Gender-based Housing (GBH) by Gender-based Housing (GBH)

NIKITA

SCHWEIZER

GENDER-BASED

VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

Nikita Ashleigh Schweizer M-Arch-T Thesis Title: Gender-based Housing (GBH) Student Number: 412014 Word Count: Approximately 6500 Technische Universität Berlin Master in Architecture - Typology (M-Arch-T) Language: English 31 Priory Close , Walton-on-Thames Surrey, United Kingdom, KT121JR n.schweizer@campus.tu-berlin.de nikitaschweizer@gmail.com First Supervisor Professor Lars Steffensen Architect MAA Prof. TU Berlin Inst.VI Architecture for Health ls@larssteffensen.dk Second Supervisor Jonathan Green jonnogreen@icloud.com Printed and bound in Cape Town, South Africa by Hot Ink ™ Print & Design 55 Long St, Cape Town City Centre April 2022 Designed and produced by Nikita Schweizer © All rights reserved. No part of this thesis / book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author / producer. All content (text, images and drawings) produced by Nikita Schweizer, unless otherwise explicitly stated.

1 in 3 women

throughout the world will experience gender-based violence in their lifetime GBV Statistics

WHO

CONTENTS

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

CONTENTS

Introduction

Fem*MAP

Women’s Shelters

Site Selection

Site Analysis

102

Massing

150

Precedent

182

Interviews

226

Design Process

264

Project

328

References

378

Appendix

100

116

156

222

260

284

INTRODUCTION

Gender- based housing (GBH) aims to, in some way, address the global issue of gender-based violence (GBV) through the medium of architecture. Globally, most victims of domestic violence are women* and most acts of domestic violence occur within homes.¹ The project focuses on housing…

1. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte

im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021)

2. WHO World Health Organisa-

“life free of violence is a basic human right, one that every woman*, man

tion (2013) Global and regional

and child deserves.”²

women. (Accessed 8 May 2021)

estimates of violence against

INTRODUCTION

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

INTRODUCTION

Drone picture of Gender-based Violence protests in Cape Town, 2019 Neill Kropman

INTRODUCTION

Google Search

Google (28 June 2021)

Having grown up as a woman* in South Africa, gender-based violence (GBV) has been an ever-present threat in my day-to-day life. The country is said to have the highest

3. Evaw-global-database.unwo

Cyril Ramaphosa labelled it South Africa’s “second pandemic”.⁴ A movement, adorning the

(Accessed 8 May 2020)

statistics for GBV in the world, including rape and domestic abuse.³ Recently, President hashtag #AmINext?, was born in 2019 following a number of horrific crimes against women*. I believe that this is one of the most pressing global issues we face in society today. And,

although it is a problem faced by our society as a whole, to each and every woman*, it is deeply personal. It can affect all women*, regardless of age, education, nationality, income, culture, religion, region, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and physical build. Victims, as well as

men.org. (2020) South Africa

4. The Guardian (2020) South

Africa In A Crisis Of Violence Against women, Says President (Accessed 8 May 2020)

perpetrators, belong to all social classes.⁵

5. BFN Berliner Frauenprojek-

This project aims to, in some way, address GBV through an architectural approach. The

Annual Report. (Accessed 14

research puts forward a number of methodologies that could be used in designing shelter

te im Antigewaltbereich (2010) May 2021)

architecture. It outlines a method for picking an appropriate site, relevant site analysis, a trial and error design process, finally culminating in the design of an architecture which is well suited to sheltering and healing.

Though this project and the building are ultimately figments of my imagination, the aim

was to investigate the topic in a way that might be useful in the fight against GBV in Berlin, and in other parts of the world. The building will never be built, but the people, the client,

and the situation are all very real. My hope is that some of these discoveries will have a positive effect on shelter design in the future. The city of Berlin serves as the test site, but the hope is that the project might be applicable in other contexts. The project proposes both a “toolkit” of architecture elements, and a general approach to shelter design.

INTRODUCTION

The architectural components that form the essential elements in this building have been crafted in a way to best serve their users. Because, although the project is specific to and shaped by its context, the issue of gender-based violence is one that is felt across the world. Through my work, I also hope to dispel some of the stigma and taboos around feminist

topics and gender-based violence. I know it is not exactly our area of expertise as

architects, but I wanted to draw attention to this problem through my research, and ask

“How can architecture, or even just an architectural thesis, play a role in tackling gender-

based violence?” I hope that this will inspire others like me to ask the same question. Because, I fundamentally believe that architecture has the opportunity to improve the lives of its users.

Protests in Cape Town, 2017

Justin Sullivan; Edited / collaged in Photoshop

Data collected from WHO

Clear criminal penalties for domestic violence No clear criminal penalties for domestic violence No data

2/3 countries ar

have outlawed do

round the world

omestic violence

INTRODUCTION

GBV Statistics

WHO

The Pyramid of Sexual Violence Instagram; Own Drawing

6. UMSU.WOM*N’S (Unknown) What’s with the * in Wom*n? (Accessed 14 June 2021)

7. Barradas, cassie (2021) Why

‘Womxn’ Isn’t Exactly the Inclu-

sive Term You Think It Is (Accessed 14 June 2021)

8. The Local (2019) From Fraulein to the Gender Star: Germa-

ny’s Language Revolution (Accessed 15 June 2021)

Just to note; the definition of ‘women’ in this thesis is to be understood as anyone who

identifies as a woman*. ‘Womxn’ or women* are intersectional feminist terms intended to

signal the inclusion of those who have been traditionally excluded.⁶ It is not defined in

relation to men, and seeks to include trans and nonbinary people. Although these terms are in no way fool-proof or fully inclusive,⁷ I believe that they signal an inclusion of those

who do not identify within binary gender roles, and ‘women*’ will therefore be termed in this thesis.

This is an especially relevant point when working in a German context. The German

language is gendered, with every noun being classed as either masculine, feminine, or

neutral, “much to the despair of non-native speakers who have to memorise them all”⁸.

Over the years, the language has undergone changes, shifting into a more inclusive dialect. These transformations have brought to the forefront the question of how the language can

be inclusive to all; men, women, and those who do not identify as either.⁹ Words; which we

INTRODUCTION

hear, read and speak every day, are often an indication of our views and mind frame. And gender-inclusive language is the starting point of a more inclusive society.

In order to understand the term ‘gender-based violence’, one first needs to define ‘violence’.¹⁰ In short, violence is the act of physically or psychologically harming another person, a group

of people, or a community. Violence has intent, with the perpetrator(s) aiming to, in some way, damage or harm others. Anyone can be a perpetrator, and anyone can be a victim;

we can even be violent towards ourselves. Often, violence occurs in cycles. As a result, this

can lead to more violence committed later on by those who have been victims of violence

before. Counselling that victims, and sometimes perpetrators, undergo aims to break this cycle of violence.

9. Ibid.

Violence can cause serious long and short-term effects to the lives of those it affects. These

10. Periods for Hope (2021) Ba-

inability to work, and various health problems, psychological problems (such as depression,

(Accessed 22 April 2021)

could be physical, psychological, sexual, economic, etc. It can also lead to social isolation, the anxiety, PTSD, lack of self-esteem, etc.), and can even be fatal (murder, death as a result of

injuries sustained, or suicide).¹¹ Violence can also have a harmful effect on those close to the victim or perpetrator.

Gender-based violence (GBV) refers to harmful acts directed at an individual or group of

people, based on their gender.¹² Generally speaking, most victims of gender-based violence

sics of Gender-based Violence

11. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte

im Antigewaltbereich (2010) An-

nual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021)

are women*.¹³ GBV also refers to violence which affects women* disproportionately. It is

12. UNHCR (2021) Gender-based

The term “gender-based violence” encompases a number of harmful forms of violence;

13. WHO World Health Organi-

partner violence (IPV), domestic violence (DV), and sexual violence (SV) are some of the

al estimates of violence against

rooted in gender inequality, unequal power relations, and normalised violence in society.

Violence against women* and girls (VAWG), violence against LGBTQI+ people, intimate categories of violence that fall under the umbrella of gender-based violence.

Violence (Accessed 12 May 2021)

sation (2013) Global and regionwomen. (Accessed 8 May 2021)

Violence against women* is nothing new, and nor are the consequences that this violence

14. Ibid

and report conducted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2013, gender-based

15. Ibid

the world will experience gender-based violence in their lifetimes.¹⁵ These statistics are

16. BMFSFJ (2021) Formen der

für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend), all the relevant crimes and statistics for Germany

May 2021)

has on the physical, rental and reproductive well-being of women* everywhere. In a study violence was described as “a global public health problem.”¹⁴ 1 in 3 women* throughout

consistent in Germany.¹⁶ In the most recent study done by the BMFSJ (Bundesministerium and Berlin are summarised.¹⁷ “There is one universal truth, applicable to all countries,

cultures and communities: violence against women* is never acceptable, never excusable, never tolerable.” - United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-Moon (2008)¹⁸

While violence against women* does not exclude any person, there are some groups of

women* who it affects more or are more vulnerable than others. When we look at those

most vulnerable, this could include; children, women* under the age of 30, immigrants

Gewalt erkennen (Accessed 5

17. Ibid 18. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and region-

al estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021)

25% of domestic violence survivors

will experience violence from someone other than a romantic partner GBV Statistics

WHO

INTRODUCTION

(documented and undocumented, trans* men and women, women* with disabilities, and those belonging to ethnic and other minorities.¹⁹

Gender roles and norms that condone violence against women* are deeply rooted (to

varying degrees) in many societies today. Though it is never the fault of the victim, there are several potential factors that may contribute to increased GBV. Strict adherence to gender

roles, societal expectations, archaic views on masculinity and femininity, and cultural and

religious practises all play a part in gender inequality, resulting in ‘oppressed’ genders being

more vulnerable. Alcohol and substance abuse can also have an indirect effect on GBV, as

well as transgenerational relationships, which often involve younger and more vulnerable women*.

The problem is on the one hand extremely personal, in that each survivor has a harrowing

story to tell. In conversation with Kristin Fischer, she recounted to me the stories of the

women* she has worked with during her career as a social worker (these can be found in the appendix of this chapter). However, on the other hand, the problem is also a wider one. The variation between statistics in different countries and regions does point to one thing;

19. Ibid

sociocultural factors that differ between regions. It has been proven that attitudes towards

20. Ibid

violence in a country of area.²⁰ This indicates that there are different cultural settings and

21. Ibid

the fight against GBV, is that it is often not understood as a societal problem, but is rather

22. Brückner, Margrit (2018) En-

society as a whole,²² and this project seeks to form a (small) part of the effort to address

gung. Sozial Extra, 4. P42 - 45

gender-based violence is preventable. The statistics indicate that there are economic and violence, such as the justified beating of women* have a direct link to the prevalence of

even political ideals that normalise gender-based violence.²¹ One of the main hurdles in individualised on a case-by-case basis. But, gender-based violence is a problem facing GBV. “The United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-Moon, has issued a global call to action to end violence against women*, by launching the UNiTE to End Violence against women* campaign.”²³

Domestic violence (DV) is a form of violence that occurs in a domestic setting. This can

be within a marriage, partnership, family, or cohabiting relationship. Generally speaking, it

twicklung der Frauenhausbewe-

23. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and region-

al estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021)

refers to acts of violence that take place in the domestic realm, such as the home.

24. Periods for Hope (2021) Ba-

Domestic violence and intimate partner violence (IPV) are often used interchangeably,²⁴

(Accessed 22 April 2021)

however, there is a difference. Intimate partner violence is a form of domestic violence

sics of Gender-based Violence

that occurs between current or former spouses or partners that are or were in an

25. WHO World Health Organi-

partnerships. This definition includes acts of violence between partners, whether they are

al estimates of violence against

intimate relationship.²⁵ It includes both formal (marriage) and non-formal relationships or cohabiting or not.

sation (2013) Global and regionwomen. (Accessed 8 May 2021)

In instances of domestic violence, usually there is a close relationship between the abuser

26. Fischer, Kristin (2021) Inter-

one might live with such as friends, family, flatmates, and even acquaintances or strangers.

June 2021)

and the victim, but it can also refer to anyone in the same household. For example, those

view at BIG Offices, Berlin (6

Over the past 10 years in Berlin approximitely 10 000 women

have been victims of

domestic violence every year

AM I NEXT?

27. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and region-

al estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021) 28.

White

Ribbon

Australia

(2021) Understanding the Issue

However, I have found that the issue of domestic violence is really only seen as an occurrence

between romantic partners. In Germany, gender-based violence in shared flats (WGs), where people live with complete strangers, is not really reported on.²⁶ There is very little data

regarding domestic violence that is not between partners.²⁷ Therefore, I have decided to understand ‘domestic violence’ as any form of violence occurring in the home. In Berlin, this

is a particularly relevant distinction, as WGs - shared flats in which strangers will each rent a room and share common rooms - are common.

(Accessed 22 April 2021)

A lack of resources, safe spaces, and affordable housing options all play a part in the

29. University of New Hamp-

between gender-based violence and the housing crisis.³⁰ A lack of safe and affordable

shire (2021) Sexual Harassment & Rape Prevention Program

(SHARPP) (Accessed 3 May 2021) 30. UN-Habitat (2014) Women

and Housing: Towards Inclusive

Cities. (Accessed 04 February 2022) 31.

Rajagopal,

Balakrishnan

(2020) International summit on

domestic/family violence during

the COVID-19 era. Statement by the Special Rapporteur on the

right to adequate housing. New York, 19 November 2020

32. Frauenhauskoordinierung e.

V. (2012) Qualitätsempfehlun-

gen für Frauenhäuser und Fachberatungsstellen für gewaltbet-

roffene Frauen (Accessed 6 May

prevalence of domestic violence in a particular area.²⁸ ²⁹ There is an undeniable link housing in a city tends to make it much harder for those experiencing domestic violence to

leave. Many cases of domestic violence are not isolated incidents, and reoccur over time, often escalating in frequency and severity. The consequences of domestic violence, and all

gender-based violence for that matter, are devastating. These acts can have serious long term effects.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected many different aspects of our lives. As stay-at-home orders were heard everywhere, we were once again reminded of the fact that for many women*, home is not always a safe place. Women* experiencing domestic violence found

themselves trapped at home with their abuser. Additionally, the limited alone time made it much more difficult for people to seek help. Many support services became much harder to access. According to available data, since the outbreak of COVID-19, violence against

women* and girls, and particularly domestic violence, has intensified.“³¹ Since the start of

the pandemic, Berlin has increased its funding for women’s shelters. However, there are still not enough spaces.

Around 60% of women* in Germany who experience domestic violence have children. More

than half of these women* have said that their children have either overheard violent events

from the next room, or have actually witnessed them first-hand. One in four women* have

said that their children have tried to intervene, and some children have gotten injured in the process.³²

2021)

Experiencing these traumatic, often recurring events, has a serious effect on a child’s

33. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte

depends on a number of factors, including the age of the child and the duration of the

im Antigewaltbereich (2010) An-

nual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021)

34. Fischer, Kristin (2021) Inter-

view at BIG Offices, Berlin (6 June 2021)

development. It influences the relationship with both their parents.³³ The damage caused abuse. Often children are forgotten in the discussions surrounding GBV, but the reality is that approximately half of the residents in a women’s shelter [in Berlin] are children.³⁴

The more vulnerable a woman* is, the more at risk she is of experiencing gender-based

violence. Women* with disabilities experience different forms of gender-based violence, and often to a particularly high degree.³⁵ Additionally, the proportion of migrant women*, with and without residency status, is growing in urban centres. More than half the women*

INTRODUCTION

58% of women

in Berlin’s women’s shelters are mothers Women’s Shelter Statistics

Frauenhauskoordinierung e. V.

in Berlin’s women’s shelters have a migration background.³⁶ Though the most vulnerable migrant women are undoubtedly those seeking refuge in countries like Germany, I also 35. Schröttle, Hornberg et al. (2012) Lebenssituation und Be-

discovered through my research the startling statistics on GBV occurring to international students at universities.

lastungen von Frauen mit

The risk of an unwanted sexual experience is an estimated 3-5 times greater in study abroad

trächtigungen in Deutschland

Some of these include: different cultural contexts, different systems, language-barriers, no

Behinderungen

und

Beein-

(BMFSFJ) (Accessed 14 May 2021) 36. Frauenhauskoordinierung e. V. (2012) Qualitätsempfehlun-

gen für Frauenhäuser und Fachberatungsstellen für gewaltbet-

roffene Frauen (Accessed 6 May 2021)

37. Thompson, Elizabeth (2019)

The underreported trend of

sexual assault during study

abroad programs (The Daily Tar Heel) (Accessed 3 May 2021)

38. University of New Hampshire (2021) Sexual Harassment & Rape Prevention Program

(SHARPP) (Accessed 3 May 2021)

39. Bull, Bill (2019) Risk Factors

for Sexual Assault While Studying Abroad (CIEE) (Accessed 3 May 2021)

40. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte

im Antigewaltbereich (2010) An-

nual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021)

41. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and region-

al estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021)

environments.³⁷ Many factors play a part in increasing the risk of GBH when studying abroad.

access to support services, feelings of isolation, higher risk-taking, and meeting many new people. Perpetrators are often other foreigners, who may recognize the vulnerability of

living in another country.³⁸ Students are particularly vulnerable in the first few months of

arriving. According to a study, most incidents of sexual assault happened during the 6-8th

week of the semester.³⁹ However, many of these incidents do not get reported or, if there are, do not go further, as victims leave the country and are unable to attend court appearances.

In Berlin, there are a number of factors that unwittingly put students at risk. The universities in the city offer a number of international, English-taught masters, as well as Erasmus and

exchange programmes. These great opportunities attract students from all over the world,

many of whom will not have set foot in Berlin before landing here during orientation week.

As this is (obviously) something myself and my friends have experienced first-hand, I can confirm that there is no adequate provision of student housing. Though there are some

student residences, they do not meet the demand, and are oversubscribed. Students will often have to wait two to three semesters before being offered a room. And by that time, the

students will have (hopefully) settled into the city. In desperation, students make decisions that they wouldn’t usually make. People get locked into these living situations that are quite

dangerous. Many of my classmates experienced this, myself included. There is no place

for you to arrive, and the point where you need the support and safety, you don’t get it. This research, coupled with the knowledge of the need for more women’s shelters for GBV survivors in Berlin, drove me to carefully consider the type of project I would propose, and who it might house.

Violence against women* and children usually takes place at home,⁴⁰ and the current housing crisis in Berlin only highlights this issue. The project draws on my lived experiences as a

woman* in the cities I have called home; Cape Town and Berlin. And, while it is undoubtedly safer living as a woman* in Berlin than in Cape Town, Berlin has recently seen a number of feminist initiatives and protests against patriarchal structures and violence against women*.

I feel that there could be an opportunity to GBV or domestic violence, the housing crisis for women*, and the issues around safety in accommodation types such as WGs.

The aim is to address the issue of GBV across the spectrum, from recovery to prevention. In

a statement by the World Health Organisation (WHO), they said “No public health response is complete without prevention.”⁴¹ Gender-based violence can, and should, be prevented. How can architecture tackle this issue on both a preventative and rehabilitative level?

INTRODUCTION

More than half of the women in Berlin’s women’s shelters are migrants

Women’s Shelter Statistics

BFN

INTRODUCTION

APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION

APPENDIX

Personal Stories

Interview with Kristin Fischer (17 September 2021)

INTRODUCTION

Data collected from International Women in Berlin (Facebook Group), 2021 - 2022

APPENDIX

Facebook Posts

International Women in Berlin (Facebook Group)

INTRODUCTION

Data collected from International Women in Berlin (Facebook Group), 2021 - 2022

APPENDIX

Facebook Posts

International Women in Berlin (Facebook Group)

INTRODUCTION

Data collected from International Women in Berlin (Facebook Group), 2021 - 2022

APPENDIX

Facebook Posts

International Women in Berlin (Facebook Group)

FEM*MAP

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

FEM*MAP

IF YOU ARE NOT SAFE AT HOME (FOR WHATEVER REASON) WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS?

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

STATS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN BERLIN

PARTNER

SHORT TERM

Body injury

Other Coercion Oﬀence against the sexual self-determination

Other

FLAT FOR ONE PERSON STUDIO FLATS MICRO HOUSES

MICRO HOUSES WG (SHARED FLATS)

EMERGENCY HOUSING

WOMEN ONLY WG LGBTQIA+ FRIENDLY WG

FRAUENHÄUSER (WOMEN SHELTERS)

FLATS WITH 2+ROOMS

Stalking

5% 60%

WG (SHARED FLATS) ?

HOTELS, HOSTELS

STUDIO FLATS Severe personal injury

11%

LONG TERM

AIRBNB

FURNISHED FLATS

Threat

12%

HOUSING CHOICES IN BERLIN (FEM*HOUSES)

>15.600 people 70% women REPORTED VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN 2019 AMONG THEM:

14526

79,9% women

474 988 Penalty

Accuse

Investigative procedure

98,4% women

VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ABUSE

|COMMUNITY CREATION|

CO-OP

STUDENTWERK RESIDENCES PRIVATE STUDENT RESIDENCES ? WG (SHARED FLATS) ?

AFFORDABLE SAFE RENTAL OWNERSHIP

79,9% women

EMERGENCY HOUSING

VICTIMS OF INTENTIONAL BODY INJURY

HOW MANY CASES END UP THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

CO-HOUSING SELF-INITIATIVES

STUDENT HOUSING

WHAT FACTORS MAKE THIS SITUATION MORE DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN?

VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY

Percentage of crimes of reported cases pattnership violence, 2017

SOCIAL HOUSING

77% women

181

88,5% women

LOW INCOME

Charges or criminal orders

Investigative procedure

VICTIMS OF THREATS, STALKING OR COERCION IN THE PARTNERSHIP

WERE KILLED

EMPLOYED PERSONS MONTHLY NET INCOME

26.000 men

HOW MANY CASES END UP PROSECUTOR Berlin, 2017

HIGH WORKLOAD OF SHELTERS

(2017)

WERE COERCED, THREATENED OR ATTACKED BY THEIR PARTNERS OR FORMER PARTNERS

INCREASE IN TIME SPENT IN SHELTERS

LACK OF SPACE FOR OTHERS

UNDER 300

[ 729 PLACES IN TOTAL ] DIFFICULTIES IN THE HOUSING

[ 301 ]

300 TO 499 +10%

300 TO 699 700 TO 899

94,3% = 3.177 men

900 TO 1,099

THE INCREASE IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DURING CORONAVIRUS

IN TOTAL 3,368 PEOPLE IN PRISON IN 2018*

MORE OFTEN THAN EVERY THIRD DAY IN GERMANY, ONE WOMAN IS KILLED BY HER PARTNER

COMPLETELY FILLED

1096

100% 100%

Berlin, 2017

[ 298 ]

6 FRAUENHÄUSER

692.500 (=19.45%) EMPLOYED PEOPLE RECEIVED THE MINIMUM SALARY OR LESS

SOME WOMEN STAY HERE UNTIL 18 MONTHS

23,6%

LIVE HERE FOR > 3 MONTHS

[ 130 ]

835 WOMEN + 857 CHILDREN

SECOND-LEVEL APARTMENTS

LIVED IN THE WOMEN'S SHELTERS IN 2017

REFUGE APARTMENTS

1100 TO 1,299

1500 TO 1,999

* for diﬀerent crime

LIVING ON YOUR OWN

GENDER PAY GAP 21%

1300 TO 1,499

2000 TO 2,599

KEEPING IN MIND MIN WAGE 1,584 € PER MONTH (2020) AND 30% AS A THRESHOLD OF AFFORDABILITY FOR RENT VALUE, WE WERE SEARCHING "THE AFFORDABLE" ACCOMODATION IN BERLIN WITH COST 475.2 EURO PER MONTH

0 50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400

2600 AND OVER

FLATMATE OR STRANGER?

THOUSAND PEOPLE

(2019)

1498€ IS A MINIMUM SALARY(2017)

61% OF ALL EMPLOYEES AT THE MINIMUM WAGE ARE WOMEN

WE FOUND AFFORDABLE APARTMENTS IN ONLY ONE PLACE IN BERLIN 12689 AHRENSFELDE MARZAHN-HELLERSDORF 330 EURO RENT FOR 40 M2

73.665

WHAT ARE THE STATISTICS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FROM FLATMATE OR STRANGER?

UNEMPLOYED WOMEN (2017) UNEMPLOYMENT ALLOWANCE FOR SINGLE 432 FOR A CHILD UNDER 5 YEARS +250 6 - 13 YEARS +308

LACK OF AFFORDABILITY WG*

THE EXPECTED INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF BERLINERS FROM 3,769,000 IN 2019 TO 4,437,187 IN 2030

3,400,000

aﬀordability?

INCOME NO > 30%

THRESHOLD OF AFFORDABILITY RENT VALUE

FOUR OUT OF FIVE GERMANS SAID THEY BELIEVE HIGH LIVING COSTS CREATE A CONSIDERABLE POVERTY RISK.

*WG-GESUCHT.DE BERLIN [15.06.2020]

SHORT TERM

11%

ALL-FEMALE WGS

LONG TERM

166

89%

1 BEDROOM APARTMENT

12% 19%

FLAT

69%

250€

350€

450€

550€

650€

750€

850€

950€

WOMEN

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

3,300,000 2005

126,700 = 6,3%

3,500,000 54,700 = 2,7%

193,700 = 9,7%

578,700 = 28,9%

TOTAL - 2,002,900

NUMBER OF ADS 4731

WG-GESUCHT RENTAL TYPE

POPULATION DEVELOPMENT

HOUSEHOLDS (2017)

1,049,100 = 52,4%

WG-GESUCHT BERLIN ADS

POPULATION STATS

44% MEN ANY APARTMENT

76% OF ALL APARTMENT

BERLIN HOUSING CRISIS

THE BIGGEST SHORTAGE IS TO BE FOUND AMONG SINGLES LIVING UNDER THE POVERTY LINE WHO HAVE INCOMES OF LESS THAN 60 PERCENT OF THE MEAN. (C.) BERLIN-BASED RESEARCHER ANDREJ HOLM

61% OF ALL APARTMENT POVERTY LINE 25% OF ALL APARTMENT

MIXED 1745 461

15%

FREE-HOLD FLATS

RENTAL FLATS

85%

100% = 1.9 MLN DWELLINGS

310,000 APARTMENTS

SHORTAGE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING MAKES FINDING PROTECTION DIFFICULT

MIXED FLAT SHARE WOMEN`S FLAT SHARE

85 MEN`S FLAT SHARE 301 482 1241

SHORTAGE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING

48%

1217 1205 805

LGBTQIA+FRIENDLY INTERNATIONAL`S WELCOME MEN

WOMEN

MEN MEN WOMEN WOMEN WOMEN

SAMPLE SIZE

AVERAGE RENT

AVERAGE ROOM

227 493€ 18.5M

MEN

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

Infographic

Ekaterina Kropacheva

FEM*MAP

Safe Unsafe

Safety for Women, Berlin Ekaterina Kropacheva

The foundation for this thesis developed through a group research project done for

Fem*MAP Berlin. This course took place during the summer (digital) semester of 2020 at TU Berlin, in conjunction with the women* in Architecture / Frau Architektin* exhibition which was set to run that year. Through conversations about our shared experiences of living as women* in Berlin, myself and two peers investigated the topic of “Gender-based housing’’.

We started by trying to pin-point where women* might feel safe in the city, and came to

the harrowing conclusion that nowhere really felt safe, not even home. We researched

the current housing market in Berlin, looking specifically at gender-based disparities. Our findings revealed an unforgiving system, in which women* were notably at a disadvantage.

fem*MAP

and more affordable rent, but an uncomfortable living situation. We discovered both official

SEXIST CITY

Newcomers to the city typically have to choose between over-priced “safer” accommodation,

BERLIN

FEMINIST

SPATIAL SYSTEMS FOR A NON-

Safe

Unsafe

Main Streets and Public Transport Lines, Berlin

Educational Environments, Berlin

Safe

Unsafe

Commercial & Mixed Zones, Berlin

Housing, Berlin

Safe

Unsafe

Green Zones, Berlin

Safety for Women, Berlin Where Are Women Safe?

Ekaterina Kropacheva

and self-made groups of women* across Berlin, who were working to create safer living environments for themselves. We uncovered a network of “female only” WGs (shared flats)

across the city, where renters had specified that they were looking to share only with female flatmates. This pointed to the fact that there was evidently a need for this type of housing

FEM*MAP

in the city.

Berlin has quite a unique housing make-up in comparison to other cities. WGs, or shared

flats, are very common. Finding a flat on your own or in your own name is near impossible,

so many people end up subletting and therefore do not have any rights. This creates complicated power-dynamics and sometimes unsafe living environments. The housing

crisis in Berlin disproportionately affects women*, especially foreigners. Factors such as the

gender-pay gap and the risk of experiencing gender-based violence in shared flats makes it even more difficult for women* to find suitable accommodation.

Over a number of months, we interviewed eight women* who had moved to Berlin in the

last year, and studied their living situations to better understand what makes a home feel safe or unsafe. We categorised the case studies into all-female WGs, mixed WGs, and those

42. Yan (2018) Women Dispro-

difficult it was to find a safe and affordable apartment for women* in Berlin. Of course, these

mestic Violence In Germany:

living alone. Mostly, our conducted research confirmed what we already suspected; how

studies are quite specific, and only show a very small portion of women* living in Berlin, but we did learn a number of interesting things in our research that we believe could be very

common. For instance, the layout of the flat made a difference in the feeling of safety, with

portionately Affected By DoOfficial Figures (Xinhuanet) (Accessed 11 July 2020)

narrow corridors and rooms driving feelings of unease. We also found that the number of

43. Ratgeber.immowelt.de (2020)

especially in mixed WGs, women* were more likely to feel uncomfortable outside of their

che Infos & Tipps Zu Immobil-

bathrooms directly correlated to feelings of ease. And overall, our findings showed that,

bedroom. This meant that, though the flat might be affordable, the “price per safe square metre” was very high in comparison to other types of living.

Immobilien-Ratgeber - Nützliien. (Accessed 11 July 2020)

This is the hypothesis for the project; Gender-based violence is a global pandemic. It has

44. DW (2017) Berlin 24/7: Ger-

private realms. It cat-calls women* as they walk in the street, it gropes and grabs where it

Alarming Speed (Accessed 11

infiltrated every possible place; in every possible form. It exists in both the public and the shouldn’t, and it even makes the home a dangerous place. There is a spectrum of violence

against women*, and it spans different degrees of severity, locations, and people. Though

every situation is different, all incidents are harmful. Gender-based violence is most visible

many’s Capital Is Growing At An July 2020)

in the public realm, but this investigation seeks to uncover the affects of violence against

45. The Economist (2020) Why

women*.⁴² A woman* could be assaulted in her home by a partner, roommate, or even a

Large (Accessed 11 July 2020)

women* in the home; domestic violence. In Germany, more than 80% of victims are visitor. The incidents include assault, harassment, intimidation… you name it.

Meanwhile, Berlin is currently in a housing crisis. In the past ten years, rents have more than

doubled.⁴³ The population is growing exponentially, and is estimated to pass the 4-millionmark by 2025.⁴⁴ The local government has taken steps to counter the skyrocketing rental

prices, including banning mega-landlords and the recently introduced 5-year rental freeze.

The Pay Gap In Germany Is So

46. Langowski, J. and Piontek, H.

(2020) Wenn Die Kontaktsperre Lebensgefährlich

Wird

(Tag-

esspiegel.de) (Accessed 11 July 2020)

(page 11-14)

(page 6-7)

UNSAFE

(page 28-29)

ANMELDUNG

SIZE OF COMMON SPACE

CONTRACT

SIZE OF KITCHEN

RESIDENTS

NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

RELATIONS WITH FLATMATES

LOCK

SEARCH TIME

INDICATION OF PRESENCE IN/OUT

SAFETY SCALE

FLOOR

ROUTE TO ROOM

PEOPLE/ACTIONS

PRICE PER PRIVATE/SAFE M2

SURVEILLANCE

SIZE OF PRIVATE SPACE

EXTERIOR FEELING

CASE STUDY N0

INFORMATION ABOUT THE CASE STUDY

SAFE

Location, Type of housing (number of residents), Room size, Rent price per private m2

(page 8-9)

28 €

PRICE PER SAFE M2 UNSAFE SPOTS AT HOME UNSAFE SPOTS OUTSIDE HOME

UP TO 400 €

SAFE SPOTS AT HOME

400€ - 450 € 450 € - 500 € OVER 500 €

FRAUENHÄUSER

UNSAFE

SAFE

MOVEMENT/ROUTES

CASE STUDY

INTERVIEW QUOTES INTERRELATIONS

Mapping housing options in Berlin for women*. This map shows the WGs or flat-share housing options in terms of female* / mixed house-mates, as well as the price of rent per month. Data collected from a housing search website -wg-gesucht.deon 15 June 2020.

FEM*MAP

Housing options for Women, Berlin

Own Image

(page 11-14)

page 6-7)

-9)

(page 28-29)

ANMELDUNG

SIZE OF COMMON SPACE

CONTRACT

SIZE OF KITCHEN

RESIDENTS

NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

RELATIONS WITH FLATMATES

LOCK

SEARCH TIME

INDICATION OF PRESENCE IN/OUT

SAFETY SCALE

FLOOR

ROUTE TO ROOM

PEOPLE/ACTIONS

PRICE PER PRIVATE/SAFE M2

SURVEILLANCE

SIZE OF PRIVATE SPACE

EXTERIOR FEELING

CASE STUDY N0

INFORMATION ABOUT THE CASE STUDY Location, Type of housing (number of residents), Room size, Rent price per private m2

28 €

PRICE PER SAFE M2 UNSAFE SPOTS AT HOME UNSAFE SPOTS OUTSIDE HOME SAFE SPOTS AT HOME

UNSAFE

SAFE

MOVEMENT/ROUTES INTERVIEW QUOTES INTERRELATIONS Case studies from 8 interviews of different housing options in Berlin. Map showing how safe women feel in their home and how affordable their home is.

FEM*MAP

Case Studies Feyza Sayman

(page 28-29)

1-14)

However, finding a home in Berlin is still extremely difficult, and it seems to be even harder SIZE OF COMMON for women*. In renting, one needs to take into account the price, location, size, etc. As a SPACE

CONTRACT

SIZE OF CONTRACT KITCHEN

consist of flat-shares or ‘WGs’. These are apartments that are usually let by one main tenant, SIZE OF KITCHEN who then rents out the various bedrooms to other sub-tenants. Financially, women* are still

RESIDENTS

NUMBER OF RESIDENTS BATHROOMS

ANMELDUNG CASE STUDY

umber of residents),

T HOME RELATIONS WITH FLATMATES UTSIDE HOME

OME

(page 28-29)

SIZE OF COMMON ANMELDUNG SPACE

SEARCH TIME

woman*, an added factor to consider is safety. The majority of ‘short-term’ rentals in Berlin

RELATIONS LOCK WITH FLATMATES INDICATION SEARCH TIME OF PRESENCE IN/OUT ROUTE TO FLOOR ROOM

PRICE PER PRIVATE/SAFE PEOPLE/ACTIONS M2

PRICE PER SURVEILLANCE PRIVATE/SAFE M2

ANMELDUNG INTERRELATIONS CASE STUDY

SIZE OF EXTERIOR PRIVATE FEELING SPACE

first place. INDICATION OF PRESENCE IN/OUT What are the housing options for women* in Berlin? And, if you are unsafe at home, what can you do? Frauenhäuser are women’s shelters that offer protection for those needing ROUTE TO it. In 2019, a total of 729 places were available in six women’s refuges, as well as refuge ROOM

FLOOR SAFETY SCALE

SIZE OF MOVEMENT/ROUTES PRIVATE 1-14) SPACE (page 28-29) INTERVIEW QUOTES

earning much less than men, meaning that they may have to compromise on aspects of NUMBER OF the apartment when renting. The gender pay gap in Germany currently sits at a difference BATHROOMS of 21%.⁴⁵ The rental crisis is pushing women* to live in homes where they feel unsafe, and it LOCK prevents them from leaving them because of how hard it is to find accommodation in the

(page 28-29)

SIZE OF ANMELDUNG COMMON SPACE

apartments and second-level apartments. They are now working intensively on “emergency SURVEILLANCE accommodation for women* affected by violence in the event that the needs cannot be met

by the women’s shelters,”⁴⁶ writes press spokesman Moritz Quiske. But these cannot meet EXTERIOR the demand. There seem to be an increasing number of self-made all-female WGs which FEELING seek to address the problem so many are facing. SIZE OF COMMON SPACE Our home should protect us, in all senses. It should also be a place in which we are

CONTRACT

CONTRACT SIZE OF KITCHEN

completely safe from violence. This research and our discoveries stuck with me long after SIZE OF the Fem*MAP course had ended. And it is because of this that I decided to continue the KITCHEN research and try to answer some of the questions that we were asking.

RESIDENTS

RESIDENTS NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

RELATIONS LOCK WITH FLATMATES

LOCK

INDICATION SEARCH TIME OF PRESENCE IN/OUT

INDICATION OF PRESENCE IN/OUT

SAFETY SCALE FLOOR

FLOOR ROUTE TO ROOM

ROUTE TO ROOM

PRICE PER PRIVATE/SAFE PEOPLE/ACTIONS M2

PRICE PER PRIVATE/SAFE SURVEILLANCE M2

SURVEILLANCE

SIZE OF MOVEMENT/ROUTES PRIVATE SPACE INTERVIEW QUOTES

SIZE OF EXTERIOR PRIVATE FEELING SPACE

EXTERIOR FEELING

umber of residents),

T HOME RELATIONS WITH FLATMATES UTSIDE HOME

OME

SEARCH TIME

INTERRELATIONS An overall analysis of case studies; table showing the factors that have an effect on safety feeling of home rated by 8 interviewees.

CASE STUDY 01 CASE STUDY 02 CASE STUDY 03 CASE STUDY 04

CASE STUDY 05 CASE STUDY 06 CASE STUDY 07 CASE STUDY 08

FEM*MAP

SAFE

UNSAFE ANMELDUNG

YES

CONTRACT

YES

RESIDENTS

2-3

SEARCH TIME

3 WEEKS

3 MONTHS

6 MONTHS

1.5 MONTHS

1 MONTH

2 MONTHS

1 WEEK

2 MONTHS

7 WEEKS

FLOOR

€ PER PRIVATE M2

28 €

12 €

35 €

23 €

37,5 €

55 €

10 €

38,5 €

29,9 €

€ PER SAFE M2

28 €

12 €

9,5 €

23 €

7,5 €

12 €

9,5 €

23 €

15,5 €

SIZE OF PRIVATE SPACE

18 M

27 M

23 M

12 M

40 M

13 M

RELATIONS WITH FLATMATES

€ €

ALONE: 30 M

SHARED: 12 M

SIZE OF COMMON SPACE

14 M

SIZE OF KITCHEN

NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

7,7 M

41 M

17 M

17,9 M

7,5 M

2,5 M

7,7 M

3,3 M

17 M

10 M

5,6 M

LOCK ON BATHROOM

YES

LOCK ON DOOR

YES

IN OR OUT

SHOES SHOW

KEYS

TOO MANY HALF-OPEN DOOR PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND

SHOES SHOW

ROUTE TO THE ROOM SURVEILLANCE COMMON

COMMON

EXTERIOR FEELING SENSE OF SAFETY IN TOTAL

Case Studies; Analysis

Feyza Sayman

FEM*MAP

IF YOU (FO WH

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

STATS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN BERLIN

PARTNER

FURNISHED

STUDIO FLATS

Threat

12%

7% 60%

WG (SHARED

Stalking

Body injury

MICRO HOUSES

Severe personal injury

11%

Oﬀence against the sexual self-determination

Other

WOMEN ONLY LGBTQIA+ FRI

Other Coercion

>15.600 people 70% women

WHAT FACTORS MAKE THIS SITUATION MORE DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN?

VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY

Percentage of crimes of reported cases pattnership violence, 2017

REPORTED VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN 2019 AMONG THEM:

14526

79,9% women

474 988 Penalty

Accuse

Investigative procedure

98,4% women

79,9% women

VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ABUSE

VICTIMS OF INTENTIONAL BODY INJURY

HOW MANY CASES END UP THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL Berlin, 2017

1096

77% women

181

88,5% women

LOW INCOME

Charges or criminal orders

Investigative procedure

VICTIMS OF THREATS, STALKING OR COERCION IN THE PARTNERSHIP

WERE KILLED

EMPLOYED PERSONS MONTHLY NET INCOME

26.000 men

HOW MANY CASES END UP PROSECUTOR Berlin, 2017

(2017)

WERE COERCED, THREATENED OR ATTACKED BY THEIR PARTNERS OR FORMER PARTNERS

INCREASE IN TIME SPENT IN SHELTERS

UNDER 300 300 TO 499

+10%

300 TO 699 700 TO 899

94,3% = 3.177 men

MORE OFTEN THAN EVERY THIRD DAY IN GERMANY, ONE WOMAN IS KILLED BY HER PARTNER

900 TO 1,099

THE INCREASE IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DURING CORONAVIRUS

IN TOTAL 3,368 PEOPLE IN PRISON IN 2018*

692.500 (=19.45%) EMPLOYED PEOPLE RECEIVED THE MINIMUM SALARY OR LESS

1100 TO 1,299

GENDER PAY GAP 21%

1300 TO 1,499 1500 TO 1,999

* for diﬀerent crime

2000 TO 2,599

0 50

FLATMATE OR STRANGER?

(2019)

61% OF ALL EMPLOYEES AT THE MINIMUM WAGE ARE WOMEN 73.665 UNEMPLOYED WOMEN (2017) UNEMPLOYMENT ALLOWANCE FOR SINGLE 432 FOR A CHILD UNDER 5 YEARS +250 6 - 13 YEARS +308

LACK OF AFFORDABILITY

THE EXPECTED INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF BERLINERS FROM 3,769,000 IN 2019 TO 4,437,187 IN 2030

3,400,000

aﬀordability?

INCOME NO > 30%

THRESHOLD OF AFFORDABILITY RENT VALUE

FOUR OUT OF FIVE GERMANS SAID THEY BELIEVE HIGH LIVING COSTS CREATE A CONSIDERABLE POVERTY RISK.

89%

69%

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

3,300,000 2005

126,700 = 6,3%

3,500,000 54,700 = 2,7%

193,700 = 9,7%

578,700 = 28,9%

TOTAL - 2,002,900

NUMBER OF

WG-GESUCHT RENTAL TYPE

POPULATION DEVELOPMENT

HOUSEHOLDS (2017)

44%

ANY APARTMENT

76% OF ALL APARTMENT

BERLIN HOUSING CRISIS

THE BIGGEST SHORTAGE IS TO BE FOUND AMONG SINGLES LIVING UNDER THE POVERTY LINE WHO HAVE INCOMES OF LESS THAN 60 PERCENT OF THE MEAN. (C.) BERLIN-BASED RESEARCHER ANDREJ HOLM

61% OF ALL APARTMENT POVERTY LINE 25% OF ALL APARTMENT

1745 461

85%

15%

SHORTAGE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING 310,000 APARTMENTS

SHORTAGE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING MAKES FINDING PROTECTION DIFFICULT

WOM

85 MEN`S 301 482 1241

FREE-HOLD FLATS

1,049,100 = 52,4%

WG-GESUCHT BERLIN ADS

POPULATION STATS

100% = 1.9 MLN DWELLINGS

THOUSAND PEOPLE

1498€ IS A MINIMUM SALARY(2017)

WHAT ARE THE STATISTICS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FROM FLATMATE OR STRANGER?

RENTAL FLATS

This infographic shows the process of the research as overall narrative. Taking domestic violence as a starting point, statistics of domestic violance are presented. Rather than concentrating on the reasons and outcomes of domestic violance from family/partner; the research takes a position to bring the inexplicit situations of domestic violance into light. It takes Berlin‘s current housing crisis in center and evaluates this in a feminist perspective. How safe and affordable is renting in Berlin as a single/young women?

100 150 200 250 300 350 400

2600 AND OVER

1217 1205 805

LGBT INTE

IF YOU ARE NOT SAFE AT HOME (FOR WHATEVER REASON) WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS? SHORT TERM

LONG TERM

AIRBNB

FURNISHED FLATS

WG (SHARED FLATS) ?

FLAT FOR ONE PERSON

HOTELS, HOSTELS

STUDIO FLATS

STUDIO FLATS MICRO HOUSES

MICRO HOUSES WG (SHARED FLATS)

FLATS WITH 2+ROOMS

EMERGENCY HOUSING

WOMEN ONLY WG LGBTQIA+ FRIENDLY WG

APPENDIX

NCE

HOUSING CHOICES IN BERLIN (FEM*HOUSES)

SOCIAL HOUSING

FRAUENHÄUSER (WOMEN SHELTERS)

CO-HOUSING

SELF-INITIATIVES

|COMMUNITY CREATION|

STUDENT HOUSING

IS LT

CO-OP

STUDENTWERK RESIDENCES PRIVATE STUDENT RESIDENCES ? WG (SHARED FLATS) ?

