or three relatives who help care for the women while they wait. TN1: Designed with this tradition in mind, the buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; extended awnings create sheltered exterior spaces to accommodate many more than just the 36 temporary residents. TN2: Tapered columns and benches built into building exteriors serve as comfortable outdoor seating areas. TN3: Elevation of Kasungu Maternity Waiting Village

Sources 1. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11775-kasungu-maternity-waiting-village-by-mass-design-group.

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GSK Asia House, HASSELL Design Team, 2017, 23 Rochester Park, Singapore Challenges GSK Asia House wanted their purpose-built new Asia headquarters to be a place that reflects a culture built on knowledge, learning and innovation and be a ‘beacon’ for health and wellbeing in the region’s Asia House is one of the biggest contributors to Singapore's biomedical sciences industry. It’s challenge is to substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce. Contribution The GSK Asia house nestled amid lush greenery, national heritage colonial bungalows and winding roads in the northern part of Singapore. Home to around 800 employees, this is the new regional headquarters for Pharmaceutical, Vaccines and Consumer Healthcare business in Asia. The green buildings concept was initially about reducing the environmental impact of buildings by improving factors such as energy efficiency and waste management. The overarching architectural concept was to create a ‘building in a park’, which has been achieved by extending the parkland setting through a series of landscaped cascading sky gardens. To further enhance the connection to nature, the design of the main building has been conceived as a screen of ‘petals’ that create a distinctive, climate-responsive façade. Existing mature trees have been largely retained and complemented with an extensive new tropical planting scheme. The park setting is the key driver of the landscape concept, creating a sense for employees that they are arriving through and working in a natural setting.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Bird eye view of the whole building TN1: GSK Asia houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s barophilic space design TN2: A dynamic structure for moving and sharing in the workplace TN3: Interior space

Sources 1. https://www.hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/detail/GSK-asia-house

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SDG 07 AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY

To ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. TARGETS 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programs of support

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy The built environment is a major source of energy consumption and a potentially energy producer. Responses 1. Buildings are to be designed to limit energy consumption and produce and recycle energy. 2. Built environment could also interact by developing solutions that involve innovative sources of renewable energy. 3. Built environment should emphasize on the total energy consumption of materials, from material extraction to material assembly to disassembly of materials from a structure 4. Buildings should be designed to adapt to local climate to avoid any high energy consumption solutions.

GreenTech Malaysia, Ar. Kevin Teh, 2007, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Challenges A Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BPIV) system that is both functional and has aesthetic appeal. Completed in 2007, the building has a built-up area of 4,300 square meters and is designed to demonstrate different types of solar panel technologies. Contribution â&#x20AC;&#x153;SOLAR PANELSâ&#x20AC;? On the rooftop is an array of poly-crystalline and amorphous-silicon panels that spans 456 square metres and has a combined capacity of 53 kWp. Mounted on top of the atrium and stretching over 110 square meters, is an array of mono-crystalline silicone panels with a capacity of 12 kWp. These panels are semi-transparent, letting daylight into the building and reducing the need for artificial lighting. An array of 200 square meters monocrystalline silicone panels with 27 kWp capacity is also installed over car park roof at the entrance.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Ariel view showing solar panels used by the building TN1: exterior view TN2: solar panel on top of parking lot canopies TN3: solar panel on rooftop

Sources 1. https://www.greentechmalaysia.my/about-us/green-energy-office-building/ 25

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Powerhouse Brattørkaia, Oslo-based architects, 2019, Snøhetta, Trondheim, Norway Challenges Snøhetta has completed the sustainable Powerhouse Brattørkaia office in Trondheim, Norway, which produces more than double the amount of electricity it consumes daily. Located on the harbor overlooking Trondheim Fjord, the angular office building is wrapped by 3,000-square-metres of solar panels that provide green energy for itself, neighboring buildings and city transport. Architecture studio Snøhetta hopes this will set a new standard for the building industry in light of the climate crisis, without compromising on aesthetics. Contribution “A LOT OF SOLAR PANELS” The building's upper facade and pentagonal-shaped roof are clad with a total of 3,000 squaremeters of solar panels. To ensure these harvest as much solar energy as possible, the form of the building was created by Snøhetta to ensure there is maximum exposure to the sun. This was a challenge for the architects, given the limited daylight hours in its northern location.

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TN1 Top: Exterior view of the powerhouse TN1: Faรงade facing river TN2: Top view of solar panel roof TN3: Interior with open green space

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Sources 1. https://www.archdaily.com/924325/powerhouse-brattorkaia-snohetta

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Energy Positive Relocatable Classroom, Anderson Anderson Architecture, 2014, Ewa Beach, Hawaii, United States Challenges One in four students in Hawaii currently study in poor-quality portable classrooms. To provide an optimized educational environment for students and teachers while advancing sustainable design principles in construction and in classroom learning, this portable classroom is created. Contribution This factory-built energy-positive portable classroom provides a high performance, healthy educational environment, while minimizing energy use through careful daylighting and natural ventilation, employing photovoltaic panels to generate substantially more power than consumed. The classroom also serves as an educational tool, with natural forces and systems highlighted, and building performance monitored and broadcast to students inside, as well as to the web. The life-cycle cost is projected lower than previous generation energy-consuming portables. The classroom is designed to conserve as well as collect and generates natural resources, including electrical energy, daylight, wind energy, and rainwater. As well as being strong, efficient and conserving, natural forces and resources are highlighted and exposed throughout the structure, and all systems and performance criteria are monitored and broadcast to the web. The building acts as a learning tool for occupants, other schools, and the general public. The combination of maximized photovoltaic surface matched with low energy consumption creates a positive net energy production that is four times the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s annual consumption.

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TN1 TN2 Top: exterior view of the school TN1: section showing how the solar panel accept lights TN2: Interior view of the classroom TN3: artificial lights gain power from solar panels

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Sources 1. https://www.archdaily.com/550780/energy-positive-relocatable-classroom-anderson-anderson-architecture 29

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SDG 08 DECENT WORK AND GROWTH ECONOMY

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. TARGETS 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries. 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labor-intensive sectors. 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services. 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programs on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead. 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value. 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products. 30

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 8: Decent Work and Growth Economy Built environment interacts with the goal by providing a safe and clean working environment for the workers. Besides that, a sustainable growth economy within the built environment industry could be achieved by emphasizing investment in raised skill and knowledge within human resources. Responses 1. In built environment, a decent working environment and safety of workers should be emphasized. 2. Materials are to be extracted and produced in a safe and clean environment by the workers. 3. Secure and controlled workplace on the building site or on a demolition site. 4. Emphasis on human resources in investment will create a sustainable economic growth with raised skills and knowledge to reduce raw material and energy usage and increase productivity. The Bamboo Playhouse, Eleena Jamil Architect, 2015 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Challenges As modern architecture strays away from raw materials such as timber and bamboo to concrete and steel that is not biodegradable, local craftsmen that lives in the rural areas will have to seek for new ways to maintain their income to support their families. Almost 50 species in which 25 of them are indigenous species of Bamboo thrives in Malaysia with itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s local climate condition and soil fertility. Several of the species have thick culm walls that are suitable to be used in construction, it has the potential to be vastly commercialize in the built environment industry, hence boosting the local economic growth. Contribution The bamboo playhouse addresses one of the challenges that the local craftsman faces which is the deteriorating use of bamboo, specifically in the built environment industry. The main objective of this project is to demonstrate that bamboo is a sustainable building material, and after its completion in 2015, it was the first formal bamboo structure in Malaysia. The bamboo playhouse will raise awareness about the uses of bamboo in structures ,especially in urban areas, by doing so the demand for bamboo supply and skilled craftsmen of bamboo constructions will increase hence improving the economy for the locals in the rural areas and creating new job opportunities for the local craftsmen.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Front view of The Bamboo Playhouse. TN1: The Bamboo Playhouse has become one of the main attractions for foreign visitors thus further raising awareness about the use of bamboo in the built environment. TN2: The Bamboo Playhouse is used to host traditional native performance. TN3: One of the architects of The Bamboo Playhouse giving a talk to the younger generation about the use of bamboo in the built environment.

Sources 1. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/17/eleena-jamil-bamboo-playhouse-lake-island-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-perdana-botanicalgardens/ 2. https://www.archdaily.com/777325/the-bamboo-playhouse-eleena-jamil-architect 33

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New Artist Residency (Thread), Toshiko Mori, 2015, Sinthian, Senegal Challenges Sinthian is a rural village located in south-eastern of Senegal. The village has a low economic growth and is separated from the constant advancing world. One of the main reasons for having such a low economic growth is the local seasons, during the drought season (December to April) no crops will be able to be produced due to the overwhelmingly dry environment , farmers will only be able to harvest and produce crops during the rainy season ( May to December). Contribution Thread is most promising in its socio-cultural role as it functions as an agricultural hub for the village of Sinthian and the surrounding villages. The staff of the program provides the local communities with sustained agricultural and organizational training with the addition of providing the locals several gardens that cultivate for sustenance and as a stable income source throughout the year. With the training and garden provided the local will have a fully sustainable economy as they are able to produce crops throughout the year, even during the drought season which lasts for 8 months. Besides the trainings and land provided , the roof of the building collects and retains rainwater to create a continuous supply of water for the agriculture projects especially during the drought season. The building is constructed by a team of 35 local workers with the use of local materials within a year period, the methods used for construction is an integration of the architect -Toshiko Mori and local craftsmen that has advanced knowledge in bamboo, brick and thatch. One of the examples of the integration is the rain collecting roof that is customary pitched with the material being thatch to collect rainwater for the dry season.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Top view of New Artist Residency, Thread. TN1: Agriculture training provided to the locals. TN2: Thatch being placed on the roof with the use of local craftsmen expertise. TN3: Villagers from different villages having a gathering in New Artist Residency.

Sources 1. http://thread-senegal.org/welcome#about 2. https://www.archdaily.com/608096/new-artist-residency-in-senegal-toshiko-mori 35

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Butaro Hospital, Mass Design Group, 2011, Burera, Rwanda Challenges Burera is the most impoverished district in Rwanda, prior to the arrival of the organization (Partners in Health),Burera is one of the two districts in Rwanda that has no functional district hospital and not even a single doctor hence a poor health indicator compared to other district of Rwanda. A sustainable economy growth could potentially be achievable with the presence of healthcare which is one of the few factors to be present in a decent economy that hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t been present in Burera. Contribution Besides being the first hospital within the Burera district which improves the health indicator, it serves the purpose of a sustainable economic growth. With the addition of healthcare into the economy, more job opportunities will be created for the locals of Burera. Furthermore, the hospital will provide the locals opportunities to educate and innovate hence enhancing the economy ultimately.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Front view of Butaro Hospital TN1: Hospital ward completed with proper working medical equipments. TN2: Hospital staff discussing about the medical equipments in the wards.