AFFORDABLE SAFE RENTAL OWNERSHIP

HIGH WORKLOAD OF SHELTERS

INCOME (2017)

INCREASE IN TIME SPENT IN SHELTERS

LACK OF SPACE FOR OTHERS

COMPLETELY FILLED

100% 100%

EMERGENCY HOUSING

[ 729 PLACES IN TOTAL ] DIFFICULTIES IN THE HOUSING

[ 301 ]

[ 298 ]

6 FRAUENHÄUSER

SOME WOMEN STAY HERE UNTIL 18 MONTHS

23,6%

LIVE HERE FOR > 3 MONTHS

[ 130 ]

835 WOMEN + 857 CHILDREN

SECOND-LEVEL APARTMENTS

LIVED IN THE WOMEN'S SHELTERS IN 2017

REFUGE APARTMENTS

LIVING ON YOUR OWN

Y GAP %

KEEPING IN MIND MIN WAGE 1,584 € PER MONTH (2020) AND 30% AS A THRESHOLD OF AFFORDABILITY FOR RENT VALUE, WE WERE SEARCHING "THE AFFORDABLE" ACCOMODATION IN BERLIN WITH COST 475.2 EURO PER MONTH

(2019)

WE FOUND AFFORDABLE APARTMENTS IN ONLY ONE PLACE IN BERLIN 12689 AHRENSFELDE MARZAHN-HELLERSDORF 330 EURO RENT FOR 40 M2

WOMEN

(2017) R SINGLE 432 0 8

AFFORDABILITY

*WG-GESUCHT.DE BERLIN [15.06.2020]

SHORT TERM

11%

ALL-FEMALE WGS

LONG TERM

166

89%

WG-GESUCHT RENTAL TYPE

WG-GESUCHT BERLIN ADS

WG* NUMBER OF ADS 4731

1 BEDROOM APARTMENT

12% 19%

FLAT

69%

250€

350€

450€

550€

650€

750€

850€

950€

WOMEN 44% MEN

E IS TO BE FOUND G UNDER THE VE INCOMES OF T OF THE MEAN. EARCHER

48% MIXED

1745 461

MIXED FLAT SHARE WOMEN`S FLAT SHARE

85 MEN`S FLAT SHARE 301 482

LGBTQIA+FRIENDLY INTERNATIONAL`S WELCOME

1241

MEN

1217 1205

MEN MEN WOMEN WOMEN

805

WOMEN

SAMPLE SIZE

AVERAGE RENT

AVERAGE ROOM

227 493€ 18.5M

MEN

KES WHAT CAN BE DONE?

Infographic Zoom-in Ekaterina Kropacheva

FEM*MAP

APPENDIX

Fem*MAP Process / Methodology Own Drawing

FEM*MAP

(page 11-14)

(page 6-7)

(page 28-29)

ANMELDUNG

SIZE OF COMMON SPACE

CONTRACT

SIZE OF KITCHEN

RESIDENTS

NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

RELATIONS WITH FLATMATES

LOCK

SEARCH TIME

INDICATION OF PRESENCE IN/OUT

SAFETY SCALE

FLOOR

ROUTE TO ROOM

PEOPLE/ACTIONS

PRICE PER PRIVATE/SAFE M2

SURVEILLANCE

SIZE OF PRIVATE SPACE

EXTERIOR FEELING

CASE STUDY N0

INFORMATION ABOUT THE CASE STUDY Location, Type of housing (number of residents), Room size, Rent price per private m2

(page 8-9)

28 €

PRICE PER SAFE M2 UNSAFE SPOTS AT HOME UNSAFE SPOTS OUTSIDE HOME

O 400 €

SAFE SPOTS AT HOME

- 450 €

€ - 500 € 500 €

UNSAFE

HÄUSER

SAFE

MOVEMENT/ROUTES

UDY

INTERVIEW QUOTES INTERRELATIONS

Case studies from 3 interviews of different housing options in Berlin. Map showing how safe women feel in their home and how affordable their home is.

APPENDIX

Case Studies Zoom-In 1: Mixed WGs

Feyza Sayman

FEM*MAP

(page 11-14)

(page 6-7)

(page 28-29)

ANMELDUNG

SIZE OF COMMON SPACE

CONTRACT

SIZE OF KITCHEN

RESIDENTS

NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

RELATIONS WITH FLATMATES

LOCK

SEARCH TIME

INDICATION OF PRESENCE IN/OUT

SAFETY SCALE

FLOOR

ROUTE TO ROOM

PEOPLE/ACTIONS

PRICE PER PRIVATE/SAFE M2

SURVEILLANCE

SIZE OF PRIVATE SPACE

EXTERIOR FEELING

CASE STUDY N0

INFORMATION ABOUT THE CASE STUDY Location, Type of housing (number of residents), Room size, Rent price per private m2

(page 8-9)

28 €

PRICE PER SAFE M2 UNSAFE SPOTS AT HOME UNSAFE SPOTS OUTSIDE HOME

O 400 €

SAFE SPOTS AT HOME

- 450 €

€ - 500 € 500 €

UNSAFE

HÄUSER

SAFE

MOVEMENT/ROUTES

UDY

INTERVIEW QUOTES INTERRELATIONS

Case studies from 2 interviews of different housing options in Berlin. Map showing how safe women feel in their home and how affordable their home is.

APPENDIX

Case Studies Zoom-In 2: Female WGs

Feyza Sayman

FEM*MAP

(page 11-14)

(page 6-7)

(page 28-29)

ANMELDUNG

SIZE OF COMMON SPACE

CONTRACT

SIZE OF KITCHEN

RESIDENTS

NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

RELATIONS WITH FLATMATES

LOCK

SEARCH TIME

INDICATION OF PRESENCE IN/OUT

SAFETY SCALE

FLOOR

ROUTE TO ROOM

PEOPLE/ACTIONS

PRICE PER PRIVATE/SAFE M2

SURVEILLANCE

SIZE OF PRIVATE SPACE

EXTERIOR FEELING

CASE STUDY N0

INFORMATION ABOUT THE CASE STUDY Location, Type of housing (number of residents), Room size, Rent price per private m2

(page 8-9)

28 €

PRICE PER SAFE M2 UNSAFE SPOTS AT HOME UNSAFE SPOTS OUTSIDE HOME

O 400 €

SAFE SPOTS AT HOME

- 450 €

€ - 500 € 500 €

UNSAFE

HÄUSER

SAFE

MOVEMENT/ROUTES

UDY

INTERVIEW QUOTES INTERRELATIONS

Case studies from 3 interviews of different housing options in Berlin. Map showing how safe women feel in their home and how affordable their home is.

APPENDIX

Case Studies Zoom-In 3: Living Alone Feyza Sayman

FEM*MAP

Fem*MAP Interview 1 Own Drawing

CASE STUDY 01

Case Study Street Area City Postcode Rent Type Rent/month Flat Size Room Size Floor Residents Interviewee Age Roommate 1 Age Roommate 2 Age

01 Wikingerufer Moabit Berlin 10555 Mixed WG 525 89 18 Ground 3 Female 24 Female 29 Male 30

Do you have Anmeldung?

I have Anmeldung, but not at my apartment. I had to register where my landlady lives, which is an hour and a half train outside Berlin. It costs about 30 Euros every time I have to go -I’ve now been three times to register, apply for a residence permit, and collect that permit.

Do you contact the landlord directly?

I can contact the landlady, but she only speaks German. Usually my roommate contacts her if anything goes wrong. Because they know each other so well I do not really feel I can complain to her about my roommate.

How did you get this accommodation?

I applied to a number of places near university through WG-Gesucht. The main tenant was actually the only one who replied -- she said that she had gotten over 100 applicants and picked me just because she liked my name.

How did this make you feel?

I had purposefully only contacted all-female WGs, being nervous about the first time living on my own in a new city. Even though I had made sure to only contact women, I still ended up living with a man I did not know.

Were there any spaces that felt uncomfortable?

Of course, I could not use the lounge anymore. The kitchen was an awkward place -- it is very narrow and too small for more than one person to cook at once. He would often use the bathroom for ages, meaning that sometimes I would come home and have to wait half an hour to be able to use the toilet. Maybe it’s sexist to say this, but I was more afraid of him than of her. As women we are vulnerable. The dining room is also the entrance hall, so I have to walk through that every time I go to my room.

How did the rent crisis in Berlin impact you?

I just felt lucky to have found a room, and did not feel that I could complain about the living situation. When I asked my roommate when he was going to move out, she kept delaying the date. I also had the feeling that he did not have another place to go. “Do you want me to kick him out?” she said. Because the rental situation is so difficult in Berlin, I did not feel I could leave, nor did I feel it was fair to force him to. I felt taken advantage of. Though, at the same time I stuck it out because I knew how difficult it would be to find a new place to stay. I am too afraid to stay in another shared WG, because the same thing could happen.

What would a “safe” apartment look like?

Perhaps an open-plan kitchen and living area. An extra bathroom would also have made a big difference.

APPENDIX

An Unexpected Roommate. I had arranged to rent a room in a shared flat. My new roommate was a woman. She was a student at the same university as I was to attend. Just before moving in, she told me that her boyfriend would be staying with us / in her room for a little while, during which time he would be looking for his own place. At first, it was fine. He wasn’t around much as he was writing his thesis / working late. I had my own boyfriend over to stay for a few days, so I thought it was only fair. Then, after a few months the couple started fighting. The walls are pretty thin so it was very disturbing. They were apologetic at first, often not realising I was home / trying to keep it down. As time went on this got worse and worse. I often had to go to university to work on the weekends, as I could not concentrate in my room whilst they were screaming at one another. About four months in, however, they broke up and he started sleeping on the couch in the lounge. Though I put my foot down and made sure that we split the rent three ways (as we now each had our own room), it was still a very uncomfortable living environment. To this day he is still staying there “temporarily”

FEM*MAP

Fem*MAP Interview 2 Own Drawing

CASE STUDY 02

Case Study Street Area City Postcode Rent Type Rent/month Flat Size Room Size Floor Residents Interviewee Age

02 Dauerwaldweg Grunewald Berlin 14055 Student 335 28 28 1 1 Female 24

Do you have Anmeldung?

Yes.

Do you contact the landlord directly?

Yes, it is an agency.

How long had you been looking?

3 months

How did you get this accommodation?

I got this apartment by applying through Studentenwerk. I got it before moving to Berlin, this was done on an application basis and they informed me that I had gotten the place. I only applied for student residences in Berlin.

How did this make you feel?

Yes, very. Even at night I feel comfortable walking.

Were there any spaces that felt uncomfortable?

Just the garden because it is open to the public. But usually it is pretty safe.

How did the rent crisis in Berlin impact you?

Very happy with the student accommodation. I checked all the dorms and their locations -- there were several options and I had to select 3. I chose them according to their locations. I factored in safety especially, researching which areas were safest for women. I just got lucky, and applied to the right one I guess! It was a new apartment so they had many rooms available.

Has this changed your view of living in Berlin?

I’ve discovered a new area I wouldn’t have considered before. It’s a popular place to live. Many people come on the weekend. Sometimes it’s difficult to live there because there is only 1 option to get to the centre, and sometimes it is unreliable. The area is kind of expensive -- many rich people in the area. Large houses with gardens. Supermarkets are expensive.

What would a “safe” apartment look like?

Living on my own.

APPENDIX

Studentenwerk. I live on my own in a student dormitory. I have not had any problems with the residents of the building, but I have had one man (the same man) follow me multiple times from the S-Bahn to my home. He cannot enter the building but the residence has gardens which he can access freely. One time I went for a walk and he followed me and tried to talk to me. I think he knows this is a student residence with many young women living alone and he takes advantage of that. There is a fence, but no security. The gate is always open. Recently there has been a report of a serial rapist in our area. This started a conversation about him in our dormitory, questioning whether it is the man who follows us. It turns out that it’s not the same man, but a stalker called Noah who is known to follow many girls. I thought I was the only one this has happened to but it has actually happened to so many others. Now they are questioning why we don’t have a security gate into our garden. There is a lot of talk about upping the level of security in our complex.

FEM*MAP

CASE STUDY 03

Fem*MAP Interview 3 Own Drawing

Case Study Street Area City Postcode Rent Type Rent/month Flat Size Room Size Floor Residents Interviewee Age Roommate 1 Age Roommate 2 Age

03 Cambridge Wedding Berlin 13349 Mixed WG 350 € 95 9 2nd 3 Female 26 Female

I had bad experiences before. We were sharing the same studio. There was no private area and it was 500 euros. It was not clean. It was terrible at the beginning for me. Then I stayed with a friend from my class. It was a lovely experience. Then I moved to a temporary place. She was an architect. Lovely women, but she was 60. She was super sensitive. Too clean. Wanted it to be silent all the time. I felt uncomfortable there. Do you have Anmeldung?

Yes. I have anmeldung.

Do you contact the landlord directly?

I know my landlord from my friend. Not from website or app.

How long had you been looking?

I was looking for 4 months. I have a 6 month contract but I have the option of extending. I’m not sure. I guess they could make me leave if they wanted.

How did you get this accommodation?

I got this accommodation through a friend. I did not use any other websites or anything. I did not apply to any other places. The person did not know the people before.

How did this make you feel?

I feel very safe.

Were there any spaces that felt uncomfortable?

I don’t feel so comfortable about only one space -- the kitchen, because it is so small. I wish we had a garden. I think this is another reason we don’t hang out too much -- we don’t have a common space to hang out. The dining room table only sits 2.

How did the rent crisis in Berlin impact you?

For now I am really happy -- it’s so cheap and the room is next to the garden. I have flatmates I can trust. I am so happy and don’t feel the need to change.

Has this changed your view of living in Berlin?

This is my first time living with complete strangers. I just met them when I moved in. At first I had some prejudices but now I like them.

What would a “safe” apartment look like?

This apartment. It’s really all about the roommates.

APPENDIX

I’ve had a really good experience. The man repairs all machines that break in the house, which is great. They are both really clean. We don’t spend too much time together. I think I feel more comfortable because of this. We don’t usually eat together, especially not the three of us. But they are both so friendly, especially the man. We did once go to a concert together -- our landlord got free tickets and they offered them to us. They are also turkish so we speak that at home. One thing that is interesting -- when we enter the three of us put our keys at the door so that we know who is home. It’s really all about the roommates The good thing is sharing with them is that they are really clean and considerate. They use the bathroom quickly. The other girl often visits her boyfriend so myself and the man are often home together.

FEM*MAP

Fem*MAP Interview 4 Feyza Sayman

CASE STUDY 04

Case Study Street Area City Postcode Rent Type Rent/month Flat Size Room Size Floor Residents Interviewee Age

04 Genterstrasse Wedding Berlin 14055 Student 550 € 24 24 2 1 Female 25

APPENDIX

2 How did you get this accommodation?

After very intense research, talking to a lot of people and spending days in the housing search websites, I was able to find this room in one of the houses of a private student housing company before I moved to Berlin. It was more expensive than my budget but after reading so many negative experiences on the internet I thought I can take it a least for one semester and look for a better option during my stay. Although still I sometimes check the offers, I am still staying in my private apartment, because I can’t take the chances of ending up in a house I would feel uncomfortable.

Did you aim to live only with other women?

I was searching for either only women WG’s or studio apartments. These two options happen to be the more expensive ones, however I was ready to pay a bit more, rather than living with some strangers because I know that I would be uncomfortable.

Were there any spaces that felt uncomfortable?

Not in my own room, since I am the only occupant. However the laundry room that is on the underground floor is quite uncomfortable, because I have to pass through some dark corridors and mechanical rooms. Also when I arrive home late at night, I feel a bit uncomfortable in the staircase and corridors, because I don’t know any of my neighbors. They are students as well which makes me more comfortable but sometimes I see older people in the corridor, who don’t seem to be students and I am wondering what are they doing. Sometimes when I order food, or something online, I feel anxious and I don’t want to reveal the exact place of my room and I go to the hallway to take my order. Once I was literally yelled at by one delivery guy for not specifying my room number and he was not able to find my doorbell, not that I find this as a gender based violence issue but still...

Has this changed your view of living in Berlin?

I would still want choose a private flat, but when you are not a student, most of the private apartments are quite expensive. So I would probably not be able to afford one and start looking for female WGs.

What would a “safe” apartment look like?

Having your own private space. But at the same time I would want to stay with a female friend, because living by yourself makes you feel alone sometimes, and that could be quite nice to share an apartment with one or two girlfriends, to have some people to chat, cook together and share. That would even make me feel safer, to live together with strong women.

FEM*MAP

CASE STUDY 05

Case Study Street Area City Postcode Rent Type Rent/month Flat Size Room Size Floor Residents Interviewee Age Roommates Age

05 Spandau Berlin Female WG 450 € 150 12 G 8 Female 24 Female 18 - 25

Fem*MAP Interview 5 Ekaterina Kropacheva

APPENDIX

2 The only issues we had were concerning children living in the same house, as the house was under the direct occupancy and management of the child care facility with children who lived there permanently. The spare flats this facility was not using were devoted for student WG. Our flat occupied the ground floor, so we have experienced a lot of times children overlooking our rooms from the outside (both girls and boys). One time, boys seemed to record what one of girls were doing in her room. Though I’d say it’s not a gender issue, more children curiosity issue. How did you get this accommodation?

I applied to a number of places through WG-Gesucht. The landlord was actually the only one who replied and who agreed to lead a video conference in order to rent the room not being physically able to visit the place before.

Did you aim to live only with other women?

I wasn’t searching considering the particular choice of living. I would say there was no choice at all, as people were not responding to the majority of e-mails. Also I find the room offers from LGBTQ+ community more excluding, as those often find for a similarly-oriented people to join their flats, and this is definitely not open to everyone.

Were there any spaces that felt uncomfortable?

Kitchen was a huge shared space where everybody could hang around as well as the living room. Each 3 rooms had their own bathroom so we had no issues connected to that as well. The only problem was exposure to the public ground floor that children were using, our rooms had and the inability of the landlord to fix the louvers, which was quite a privacy issue that was not fully respected. (Maybe a side note: by landlord I mean was one of the people in charge of this child care facility, the house belonged to, so the whole maintenance, operational issues, temperature in house and the equipment were dependent on them).

Has this changed your view of living in Berlin?

I would definitely change to a place with no children nagging you. And no ground floor room.

What would a “safe” apartment look like?

Smaller scale living community with respectable people (wg up to 4 people), shared kitchen. Others not disturbing my privacy.

FEM*MAP

Fem*MAP Interview 6 Ekaterina Kropacheva

CASE STUDY 06

Case Study Street Area City Postcode Rent Type Rent/month Flat Size Room Size Floor Residents Interviewee Age Roommate Age

06 Wichertstraße Prenzlauer Berg Berlin 10439 Female WG 400 € 84 8 Second 2 Female 29 Female 24

APPENDIX Do you have Anmeldung?

No, I am registered in the friends` apartment. All important letters I receive in the other side of the city and I have to go far behind them to pick up., I never saw the landlady, only my flatmate is in contact with her. I have been looking for housing for 2 months.

Do you have a longterm or short-term contract?

At the very beginning, I had a condition that I only can live here for 2 months, but then it was said that I can live here longer. But sometimes the daughter of the landlady comes and lives in my room, and during this time I have to look for other housing. I have a constant sense of uncertainty that they might ask me to move out at any moment.

How did you get this accommodation?

My friend sent me her friend’s ad. But by the time I found this housing, I was already desperate, in total, I probably sent about 30 emails and all were unsuccessful.

How did this make you feel?

I doubted whether to agree to such a small room or not, my bar was too high, I already had my own apartment in my hometown. In addition, the price per square meter of the room was clearly overpriced. At first, I was not very comfortable living with someone unfamiliar, because I had not had such an experience before. But the lack of a different perspective made me agree to the proposal.

Were there any spaces that felt uncomfortable?

Since this is female WG, I am comfortable in the whole apartment. But during the corona, I have to stay at home a lot, and although it is generally safe, but the size of the room depresses me, as it is very cramped. Also, since the windows overlook the courtyard and the facade opposite is very close, I am quite sure somebody across the courtyard is watching our flat. I constantly have to close the windows with curtains.

How did the rent crisis in Berlin impact you?

I had to settle for a tiny room at an overpriced price. Well, also, any thought that I will soon have to look for new housing is driving me into depression because it is terribly difficult in Berlin.

Has this changed your view of living in Berlin?

Yes. I feel very vulnerable because of this, and I understand why people here can become homeless quite simply.

What would a “safe” apartment look like?

Probably a separate apartment where I can live alone and certainly not on the ground floor. I also dream that the windows overlooked the street and no one would be able to look into my windows.

FEM*MAP

Fem*MAP Interview 7 Ekaterina Kropacheva

CASE STUDY 07

Case Study Street Area City Postcode Rent Type Rent/month Flat Size Room Size Floor Residents Interviewee Age

07 Neukolln Berlin 12045 1-bedroom 400 € 40 40 3 1 Female 26

APPENDIX

2 Do you have Anmeldung?

Yes

Do you contact the landlord directly?

Intermediary, as I am subletting from a friend.

How long had you been looking?

Less than a week.

Do you have a longterm or short-term contract?

At the moment short term, from October 2019 to December 2020. But I am probably going to become main tenant in the new year.

How did you get this accommodation?

I posted on Facebook that I was moving to Berlin and a friend emailed me after a couple of days asking if I was up for taking over his flat.

How did this make you feel?

Honestly blessed, because I was already well aware of the housing situation in Berlin.

Were there any spaces that felt uncomfortable?

Not really. I had visited my friend’s apartment in the past, but I didn’t quite remember how it looked like. But I was positively surprised when I arrived and the feeling/vibe that I remembered was still there. But living with his furniture/objects/art still hanging on the walls for a while made me still feel like I wasn’t totally owning the space.

How did the rent crisis in Berlin impact you?

It didn’t affect me at all. I can say that I was very lucky.

What would a “safe” apartment look like?

What it is now: me and no one else (except my boyfriend). I’ve lived in WGs for 7 years (not in Berlin), also with friends, and I found myself in extremely uncomfortable situations most of the time. My standards have defo changed in time, but I could never go back there from this point. A safe apartment is also a space where I don’t have to work or study. The pandemic has affected a lot this perception of safety. I feel that the zoom calls have invaded what used to be a private, relax space and I don’t really like that. But at the same time this has also strengthened the safety of my home as I wasn’t forced to live with someone else in a tough time.