Sources 1. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/mass-design-group-butaro-hospital-rwanda/ 2. https://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group 37

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SDG 09 INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Built resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation TARGETS 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending 9. A Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States 18 38

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9.B Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities 9.C Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 9: Industry, Innovation And Infrastructure The built environment contributes to the securing of food supplies through planning, landscape design and building complexes that protect existing ecosystems and prioritize the preservation and expansion of areas for food production. Responses 1. Sustained investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of economic growth and development. 2. Mass transport and renewable energy are important as are the growth of new industries and information and communication technologies. 3. Technological progress is also key to finding lasting solutions to both economic and environmental challenges 4. Promoting sustainable industries and investing in scientific research and innovation to facilitate sustainable development.

Low Energy Office (LEO) Putrajaya, 2004, Putrajaya Malaysia Challenges For this project, Putra Perdana Construction (PPC) was tasked to meet the client’s requirement of an energy efficient and low environmental impact building in Putrajaya. This is to achieve the ultimate goal of an optimum design through effective building space utilization, human comfort, energy efficient and minimum maintenance of mechanical and electrical systems for a modern office building. The LEO building was built for the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, resembling a showcase building for energy efficient and low environmental impact in the country. It is also a National Demonstration project aimed at promoting energy efficiency (EE) in buildings, and the project is part of a wider program aimed at developing the capacity of the Malaysian building industry in EE building design. The target for the Energy Index of the 17,800m² building is an equivalent electricity consumption of 100kWh/m2year. Contribution Among the energy saving features are well insulated walls and roof, exterior window shading, energy efficient lighting controlled according to occupancy and daylight availability, energy efficient office equipment, a comprehensive energy management system, and implementation of a series of best practice solutions for the mechanical and electrical systems. The building also demonstrates the use of renewable energy, as a 3-kWp grid connected photovoltaic system is installed on the roof. The building is designed for an illumination level of 300 – 400lux. Installed lighting and small power loads are each reduced to approximately 8 W/The energy savings compared to traditional design without energy efficiency features are 100 – 150kWh/m²year. The estimated payback time is thus less than 10 years.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Front view of Low Energy Office (LEO) Putrajaya TN1: Allowing little direct heat from the sun to penetrate into the building in the evening. TN2: Allowing daylight deep into the building TN3: The water-fall

Sources 1. https://www.esci-ksp.org/archives/project/low-energy-office-leo?task_id=603 2. https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB3371.pdf 41

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Sustainable Industries Education Centre, 2014, Tonsley Park, Adelaide, Australia Challenges The SIEC is a key component of the Tonsley Park development that provides the facilities, infrastructure, and opportunities for creative collaboration between industry, research and education within an environment conducive to clustering of manufacturing and technologybased firms.TAFE(Technical and Further Education), South Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leading provider of vocational education and training for almost 40 years, has an impressive history. External factors prompting a re-evaluation and assessment of current practices include the critical need to move to a low carbon, sustainable economy; the changing nature of workforce skill requirements; the transformation of key industry sectors in South Australia, including building and construction, water, renewable energy and sustainable technologies; and government policies, specifically those pertaining to skills and workforce development and climate change. Internal factors linked to the economic, social and political items.The new educational model developed for the SIEC addresses each of these issues, incorporating innovative and collaborative approaches that target industry, sustainability and educational drivers. Contribution Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transition to a low-carbon, sustainable economy necessitates the adoption of new and rapidly emerging clean technologies. This, in turn, requires a highly skilled workforce capable of designing, installing, monitoring and maintaining systems, products and processes significantly different from those in common use; so different, in fact, that many have yet to be developed.MPH Architects, Lead Principal Consultant, has created an iconic education destination and new identity for South Australian TAFE.The new state of the art facility is one of the most innovative in Australia, transforming an old car factory into a complex energy efficient training facility. SIEC built form to support cross trade based learning and assimilated construction site projects, providing a sustainable built outcome, has maximised adaptive re-use of existing structure and produce an exemplar sustainable facility. The indoor environment includes of low VOC paints, sealants and adhesives, carpets, flooring, and tenancy fit out items.All engineered wood products contain low or no formaldehyde.Material Reduction Strategies are used in the building.Materials with recycled content are used wherever possible. 750,000 litre rainwater tanks in basement and syphonic drainage system.Minimal ceilings are installed. There are 90% re-use of existing steel structure.Minimisation of applied finishes and exposed services is included.The flooring material, joinery and loose furniture complies with the Green Star sustainability guidelines.Also,modular fit out elements to enable future flexibility and waste reduction.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Front view of Sustainable Industries Education Centre TN1: Manufacturing enterprises product, process and materials suppliers TN2: University applied research and development TN3: Universities deliver education and training

Sources 1. https://www.archdaily.com/517253/siec-mph-architects 2. http://newlearningenvironments.com/sustainable-industries-education-centre/ 43

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One Angel Square, 2012, Manchester, Uk Challenges The Co-op wanted to build a landmark building for its new headquarters. The building contains general offices, a call centre, meeting rooms, a restaurant, café and test kitchens. There is also car and bike parking, loading bays and ancillary accommodation. Built using a variety of innovative technologies it is one of the greenest buildings of its type. The objective is to construct a high quality state of the art, iconic, but low energy use office building. With an iconic design, a very high environmental specification and a two plus year construction period, this was always going to be a challenging project. Besides, Particular attention was paid on access for people with disabilities and the three evacuation lifts, in addition to fire-fighting lifts, helping 1 Angel Square meet the latest building regulation standards as well as BS8300. Manchester’s building control team had been involved in the project right from the design stage, and as a result almost 20 different techniques were used in the building to reduce energy consumption and provide a sustainable working environment. Solutions included the use of natural heat and light, combined heat and power, heat recovery systems, high efficiency ventilation, grey and rainwater harvesting and reuse, leak detection and shut-off and variable speed lifts. Contribution The sustainable features incorporated into One Angel Square help in achieving an 80% reduction in carbon emissions and a 50% reduction in energy consumption.Energy requirements of the building are fulfilled by a combined heat and power (CHP) system, which is fuelled by waste cooking oil and rapeseed oil. The rapeseed oil is produced at The Co-operative’s own farms. The CHP units also provide cooling through an absorption chiller. The building features 300,000ft² of exposed concrete, which acts as a thermal sponge. The concrete absorbs the heat in the building, reducing the amount of energy needed to cool the building. A key feature of the building is its ventilation system. The atrium that forms the central core of the building is part of this ventilation system. Each corner of the atrium features three concrete tubes located under the building. The tubes suck 50m3/s of fresh air from the landscaped open space in front of the building. Air is cooled or heated in the basement before being delivered to the atrium through a displacement system. The air moves through various floors through the atrium and ascends to roof level before being ejected. The building is also equipped with carbon dioxide sensors that regulate the amount of fresh air circulated in the building, reducing the amount of air needed to be treated. A rainwater and greywater harvesting system ensures low water consumption throughout the One Angel Square. A heat recovery system in the building collects and recycles waste heat. In addition, 1 Angel Place is a UK benchmark for environmental sustainability and is one of the first buildings to gain an outstanding BREEAM rating – meaning it is 40-60% more energy efficient than other buildings of its type. It has also gained an Energy Performance Certificate A rating and a Display Energy Certificate A rating making it the first building in the UK to achieve this standard.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Front view of One Angel Square TN1: Is the first building in the UK to achieve BREEAM ‘outstanding’ rating. TN2: One Angel Square is the largest commercial office building in Manchester. TN3: One Angel Square is the part of the NOMA mixed-use development project

Sources 1. https://www.archdaily.com/337430/1-angel-square-3d-reid 2. https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/one-angel-square/ 45

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GOAL 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and building resilient societies and economies. Target 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, and children, persons with disabilities and older persons 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cultural and natural heritage 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product 46

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caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities 11.A Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning 11.B By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 11.C Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

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Build Environment/ Architectural Response to SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities The built environment is crucial to the development of sustainable cities and communities. Responses 1. Planning a sustainable, efficient, safe and affordable spaces in the build environment. 2. Planning towards the future of a location for sustainable reasons. 3. Designing safe spaces in the build environment. 4. Take environment into matter when building in the build environment. 5. Preserve the environment when it is possible. 6. Plan efficiently while considering the population of a location in the future

Setia Eco Park, 2004, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Challenges Being a project that started during 2004, green development was not as common as they are now. Therefore, the challenge for the developer which is SP Setia was creating and designing the green development itself. While it is easier for developers to focus just on technology and put minimal effort into having plants to meet the green requirement, for SP Setia, what mattered most at Setia Eco Park were the softer parts of the development such as the conservation of the existing flora and fauna, community building and the long-term commitment to and maintenance of the green areas. Contributions Setia Eco Park has 56-acres of forest park. Here you can enjoy jungle trekking, ecodiscovery walks and panoramic views from an observation tower. The development will also feature specially created tropical landscape with a diversity of flora and fauna. With the help of recognized Eco advisers, we are creating a truly sustainable landscape that will serve as an ideal habitat for fish, butterflies, birds and other friendly creatures. An amazing 94-acre is dedicated to waterways, lakes and creeks all around the Eco Park enclave. Islands within the lakes will serve as nesting grounds for beautiful birds. A stroll or jog around will convince you that Setia Eco Park is a home at home with Mother Nature.

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TN1 Top: Ariel view of the Setia Eco Park Residential Area TN1: Picture of Setia Eco Park Lake TN2: Picture of Setia Eco Park green space

Sources 1. http://aromatropics.blogspot.com/2015/07/phase-6-water-way-setia-eco-park.html 2. https://www.edgeprop.my/content/setia-eco-park-living-nature 49

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Singapore City, 1960, Singapore Challenges Even though Singapore is a small country, access to clean air, clean water, power and sanitation are challenges that needs to attend to solve. Low-lying coastal communities such as Singapore are also more vulnerable to rising sea levels due to climate change. Individuals, companies, countries and the global community will need to work together to develop solutions for sustainable development but for Singapore as a small, densely populated island nation with no natural resources. As time passes by as well an island nation as small as Singapore will be facing numerous population problems and ideal solutions are needed to make urban areas livable and sustainable. Contributions Clean water would be one of the important factors on make a city sustainable and livable. Singapore has an efficient and a mass-produced hydro-hub system that generates clean water thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more than enough for its city. One of the main ways this is being done is by local catchment water, which relies on rainwater, is a pillar of Singapore's sustainable water supply. Since 2011, the water catchment area has been increased from half to two-thirds of Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land surface with the completion of the Marina, Punggol and Serangoon Reservoirs. The Marina Reservoir, the island's most urbanized catchment, can meet about 10 per cent of Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water needs.