FEM*MAP

Fem*MAP Interview 8 Feyza Sayman

CASE STUDY 08

Case Study Street Area City Postcode Rent Type Rent/month Flat Size Room Size Floor Residents Interviewee Age Roommate Age

08 Friedrichshain Berlin 12045 Mixed WG 500 75 13 3 2 Female 29 Male 29

APPENDIX

About a few months after moving into a WG my flatmate started to behave inappropriately towards me. He was standing too close to me in the kitchen, touching me while talking and staring at my body. His behaviour made me feel extremely frightened and uncomfortable, but I felt trapped in the flat. “I lived like this for a few more months because I was terrified of going back to the apartment search.” Eventually, I managed to move out, though with difficulty. “I lied and told him I was moving in with my boyfriend.” And I still had to pay an extra month of rent.

Do you have Anmeldung?

Yes

How long had you been looking?

For 3 months, I applied many places but couldn’t get any returns. I could say this was my only choice but in terms of rent and location. Because I was moving to Berlin in very short time I had to decide quickly.

How did you get this accommodation?

Through Facebook groups, I contacted him and went for a viewing.

How did this make you feel?

I had to find a place to live in very short time and I didn’t really have a choice. The room was small, the kitchen was very small but I said it will be only two people so I didn’t mind. After all, I had to work during the day and my roommate was also working. At first he seemed nice so I thought I wouldn’t mind my room opening directly to the living room because I thought I wouldn’t feel uncomfortable when he was around. But things turned out to be quite uncomfortable.

Were there any spaces that felt uncomfortable?

Kitchen especially, I used to choose quick dishes to prepare, take my food and go to my room to eat. If he was around I was pretending to talk on the phone. I couldn’t use any of the common space. Bathroom was the most uncomfortable space because I had to walk by the living room and pass near his door (which he mostly left half open even he was his room) to get there and I hated it.

How did the rent crisis in Berlin impact you?

Very bad. I was working full time and I didn’t really had time to search/go for a viewing. So my chances were already very little.

Has this changed your view of living in Berlin?

I promised myself not to rent a 2 people WG with a man ever again. I was praying to be able to make enough money to afford a studio flat for myself.

What would a “safe” apartment look like?

I think the most important factor is the people you are living with. But now I am convinced that living in a flat shared by only 2 people (regardless of gender) is problematic if the other person is a total stranger. Because whenever there is a third, fourth person it is not so easy to harass someone verbally, sexually… Because they are afraid that they will be judged by the others. From now on my first choice is a flat for one person, or 3 or more people. But never 2 :(

FEM*MAP

Data collected from a housing search website -wg-gesucht.deon 15 June 2020.

Date Collected

15 June 2020

City

Berlin

Number of Ads

4731

Long-term Ads

4207

Short-term

524

1-bedroom Apartments

565

Apartment / Flat

907

House

WGs / Shared Apartment

3246

Categorized “Women’s Flat Share”

461

Categorized “Men’s Flat Share”

Categorized “Mixed lat Share”

1745

Categorised “LGBTQIA+ Friendly”

301

Categorized “International’s Welcome”

487

Female roommates

1224

Male roommates

1341

Mixed roommates

211

Specifically requesting Women

3087

Specifically requesting Men

2555

Gender Doesn’t Matter

3249

Women searching for Women

1205

Women searching for Men

815

Men searching for Women

1241

Men searching for Men

1217 Fem*MAP Mapping Data WG Gesucht

Price Per m2 (EUR)

500

Wallstrasse 89 10179 Berlin Mitte

600

Stallschreiberstraße 39 10969 Berlin Kreuzberg

400

Spandauer Strasse 2 10178 Berlin Mitte

460

Weitlingstrasse 10317 Berlin Lichtenberg Süd

470

Eisenacher str 12109 Berlin Tempelhof-Schöneberg

500

Ringbahnstrasse 14 wg 3 10711 Berlin Charlottenburg

550

Friedlander Str. 143 12489 Berlin Friedrichshain

350

Mariendorfer Damm 12109 Berlin Mariendorf

550

Ifflandstr., 4 10179 Berlin Mitte

550

Weitlingsraße 96 10317 Berlin Lichtenberg

420

Nollendorfstrasse 21 10777 Berlin Berlin

480

Weichselstrasse 12045 Berlin Neukölln

390

Auerstrasse 10249 Berlin Friedrichshain

430

Sonnenallee 153 12059 Berlin Berlin

750

Bergmannstr 12 10961 Berlin Kreuzberg

450

Niederbarnimstraße 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

395

Brentanostr. 14 12163 Berlin Steglitz

750

Lausitzerstrasse 18 10999 Berlin Berlin

410

Spitta Str 22 10317 Berlin Lichtenberg

480

Lynarstraße 6 13585 Berlin Spandau

460

Gleimstr 13355 Berlin Gesundbrunnen

500

Cecil Platz 12619 Berlin Biesdorf

560

Dannenwalder path 172 13439 Berlin Reinickendorf

450

Weinbergsweg 210119 Berlin Mitte

550

Hedemannstrasse 10969 Berlin Mitte

400

Provinzstraße 13409 Berlin Wedding

500

Gustav-Müller-Platz 7 10829 Berlin Berlin

650

Storckowerstrasse 20 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

300

Hainstr. 12439 Berlin Treptow

330

300

500

Kirchhofstrasse 12055 Berlin Neukölln

530

Gleditschstraße 10781 Berlin Berlin

530

Proskauer Straße 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

450

Hertzbergstr. 12055 Berlin Neukölln

520

Türkenstraße, 10 13349 Berlin Wedding

450

Near Schäfersee 13407 Berlin Reinickendorf

650

Bellermannstr. 93 13357 Berlin Wedding

610

Emdenerstr. 10551 Berlin Moabit

460

Weitlingstrasse 10317 Berlin Lichtenberg Süd

530

Gorkistr. 13509 Berlin Tegel

400

Sebastianstraße 83 10969 Berlin Kreuzberg

600

Fraenkelufer 10999 Berlin Kreuzber

APPENDIX

Address

Room SIze (m2)

Rent per Month (EUR)

Number of Residents 4

Point Number 1

Holsteinische Str., 54 10717 Berlin Wilmersdorf Lieberoser Strasse 2 13439 Berlin Wittenau

Room SIze (m2)

Price Per m2 (EUR)

450

Hobrechtstraße 12043 Berlin Neukölln

400

Sorauer Strasse 10997 Berlin Kreuzberg

900

Waldstraße 36 10551 Berlin Moabit

330

Zillestraße, 101b 10585 Berlin Berlin

500

Ramsteinweg. 8 14165 Berlin Zehlendorf

280

Groscurthstr. 00 13125 Berlin Buch

430

Urbanstraße 10967 Berlin Kreuzberg

400

Werner-Kube-Str. 12 10407 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

700

Karlsruher Str.10711 Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

400

Pfalzburger Straße 10717 Berlin Wilmersdorf

590

Schonhauser Allee 10439 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

600

Boxhagenerstr 10245 Berlin Friedrichshain

260

Schwabenallee 1-20 12683 Berlin Biesdorf

450

Schönhauserallee 110-145 10437 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

630

Bergstr 10115 Berlin Mitte

500

Huronseestraße 19 10319 Berlin Lichtenberg

450

Bänchstraße 68 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

450

Yorckstraße 10965 Berlin Kreuzberg

480

Karl-Schrader-Str. 10781 Berlin Schöneberg

900

Husemannstrasse 9 10435 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

500

Rönnestr. 14057 Berlin Charlottenburg

500

Danziger Str. 177 10407 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

500

Schreinerstr. 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

690

Grellstr. 10409 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

400

Klemkestr 13158 Berlin Pankow

475

Wriezener Str. 17 13359 Berlin Gesundbrunnen

650

Bergmannstr. 10961 Berlin Kreuzberg

520

Address

Number of Residents

Data collected from a housing search website -wg-gesucht.deon 15 June 2020.

Rent per Month (EUR)

Point Number

FEM*MAP

Silbersteinstraße 12051 Berlin Neukölln

490

Schreinerstr. 21 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

390

Tempelherrenstraße 10961 Berlin Kreuzberg

630

Bergstr 10115 Berlin Mitte

420

Kiefholzstrasse 247 12437 Berlin Baumschulenweg

400

Pfalzburger Straße 10717 Berlin Wilmersdorf

516

Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 10589 Berlin Charlottenburg

600

Tietzenweg 24 12203 Berlin Steglitz

400

Lenaustraße 14 12047 Berlin Reuter Kiez

390

Nähe Sewanstrasse 10319 Berlin Friedrichsfelde

360

Hobrechtstr. 12047 Berlin Neukölln

565

Koppenstraße 46 10243 Berlin Friedrichshain

600

Greifenhagener 55 10437 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

330

Simplonstraße 10245 Berlin Friedrichshain

490

Grünbergerstraße 10245 Berlin Friedrichshain

400

Winskiez 10405 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

Room SIze (m2)

Price Per m2 (EUR)

500

Bismarckstraße 10627 Berlin Charlottenburg

530

Bergstr 10115 Berlin Mitte

420

Rigaerstraße 50 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg

500

Karl-Kunger-Strasse 60 12435 Berlin Neukölln

300

Luxemburgerstr 7 13353 Berlin Wedding

650

Beim Kollwitzplatz 10405 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

460

Birkenstrasse 14 10559 Berlin Moabit

520

Rubensstr. 12159 Berlin Schöneberg

400

Drakestr. 21 b 12205 Berlin Dahlem / Lichterfelde-West

560

Eschenstraße 6 12161 Berlin Friedenau

195

Kiehlufer 12059 Berlin Neukölln

280

Liebermannstr 13088 Berlin Weißensee

100

544

Kopernikusstrasse 10245 Berlin Friedrichshain

101

450

Heidelberger Str. 35 12059 Berlin Neukölln

102

550

Nähe Konstanzerstr. 10707 Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilm

103

610

Emdenerstr. 10551 Berlin Moabit

104

550

Martin-Opitz-Strasse 2 13357 Berlin Wedding

105

600

Johanniterstr. 11 10961 Berlin Kreuzberg

106

450

Lindenallee 14050 Berlin Charlottenburg

107

400

Glauberstraße 12209 Berlin Lichterfelde

108

600

Stargarderstr 10437 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

109

480

Wegenerstr. 10713 Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

110

450

Attilastr. 162 12105 Berlin Tempelhof

111

620

Friedrichstraße 226 10969 Berlin Kreuzberg

112

350

Otto-Schmirgal-Str.6 10319 Berlin Friedrichsfelde

113

420

Skandinavische Straße 22 10317 Berlin Lichtenberg

114

650

Scharnhorststrasse 33D 10115 Berlin Mitte

115

400

Gervinusstr. 10629 Berlin Charlottenburg

116

450

Beussel strasse 10553 Berlin Moabit

117

450

Maximilianstraße 10317 Berlin Rummelsburg

118

390

Friedelstrasse 12047 Berlin Neukölln

119

550

Ebersstraße 70 10827 Berlin Schöneberg

120

440

Langhansstraße 135 13086 Berlin Weißensee

121

450

Kurfürstenstraße 12105 Berlin Tempelhof-Schöneberg

122

427

Müllerstr. 13353 Berlin Wedding

123

620

Scharnweberstr.51 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

124

480

Perleberger Straße 10559 Berlin Mitte

125

900

Weisestraße 49 12049 Berlin Neukölln

126

490

13357 Berlin BERLIN

127

400

Schillerpromenade 28 12049 Berlin Berlin

128

580

Storkower strasse 10409 Berlin Prenzlauer Ber

129

540

Steinmetzstraße 10783 Berlin Schöneberg

130

530

Bergstr 10115 Berlin Mitte

APPENDIX

Address

Number of Residents

Rent per Month (EUR)

Point Number 88

Price Per m2 (EUR)

450

Suarezstrasse 14057 Berlin Charlottenburg

132

580

Emser Str. 18 12051 Berlin Neukölln

133

360

Lenbachstr. 17 10245 Berl Berlin Friedrichshain

134

550

Zietenstr 1 12249 Berlin Lankwitz

135

750

Immanuelkirchstraße 10405 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

136

500

Lindenstr. 40 12555 Berlin Köpenick

137

360

Pfalzburger Str. 70 10719 Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersd.

138

460

Simon-Bolivar Str. 50 13055 Berlin Alt-Hohenschönhausen

139

1000

Münchener Straße 45 10779 Berlin Schöneberg

140

630

Bergstr. 10115 Berlin Mitte

141

400

18 Kurfurstenstrase 10785 Berlin Schöneberg

142

460

Wollankstr. 13187 Berlin Pankow

143

410

Boedikerstr., 1 10245 Berlin Friedrichshain

144

380

Archenholdstraße 18 10315 Berlin Lichtenberg

145

668

Pettenkoferstraße 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

146

580

Landsberger Allee 102 10249 Berlin Berlin

147

650

Kiefholzstr. 403 12435 Berlin Treptow

148

430

General-Woyna-Str. 13403 Berlin Reinickendorf

149

650

Charlottenburg 10625 Berlin Charlottenburg

151

500

Flensburgerstr. 14 10557 Berlin Mitte

152

658

Brandenburgische Str. 25 10707 Berlin Charlottenburg

153

400

Ilsenburgerst.38 10589 Berlin Charlottenburg

154

330

Reichenberger Str. 166 1ß999 Berlin Friedrichshain

155

750

Schonensche Straße 13189 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

156

540

Oderbergerstrasse 9 10435 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

157

400

Siegfriedstr. 10365 Berlin Lichtenberg

158

575

Welserstr. 10777 Berlin Schöneberg

159

595

Kastanienallee 75 10435 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

160

450

Invalidenstrasse 10115 Berlin Mitte

161

500

Fürstenwalder Damm 12587 Berlin Friedrichshagen

162

500

Scheelestr. 118 12209 Berlin Steglitz-Zehlendorf

163

470

Stuttgarter Platz 10627 Berlin Charlottenburg

164

470

Heinrich-Heine-Platz 10179 Berlin Mitte

165

380

Greifenhagener Str. 12 10437 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

166

500

Knaackstrasse 31 10405 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

167

485

Goltzstraße 34 10781 Berlin Schöneberg

168

450

37 10115 Berlin Mitte

169

400

Schlachtensee 2 14163 Berlin Zehlendorf

170

410

Polsumer Pfad 10 13507 Berlin Tegel

171

385

Falkenberg 67 12524 Berlin Treptow-Köpenick

172

425

Hermannstr 12051 Berlin Neukölln

173

292

Petersburger Straße 10249 Berlin Friedrichshain

550

Address

Room SIze (m2)

Rent per Month (EUR)

Point Number 131

150

Data collected from a housing search website -wg-gesucht.deon 15 June 2020.

Number of Residents

FEM*MAP

Frankfurter Allee 010 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

Price Per m2 (EUR)

600

Chausseestr. 58 10115 Berlin Mitte

175

650

Weserstrasse 169 12045 Berlin Neukölln

176

420

Berlin 12349 Berlin Neukölln

177

550

Sophie-Charlotten-Straße 80 14059 Berlin Charlottenburg

178

360

Bohnsdorfer Kirchsteig 12526 Berlin Bohnsdorf

179

310

Markulfweg 12524 Berlin Altglienicke

180

650

Uhlandstraße 146 Berlin Charlottenburg

181

620

Maximilianstr.16 10317 Berlin Lichtenberg

182

450

Loewenhardtdamm 46 12101 Berlin Tempelhof-Schöneber

183

650

Fürstenbrunner Weg 14059 Berlin Charlottenburg

184

680

Lübener Weg 31 13407 Berlin Reinickendorf

185

350

Heilmannring 10b 13627 Berlin Charlottenburg

186

500

Wiesbadener str. 12161 Berlin schöneberg

187

400

Scharnweberstrasse 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

188

695

Neukladower Allee 14089 Berlin Spandau

189

470

Immanuelkirchstr.26 10405 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

190

500

Richardplatz 12055 Berlin Neukölln

191

420

Ollenhauerstraße 39 13403 Berlin Reinickendorf"

192

450

Eichborndamm 13403 Berlin Reinickendorf

193

450

Grüntaler Straße 13359 Berlin Gesundbrunnen

194

500

Sickingenstr. 10553 Berlin Moabit

195

550

Cambridger Str. 25 13349 Berlin Wedding

196

490

Rostocker Straße 21 10553 Berlin Moabit

197

350

Waldowstr 53 13403 Berlin Reinickendorf

198

500

Stephanstraße 11 10559 Berlin Mitte

199

498

Bertramstr.93 13467 Berlin Hermsdorf

200

400

Scharnweber 10247 Berlin Friedrichshain

201

550

Kaiser- Friedrichstr 10627 Berlin Charlottenburg

202

600

Lausitzer Str. 10999 Berlin Kreuzberg

203

550

Bernburger Straße 10963 Berlin Kreuzberg Mitte

204

500

Goslarer Platz 10589 Berlin Charlottenburg

205

530

Kantstraße 10627 Berlin Charlottenburg"

206

180

Gohliser Straße 12627 Berlin Hellersdorf

207

410

Leberstr. 10829 Berlin Schöneberg

208

450

Storkower Str 10409 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

209

450

Turiner Straße, 51 13347 Berlin Wedding

210

420

Sredzkistraße 10435 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

211

580

Glasower Str 12051 Berlin Neukölln

212

420

Leuthenerstr 10829 Berlin Schöneberg

213

280

Maxstraße 13347 Berlin Wedding

214

380

Leipziger Str. 10117 Berlin Mitte

215

420

Bredowstraße 10551 Berlin Moabit

216

570

Driesener Straße 3 10245 Berlin Prenzlauer Berg

APPENDIX

Address

Room SIze (m2)

Rent per Month (EUR)

Number of Residents 3

Point Number 174

450

Rubensstrasse 92 12157 Berlin Friedenau

218

450

Niederschönhausen 6 13156 Berlin Pankow

219

600

Mandrellaplatz 5 12555 Berlin Köpenick

220

575

Blumenthalstraße 10783 Berlin Schöneberg

221

570

Krampasplatz 6 14199 Berlin Schmargendorf

222

495

Nach der Höhe 3 13469 Berlin Waidmannslust

223

500

Neukladower Allee 14089 Berlin Kladow

224

400

Am Weidenbruch 20a 12683 Berlin Biesdorf

225

550

Südendstraße 12169 Berlin Steglitz

226

470

Pannierstraße 56 12047 Berlin Neukölln

227

410

Grazer Platz 5 12157 Berlin Steglitz

228

405

Wilhelmsruher Damm 13435 Berlin Wittenau

Address

Price Per m2 (EUR)

217

Point Number

Room SIze (m2)

Rent per Month (EUR)

Number of Residents

FEM*MAP

Berlin Housing Crisis, Affordability Unbezahlbare Mieten. Hans Böckler Stiftung. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://www.boeckler.de/de/boeckler-impuls-unbezahlbare-mieten-4100.htm> Rising Rents Are Putting the Squeeze on Germans. Der Spiegel. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://www.spiegel.de/ international/germany/germany-rising-rents-are-putting-squeeze-on-germans-a-1202311.html> How Berlin’s Housing Crisis Leaves Women Vulnerable To Sexual Predators, Afrobiz Germany. Accessed 15.04.2020. https://www.afrobizgermany.com/news/environment/how-berlin-s-housing-crisis-leaves-womenvulnerable-to-sexual-predators

Living on Your Own Wo die Berliner Mieten für Sie noch bezahlbar sind. Berliner Morgenpost. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://interaktiv.morgenpost.de/mietkarte-berlin/#2-1500>

Income, Population Stats Kleine berlin-statistik 2018. Statistik Berlin Brandenburg. Accessed 09.07.2020.

Data collected from a housing search website -wg-gesucht.deon 15 June 2020.

<https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_KleineStatistik_EN_2018_BE.pdf> Berlin Strategy 2030. Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https:// use.metropolis.org/system/images/1935/original/BerlinStrategie_Broschuere_en.pdf>

APPENDIX

Gender Pay Gap Verdienstunterschied zwischen Frauen und Männern 2018 unverändert bei 21 %. Destatis Statistisches Bundesamt. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2019/03/PD19_098_621. html;jsessionid=EB052B501272468CC48EB2175A3A3A51.InternetLive1>

Domestic Violence Stats, Frauenhäuser

In Berlin 14.323 Fälle häuslicher Gewalt gegen Frauen. Der Tagesspiegel. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://www. tagesspiegel.de/berlin/frauenhaeuser-als-schutzraum-in-berlin-14-323-faelle-haeuslicher-gewalt-gegenfrauen/25263608.html> Franziska Giffey will Frauenhäuser ausbauen. Der Tagesspiegel. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https:// www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/haeusliche-gewalt-in-deutschland-franziska-giffey-will-frauenhaeuserausbauen/23656550.html> Warum Frauenhäuser so wichtig sind. Der Tagesspiegel. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://www.tagesspiegel.de/ berlin/gewalt-im-eigenen-zuhause-warum-frauenhaeuser-so-wichtig-sind/23968776.html> Giffey will Rechtsanspruch auf Platz im Frauenhaus. Der Tagesspiegel. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://www. tagesspiegel.de/politik/mehr-frauen-opfer-von-partnerschaftsgewalt-giffey-will-rechtsanspruch-auf-platz-imfrauenhaus/25264446.html> Wenn die Kontaktsperre lebensgefährlich wird. Der Tagesspiegel. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://www. tagesspiegel.de/berlin/haeusliche-gewalt-in-der-coronakrise-wenn-die-kontaktsperre-lebensgefaehrlichwird/25696336.html> Senat plant mehr Plätze in Frauenhäusern und Notwohnungen. Der Tagesspiegel. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/haeusliche-gewalt-in-berlin-senat-plant-mehr-plaetze-in-frauenhaeusernund-notwohnungen/25528052.html> Kriminalität sinkt insgesamt, aber häusliche Gewalt nimmt zu. Der Tagesspiegel. Accessed 09.07.2020. <https:// www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/coronavirus-massnahmen-in-berlin-kriminalitaet-sinkt-insgesamt-aber-haeuslichegewalt-nimmt-zu/25687188.html>

Data Search/Analysis Accessed 15.06.2020. <https://www.wg-gesucht.de>

WOMEN’S SHELTERS

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

WOMEN’S SHELTERS

“Immediate Release of Approved Funds for the Women’s Shelter“ bpb.de

W O M E N ’ S S H E LT E R S

Women’s Shelters (Estimated Locations), Berlin Own Drawing

Women’s shelters, or Frauenhäuser, aim to provide safe and secure accommodation, advice, and support to women* and children affected by gender-based violence. They seek to

47. Brückner, Margrit (2018) En-

forward in their lives. In addition to their protective role, some shelters also seek to make the

gung. Sozial Extra, 4. P42 - 45

provide a safe(r) place in which women* can overcome the repercussions of GBV and move issue of gender-based violence political by raising awareness and campaigning against it.

twicklung der Frauenhausbewe-

48. Helferich, Cormelia; Ka-

Women’s shelters as we know them today have only been around for 50 years. In Germany,

vemann,

Barbara;

and

Rix-

from the autonomous women’s movement, along with governmental financial aid.⁴⁷ Today,

saufnahme zur Situation der

Movement, which had its roots in the student movement of the 1960s, women* banded

tungsstellen und anderer Un-

“Frauen helfen Frauen”, or “women help women”; places of protection in which women*

waltbetroene Frauen und deren

a major issue facing society.⁵²

des BMFSFJ. Berlin

the first women’s shelter was opened in 1976 in Grunewald, Berlin. It was founded by women*

en, Stephan (2012) Bestand-

there are almost 400 women’s shelters across the country.⁴⁸ ⁴⁹ In the New Women’s Rights

Frauenhäuser,

together, not as victims, but as fighters and survivors.⁵⁰ They built spaces under the motto

terstützungsangebote für ge-

could seek shelter, advice, or help.⁵¹ For the first time, domestic violence was recognized as

Kinder, Gutachten im Auftrag

der

Fachbera-

Women’s shelters perform an important role in our society, and they are a key part of our 49. BMFSFJ (2013) Bericht der Bundesregierung

zur

Situa-

tion der Frauenhäuser, Fach-

beratungsstellen und anderer Unterstützungsangebote

für

social infrastructure. They are at the forefront in the fight against gender-based violence; helping those who have been affected, and informing the public on GBV, its effects, and

ways in which we might combat it. This makes the public more aware about the ongoing problem of violence against women* and children and challenges this taboo subject, which needs to be brought out into the open if things are ever going to change.

gewaltbetroffene Frauen und

Most shelters are “secret places”⁵³, meaning that the addresses are not made public, in

2021)

In Germany, the current women’s shelter movement, or “Frauenhausbewegung” has set

deren Kinder (Accessed 5 May

50. Brückner, Margrit (2018) Entwicklung der Frauenhausbewegung. Sozial Extra, 4. P42 - 45

51. Brückner, Margrit (2014).

Transformationen im Umgang mit Gewalt im Geschlechterver-

hältnis: Prozesse der Ö nung

und der Schließung. In: Barbara Rendtor, Birgit Riegraf und Clau-

dia Mahs (Hrsg.), 40 Jahre Feministische Debatten (S. 59-73). Weinheim/ Basel: Beltz Juventa

52. BIG (2021) Our history (Accessed 4 June 2021)

53. Verderber, Stephen and Refuerzo, Ben (1993) In Support of

a New Life: A Shelter for Victims

of Domestic Violence (Journal

of Architectural and Planning Research)

54. Brückner, Margrit (2018) Entwicklung der Frauenhausbewegung. Sozial Extra, 4. P42 - 45

55. Site Design (2021) Building

order to protect the residents. Anonymity, especially in terms of location, is preferred. itself two main goals. Firstly, to protect women* and children in dangerous situations, and support them in their journey to a more self-determined life, and secondly, to demand

women’s right to physical integrity / safety and sexual self-determination by bringing these

issues to the forefront.⁵⁴ Due to the private nature of women’s shelters, this second goal

is not as easily achievable. The need to safeguard the shelters exceeds (and counteracts) the goal of doing public work / publicising the problem of GBV. However, maintaining a

secret location becomes more difficult as time goes on and technology progresses. There

are some shelters (outside Berlin) which are working with known locations now. “These programs have found that letting go of the “secret location” has opened new ways for their communities to support both the program and individual survivors.”⁵⁵

The main aim of any women’s shelter is to provide women* in need, regardless of their

situation, with a safe space. The ‘target group’ is women* and their children, who experience or are threatened by violence (especially domestic violence), as well as women* forced into

marriages, and women* affected or threatened by human trafficking. But, women’s shelters do much more than ‘shelter’. While they provide safe accommodation for those who do not

feel safe in their own homes, they also assist survivors of violence on the road to recovery. They aim to provide general support such as legal advice (especially to migrants), help with securing a livelihood, and help in dealing with local governments and authorities. Many

shelters have call-centres, counselling (both group and individual), care and education

services for children and sometimes even sports & leisure activities. These services enable the process of healing, re-discovering one’s self, regaining control of life and finding a way to reintegrate into society.

While staying in the shelter, residents should lead a self-determined life. Staying in the shelters is usually free of charge, however women* pay for their own living costs. The length

of stay depends on the particular situation, but ultimately the goal is for residents to get

back on their feet. There are certain rules when living in a shelter which residents must abide by, such as the prohibition of substances.

Dignity: Design Strategies for

Women’s shelters are guided by human rights, and especially the rights of women*.⁵⁶

cessed 5 May 2021)

the right to privacy, anonymity, and impartiality. Low-threshold access should also be

Domestic Violence Shelter (Ac-

Considerations include the right of women* and children to receive protection and help,

guaranteed; it should be easy for those affected by violence to access help at all times. Freedom of choice is also very important; women* should decide for themselves which

W O M E N ’ S S H E LT E R S

offers of help they would like to accept, and on what terms. Shelters should adopt an

interdisciplinary approach, coordinating offers and help from various different institutions that combat gender-based violence. Shelters should be inclusive, intercultural and diverse, providing services that ensure that all women* have the same level of access to help.

There is no uniform way or legal framework in which shelters receive their funding. In Germany, financing also differs from state to state. Voluntary contributions are made by the

government in the form of grants, and some shelters are run by local authorities.⁵⁷ There are different financial types of women’s shelters in Germany. Independent (or “autonomen”)

women’s shelters are part of the autonomous women’s movement, or “autonomen Frauenbewegung”. These shelters tend to have a more ‘feminist’ approach in their actions,

promoting the emancipation of women*. No men are allowed on the premises, and the care

provided is focused on the women* and children. Nonautonomous shelters are sponsored

by charities, such as Arbeiterwohlfahrt, Caritas, Diakonisches Werk, and the Social Service for Catholic Women. These shelters tend to place a stronger emphasis on the family, and

often provide counselling for both / all parties following gender-based violence. They

believe that “The emancipation and further development of human society can only be achieved by men and women* together.”⁵⁸ [translated from German]

In principle, the funding of a shelter rises proportionately in relation to the number of places

provided. At the moment, there is a lack of resources funding the services which tackle gender-based violence, such as women’s shelters. The financial resources provided by the government are not enough to guarantee a high level of support for affected women* and

56. Frauenhauskoordinierung e.

V. (2012) Qualitätsempfehlun-

gen für Frauenhäuser und Fachberatungsstellen für gewaltbet-

roffene Frauen (Accessed 6 May 2021)

children. In many cases, women* experiencing gender-based violence cannot be accepted

57. Ibid

FHK, they state that these gaps in support due to lack of funding signal an urgent need for

58. Ibid

or receive adequate support due to lack of funding, space and / or staff. In a report by the political action.⁵⁹

The majority of employees at women’s shelters are social workers. However, there are hardly

59. Ibid

any psychologists or psychotherapists employed.⁶⁰ Those who work with the children are

60. Ibid

residents have on average 2 or 3 full-time staff.⁶¹ The on-call services at night and over the

61. Ibid

of most women’s shelters in Germany. Additionally, it has been noted on the FHK report that

62. Ibid

children. A real need can be seen here.⁶³

63. Ibid

In terms of access, women* can either seek out women’s shelters, or the women’s shelter

64. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte

internet has become an important source of information for women* wanting to stay at

nual Report. (Accessed 14 May

often qualified educators. Positions are mostly unpaid, and even large shelters with 20 to 30 weekend are mainly staffed by volunteers.⁶² Volunteering is an essential part of the workings

there is generally no or insufficient staff available to properly care for or support the affected

might contact them if they are made aware of a woman* in need. In the last decade, the shelters, as it is an accessible, often multilingual resource.⁶⁴ In Berlin, the first point of contact

im Antigewaltbereich (2010) An2021)

is usually made by phone, via the BIG hotline.⁶⁵ There are also still huge gaps in the women’s shelter and women’s support networks for

women* with physical and/or psychological impairments.⁶⁶ In Berlin, there are very few women’s shelters which cater for such women*, with only one room at Frauenhaus Bora

and three refuge apartments being wheelchair accessible. For the visually impaired, there is one refuge apartment which allows guide dogs. Two shelters have accommodation for

those with hearing difficulties, and there are a number of counselling centres which offer sign language. There is only one organisation which accepts trans* women. And in most

shelters, older sons are often denied, so that restricts the access to their mothers, too.⁶⁷ Only two shelters allow boys over the age of 14.

Children need as much, if not more, help than women*. The children of women* who have

experienced gender-based violence, have usually witnessed these acts of violence, and 65. Fischer, Kristin (2021) Inter-

view at BIG Offices, Berlin (6 June 2021)

are often victims of violence themselves. This is why independent and tailored support for

children is an integral part of a women’s shelter. The aim is to support the children, help them overcome some of the harmful effects of violence, and teach them coping strategies. Violence is a vicious cycle.

66. Brückner, Margrit (2018) Entwicklung der Frauenhausbewegung. Sozial Extra, 4. P42 - 45

67. Frauenhauskoordinierung e. V. (2012) Qualitätsempfehlun-

gen für Frauenhäuser und Fach-

There are currently 7 Frauenhäuser in Berlin, half of which are independent and half of which are associated with social welfare organisations (non-autonomous). All of the (what I have come to call Stage 1) women’s shelters are in secret locations. Through my research I was

able to locate the vague locations of the shelters, though the exact addresses remain secret.

The Arbeiterwohlfahrt [AWO] is currently working on two more women’s shelters in Berlin, the first of which was scheduled to open by the end of 2021.

beratungsstellen für gewaltbet-

Founded in 1993, BIG e.V. is a registered organisation working towards counteracting

2021)

initiatives against gender-based violence across the city (including women’s shelters). In 1999

roffene Frauen (Accessed 6 May

68. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and region-

al estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021)

69. BMFSFJ (2013) Bericht der Bundesregierung

zur

Situa-

tion der Frauenhäuser, Fach-

beratungsstellen und anderer Unterstützungsangebote

gender-based violence in Berlin. They serve as a mediator or connector between the many

they launched the first hotline for victims of violence in Germany; the BIG Hotline for Berlin. This is still an instrumental part of the women’s shelter process today, and often serves as

any person’s first point of contact with the network of support systems. BIG employs a joint approach to tackling gender-based violence. They focus on coordination, prevention and

intervention. In coordination, BIG works with other organisations fighting against GBV. They

aim to protect women* who experience violence, and make sure that their perpetrators are brought to justice. In prevention, BIG seeks to prevent GBV through various workshops,

campaigns, and more. And in intervention, the organisation runs a hotline, which is available daily from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m.

für

There are a number of services, other than women’s shelters, that are essential in the fight

deren Kinder (Accessed 5 May

affected by violence.⁶⁹ These include women’s shelters “Frauenhäuser”, counselling centres,

gewaltbetroffene Frauen und 2021)

against gender-based violence.⁶⁸ In Germany there are various support systems for women*

emergency call centres, and intervention centres for domestic violence. The most important

W O M E N ’ S S H E LT E R S Women’s Shelter Network, Berlin Own Drawing

Frauenhaus Bora Postfach Tel Fax E-mail Website

790 215, 13015 Berlin 030-986 43 32 030-986 53 20 frauenhaus@frauenprojekte-bora.de www.frauenprojekte-bora.de II. Autonomes Frauenhaus

Postfach Tel Fax E-mail Website

200 757, 13517 Berlin Tel 030-37 49 06 22 030-37 49 06 20 Frauenselbsthilfe-berlin@t-online.de www.frauenselbsthilfe-berlin.de

Frauenhaus des Caritas Postfach Tel Fax E-mail Website

Hestia Frauenhaus Postfach Tel Fax E-mail Website

58 03 14, 10413 Berlin Tel 030-91 61 18 36 030-91 61 18 37 info@frauenhaus-cocon.de www.frauenhaus-cocon-berlin.de

700 236, 10322 Berlin 030-559 35 31 030-55 48 96 99 pub@hestia-fh.de www.hestia-fh.de Interkulturelles Frauenhaus

Cocon e.V. Postfach Tel Fax E-mail Website

411 165, 12121 Berlin 030-851 10 18 030-851 30 10 Frauenhaus@caritas-berlin.de www.caritas-berlin.de

Postfach Tel Fax E-mail Website

370542, 14135 Berlin 030-80108050 030-80108055 info@interkulturelle-initiative.de www.interkulturellesfrauenhaus.de AWO-Notfrauenhaus

Tel E-mail Website

030 - 509318510 notfrauenhaus@awo-mitte.de awo-mitte.de/notunterkunft-fuer-frauen

function of the integrated system is to link women* with services that they might need. The common goals of all these services are to protect women* and children against violence, to

support them in overcoming the physical, psychological, social and economic consequences of violence, and to generally reduce (and hopefully erase) gender-based violence in today’s

society.⁷⁰ The services are aimed at all women* who have experienced violence, regardless

of the type of violence or time it was experienced, regardless of their age, wealth, education level, sexual identity, social status, or ethnicity.⁷¹

Despite the best efforts of all involved, care for women* and children experiencing violence is not always guaranteed.⁷² Berlin, as a large city, is fortunate to have a number of women’s

shelters. However, there are just not enough places.⁷³ Women* and children seeking

protection have even been turned away due to lack of space in Berlin’s women’s shelters. Over the last few years, shelters reached (on average) a capacity of 88%, and there is rarely an empty bed.

My understanding of how the women*’s shelter system works in Berlin is as follows; There are different types of accommodation options for women* experiencing violence, and I have 70. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte

im Antigewaltbereich (2010) An-

nual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021)

71. Ibid 72. Frauenhauskoordinierung e.

V. (2012) Qualitätsempfehlun-

gen für Frauenhäuser und Fachberatungsstellen für gewaltbet-

roffene Frauen (Accessed 6 May 2021)

73. Fischer, Kristin (2021) Inter-

view at BIG Offices, Berlin (6 June 2021)

74. Fischer, Kristin (2021) Inter-

view at BIG Offices, Berlin (6 June 2021)

75. Fischer, Kristin (2021) Inter-

view at BIG Offices, Berlin (6 June 2021)

defined them as Stage 0, Stage 1 and Stage 2.

Stage 0; notunterkunft. These are emergency one-night shelters, which offer a safe place

to sleep for women* in need. Their addresses are known, and they do not usually allow children. Visitors usually stay for a few nights (no longer than a week). Recently, this type of shelter has been shifting more towards the program of a ‘clearing station’, which is a

known place where women* can go if they feel unsafe or if they have been assaulted. There currently isn’t one in Berlin at the moment, and the government has expressed that they

would like to set one up.⁷⁴ This new facility would include immediate help for those who have experienced GBV with professionals on hand such as doctors, counsellors, legal aid, support & advice.

Stage 1; frauenhäuser. These are ‘traditional’ women’s shelters which offer temporary accommodation for women*. Residents typically stay for about 3 months (maximum 1 year),

depending on their situation (financially, custody, immigration, residency status, etc.). The

locations are kept secret in order to maintain resident’s safety. It is usually some form of communal living, and women* do not have to pay rent.

Stage 2; zufluchtswohnung (refuge housing). These are rentable apartments run by organisations in Berlin, which can be subleased under an alias name. These apartments provide a ‘bridge’ between shelters and regular / open market accommodation. Women* pay a subsidised rent, but the government will pay for the rent if they are on social welfare.

Stage 2; second stage housing. These are for women* “who aren’t able to find a flat on

the normal market or who still need help from social workers ”⁷⁵ Often these will be

apartments scattered across the city, and that made me think, “What if they were all grouped together?”

Clearing Station / Emergency Accomodation

Stage 1 Frauenhäuser / Traditional Women’s Shalters

Stage 2 Zufluchtswohnungen / Refuge Housing / Stage 2 Housing

Currently no such facilities

1 night 2 weeks

422 women and children

1 night - 1 year (3 month average)

Secret location

Average of 8 18 months

Semi-secret location; alias name

228 women and children

Known location

W O M E N ’ S S H E LT E R S

Stage 0

Stage 3 Unterkünfte / General Housing

Women’s Shelter Stages Own Drawing

Often people don’t think “what’s next?” after women* leave a typical (Stage 1) women’s

shelter. My building aims to “bookend’’ the process of healing by combining a Stage 0 clearing station / emergency accommodation with a Stage 2 safe housing for women* on one site. A women’s centre completes the complex. The building is a mix between all types

of women*. This was actually the original idea for the project; questioning “how do you

house women* in a city?” The building complex aims to provide a place for both survivors of GBV, as well as women* who are potentially vulnerable with a landing point when they first arrive in the city.

Additionally, the idea is that after you have been assessed in the clearing station, you may

be able to go straight to Stage 2 housing if you do not need to go into a Stage 1 women’s shelter. This provides more flexibility in the system, and might take some strain off the Stage 1 shelters.

The project focuses primarily on housing, as domestic violence is one of the most prevalent

forms of gender-based violence. The program also aims to address the problem created

by the current housing crisis in Berlin which makes it very difficult for women* to find a flat

after they leave the shelter. Stage 1 shelters cannot be considered a long-term solution, and the mere proposal of ‘stage 2 housing’ as a bridging option draws attention to the fact that ‘normal’ housing is so hard to come by.

WOMEN’S SHELTERS

Data collected from Building Dignity website

APPENDIX

WOMEN’S SHELTERS

Data collected from Building Dignity website

APPENDIX

WOMEN’S SHELTERS

Data collected from Building Dignity website

APPENDIX

SITE SELECTION

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

SITE SELECTION

Photograph from Site Visit Own Image

SITE SELECTION

The 750m Grid, Berlin Own Drawing

The site selection process forms part of the investigation into how we might better design shelters. I began by dividing the city into a 750m grid, which is based on “the 5 minute walk”; the distance that people are willing to walk before taking another form of transport. From

there, I considered facilities and services that might be useful to have near (within walking

distance) of a women’s shelter project. These were coded in terms of importance and

walkability. For instance, U-Bahn and S-Bahn connections were considered a high priority, with a walkability range of 10 minutes, while things like women’s centres and job centres were ranked in the 15 minute category.

After mapping all these locations across the city, I overlaid them to find areas with the darkest shade, and therefore concentration of relevant amenities. It was important for me to

position the project in between the wider network of women’s shelters with easy access to

major transport routes, especially if the clearing station is to act as the first point of contact.

City Mapping Overlay, Berlin Own Drawing

“The 5-minute walk, also known as the “pedestrian shed” is considered to be the distance people are willing to walk before opting to drive. Based on the average walking speed a five-minute walk is represented by a radius measuring 1⁄4 of a mile or about 400 meters. This rule of thumb is used to calculate public transport catchment areas or to determine access to destinations within neighborhoods.” The 5-minute Walk Own Drawing

S-Bahn

Ringbahn

U-Bahn

Bus

Tram

Police Stations

Hospitals / Clinics

Universities

Jobcentres

Adult Education

Emergency Shelters

Free STI Testing

Sexual Health Clinics

Zufluchtswohnung

Feminist Berlin

W Refuge (Offices)

W Shelter (Offices)

W Counselling Centres

Sexual Violence Advice

Women’s Centres

Migrant’s Advice

Refugee Centres

Victim Protection

Specialist Advice

Telephone Advice

Advice for Men

Admin & Authorities

Crisis Intervention

Family Courts

Crisis Centres

3/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 2/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

1/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

3/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 2/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

1/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

1/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

1/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

1/3 Range | 2/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

1/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

1/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

3/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

2/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

3/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

1/3 Range | 1/3 Importance

City Mapping Own Drawings

SITE SELECTION

2/3 Range | 3/3 Importance

2 3

6 7 8

Initial Potential Berlin Blocks

Own Drawing

8 Initial Potential Berlin Blocks

Own Drawing

SITE SELECTION

Women’s Shelter Regions Own Drawing

Potential Areas Own Drawing

Analysis Process

Photoshop; Own Drawing

S-Bahn Ringbahn U-Bahn Bus Tram Police Stations

SITE SELECTION

Hospitals / Clinics Universities Jobcentres Adult Education Refuge Apartments (Consultation Offices) Women’s Shelters (Consultation Offices) Women’s Counselling Centres

Advice on Sexual Violence Women’s Centres Emergency Women’s Shelters Free STI Testing Centres Sexual Health Clinics Zufluchtswohnung Feminist Berlin Advice Centres for Migrants Refugee Centres Victim & Witness Protection Specialist Advice Centres Telephone Advice Advice Centres for Men Admin & Authorities Crisis Intervention Family Courts Crisis Centres

Areas Analysis

Own Drawing

SITE SELECTION

100

101

APPENDIX

SITE ANALYSIS

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

SITE ANALYSIS

Existing Community Garden

Facebook Group “Urbanites Who Grow Food”

102

S I T E A N A LY S I S

Chosen Site, Berlin

Own Drawing

The site is located just off Karl-Marx Strasse, in Neukölln. When selecting it, I looked for a

few specific site characteristics, such as a building gap, greenery, a retail frontage, a location within the Ringhbahn, and a dense urban environment.

The “half” Berlin block really leant itself to this type of building, enabling the opportunity of having a ‘reach-around’ site with two street frontages, connected through the back courtyard. It allowed me to investigate, “Can the architecture and the site configuration and neighbouring buildings provide additional protection to the building’s inhabitants?”

At the moment, the Practtomate community garden is currently on site, but is being pushed aside to make way for a new housing block. Otherwise important factors to note are that

the adjoining school is zoned with nearby park, meaning that it will probably remain a low building and therefore will probably not block out the South sunlight in the future.