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TN1 Top: Ariel View of the city Singapore TN1: Picture of Singapore’s Hydro-Hub TN2: Picture of Singapore’s Solar Panel

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Sources 1. www.tripsavvy.com/where-is-singapore-1458491 2. www.visitsingapore.com/mice/en/bulletin-board/leading-the-way-singapores-sustainable-future/overview/

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Zurich City, 2016, Switzerland Challenges One of the leading challenges on making a city sustainable is the transportation and mobility of the citizens throughout the whole city. A usage of automobiles is no longer efficient in the long run as we are facing a global warming issue and automobiles are one of the leading producers of the carbon monoxide which pollutes the air that we breathe. Making a city accessible is making a city livable and sustainable. Without a proper and efficient transportation system for the citizens of the city, it would be close to unhabitable as it would be hard for citizens to go in and out of the city let along being in it. Contributions The city has been able to design and implement a very efficient interlocking multi-modal transit system forming a great network for public transport using trains, trams and buses. System is so effective and efficient that most of the Zurich city citizens make use of the public transport to get in and around the city. The city gives added attention to pedestrian and bikers by giving them a bit of extra road space. Parking spaces in the city have been kept minimal since 1996, when the city capped those spaces for the use of people but not their automobiles. In Switzerland, the following common household waste materials are recycled: aluminum and tin cans, old batteries, light bulbs, glass, paper, PET bottles, textiles, electrical and electronic equipment, and other. The disposal of recyclable waste is mostly free of charge, though not always operated as door-to-door collection. Some waste must be brought to collection spots, some is collected in supermarkets or retail shops.

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TN1 Top: Ariel view of the City Zurich TN1: Picture of Zurich’s public tram TN2: Picture of Zurich’s public transportation line

Sources

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsbetriebe_Z%C3%BCrich 53

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SDG 12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

To ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. TARGETS 12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature 12.A Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production12.5 12.B Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable 54

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tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Sustainable consumption and production is about promoting resource and energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and providing access to basic services, green and decent jobs and a better quality of life for all. Its implementation helps to achieve overall development plans, reduce future economic, environmental and social costs, strengthen economic competitiveness and reduce poverty. Responses 1. Designing for long lifetime, steady maintenance and careful adaptation of existing buildings are keys to sustainable consumption in the build environment. 2. Design consideration for durability and life cycles can reduce the value loss 3. Design consideration for durability and life cycles can reduce waste production in the building industry. 4. Being thoughtful about what you buy and choosing a sustainable option whenever possible.

Sarawak Energy Berhad Building, 2012, Sarawak, Malaysia Challenges Green buildings should be designed and operated on the basis of reducing the overall impact of the built-up environment on the surroundings. This building used mainly natural light to brighten up the interior area including the car park. But when the day rain come, this building have no natural light to penetrate through and at last have to use artificial light to brighten up the interior space. This energy saving and tapping from the natural environment helps save electricity costs and so far, have saved one third of what the company had paid before. Contribution The building focuses on efficient usage of resources at the same time provide conducive work surrounding with minimal impact on health and environment. Energy consumption is reduced by optimising building orientation, solar heat gain, and natural lighting, as well as adopting best practices in building services. Every detail has some form of energy-saving mechanism either through the equipment, materials or the design itself. The building design allows the carpark at the basement to make use of the sunlight as a light source. The whole 11th floor has a sensor to detect body heat and movement. Once someone leaves the room, the light will switch off automatically to save energy.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Front view of Sarawak Energy Berhad Building TN1: Lighting from the atrium area brightens the car park. TN2: Generous glazed facades are lined along the north and south elevation. These are exposed to minimal direct sunlight and featured with glazed curtain walls. TN3: Natural light penetrate into the interior.

Sources 1. https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2017/menara-sarawak-energy-retains-green-building-index-silver-rating 2. https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/08/25/cool-and-green/

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Blackwood House, 2017, Falmouth, Maine Challenges For this Blackwood House, instead of building with other sourced of material, such as steel and concrete, wood is mainly used to construct this house and this will often result in large carbon footprint, as deforestation is needed in order to build houses. Large amount of wood is needed since wood is the main material for building this house. Contribution For this house, the architect use a predominately timber palette to bring the woods indoors, and also engineered to produce all of its own energy to reduce impact on the environment. Other than that, this house is fitted with a variety of renewable energy systems and lowmaintenance materials for long-term sustainability. The photovoltaic panels on the roof of the carport and renewable energy systems employed throughout the house make it net zero. With triple-glazed windows and careful construction, the interior retains a steady temperature. This design places focus mainly on exposed materials in their most basic form. Using timber as beams throughout the living areas bring the woods inside and provide structure to the rooms.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Front view of Blackwood House TN1: Exterior finishes show wear with age while effectively shielding the house from the elements. TN2: Fine woodworking alongside the clean lines of the interior structure, raw and cooked come together in harmony. TN3: With triple-glazed windows and careful construction, the interior retains a steady temperature.

Sources 1. http://88designbox.com/home-design/blackwood-house-in-falmouth-by-kaplan-thompson-architects-3043.html 2. https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2019/03/27/blackwood-house-in-falmouth-maine-by-kaplanthompson-architects/ 59

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Hanil Visitors Center & Guest House, 2009, South Korea Challenges The site for this project is located distances away from the site and up the mountain, so in order to transport concrete up the hill, existing land have been damaged for the movement of the trucks. Deforestation took place and large amount of carbon footprint have been produced and will affect the surrounding environment. Contribution The goal of this project is to set as a built example to educate visitors about the potential for recycling concrete. In this building, concrete has been broken and recast in various materials creating both translucent and opaque tiles. The gabion wall and fabric formed concrete which constitute the main faรงades of the building, was erected first, and the concrete left over from it was recycled in the gabion cages. The interesting part is not only using recycle material for construction, while after construction end, the workers restore the damaged original mountains and forest. The existing land had been changed much to facilitate the movement of trucks to the cement factory. In order to revive the landscape, they brought in earth to fill the courtyard between the two buildings. Moreover, the exterior panels of this home are fabricated using 30% recycled material. For the interior, the kitchen cabinetry and furniture is made using recycled automobile tires.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Front view of Hanil Visitors Center & Guest House TN1: The recycled concrete roof lowers internal temperatures, while the southern walls use the recycled concrete in steel cages to form a wall system. TN2: Canvas-like concrete walls to the east facade, evoking images of the adjacent forest. TN3: To revive the landscape, we brought in earth to fill the courtyard between the two buildings.

Sources 1. https://inhabitat.com/concrete-re-visioned-at-the-elegant-hanil-visitors-center/new-30-6 2. https://www.dezeen.com/2010/08/02/hanil-visitors-center-and-guest-house-by-bcho/ 61

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SDG 13 CLIMATE ACTION

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts TARGETS 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 13: Climate Action Drastic effects of climate change is a global challenge affected all the countries. As greenhouse gas emissions, sea water level and world's average surface temperature continued to increase and reach their highest level in history, it will cause a long-lasting changes to our climate system. Affordable, scalable solution must go hand in hand with efforts to raise awareness and integrate measures into national policies and strategies. Responses 1. Built environment design and development can help mitigate climate change, support adaptation, and improve the environment and public health 2. All countries should strengthen their resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and also natural disasters. 3. The CO2 footprint of built environment must be reduced fast by using energy efficiency technologies that are already well established and widely used.

Green energy office (GEO) building, Ruslan Khalid Associates, 2007, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Challenges Urban area are directly responsible for 70% of global energy consumption and CO2 emissions, mainly building. More than 90% of the carbon production is for building operational phase due to heating, cooling, lighting and use of other electrical appliances. In short, the CO2 impact of the building must be reduced fast, emissions caused by energy use can be minimized by changing the source and making buildings more energy efficient. A key environmental challenge in Victoria is the risk of flooding during periods of heavy rain, due to the low absorbency of urban surfaces. According to the Environment Agency, there are now around 534,000 properties in London on the Thames floodplain, and one in four in London are at risk of flooding. Contribution The GEO building was constructed combining advanced green technologies, sustainable energy solutions, innovative energy management systems and rainwater harvesting systems. To reduce the energy used for lighting of building, the GEO building users diffused daylight for almost 100% natural lighting throughout the day. Besides, the building designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design was incorporated with Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system to generate electricity for the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. Rainwater is harvested to help conserve water in the GEO building and reduce the use of treated water from the water utility provider. The water is also used for the cooling system condenser, watering the plants around the building and for general cleaning purposes. The GEO building uses energy-efficient office equipment and green IT systems including laptops, desktops with LCD screens, a wireless computer network system and energy-efficient server system.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Overview of GEO building TN1: Diffused daylight admitted through skylight TN2: Rainwater is collected and used for condenser side TN3: View of solar system on the building Sources 1. https://www.greentechmalaysia.my/about-us/green-energy-office-building/ 2 http://www.p-perdana.com/view-project.php?cat=construction&post_id=1204 65

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Yanweizhou Park, Andrew Buck, 2015, China Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China Challenges Jinhua city suffers from annual flooding. To protect the riparian wetland from the 50 years floods, high concrete retaining walls have been built. These concrete walls along the riverbanks and riparian flood plains have segregated the city from the wetland and the water. At the same time, the floodwalls ultimately exacerbating the destructive force of the annual floods and create dry parkland above the water, but destroy the lush and dynamic wetland ecosystem. The major challenge that was posed by the site conditions to the landscape is what approach to flood control and how to reconnect the separated city to the natural riparian landscape to strengthen the community and cultural identity of the city of Jinhua. Contribution The solution of the Yanweizhou project is using cut-and-fill strategy to balance earthwork and by creating a water-resilient terraced river embankment that is covered with flood adapted native vegetation. The terraced embankment remediate and filtrate the flood water from the pavement above. Besides , the fertile slit of floods deposited over the terraces and nourish the tall grass which are native to the rapirian habitat.The Yanweizhou Park project showcases a replicable and resilient ecological solution to large-scale flood management .

In addition, the extensive use of gravel that is re-used material from the site, is used for pedestrian areas while also help to infiltrate the river water from the inner pond on the inland through gravel layers.This mechanically and biologically improves the water quality to make the water swimmable.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Overview of Yanweizhou Park TN1: View of water-resilient terraced river embankment TN2: View of gravel which used to filtrate river water TN3: Yanweizhou Park during flood season

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Sources 1. https://oppla.eu/casestudy/18018 2. http://landezine.com/index.php/2015/03/a-resilient-landscape-yanweizhou-park-in-jinhua-city-by-turenscape/ 67

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Exterior wall of the Rubens at the Palace hotel, Gary Grant, 2010, Victoria, London Challenges A key environmental challenge in Victoria is the risk of flooding during periods of heavy rain, due to the low absorbency of urban surfaces. According to the Environment Agency, there are now around 534,000 properties in London on the Thames floodplain, and one in four in London are at risk of flooding. Contribution The wall's unique design help to reduce the risk of surface water flooding by capturing rainwater from the roof of the building in dedicated storage tanks. The storage tanks able to store up to 10000 litres rainwater at any time. Water collected by the tanks is channelled slowly through the wall, nourishing plant life. In addition, the wall will improve the air quality in the area, deaden noise and help to keep the hotel cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. While green infrastructure inevitably improves the aesthetics of the area, it also has a substantial positive impact on the long-term environmental sustainability of an area.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Front view of exterior wall of the Rubens at Palace hotel TN1: Green infrastructure inevitably improves the aesthetics of the area TN2: Living wall containing 10,000 plants and 16 tons of soil boost biodiversity TN3: View of water tank used to collect rainwater