103

104

S I T E A N A LY S I S

Aerial

Google Earth

105

Figure Ground Own Drawing

Pedestrian Shed Own Image

Data collected from Google Earth & GIS Line Drawing Own Drawing

106

Solid - Void

S I T E A N A LY S I S

Own Drawing

Contours

Own Drawing

Courtyards Own Drawing

107

Before 1921 1921 - 1950 1951 - 1970 1971 - 2000 Building Ages

Own Drawing

5 storeys + 4 storeys 3 storeys 2 storeys 1 storey Building Heights Own Drawing

108

S I T E A N A LY S I S

Monuments Monuments

Own Drawing

Residential Cafe / Restaurant Educational Retail Outdoor Retail Construction Sites Shared Courtyard Closed Building Uses

Own Drawing

109

Block Solitaire Row House Other Building Types Own Drawing

110

Healthcare

Kindergarten

Fashion

School (Primary)

Electronics

School (Elementary)

Toys

School (Secondary)

Bicycle

School

Florist / Plants

Universities

Other

Adult Education

Convenience store

Creative Academy

Language School

Hausartz (GP)

Theatre / Opera

Gynaecologist

Museum / Gallery

Dentist

Cinema

Pharmacy

Park

Drugstore

Playground

Other Doctor

Urban Gardening

Hospitals / Clinics

Club

Psychologist etc

Sports Club / Gym

Vet

Art Studio

Police

Social Facilities

Beauty Salon

Jobcentres

Youth Centre

Lawyer

Advice Centre

Retail

Leisure Activities

7 8

Social

Food Service Industry

Religious

S I T E A N A LY S I S

Education

Hairdresser Hotel / Hostel Driving School ATM Post Tailor / Laundromat Internet Cafe / Copy Shop

Services

Cafe

Restaurant / Snacks

S-Bahn

Bar

U-Bahn

Spati

Bus Stop

Supermarket (€)

Tram Stop

Supermarket (€€)

Bike Sharing Station

6 7

Supermarket (€€€)

Foodmarket

Bakery

Mosque

Church

Police

Transport

Public Services

Public Toilet

Nearby Facilities

Own Drawings

111

Data collected from site visits and Google Maps

Education Healthcare Social Food Service Industry Religious Retail Leisure Activities Services Transport Public Services

112

S I T E A N A LY S I S

Nearby Facilities

Own Drawings

113

Data collected from various site visits Site Inacessible Inacessible (Planting) Accessible (Retail) Accessible (Courtyard) Accessible

114

S I T E A N A LY S I S

Nolli Map

Own Drawing

115

SITE ANALYSIS

Data collected from various site visits Site Inacessible Inacessible (Planting) Accessible (Retail) Accessible (Courtyard) Accessible

116

APPENDIX

Nolli Map Process

Own Drawing

117

Land Use Management Own Drawing

Data collected from FIS Broker webste Monuments

Source

118

APPENDIX

Building Plan

Sourcs

Site Boundaries

Source

119

SITE ANALYSIS

07:00

08:00

09:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

Spring Equinox 20 March

120

Summer Solstice

21 June

Autumn Equinox 22 September

Winter Solstice

21 Dece,ber

Spring Equinox

APPENDIX

20 March

Summer Solstice

21 June

Autumn Equinox 22 September

Winter Solstice

21 Dece,ber

Sun Studies

Own Images

121

SITE ANALYSIS

Arson

Car Theft

Burglary

Bicycle Theft

Drug Offenses

Total Theft

Bodily Harm

Graffiti

Property Damage

Crimes

Own Drawing

(This page) Data collected from Berliner Morgenpost website; article titled Crime in Berlin (Opposite Page) Images from Google Earth All Crimes

Own Drawing

122

1953

1985

2000

2002

2005

2006

2009

2010

2012

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Historical Imagery Google Earth

123

APPENDIX

1943

SITE ANALYSIS

Old vs New Berliners Own Drawing

(This page) Data collected from Berliner Morgenpost website; article titled Real Berliners and Newcomers: HowThe S-Bahn ring Divides the City (Opposite Page) Data collected from Berliner Morgenpost website; article titled Berlin‘s Colourful Neighbourhoods Old vs New Berliners Berliner Morgenpost

00 124

APPENDIX

Berliners with a Migration Background Berliner Morgenpost

125

SITE ANALYSIS

14 6

17 2 7

SITE IMAGES 01 DOORS

125

APPENDIX

5 13

22 Photographs from Site Visit Own Images

126

SITE ANALYSIS

7 3

5 6 14 13

20 19 18

21 12

10 9

SITE IMAGES 02 GROUND

Own photographs taken during various site visits

127

APPENDIX

5 13

16 17

21 20

20 22

Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

128

SITE ANALYSIS

3 16

9 19 18 17 8

10 11 12

SITE IMAGES 03 COURTYARD ENTRANCES

Own photographs taken during various site visits

130

APPENDIX

5 13

22 Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

131

SITE ANALYSIS

8 16

2 15

12 17 10 13 19 14

11 21

7 1 9

SITE IMAGES 04 SHOPFRONTS

Own photographs taken during various site visits

132

APPENDIX

5 13

22 Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

133

SITE ANALYSIS

2 7

1 5

12 19 10 13 14 20

SITE IMAGES 05 FACADES

Own photographs taken during various site visits

134

APPENDIX

5 13

16 17

21 20

20 22

Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

135

SITE ANALYSIS

18 21

14 8

13 7

15 2

SITE IMAGES 06 BALCONIES

Own photographs taken during various site visits

136

APPENDIX

5 13

16 17

21 20

20 22

Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

137

SITE ANALYSIS

10 13

11 2 18

3 9 20

SITE IMAGES 07 TEXTURES

Own photographs taken during various site visits

138

APPENDIX

5 13

16 17

21 20

20 22

Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

139

SITE ANALYSIS

20 8

5 4

SITE IMAGES 08 COURTYARS

Own photographs taken during various site visits

140

APPENDIX

5 13

16 17

21 20

20 22

Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

141

SITE ANALYSIS

20 21

15 13

11 4

1 17

SITE IMAGES 09 GRAFFITI

Own photographs taken during various site visits

142

APPENDIX

5 13

22 Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

143

SITE ANALYSIS

15 13

12 21

5 11

3 10

2 20

16 1

SITE IMAGES 10 GREEN SPACES

Own photographs taken during various site visits

144

APPENDIX

5 13

16 17

21 20

20 22

Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

145

SITE ANALYSIS

13 12

19 17

14 1

4 10

21 11 9 16

6 7

SITE IMAGES 11 PEOPLE

Own photographs taken during various site visits

146

APPENDIX

5 13

16 17

21 20

20 22

Photographs from Site Visit

Own Images

147

SITE ANALYSIS

148

149

APPENDIX

MASSING

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

MASSING

Neukölln Site Model

Own Image

150

MASSING

00v

Neukölln Site Model Materials Polystyrene, Foam Board, MDF Size 750 x 700 x 70 mm Scale At a Scale of 1 : 500

151

152

MASSING

90 Working Models Above & Following Page Materials Triplex, Foam Board, Polystyrene, Perspex, Copper Mesh, Copper Pipes, Gauze & Balsa Wood Size 205 x 95 x 70 mm Each Scale At a Scale of 1 : 500

153

1 | Site Boundaries | 23 August 2021

2 | Planned Buildings | 23 August 2021

3 | Massing Study | 23 August 2021

4 | Massing Study | 23 August 2021

5 | Massing Study | 24 August 2021

6 | Massing Study | 24 August 2021

7 | Massing Study | 26 August 2021

8 | Massing Study | 26 August 2021

9 | Massing Study | 26 August 2021

10 | Massing Study | 26 August 2021

11 | Site Boundaries | 26 August 2021

12 | Planned Buildings | 26 August 2021

13 | Massing Study | 27 August 2021

14 | Massing Study | 27 August 2021

15 | Massing Study | 27 August 2021

16 | Existing Trees | 27 August 2021

17 | Massing Study | 27 August 2021

18 | Massing Study | 28 August 2021

19 | Massing Study | 28 August 2021

20 | Massing Study | 28 August 2021

21 | Massing Study | 28 August 2021

22 | Massing Study | 28 August 2021

23 | Massing Study | 28 August 2021

24 | Massing Study | 30 August 2021

25 | Massing Study | 30 August 2021

26 | Massing Study | 30 August 2021

27 | Massing Study | 30 August 2021

28 | Massing Study | 30 August 2021

29 | Massing Study | 30 August 2021

30 | Massing Study | 30 August 2021

31 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

32 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

33 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

34 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

35 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

36 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

37 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

38 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

39 | Massing Study | 7 September 2021

40 | Site Contours | 10 September 2021

41 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

42 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

43 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

44 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

45 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

154

47 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

48 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

49 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

50 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

51 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

52 | Division & Enclosure | 12 October 2021

53 | Neighbour’s Edges | 12 October 2021

54 | Massing Study | 13 October 2021

55 | Massing Study | 13 October 2021

56 | Roof Development | 13 October 2021

57 | Development Model | 15 October 2021

58 | Massing Study | 15 October 2021

59 | Concept Model | 16 October 2021

60 | Development Model | 16 October 2021

61 | Floor Slabs | 17 October 2021

62 | Division & Enclosure | 19 October 2021

63 | Division & Enclosure | 19 October 2021

64 | Movement Routes | 21 October 2021

65 | Movement Routes | 22 October 2021

66 | Roof Development | 23 October 2021

67 | Development Model | 25 October 2021

68 | Brise Soleil | 26 October 2021

69 | Communal Spaces | 26 October 2021

70 | Movement Routes | 26 October 2021

MASSING

46 | Massing Study | 12 September 2021

6 71 | Massing Study | 30 Otober 2021

72 | Floor Slabs | 1 November 2021

73 | Development Model | 3 November 2021

74 | Movement Routes | 4 November 2021

75 | Structure | 5 November 2021

76 | Development | 8 November 2021

77 | Development | 21 November 2021

78 | Development | 21 November 2021

79 | Development | 22 November 2021

80 | Development | 23 November 2021

81 | Development | 24 November 2021

82 | Development | 24 November 2021

83 | Development | 24 November 2021

84 | Development | 25 November 2021

85 | Development | 26 November 2021

86 | Development | 26 November 2021

87 | Development | 29 November 2021

88 | Development | 26 January 2022

89 | Development | 26 January 2022

90 | Development | 2 February 2022

155

MASSING

1 Site Boundaries 23 August 2021

3 Massing Model 23 August 2021

4 Massing Model 23 August 2021

5 Massing Model 23 August 2021

6 Massing Model 23 August 2021

7 Massing Model 26 August 2021

8 Massing Model 26 August 2021

156

9 Massing Model 26 August 2021

10 Massing Model 26 August 2021

11 Massing Model

12 Massing Model 26 August 2021

13 Massing Model 26 August 2021

14 Massing Model 27 August 2021

15 Massing Model 27 August 2021

16 Massing Model 27 August 2021

157

APPENDIX

26 August 2021

MASSING

17 Massing Model 27 August 2021

18 Massing Model 28 August 2021

19 Massing Model 28 August 2021

20 Massing Model 28 August 2021

21 Massing Model 28 August 2021

22 Massing Model 28 August 2021

23 Massing Model 28 August 2021

24 Massing Model 30 August 2021

158

25 Massing Model 30 August 2021

26 Massing Model 30 August 2021

27 Massing Model

28 Massing Model 30 August 2021

29 Massing Model 30 August 2021

30 Massing Model 30 August 2021

31 Massing Model 30 August 2021

32 Massing Model 7 September 2021

159

APPENDIX

30 August 2021

MASSING

33 Massing Model 7 September 2021

34 Massing Model 7 September 2021

35 Massing Model 7 September 2021

36 Massing Model 7 September 2021

37 Massing Model 7 September 2021

38 Massing Model 7 September 2021

39 Massing Model 7 September 2021

40 Massing Model 10 September 2021

160

41 Massing Model 12 September 2021

42 Massing Model 12 September 2021

43 Massing Model

APPENDIX

12 September 2021

44 Massing Model 12 September 2021

45 Massing Model 12 September 2021

46 Massing Model 12 September 2021

47 Massing Model 12 September 2021

48 Massing Model 12 September 2021

161

MASSING

49 Massing Model 12 September 2021

50 Massing Model 12 September 2021

51 Massing Model 12 September 2021

52 Process Model 12 October 2021

53 Neighbour’s Edge 12 October 2021

54 Massing Model 13 October 2021

55 Massing Model 13 October 2021

56 Roofing Study 13 October 2021

162

57 Process Model 15 October 2021

58 Massing Model 15 October 2021

59 Concept Model

APPENDIX

16 October 2021

60 Process Model 16 October 2021

61 Floor Slabs 17 October 2021

62 Concept Model 19 October 2021

63 Concept Model 19 October 2021

64 Movement Routes 21 October 2021

163

MASSING

65 Movement Routes 22 October 2021

66 Process Model 23 October 2021

67 Process Model 25 October 2021

68 Brise Soleil 26 October 2021

69 Communal Spaces 26 October 2021

70 Movement Routes 26 October 2021

71 Massing Model 30 October 2021

72 Floor Slabs 1 November 2021

164

73 Process Model 3 November 2021

74 Movement Routes 4 November 2021

75 Structure

APPENDIX

5 November 2021

76 Process Model 8 November 2021

77 Process Model 21 November 2021

78 Concept Model 21 November 2021

79 Process Model 22 November 2021

80 Concept Model 23 November 2021

165

MASSING

81 Movement Routes 24 November 2021

82 Concept Model 24 November 2021

83 Concept Model 24 November 2021

84 Concept Model 25 November 2021

85 Concept Model 26 November 2021

86 Concept Model 26 November 2021

87 Concept Model 29 November 2021

88 Concept Model 26 January 2021

166

89 Concept Model 26 January 2021

90 Concept Model 2 February 2021

91 Concept Model

APPENDIX

2 February 2021

167

MASSING

Massing Model 1 23 August 2021

Massing Model 2 23 August 2021

Massing Model 3 23 August 2021

Massing Model 4 23 August 2021

Massing Model 5 23 August 2021

168

Massing Model 6 23 August 2021

Massing Model 7

APPENDIX

26 August 2021

Massing Model 8 26 August 2021

Massing Model 9 26 August 2021

Massing Model 10 26 August 2021

169

MASSING

Massing Model 11 26 August 2021

Massing Model 12 26 August 2021

Massing Model 13 27 August 2021

Massing Model 14 27 August 2021

Massing Model 15 27 August 2021

170

Massing Model 16 27 August 2021

Massing Model 17

APPENDIX

27 August 2021

Massing Model 18 28 August 2021

Massing Model 19 28 August 2021

Massing Model 20 28 August 2021

171

MASSING

Massing Model 21 28 August 2021

Massing Model 22 28 August 2021

Massing Model 23 28 August 2021

Massing Model 24 30 August 2021

Massing Model 25 30 August 2021

172

Massing Model 26 30 August 2021

Massing Model 27

APPENDIX

30 August 2021

Massing Model 28 30 August 2021

Massing Model 29 30 August 2021

Massing Model 30 30 August 2021

173

MASSING

Massing Model 31 30 August 2021

Massing Model 32 7 September 2021

Massing Model 33 7 September 2021

Massing Model 34 7 September 2021

Massing Model 35 7 September 2021

174

Massing Model 36 7 September 2021

Massing Model 37

APPENDIX

7 September 2021

Massing Model 38 7 September 2021

Massing Model 39 7 September 2021

Massing Model 40 10 September 2021

175

MASSING

Massing Model 41 12 September 2021

Massing Model 43 12 September 2021

Massing Model 44 12 September 2021

Massing Model 45 12 September 2021

Massing Model 46 12 September 2021

176

Massing Model 47 12 September 2021

Massing Model 48

APPENDIX

12 September 2021

Massing Model 49 12 September 2021

Massing Model 50 12 September 2021

Massing Model 51 12 September 2021

177

MASSING

178

179

APPENDIX

MASSING

180

181

APPENDIX

PRECEDENT

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

PRECEDENT

Somerville College, Níall McLaughlin

De Overloop, Herman Hertzberger

Christ Church, Noero Architects

La Tourette, Le Corbusier

House Fisher, Louis Kahn

182

Silchester Housing, Haworth Tompkins

Apartament Angels, Vora Arquitectura

PRECEDENT

Maison Neuve, Wolff Architects

24 Alfred Street, Noero Architects

Jesus College, Níall McLaughlin

Somerville College, Níall McLaughlin Key Precedent Various Sources

183

PRECEDENT 01

Project Name Mother’s House Location Amsterdam, The Netherlands Architect Aldo van Eyck Date 1959 Program Multifamily housing Photographs

Architectural Review, Architectureguide.nl, Van Eyck Foundation

184

PRECEDENT

Drawings

Architectural Review, Architectureguide.nl

185

PRECEDENT 02

Project Name La Tourette Location L’arbresle, France Architect Le Corbusier Date 1960 Program Convent Photographs

ArchDaily, Tumblr, Divisare

186

PRECEDENT

Floor Plans

ArchDaily

187

PRECEDENT 03

Project Name Amsterdam Orphanage Location Amsterdam, The Netherlands Architect Aldo van Eyck Date 1960 Program Orphanage Photographs ArchDaily, Flickr

188

PRECEDENT

Drawings ArchDaily

189

PRECEDENT 04

Project Name Fisher House Location Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Architect Louis Kahn Date 1960 Program Residential Photographs

ArchDaily, Don Freeman

190

PRECEDENT

Drawings

ArchDaily, Don Freeman

191

PRECEDENT 05

Project Name Centraal Beheer Location Apeldoorn, The Netherlands Architect Herman Hertzberger Date 1968-1972 Program Offices Photographs

AHH Architects, Dezeen

192

PRECEDENT

Drawings

AHH Architects

193

PRECEDENT 06

Project Name De Overloop Location Amsterdam, The Netherlands Architect Herman Hertzberger Date 1984 Program Home for Elderly Photographs

Architectural Review, Het Nieuwe Instituut

194

PRECEDENT

Drawings

AHH Architects

195

196

PRECEDENT

Axonometric Drawing

Nikita Schweizer, Tatiana Leonteva, Jelena Vukovic

197

PRECEDENT 07

Project Name Tietgenkollegiet Location Copenhagen, Denmark Architect Lundgaard & Tranberg Date 2005 Program Student Housing Photographs

ArchDaily, Lundgaard & Tranberg Arkitekter

198

PRECEDENT

Drawings

ArchDaily, Lundgaard & Tranberg Arkitekter

199

PRECEDENT 08

Project Name Kolumba Museum Location Köln, Germany Architect Peter Zumthor Date 2007 Program Museum Photographs

Divisare, ArchDaily

200

PRECEDENT

Drawings

Rahel Hartmann Schweizer

201

PRECEDENT 09

Project Name Hohes Haus West Location Zurich, Switzerland Architect Loeliger Strub Architektur Date 2013 Program Housing Photographs Loeliger Strub

202

PRECEDENT

Drawings

Loeliger Strub

203

PRECEDENT 10

Project Name Silchester Housing Location London, UK Architect Haworth Tompkins Date 2016 Program Housing Photographs

Architect’s Journal, Haworth Tompkins

204

PRECEDENT

Drawings

Architect’s Journal, Haworth Tompkins

205

PRECEDENT 11

Project Name Jesus College Location Cambridge, UK Architect Níall McLaughlin Architects Date 2017 Program Student Housing Photographs

ArchDaily, Niall McLaughlin Architects

206

PRECEDENT

Drawings

ArchDaily, Niall McLaughlin Architects

207

PRECEDENT 12

Project Name 24 Alfred Street Location Cape Town, South Africa Architect Noero Architects Date 2019 Program Hotel Photographs Noero Architects

208

PRECEDENT

Drawings

Noero Architects

209

PRECEDENT 13

Project Name Christ Church Somerset West Location Cape Town, South Africa Architect Noero Architects Date 2019 Program Church Photographs

ArchDaily, Noero Architects

210

PRECEDENT

Drawings

ArchDaily, Noero Architects

211

PRECEDENT 14

Project Name Maison Neuve Location Cape Town, South Africa Architect Wolff Architects Date 2019 Program Residential Photographs

Wolff Architects, Instagram

212

PRECEDENT

Drawings

Wolff Architects, Instagram

213

PRECEDENT 15

Project Name Apartament Angels Location Manresa, Spain Architect Vora Arquitectura Date 2019 Program Residential Photographs Divisare

214

PRECEDENT

Drawings Divisare

215

PRECEDENT 16

Project Name Ørsteds Haver Location Copenhagen, Denmark Architect Tegnestuen Loka Date 2021 Program Housing (RennoPhotographs Tegnestuen Loka

216

PRECEDENT

Drawings

Tegnestuen Loka

217

PRECEDENT 17

Project Name Somerville College Location Oxford, UK Architect Níall McLaughlin Architects Date 2012 Program Student Housing Photographs

ArchDaily, Niall McLaughlin Architects

218

PRECEDENT

Drawings

ArchDaily, Niall McLaughlin Architects

219

Photographs

ArchDaily, Niall McLaughlin Architects

220

PRECEDENT

Drawings

ArchDaily, Niall McLaughlin Architects

221

PRECEDENT

222

223

APPENDIX

PRECEDENT

224

225

APPENDIX

INTERVIEWS

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

INTERVIEWS

Interviewee Locations Own Drawing

226

Kristin Fischer

Anwyn Hocking

Charlotte Madgwick

Khensani de Klerk

London, UK

Melbourne, Australia

INTERVIEWS

Berlin, Germany

Zurich, Switzerland

Lubna Assaf Mi’ilya, Israel

Abigail Jacobson, Jake Klass, Micaela Jacobson Cape Town, South Africa

Interviewees Own Drawings

227

Kristin Fischer is a social worker based in Berlin. She has worked in women’s shelters for over 20 years,

and is currently part of the BIG Coordination team.

She has a keen interest in “democratic social and political developments, especially in the area of women’s political discourse and anti-discrimination”

Kristin Fischer Berlin, Germany

INTERVIEW 01

“I’ve been working for BIG since April last year. Before that, I worked for a women’s shelter in

Berlin. I started to think about the topic “violence against women” during my studies. I was on placement in Manchester, and I worked for a women’s shelter there. I wrote my thesis on that topic, so I’ve been in this field for quite a while.”

“A hotline for Berlin who counsel on the phone, who have an overview of where there are

Interviewee Kristin Fischer Date 6 June 2021 17 September 2021 Type / Platfrom In Person Digital (Zoom) Location Berlin, Germany

228

free places in Berlin. During my time at the women’s shelter, we worked together with BIG”

“Is there any area in Berlin that is more affected or sees higher rates of gender-based violence?”

“That is a difficult question. Well, there are some areas where there is more police intervention. It’s very difficult to answer that question, because the violence against women and children doesn’t know any boundaries. It doesn’t matter where you’re from, what kind

of income you’ve got, or what kind of education you have. Violence is everywhere. There is a difference between working class neighbourhoods, and areas with higher income. But,

nevertheless there is also violence there. They might have other resources to get out of the situation. Because if you’ve got a better income yourself, you will find a flat easily. During the pandemic, you can see all over the world that GBV increased. I think living in a small place

or small flat… there is a higher risk of experiencing violence. But it doesn’t mean just people living in small flats experience violence. People who don’t have higher education, or good

income, or… of course, if you have a hard life, there are more risks for violence. But I still think it’s not an excuse. As an adult, you are still responsible for your behaviour. I think it’s a

bit more about the risk, rather than where there is more violence. It’s still a shameful topic. It’s a bit easier for some people to call the police, and for others it still might be very difficult for them to say “my husband beat me”, or to explain to colleagues or friends, because they

are not believed… Things like that make it very difficult to say where there is more violence. We don’t talk just about beating. Isolation, financial violence, control… I think people don’t talk that often about it. Also stalking.”