Sources 1. https://www.dezeen.com/2013/08/21/londons-largest-living-wall-will-combat-flooding/ 2. https://www.archdaily.com/423990/largest-living-wall-unveiled-in-london 69

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SDG 15 LIFE ON LAND

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. TARGETS 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact 70

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of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts 15.A Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems 15.B Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation 15.C Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 15: Life On Land The goal is to sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and to halt biodiversity loss. Responses 1. To protect, restore and support ecosystems and biodiversity, buildings and settlements must include habitats for plants, insects and animals. 2. Buildings are to include of terrestrial conservation and it must continue to demand accelerated action to protect biodiversity, land productivity and genetic resources and to curtail the loss of species.

Forest City Johor Bahru, Sasaki Associates, 2018, Iskandar Johor Bahru, Malaysia Challenges The site was a rural area dominated by palm plantations and dotted with small fishing villages. Residents plied their trade along coastal mangroves. Home to the largest seagrass bed in peninsular Malaysia, the area had for some time been considered eligible for special environmental protection. In September 2015, Forest City received the report on the environmental assessment issued by the Ministry of Environment of Malaysia (DEIA) and met each and every one of the 81 requirements in the environmental assessment report. In the subsequent development process, the Forest City set up a water quality environmental monitoring system in the surrounding waters, and monitors environmental changes 24 hours a day to ensure that the water quality meets the environmental assessment requirements. Contribution A key portion of the aforementioned “symbiotic relationship” is the development’s preservation strategy. Addressing concerns of affecting the area's delicate ecosystem and the fishing industry that relies on it, the design will mimic the natural coastal ecologies of the region at the island edges, re-establishing over nine kilometers of mangroves, 10 kilometers of shallow coves and mudflats and protecting 250 hectares of shallow-water seagrass. In addition to maintaining the region’s ecological sustainability, this restoration also provides resiliency against sea-level rises. The public realm throughout the development is linked, with a “rooftop network of interconnected parks and gardens,” creating the world’s largest green roof system. Beyond just the rooftop, the design will also provide natural habitats, filter stormwater and provide recreational activities, free from the presence of automobiles.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Overview of the Forest City TN1: Greens are integrated with the building TN2: Natural coastal that protecting shallow water sea grass TN3: Integrate the design with afforestation

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Sources 1. https://www.archdaily.com/781247/sasakis-forest-city-master-plan-in-iskandar-malaysia-stretches-across-4-islands 73

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Animal Refuge Centre, Arons en Gelauff Architecten, 20007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Challenges Rapid and continuing land use change and increases in demand for natural resources and arable land present serious challenges for the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems in the region. Although total forest cover has increased slightly due to increased forest plantation, biodiversity-rich primary forests are still under pressure. The region accounts for about one third of all threatened species; however, there are programmes achieving success in stopping habitat destruction and in reducing the menace to threatened species (tigers and snow leopards, in particular). Contribution In 2004, the city of Amsterdam decided to combine and amalgamate the two existing animal refuges into a single entity. The result, the Amsterdam Animal Refuge Centre designed by the firm Arons en Gelauff Architecten, is a scheme which takes an exceedingly difficult site and produces both an attractive and functional solution. The solution seeks to balance the comfort and climate for the impounded animals with the restrictions of its city fringe plot and the need for low levels of noise pollution. The architects have had the service corridor and the kennel corridor converge in the Amsterdam Animal Rescue Centre.This building is folded like a ribbon along the waterway around the plot. Inside this, two large play spaces for the animals have been created.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Overview of Animal Refuge Centre TN1: Axono of Animal Refuge Centre TN2: Wide field as the activity area for the protected animals TN3: Water features designed for the biodiversity

Sources 1.

https://www.archdaily.com/2156/animal-refuge-centre-arons-en-gelauff-architecten 75

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Jewel Changi Airport, Moshe Safdie, 2019, Singapore Challenges As airports expand, so too does their carbon footprint, with more energy required to power new terminals, ground transport vehicles and the creation of infrastructure.Many airports across the world have therefore adopted greener elements into their designs and operation strategies, as well as subscribed to eco-friendly initiatives. The Airport Carbon Accreditation programme, run by Airports Council International (ACI), is helping more than 200 airports to manage their emissions, with the ultimate goal of carbon neutrality. Through sustainable practices and the use of renewable fuel sources, Changi has a pedigree for being environmentally conscious. Contribution At the heart of ‘Jewel’ is the Forest Valley, a terraced indoor garden that offers many spatial and interactive experiences featuring walking trails, cascading waterfalls, and quiet seating areas. Amid the more than 200 different species of trees and flora, is the world’s tallest indoor waterfall. The waterfall aids in the cooling of the landscape environment and collects significant rainwater to be re-used in an around the building. There’s also an in-house nursery where the plants that populate the airport’s extensive green spaces and gardens grow, and rainwater is harvested to irrigate these plants. Speaking of gardens, Changi takes being “green” very seriously. The airport has an impressive number of gardens including a cactus garden, sunflower garden, orchid garden, water lily garden, butterfly garden and a nature trail - right in the airport.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Overview of Jewel Changi Airport TN1: Greens are the main features of the building TN2: Gardens in the building TN3: Butterfly garden in the building

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Sources 1. https://www.google.com.my/amp/s/www.afar.com/magazine/inside-singapores-new-jewel-complex-at-the-worlds-best-airport/amp 77

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SDG 17 PARTNERSHIPS TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development TARGETS 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection. 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress. 17. 5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism. 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually 78

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17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacitybuilding mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology. 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation. 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda. 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countriesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; share of global exports by 2020. 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access. 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence. 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development. 17.15 Respect each countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development. 17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multistakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries. 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships. 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts. 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries.