“There’s also the question, when you leave a violent household / home, would you want to be in a new area or the same area?”

“It depends on the individual situation. There might be women and children who might want to stay in the old area, where the children would want to go to their old school, where it’s very important to stay in contact with friends, when they are not that threatened by the

violent partner. But there are still women where it’s necessary to leave the area and have to

INTERVIEWS

go somewhere else. So it’s both. You can’t make it right for everybody”

“You can apply that you stay in the flat and the violent person has to move out. And that’s something that the women’s movement wanted to have for a very long time. I think it’s

very good thing that this law exists, but it doesn’t help everybody and it’s not the right

thing for every lady. The movement wanted to have this because we said ‘why should the lady move out of her flat, leave her home, because she hasn’t done anything wrong?’

But on the other hand there are women who don’t want to stay in a flat where they have experienced violence. Where the violent partner will still know where she is living. So, there

are women who can stay there and with this law you can also apply that he is not allowed

to come close to you or to the flat or your place of work. For some it’s like, if there is a paper from the court they [the perpetrator] might be afraid and not do anything anymore.

But there are some perpetrators who just do what they want, and they become even more violent.”

“The people who know best are the women. Because they’ve lived together with the perpetrator. They know what they are capable of doing. So, we should ask the women what they want. And there are women who want to stay and there are women who want to leave”

“There is a project now in Berlin, it’s coming from Hamburg, It’s called Stadtteile ohne Partnergewalt There, the neighbours are going around, looking after each other, and doing

a lot about domestic violence. There are [women’s] refuges working with a known address.”

229

“Are there any in Berlin?” “Not yet. I know in Germany at least two. This idea is coming from the Netherlands, the Oranje Huis. I was very critical about that, and I didn’t want to have that at all when I was

working in the women’s refuge. But I have heard from my colleagues who are working with a known address that it does work. They don’t have more dangerous situations in front of the house. Maybe because it’s known, because everybody knows if I’m running around there the whole day… the neighbours also know, and keep an eye out”

“The government of Berlin want’s to set up a clearing project. This should be a centre / place where all the women who experience violence, who want to go into a women’s shelter or

get out of a violent situation, could first arrive and then a social worker will take a look…

what’s the need of each woman? Is it more that there is a housing problem, or a medical problem, or is it that they need a safe place in a women’s shelter.”

“For a clearing project, it is a question… do you work with a known or unknown address?

And if this clearing project is a part of a women’s shelter, or if it is in the same house… Then I think it would be difficult for the women’s shelter to work with an unknown address. At the moment, it looks like that would be the way. I don’t think that it’s a good idea.” “How do you keep the secret? What if someone finds out?” “It’s really amazing. The women’s shelter where I was working had been there for more than

40 years. And in that time, it did not happen often. There is one idea that a women’s shelter should move every 10 years just to be safe again. We’ve got the safety rules. The women

who are living in the refuge… [know the rules]. My family still does not know where I was working. Of course, there are women going back to the violent partner. There are women

who are put under pressure to tell others where a women’s shelter is. Other women will be picked up by the family. Even then, [discoveries] didn’t happen that much. It’s still a safe place. The women’s shelter can be as safe as [long as] everybody keeps the safety rules.”

“Of course, the women’s shelter should be a safe place. That’s a bit weird. To feel safe, and you want to enjoy your freedom. But at the same time you have to keep in your mind where you are, and be careful.”

“We had 6, but with the pandemic, the government organised a Nordunterkunft… They

rented a hotel, and we have a social worker there, but it is not a women’s shelter. Because of the pandemic [and women being unable to share rooms as they usually would], there could be less women going into the shelters.”

“As we know, there has been more GBV because of the pandemic. The government wanted

to offer more places, but they won’t be there forever, as it’s quite expensive. We established a 7th shelter, and are currently planning an 8th and 9th.”

230

“From the western part, there have been three houses, and in the west, there have been

three. And if you take a look at the whole of Berlin, there are still white spots where I could

see a place. The new one… it is not that central, but it’s still a nice place. It covered a place where there wasn’t one before.”

“But what can architecture do?” “I learnt so much about that. How can people feel welcome in a place; how can they feel comfy; how do they come down, relax, get some energy back. You can do so much about that. It’s not just a box, no.”

“In a women’s shelter, it’s quite a lot about empowerment and participation. For that, you often need the common rooms. There’s so much [architecture] can do”

“A big question is safety. How safe do you want to make the place, and do you think you need a secret address? I think the safety could be there with a known address, but you would need to have a concept about how to go about it; maybe talk with the police / neighbourhood around. If you’ve got an unknown address, you also need a concept which [involves] the police”

“At the same time, this should not look interesting from the outside. When you’re behind the fence or behind the wall, you should not feel like you’re in a prison. It is important to

INTERVIEWS

have a place where you don’t have many entrances, or where you’ve got corners where people could hide.”

“Is there any service that is very helpful to have within walking distance?” “Shopping. A supermarket. Yeah, because they need food. If you are going into a shelter, you

have to take care of yourself. You have to shop for yourself, cook for yourself, and take care of your kids yourself. One of the first questions women ask is ‘Where is the supermarket?

There is a possibility to borrow money, but the next thing would be applying for social welfare.”

“Do children move schools?” “It depends how dangerous the perpetrator is. If the perpetrator would pick up the kids / take them from the school, it’s better to change the school. If the distance between the school and the women’s refuge is too far it is also better to change the school. At the

moment it’s not really possible for women to choose which shelter she goes to. At the

moment, she just goes where there is a place. If she really could choose, it might be that she would choose to go a bit farther away if she needs the distance.”

“The women’s shelters in Berlin are so different. It was really good to see them all, because

231

after I saw them I understood why we are working so differently. There is one women’s

shelter that is in an old, small villa with stairs and small rooms. Then we’ve got a women’s

shelter that is in a typical Berlin working house (altbau). Then we’ve got one women’s refuge

in a new building from the 90s. Then we’ve got a women’s refuge that is in a house with two floors, with a big area around. They are not allowed to change the building (because of heritage). Then there is another one that is quite new, and also has some greenery around, like with a little garden.That’s nice.”

“Has there ever been a newly built shelter?” “No, the one from the 90s is new, but it was not built as a women’s refuge. One of the

shelters is actually moving into a new building, but…. no, there were none that were totally

new buildings. That would be really great. And in that we could take a look at disabled people and make sure that everyone is included. There was a project in one place, a girls / women’s project where we really took a look at the inclusion of all women, with every kind of disability. Cognitive, wheelchair, blind…”

“Do you find that you do have a lot of women with disabilities?” “I think that there are not that many, but… I believe that a women’s shelter should allow every woman to find a safe space. They would mean that every women’s shelter would include rooms for diabled people. What kind of disability, it doesn’t matter.”

“There was a study from the government in 2004. But they took a second look at disabled

people, and there [in the report] they said that disabled women experience more violence than others. I think that there is a big, dark, number. For example, some women just can’t go out and find help. Some think that they won’t get help. Some who try to get help don’t get help.”

“Some need the help of a community, and…” “There may be physically disabled women where the care person is the perpetrator.” “Are there any shelters that accommodate transwomen?” “There is one flat. In Berlin, we have 7 women’s shelters. And then we also have some

projects that offer Zufuchtswohnung. These are flats in normal houses, and depending how

big the flats are, women either live alone with their children or have to share with others. On the door, letter box, doorbell is an alias name, and we also have some safety rules, and they will get some support from social workers.”

“And then we’ve got second stage. The difference between a women’s shelter and

Zufluchtswohnung is that a women’s shelter is for women who are in big danger, and need

232

a place right now. In Berlin, you don’t have to pay any rent if you go into a women’s shelter.” “Financed by the government. In a Zufluchtswohnung, you have to pay rent. But if you are living on social welfare, they will pay the rent.”

“Then we’ve got second stage housing,and that’s for women who are not in danger at all anymore, but have to move out of a women’s refuge or women’s shelter, and who aren’t

able to find a flat on the normal market or who still need help from social workers. These flats… some of them, when you move in, you might be able to get the contract forever.”

“I don’t really like this second stage name. It’s coming from Canada. In Canada, women’s shelters and second stage housing are different to in Germany. In Canada, women stay in a

shelter for two weeks and after that they move to second stage housing. In Berlin, women are living in women’s shelters for approximately 3 months. Some ladies stay for one night,

others for a year, depending on their situation (financially, custody, immigration, residency status, etc.). The second stage here in Berlin is when a woman stayed so long in a women’s shelter and we were unable to find a flat. So, it’s different.”

“I think that the housing crisis makes it worse. It’s very needed; to have that sort of assistance.”

“But we’ve also got in Berlin. It’s called Hestia. It’s a project where they are looking for flats

INTERVIEWS

for women who have experienced violence.”

“I think what’s very important is to have a place for children as well; indoor and outdoor. You should not just think about the women; also the children.”

“Would you say many of the women have children?” “In the shelter where I was working, it was half women, half children. You have single

ladies, and you also have women with 5 kids. [Children] are also individuals with their own experiences, own fears, wishes. And it’s especially hard for the mothers of many kids. It’s

quite easy for women with 1 or 2 kids, at three it starts to become difficult because the rooms are quite small. It would be great to have a women’s shelter which could be kind of flexible with the rooms.”

“Also, when you take a look at the age of the kids. It might be okay for a 15 year old girl to share a room with her mom, but it might be that it’s not. And what about the boys? In Berlin, for many years there was just one women’s refuge - there are now three - where boys

could live when they were older than 14. Still, there are shelters where the age limit is 14. I was working in the women’s refuge which had older boys. It’s such a hard situation for the women to experience violence, and then to also have to decide if they split up with the boys

or leave the boys somewhere. When they come into the women’s shelter, we talk with the

233

boys / with the mom about the shelter and the rules, and also about alternatives. And quite

often, the boys didn’t want to stay in the women’s shelter. If there is a boy that looks very much like a man, some of the women are afraid and you have to handle that.”

“Transgender women… There is one flat for transgender women. There is one women’s

shelter who officially says that trans women are allowed. I think it’s also a question of the

definition. The women’s shelter says that once they have a change in their passport / ID card, like from man to woman, then we are women. We don’t ask. I think it’s a bit difficult to

answer. The devil is in the details. I think more trans women could find places in a women’s

shelter. I also know that there was a woman to man transformation. That was a difficult situation.”

“A women’s shelter should be a safe space. Sometimes it’s also important to say ‘okay, it’s a woman’s place’.”

“Women’s shelter should be a safe space where there is no violence. But there is violence between other women. Racism, and even not just verbal violence, also physical violence. But then of course there are just some situations where we don’t discuss, and the woman just

needs to move out right away. But there are also situations where we talk with all involved

and try to clear the situation. But if the lady is not willing to change her behaviour, she also has to move out. Because it is about the safeness of everyone.”

“It should not just be a woman’s place, it should also be a children’s place.” “You could also think about animals, because there are only 2 in the whole of Germany where it is allowed to bring animals. I heard from women that they didn’t go because they

didn’t know where to leave the dog. Some women just left the violent relationship, then the violence was towards the animal. They didn’t mind that they’d been beaten up, but they did mind that the dog or the cat was.”

“Is zufluchtswohnung like a flat share?” “Yes” “Is there any WG violence that you get?” “Yes. I don’t like the name ‘domestic violence’. I prefer ‘gender-based violence or ‘violence against women and children’, because if you talk about domestic violence it seems that

it’s just with the intimate partner in their home. We have the definition in Berlin that it’s a partner, ex-partner or when you’re just splitting up, and either living together or not. Also,

my colleagues from the BIG hotline say that there are also women who experience violence in their social circles. WGs are also social circles. We also have to think about women… did

they experience violence or are they homeless? I also think quite often about this topic

234

because there are so many women in difficult living situations.” “In that case it was the partner, but sometimes it is not.” “I remember a woman living in a WG with an elderly person who was very controlling.” “Another woman where the flat owner wanted to kick her out, and started to be violent.” “Berlin is quite unique in the sense that you are living with complete strangers and you kind of have to take what you get, when you get a flat. When you get a flat offer, you’re just so thankful to have a place to live that you take it.” “I think that the housing situation has a big effect.” “One of the things I’m looking at is just prevention in the women’s shelter. So, recovery as the main part and also this idea of prevention, so how do you take

women who are maybe vulnerable… who have come to Berlin, don’t know anyone, are single and on their own… How do you provide them with a safer transition?” “Yeah, it’s an interesting idea” “After speaking to friends… we all had strange WG experiences. I think it’s more

INTERVIEWS

common than we might think. And I think people don’t realise that it’s violence or intimidation if it’s not physical violence if it’s just control… or something like that it’s still violence.”

“We’ve got these studentenwohnheim -- housing for students. I think it was in Wedding that we built new houses with very very small flats for students. And so I think it’s an interesting

idea to create a place where women are safe when they first arrive. But then you would think

about what’s next. Because if, like in your case, students are coming, then they might live

there for half a year. Is it like that? Should they stay there for that time, or is there a time limit and you transfer them? Do you build up a connection to student housing? That’s something you would have to think about in the concept.”

“Yes. Because the research I’ve done says that violence occurs in the first 6 to 8 weeks if you are a student, that’s the most vulnerable time. You don’t know anyone, you’re meeting loads of people, you don’t understand the city. You don’t know where to go if something bad happens…”

“There’s not enough student housing in Berlin. I waited 4 semesters and still did not get a place. And by that time you’ve found something else. So, there’s no place for

you to arrive. The point where I think you need the support and safety, you don’t get it.”

235

“So you’d already been here in Berlin?” “Yes, 18 months before you can get a place in a Studentenwerk Wohnheim. One of

my friends has just gotten one now, and another got one 6 months ago. So, it’s the wrong way round I think. I will never get one, I think. Because I am almost finished studying.”

“If your concept is just for arrival, then you should have a concept on where they should leave (/go after)”

“Yeah, because we raised the amount. We’ve got actually right not for stage 1, 422 [places]” “The other thing we’ve got is just the kind of hotel school. That’s not a women’s refuge. That’s the hotel emergency emergency shelter.”

“There is a consultation office on Boddinstrasse. And there is one project called afinamento. I don’t know them from working about domestic violence, but they do offer support for those who experience violence.”

“Yes, it’s quite interesting how you could develop not just the housing concept, also counselling concept.”

“It was a one on one time I thought, OK, now you really try to get everything in that. So be careful like that.”

“And it’s quite funny because after we talked the first time, I had a meeting with another

lady who wants to open a women’s refuge in Berlin. And she said something about like a

women’s shelter with a place where they also offer counselling for public or like meeting point for women. And I thought, okay, I just heard this before. And I just noticed by that, we’re working on a concept for a clearing centre.”

“I think it’s still great… you focus on the medical support for women. So maybe that could be your red line. I think it’s just great, this front. You just covered it with a coffee [shop] and a second hand [shop], and just doesn’t look like a women’s shelter.”

“And I, it’s a personal point of view, think it is better to have it (the clearing centre) separated

from the shelter. But it depends how big it is. Because actually we are talking about having

the shelter and the clearing centre in one building. And I think that’s not a good idea at all. You really should have that separate.”

“Let’s have them learn from each other, that they support in their daily lives, that they

support each other by empowerment. They talk about what they’ve experienced, and by that they learn new things and for that you need these common rooms. So by that, it would

236

be good to have a kitchen where you could cook together, you’ve got these meeting rooms, rooms for group meetings…”

“Right now, the standard is getting better and better, and of course, it’s nice to have the

bathroom in your own room. I think right now, I think at least it’s great to have a sink in your room. I don’t know if it has to be also the toilet or shower. I know that some plans

have a little bathroom like sink, toilet shower and also to have a tea kitchen. It depends on

the concept of counselling of accommodation. And it depends if you’ve got these, if you

want to offer the second stage with something totally different. They can also offer single flats. And maybe that would be a better idea to have the second stage where you don’t

have the women who are still in danger because you [speak] of this public part quite a lot. So maybe it’s better together with second stage or with zufluchtswohnung. These are two

different kinds. Second stage are women who have been in a [stage 1] women’s shelter, and zufluchtswohnung are women who don’t need to go into a women’s shelter, but they do

need a safe space and some support. So maybe that would be an idea and where you’ve got the longer terms to stay. And by that, of course, when you need your own bathroom

and kitchen, and at the same time places where you could meet each other. But you need a more private place. From the safety question, maybe it (second stage housing) fits better together with the public idea (the clearing station). So I think you should decide what you want to offer, or what you want to put in focus.”

“I would suggest your whole concept could be more about second stage Zufluchtswonhung…

more like apartments. And by that, you could look quite a lot at how they are situated to

INTERVIEWS

each other and what are the common rooms.”

“Yes. So more like a long term shelter, because I’m also thinking of integrating some

of that student housing which would also hopefully have space for like teenagers

who are too old to live [in a stage 1 women’s shelter] but can’t live away from their parents.”

“You have to keep in your mind that run a women’s shelter, there might be some men

looking for the women. And it might be dangerous for people around. Yes, so should not bring other [people] in to that danger.”

“So we should not forget where we are… So, you know, your own story and you know your own how dangerous it will be for you. And even though the women are talking to each

other, they don’t know everything and how dangerous the perpetrator from other ladies [is].”

“Are the women’s shelters known to the public?” “In Berlin, officially, they are not known. But I mean, they are at those [locations] quite a

long time. In fact, there used to be like all these men who are looking for women. And there

are men who campaign against them. And so they try to make the addresses of women’s

237

shelters official, and inform each other. So even though there are people like that, I think in all these years, they haven’t [been discovered] that much. So yeah, lucky.”

“Yeah, I mean, when I was looking for the shelters, what I did is I took the phone

numbers, which obviously have an area code. I would put in the phone number and then I search for that area code in other places, so that’s how I found the areas. So

yes, it’s scary how people can find things, I think, but yes, it’s definitely important to consider.”

“Yeah, but you can’t be sure that’s because, like in Humboldt, we have telephone numbers

semi-related. It’s like you don’t have these locator numbers anymore. So I just remember when I moved, I think I moved twice. Yeah. So I could always take my number with me.”

“How’s that transition? Yeah. Do people usually get transported in cause or do you just walk to the site?”

“Well, depending on the abilities and facilities, actually. So normally they’re going by public transport. Sometimes the police bring them, but the police are not a taxi. Nevertheless,

sometimes the police bring a lady after they have been in the flat and there was just something going on, you have to get the lady out and bring them to a safe place. Right now, relatives come by up transport by an old car, by taxi if she’s got money, or maybe maybe a hospital can sponsor a taxi doing something with police or whatever. We’ve got

one offer. It’s called mobile counselling. It’s not like a mobile home, it’s more like you can travel. That’s for ladies who are at the police station or in the hospital who need some

counselling, who cannot go into a public [space]. So we wanted to offer it for disabled people. So, sometimes the colleagues bring the ladies to the women’s shelter or by bus or

by taxi; they’ve got vouchers. But in most women’s shelters it’s not allowed that people are brought by family or friends.”

“We would like women to stay there for I think… maybe approximately three days. So just to check, OK? Does she really need a women’s shelter? Is there any other free place where she

could go with her child? Or does she need some other help? Does she want to go back to her flat and she just needs a safe place for this night. But the next day she will go to court and apply for to get the flat for herself.”

238

239

INTERVIEWS

Charlotte is an architect currently based in London.

She graduated from the London School of Architec-

ture (LSA) in 2018. Her thesis, Islington’s Supported Housing for Women, addressed the issue of housing

for women in London’s Islington by providing emergency accommodation, six-month supported homes and longer term low-rent almshouses.

INTERVIEW 02

“Housing for only women is the only sure-fire way to not have any background worries.” “Have you looked at the whole Vienna city design? It’s supposed to be the most consistent, thorough city design for women. Well, not just women, everybody. It’s just not based on just men. Have you read the book Invisible Women? It’s about how everything is designed

Interviewee Charlotte Madgwick Date 22 June 2021 Type / Platfrom Digital (Zoom) Location London, UK

240

for the average white man.”

“It’s quite interesting to design based on things that you’ve experienced. Why did you want to go into this project? What sparked it?”

“The reason I did it, apart from having just a general feeling that this was something I’d be

interested in, [is that it was] something personal that I kind of felt like I’d had an experience of. My site was in Islington, which, in 2016, was found to be the worst place to live as a woman in the UK. For several reasons, the top being domestic violence, not much support for young families, and I think homelessness. And in addition to loads of funding being cut for women’s refuges. I was like, ‘Oh God, they really need a safe space to go’.”

“Then I kind of looked at the different needs within that group. So, there was a very immediate need for a bed for the night and someone to talk to, so that was looking at this micro home which would be used for a few weeks. So, it’s more like a bedroom pod. Then

I looked at the micro home which would be up to 6 months, which was a bit bigger. I then

looked at the typology of Almshouses. I think they do them in the Netherlands as well… I think it’s quite a European idea. It’s traditionally a set of houses funded by the church in a community for those who are vulnerable and old. It’s kind of those people who fall out of the social norm net. Basically it means that they don’t go homeless.”

“It centred around these very little individual homes where you could take yourself off and

be very private if you wanted to, and then they centred around more communal spaces of garden, creche and cooking. So I intended it for families, so women could bring their kids.”

“The reason for putting the housing round the edge is that it naturally forms your fence and security. It obviously has to be very secure, but you don’t want it to feel like a prison.”

“You could live entirely independently, but also join in with communal life. There was a lot of working out the difference between wanting to close yourself off, so it was kind of trying

to find a way of having these little niches, and different configurations of social groups. So

whether you’d just be friends with your neighbours in your cluster, or whether you’d come to these bigger [communal] things in the centre. I was really keen for you to be able to enter

INTERVIEWS

the site and not be seen”

“No, I agree it’s such an important part. In Germany, the women’s shelters are all in secret locations.”

“I also kind of struggled with it. It’s such a shame it has to be so top secret, in a way. That’s

why I have this edge. There’s a nursery that can be used by either side, and a doctor that can be used by either side.”

“It’s probably quite idealistic. It’s just a bit of a complex social issue. If I actually got some

social worker to look at it they’d probably say no. It’s just a very real problem, isn’t it? It’s heavy in a way. You don’t want to get it wrong.”

“Did you have a specific definition of “women”? “At the time I did this project, that whole discussion was still slightly on the periphery, so I didn’t have to address that. I think if I was to be asked it now, I think I would say… anyone who identifies as a woman.”