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Built Environment/Architecture responses to SDG 17: Partnerships To Achieve The Goal Cities are built up by a lot of people. Similarly, we need to work together to achieve our goals, because no single stakeholder can achieve these goals on their own. Architects, designers and planners can contribute to the development and implement sustainable products and services for the construction industry by sharing knowledge, promoting sustainable solutions and collaborating with research institutions and institutional partners. Responses 1. Non-profit partnership to provide homes for the homeless to commercial partnership to develop new sustainable products and services to the industry. 2. Associations and networks of professionals in the built industry who have committed to working towards the goals. 3. Global partnerships can adapt and respond to the complex challenges of an interconnected world in order to achieve the goals faster. 4. Sharing know-how of green building system internationally. 5. Concepts to be supported financially to put to practice. 6. Variety on choice of materials to be used, in particular eco-friendly building materials in order to further promote sustainability in architecture.

Malaysia Cyberjaya 4 Data Center,Cyberjaya, Malaysia Challenges In Malaysia, there is no data center operate the most advanced information and communications technology (ICT) facilities available in top markets worldwide, offering a wide range of data center services, including managed hosting, colocation, cloud and network services. Also, data center which provide more secure and safe communications among cloud and colocation services through combination of additional security functions doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exist in our country. Contribution A fully equipped office building is available inside the data center campus as a system monitoring center or business continuity planning (BCP) office. Communication lines between the office and data center racks are backed by generators for power source redundancy. In addition to network services, system integration services and operations services, Cyberjaya 4 Data Center provides office space and an operation center inside the data center campus. NTT MSC, the service provider has been in business in Malaysia for more than 15 years and was the first foreign company to achieve the "Multimedia Super Corridor" a mark of world-class service and achievement and a gateway to a host of privileges granted by the Government of Malaysia to the business entities. The data center provides high-quality services and can respond to any kinds of IT requests.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Overview of Malaysia Cyberjaya 4 Data Center TN1: Proximity card authentication is installed at the security gate. TN2: Security officer will provide a proximity card for the visitor and check luggage that cannot be carried in to the data center. Ariel view showing the planter boxes TN3: Telecommunication equipment room, various choices of local carriers are available to meet the needs for network diversity.

Sources 1. https://www.ntt.com/en/services/data-center/nexcenter/virtual-tours/malaysia-cyberjaya-4.html 2. https://cloudscene.com/data-center/malaysia/kuala-lumpur/ntt-communications-malaysia-cyberjaya-4-data-center

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Ruhehe Primary School, African Design Centre, 2018, NTT MSC Sdn. Bhd, 2014, Musanze,Rwanda Challenges Many of the children in Rwanda does not receive decent education due to the lack of proper infrastructure,gender inequality and poverty.Quality education could never be delivered without a safe and comfortable environment for both the children and the staff. Gender inequality represents a major problem to both children receiving education and adults in employment thus slowing down economic growth. Contribution Through partnership of M2 Foundation, District of Musanze, the inaugural cohort of African Design Centre (ADC) and MASS Design Group, Ruhehe Primary School was designed to serve 1200 students that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have access to decent education, starting from pre-primary to grade six. Besides the construction and renovation in the project, the project aims to improve learning outcomes of students, increase satisfaction of both students and teachers and increase student retention rates by interventions of design of the campus. The design elements were a collective product of 10 persons that align with the project mission. The design of Ruhehe is strategize to be replicable and scalable throughout the country as a school campus model which sets Ruhehe as a precedent for educational infrastructure in Rwanda.

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TN1 TN2 TN3 Top: Overall view of Ruhehe Primary School TN1: One of the design elements which is to maximise the amount of sunlight received and improve acoustic performance in a classroom to improve students learning ability. TN2: The walls are made out of locally available volcanic rocks that creates active learning spaces and reflects the noises from an adjacent office that is heavily visited to reduce distractions to the students. TN3: Different group of people work together to build the school.

Sources 1. http://www.archidatum.com/projects/ruhehe-school-african-design-centre/ 2. https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/ruhehe-primary-school 83

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Magburaka Education and Computer Center, Architecture Sans Frontieries International,Magburaka, Sierra Leone Challenges Many of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s problems relating to inequality are embedded within the built environment, and to tackle this inequality we are to collaborate across borders to mobilize equitable architecture, urban planning and construction methods, which are socially responsible and respect diverse human cultures, while preserving the historical heritage of people. Contribution Architecture Sans Frontieres International is a network of independent non-profit organizations, which allows vulnerable communitites to access architectural services, research and educational resources. It was founded in France in 1979 and has member organizations all over the world. Members run building and planning projects in countries on all five continents together with local partners. Collaboration involves organizational, political and practical levels, and includes a wide range of professional fields. The aim of this project is to promote IT-related education and to provide access to information through learning facilities. The centre includes an internet cafĂŠ and community centre, and during the construction phase it involved capacity building of local labour through collaborations with local entrepreneurs and craftsmen.

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TN1 TN2 Top: Overview of Magburaka Education and Computer Center TN1: Entrance of Building TN2: Interior of Building TN3: Computer Room

Sources 1.

https://issuu.com/kadk/docs/un17_guidebook_single_page_low 85

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