“I think in the 7 women’s shelters here, only 1 allows trans women.” “Well in terms of violence, they are the most threatened. Architecturally that’s an interesting

241

question, how that is dealt with spatially… what about... other women? But don’t pressurise yourself too much to completely crack it, because it’s so complicated. I think just sympathetic architecture is really just the key to it. To give different types of spaces to different scenarios.”

“How did you find it, designing just for women, and leaving men out of the equation?” “I think… really nice. So, it was quite intuitive. There are no design guides in terms of doing things just for women.”

“In terms of… little things. Like having this window seat that you could open or close in terms

of how much you wanted to interact with your neighbour. And can you see their front door

from your window. Can you see when your neighbours are in. I was trying to figure out a day

in the life… how things act at nighttime vs daytime. What that feels like. Having areas that you can plant up yourself… all that stuff. Basically I just designed it how I would want to live.” “Basically trying to put myself in the headspace of all the people that might use it. So like, a very vulnerable, quite shaken single woman, someone who wants to make a lot of friends. What if you’re a kid there? Is there enough space to run and play?”

242

243

INTERVIEWS

Lubna is currently based in Miilya / Haifa. She gradu-

ated from Technion Institute of Technology in Israel, and is co-founder and manager at tectura studio. Her

project, Behind Closed Doors, which she presented at the Women in Architecture (WIA) conference in

Berlin in 2021, “offers a physical-ideological urban shelter that gives “social protection” to women in Arab society and changes their low status in the long term.”

INTERVIEW 03

“You are trying to build a system, or a network.” “In my society, there is a connection between the ideology of the space (/state) and the

violence [against women]. I was thinking of this all the time… do women give power to one

another, or not? What is the role of the women in this case? Here in Israel, you know the politics are different, so we need women that give power to other women. But I don’t know

Interviewee Lubna Assaf Date 10 October 2021 Type / Platfrom Digital (Zoom) Location Mi’ilya, Israel

244

how this situation is in Berlin.”

“You can maybe find a new typology that could fit into the rest of the city. While looking at this vision of urban shelter. It’s like the typology of the [Berlin] block” “So, you are searching for an international typology?” “Yes, and how do you make people feel safe [together] if you do not have anything culturally in common”

“It’s like the human right and human safety. You can connect this situation with the UN,

possibly. Try to work with something that does not just specify one society.” “It’s 100 percent a global problem, and when I came to Berlin… You know you think Berlin, it’s great, it’s European…”

“There is no place great for women. Also the feeling that you are not in jail. You don’t need to put a wall to prevent a connection. You need to find how you can give the woman a feeling of home; so that she doesn’t feel like she’s in a place where she can’t go out.”

“Did you try to connect with associations that work with these women? Did you ask them

about what they think the future should be, or what the house should be, or what the shelter should be? Here in Israel, I researched how many women are usually in one shelter.

Here, they have 12 women. I wanted to do something more urban, so I connected two shelters together. So, 24 women.”

“Every woman doesn’t just have a room, she has a house. So that she can feel that she has

her own space. All the time, I was going back to building dignity [website] project… because they give a human-like connection between the space and the people.”

“I think your project is going to study the typology of how a shelter should be, and what are the most important elements in the shelter. So that you can give women safety, shelter and

INTERVIEWS

privacy, so that she can get her life back.”

“You can take these women [their stories] and recount them” “I think it’s really important, as you’ve said, to have a house rather than just a room” “Exactly” “Because I was like, what’s more important? Is a kitchen more important to have in

your room or is it more important to have a bathroom in your room? And I thought, you know what, it’s probably better to have both.”

“Both, exactly. You have to… It’s about the [difference in] feeling that you have a home or

you have a room. If you have a home, you have more responsibility and you have to work,

and you have to study, so that you can maintain your house. This is the point about space and how we live there. So it’s different to feel like I want space that I can stay forever and

space I will leave tomorrow. This is also a problem in the shelter, that it’s for three months. Women will always think, what next? What do I have to do next? I think your choice to think

about level 2 is the best choice, because everybody thinks about level 1 or level 0. And so that question is what’s next? What will they do after that?”

“What I found in my research is that the key for every woman to go out from the village [and

245

leave the shelter] is to study and to work. This is the only way that she can be responsible about her life.”

“So, you need support systems for that?” “Exactly. Self-support systems. She has to build her own world. And what we have to think

about is how we can enable her to do this. Maybe you could give a new vision for a school

that the women can go in, and go out. After that, they have more responsibility for their life” “Okay, so because these women have PTSD, I thought I wanted to do a safe place but at the same time they can find themselves there in an easy way.”

“The movement in the space is so straight. They don’t need to think about how they move in the space. The first stage is the living, the second stage is the academy, and the last stage

is the work, and after that, the city. And how they can move from one stage to another. All the people can get to the work space. But, who can get into the academy? Only the women in the house, and also the women of the associations and the workers there. So the men or

anybody that is not connected to the shelter can’t go here. This is a way of safety. This is a

way of ensuring safety in my project. And in the first space where the women live, nobody can come here, just the women and the workers in the shelter.”

“How do you control that access? Is it keys, or a receptionist?” “Yes, receptionist / security. But it’s not in the housing. It’s in the academy. In an academy, it’s normal to have security there. This gives the women the feeling that she is in her house and she doesn’t have a security [guard].”

“I really liked that about your presentation, how it was so ingrained in the city” “This is a sketch from a woman in a shelter. She told me she’d like to have a space to

study, a space to live, and a space to work. She spoke a lot about economic respect and responsibility”

246

247

INTERVIEWS

Anwyn Hocking, based in Melbourne, Australia, is a

Data Journalist and Urban Researcher. She recently completed her MPhil in Architecture and Urban

Studies at the University of Cambridge. Her project,

Community is the answer, but what was the question? Was presented at the Women in Architecture

(WIA) conference in Berlin in 2021 and investigated

loneliness, community and the collective living of solitary individuals. Her research interests traverse

sociology, epidemiology and urbanism to explore experiences of identity, community and wellbeing within different urban environments.

INTERVIEW 04

“What do you think of communal housing, especially for women? How many do you think is a good amount of people to live in a co-living community?”

“I terms of over the whole building… as opposed to on a floor. Because on a floor, I’m

inclined to say less rather than more. The 4 to 6 mark. Because people can get to know each other more but you can also kind of hide if you don’t like other people. So it’s not just 2 or

Interviewee Anwyn Hocking Date 14 October 2021 Type / Platfrom Digital (Zoom) Location Australia

248

3 where it’s so obvious. But then, the building that I was studying had 100 per floor and that was far too many. It’s about trying to strike that sweet spot between too many and too few. “The reality is that people don’t want to have dinner together every night” “Would your building be top-down, or would it be controlled by the resident?” “Yes, the idea is that it will fit into the system of the current women’s shelters that are existing in Berlin. To function within that system.”

“I actually kinda think that’s better. I know the baugruppen model kinda works but also

doesn’t” “What are your thoughts on communal space?” “Creating spaces that people can colonise… that’s quite a good word because that is what

they do. There isn’t any point trying to pretend that that won’t happen, because at the end of the day people are people.”

“How many people are you thinking?” “30 units” “Yeah, that sounds good to me. That’s a good amount. Because you can create nice floors then. Co-living or communal living?”

“I’ve been asking a lot of people, would you prefer to have your own bathroom or kitchen? And a lot of them say ‘both’”

“When you start to get into this communal living stuff, you realise that people just want to be able to live alone together. I think it’s really important that people have that space. [In my research…] “People just sharing a kitchen with another person were like no no”

INTERVIEWS

“The whole thing has stemmed from the way that we live in Berlin. My class is made

up of mostly women, and a lot of them have had uncomfortable experiences living

in Berlin… And I did not have a great one. You share with strangers that you have never met before.”

“With communal living, when everyone has access to it, it becomes public space rather than private space.”

When speaking about the sauna… a lot of the women I spoke to just stopped going there.

A lot of messed up things came up as I digged further into this, that I couldn’t talk about in my thesis. Like rape charges. The company hadn’t done anything about it… and had asked women to leave. From my perspective, your project is just for women, and that’s a good

thing. Even though groups and cliques will form, because that happens everywhere… there won’t be that initial gender imbalance which presents.”

“[At this project I studied], they would have community-building events, and women would

just stop going to them because people would try to hit on them. And it just didn’t feel like a home. And of couse, you just want to relax and feel safe when you’re at home. You don’t want to have to deal with gender politics.”

“Also, the uncomfortableness from maybe going to an event downstairs, knowing

249

that they know exactly where you live upstairs. It’s very scary.” “There’s no way for you to escape. How stressful is that? You come home, they’re always there. They know where I am.”

“Also, the companies taking care of these facilities are not taking it seriously.” “What is community? What are we talking about?” “Design for solitude. Design places that people can be protected. Also, the way that we design communal spaces, with ‘this is your box, and this is the whole communal space’.

Transitioning between the two is important. I think that this would help cater to different people / different group sizes.”

‘That’s why I’m also fighting for this….” To have this defensible space, that’s your own, and that also feels like a home is really important.”

‘In terms of a model, especially for healing from a trauma. Cradling them, and giving them a safe space to retreat to, but also encouraging them to leave the apartment”

250

251

INTERVIEWS

Khensani is an architectural researcher and designer from

Johannesburg.

She

centres

practicing

intersectionality through research and design. Her view of intersectionality questions and imagines how efficiency and narratives of the built environment

can be more sustainable through ethically social and ecological practices. She is the founder of Matri-

Archi(tecture), a collective based between South Africa and Switzerland that aims at empowering

African women as a network dedicated to African spatial education. Her recent research at the

University of Cambridge focused on typologies of safe space with aims at reducing Gender-based violence

in cities. Through her multidisciplinary approach,

Khensani finds educational value in spatial, written

and auditory explorations centring storytelling as critical to spatial practice. She researches and teaches at the chair of Affective Architectures with Professor

An Fonteyne at the ETH Zürich in Switzerland and collaborates with architectural practice Studio8Fold

in London. She hosts a podcast called KONTEXT and serves as an editorial contributor at the Architectural

Review in London. She is based between South Africa and Switzerland.

INTERVIEW 05

“Have you been able to visit any Frauenhäuser?” “Unfortunately not. Obviously they are in secret locations, but with Covid it’s even harder. So, yeah... there has been this barrier in terms of... you just can’t go to any of them, and I can’t imagine what it’s really like to live there. But I have been in contact

Interviewee Khensani de Klerk Date 13 October 2021 Type / Platfrom Digital (Zoom) Location Zurich, Switzerland

252

with Kristin Fischer who works at BIG, and she’s been able to answer a lot of my questions and give me real feedback which has been great.” “Do any other countries have stage 0?” “I’m not actually sure. I think it’s [currently] more of a concept. But what Kristin was

saying is that, even though this is just a student project and won’t be built, the concept of a stage 0 clearing station could be very influential. And she wanted us to take this concept further. So there’s a studio at TU which is also focusing on this as a project.”

“I’ve just linked a Stage 0 type project. It’s attached to the hospital. It’s also got two addresses, two functions, and you could say that you’re going to visit someone in the

hospital, or go and get something... I’m not sure how you slip off. I have no idea how it works psychologically. But all these counselling services are there. The police are also there.”

“You don’t have to answer the question now, but it would be interesting to hear in your

process of reflecting on your research phase, like how you in presentations to (particularly) externals justify some of your architectural moves? Because I found it really difficult, just

making these architectural gestures that are quite - especially in Switzerland, I can imagine in Germany - civic. I mean, I had access to one Frauenhaus. But of course the typology is nowhere [near] perfect. I mean, they’re occupying existing buildings most of the time, these Frauenhäuser. So, it’s more like an appropriation project which, I mean, it could also be an

appropriation project. Like, how could these existing buildings be appropriated to serve GBV survivors. And it becomes very interesting sustainability conversation about how we reuse buildings and that GBV might not last forever.”

“Mia Zinni. She did a women’s shelter in Hillbrow [Johannesburg]” “Oh yes, I saw that! The one where you go underground under a market?” “Yes. And the market stall sellers therefore also have a social security role, so there’s not this

INTERVIEWS

idea of the security guard, the electric fence, etc”

“In Stage 2, how long do people stay (maximum)? 18 months?” “Yeah, 6 months to 2 years seems to be the idea” “And that’s when they have to leave?” “It’s hard, because it’s supposed to be transitional housing. Like, you’re supposed

to be searching for a flat in the normal Berlin housing market. But that can take a

long time. People would obviously get quite comfortable here, but I think you need that transfer of knowledge with people overlapping. And it would also be good for

more people to have the chance to live here, because this is the only one in Berlin -- imaginary as it is. Also, the idea is that while you are still going to counselling... obviously maybe you’ll still go to counselling for your entire life, but while you’re going through intensive counselling / recovery, maybe when you’re going through

a custody battle for your children, or trying to get the shared apartment... It’s really good to be on site. That’s why it’s great to have Stage 2 housing and the [Stage 0] clearing station on one site. So that someone who’s living in the housing and going

through a custody battle can really easily visit the lawyer in the clearing station. Or also, those who are in stage 1 shelters have a shuttle bus which connects them. So

the idea is that this complex houses all the relevant services or support they might

253

need when they’re going through the recovery process.” “It’s interesting. Because I interpreted your proposition as an extended transition between some sense or normality and the really intense highest point of trauma in the GBV recovery

process. I also started thinking, as you were going on and describing your plans and the spatial qualities, that people will probably leave traces, they will gain neighbours, their children will make friends. Of course it’s intended to be transitional, but do they have to leave?”

“Even the word settle is very colonially loaded, but people ttey to embed themselves.” “Yeah, you do put roots down and people do feel that they belong. I think you’re right. If I lived here I wouldn’t want to leave”

“And the quality of space is very nice. People will leave traces. But I wonder if that’s less of

a problem and more of an opportunity to think about your greater criticism of - you said it yourself - there being no way to quantify with the metric how long healing takes. I’m

just thinking out loud, but maybe the Stage 0 connection / appendix is treated as such. At some point it’s extremely necessary, and at some point it becomes vestigial in its proximity. You could establish a route, in that your stage 2 could become part of general housing

because general housing is where domestic violence happens. Going from Stage 2 into

a setting which only really caters for the nuclear family and [possibly enables] intimatepartner violence... might be regressive.”

“Is it this little world? And that little world you’ve put parameters for yourself. In the greater

scheme of your critical position... what position does your project have, aside from the really incredible service that it offers to survivors or gender-based violence? That could just be it. But I wonder, because there’s also this opportunity to think about how we live. Because healing takes time.”

“Yeah! I think it’s crazy because people get pushed out of stage 1 shelters at a certain

point because they need the spaces. But what if you’re not ready? But in terms of the housing I wanted to make sure that it was just a good, safe, housing-for-women scheme. So without the clearing station or healing centre it could stand alone”

“It’s interesting to hear your response because it points towards a typology or an atlas. How different stages of safety can manifest at different stages.”

“Oh, and I forgot to say! The project should also provide short-term stays for women

who are new to a city. Because I think that the project should heal GBV but it also should prevent GBV.”

“To your earlier comment... are there people who live longer and are custodians? To have

254

room for this custodiam model.” “I kept a journal when I went to the Frauenhaus. A lot of things that came out of that were that they work together, they clean together. There are chores. Maybe there’s a nice way of

the custodians being vessels of building maintenance. And maybe there’s a way to reduce

their rent for longer term custodians. I’m just thinking operationally. What’s the operational

maintenance? Maintenance of access to the city. Not everyone has to be kicked out. There

INTERVIEWS

can be some constant factors.”

255

Michaela, Jake and Abigail are three friends currently

based in South Africa. Micaela works as an architect,

Jake as a running footwear category manager and Abigail as an administrative assistant. They agreed to take part in a design exercise with me, whereby I

described my idea for the building / project to them,

and they each drew their own interpretation of it. The conversations that followed were truly insightful.

INTERVIEW 06

“Who’s more vulnerable, stage 0 or stage 2?” “I would say stage 0 are more… you would have people who are more in shock and

going through a big trauma. Stage 2 would just be more… you would just need an

Interviewee Micaela Jacobson, Jake Klass, Abigail Jacobson Date 10 October 2021 Type / Platfrom Digital (Zoom) Location Cape Town, South Africa

256

extra level of security that you don’t get in a normal housing unit.”

“Cause I would think stage 0 should be more protected because they would have just left

their apartment. So surely that would be the stage where they would need to be the most protected because it’s the most recent?”

“But now people who have also passed that trauma want to go back. You could be as fragile

when you’re in stage 2. I think stage 0 and stage 2 are quite similar [levels of] vulnerability, but different types of vulnerability.”

“But I think it’s important that in stage 2 you start to remove the physical barriers and

you create a safe environment, and you have the security, but you can’t make it feel like

imprisonment. The person is slowly moving into… homogenizing back into regular society

Abigail

while still being in a safe space.”

“You need to give people the opportunity to try and take their lives back and get back on their feet.”

“The way that I pictured it, was that as the building moves, you can almost feel the stages subconsciously as you move within the space. From the stages moving, until the end almost

Jake

looks like a completely normal building that you can almost barely differentiate. And that in itself is a form of security. Being able to say that you provide the physical security, but you

make it look like the facade of a regular block. Well, you don’t know how long the kids are

going to be there for. You want them to feel like they can participate in everything they were

“It doesn’t have to be a barbed-wire boundary, it can be a habitable boundary, so it’s eyes

Micaela

“I saw the garden as being the main part. You can’t mess the garden up.”

Jake

“I think it would help to have the whole area as a community. My friend has moved to

Abigail

“She is technically vulnerable because she’s new to the area.”

Micaela

on the street. A place for people to it or have their coffee or read their books.”

England. She was trying to find a home, but in a female digs only.”

INTERVIEWS

going to do. To get them back to their normal life.”

“All the stats show that when you move to a new city, especially as a student or a young professional, you are so much more vulnerable because you’re so much more open. You don’t have a support system and the people that you’d usually rely on, and you make different decisions based on that situation”

“And I feel that those people could also use the communal space to get to know each other”

Abigail

“And also for people in stage 2 to become more assimilated back into society with people

Micaela

(as much as the women in the shelter could)

that are also vulnerable but female, they all understand what it’s like to be new in a space.

There’s a similar focus.You leave your one community, now you join another, new community. You’re far more empowered. You’re removed from that atmosphere / space of abuse and restriction. So you have to rebuild yourself. It is a rebirth, if that makes sense.”

“A lot of the time women will leave stage 2, go back to their lives, because that’s what they

Abigail

know. And they they can go back in the circle, go through stage 0 again and back to stage 2. I know a lot of the women end up going back to the abuser. They don’t stay there once or twice, they go back many times.”

257

Abigail

“What could really help is a daycare for the kids. Because the mom’s need to go out and work.”

Abigail

“It’s not only people who are [struggling in life]. It really could happen to anyone”

Micaela

“It could be me or you”

Micaela

“I saw this idea of a layered space, with the courtyard as the safest space. I then thought of

it as a yin and yang building. The top is where everything is safe. It has a thicker facade, but is possibly habitable. Like a prison, but the best aspects of a prison. Like a fortress. There’s

this visual connection between the communal courtyard and the raised play space. You all share the same courtyard but at different levels. So you have privacy. There are these two

supporting programs. Childcare and the women’s health clinic. It’s more public but it’s still about women. These provide security instead of a security guard or gate. If you’re a man

hanging around a women’s only clinic or a kindergarten, people will ask you what you’re doing.” Abigail

“I think your biggest challenge is going to be providing security in different ways. How do you make sure that a stage 0 person [or anyone else] can’t get into the stage 2 housing?”

Micaela

“And, in terms of materiality… timber. How do you make a soft material feel thick / robust? Because, if you think about most places that are fortified, they are made of thick, heavy

materials. But how do you make this feel soft? You want your building to feel public, but with a membrane that you can’t penetrate.”

258

INTERVIEWS

Drawings by Interviewees Photographs by Interviewees

259

INTERVIEWS

260

261

APPENDIX

INTERVIEWS

262

263

APPENDIX

DESIGN PROCESS

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

DESIGN PROCESS

Sketch Books

Own Image

264

Own Drawing

DESIGN PROCESS

Initial Sketch

Initial Diagrams

Own Drawings

265

266

DESIGN PROCESS

Process Drawings Original Scale 1:500

267

268

DESIGN PROCESS

Initial Ideas

Sketches & Diagrams

269

270

DESIGN PROCESS

Healing Process

Sketches & Diagrams

271

272

DESIGN PROCESS

Transition Zones

Sketches & Diagrams

273

274

DESIGN PROCESS

Movement Routes | Public, Private & The In-between Sketches & Diagrams

275

276

DESIGN PROCESS

Timber Membrane Sketches & Diagrams

277

278

DESIGN PROCESS

Timber Membrane | North Facade Sketches & Diagrams

279

280

DESIGN PROCESS

Brise Soleil

Sketches & Diagrams

281

282

DESIGN PROCESS

Units

Sketches & Diagrams

283

DESIGN PROCESS

284

APPENDIX

Process Plans

Original Scale 1:1000

285

DESIGN PROCESS

286

APPENDIX

Process Plans

Original Scale 1:500

287

DESIGN PROCESS

288

APPENDIX

Process Plans

Original Scale 1:500

289

DESIGN PROCESS

290

APPENDIX

Process Plans

Original Scale 1:500

291

DESIGN PROCESS

292

APPENDIX

Process Plans

Original Scale 1:500

293

DESIGN PROCESS

294

APPENDIX

Process Plans

Original Scale 1:500

295

DESIGN PROCESS

296

APPENDIX

Process Plans

Original Scale 1:500

297

DESIGN PROCESS

298

APPENDIX

Process Plans

Original Scale 1:500

299

DESIGN PROCESS

300

APPENDIX

Process Diagrams

Not to Scale

301

DESIGN PROCESS

302

APPENDIX

Process Diagrams

Not to Scale

303

DESIGN PROCESS

304

APPENDIX

Process Diagrams

Not to Scale

305

DESIGN PROCESS

306

APPENDIX

Process Diagrams

Not to Scale

307

DESIGN PROCESS

308

APPENDIX

Process Diagrams

Not to Scale

309

DESIGN PROCESS

310

APPENDIX

Process Sketches

Not to Scale

311

DESIGN PROCESS

312

APPENDIX

Process Sketches

Not to Scale

313

314

APPENDIX

Process Axonometrics

Not to Scale

315

DESIGN PROCESS

316

317

APPENDIX

DESIGN PROCESS

318

319

APPENDIX

DESIGN PROCESS

320

321

APPENDIX

DESIGN PROCESS

322

323

APPENDIX

DESIGN PROCESS

324

325

APPENDIX

DESIGN PROCESS

326

327

APPENDIX

PROJECT

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE HOUSING (GBH)

PROJECT

Kienitzerstrasse Street View Own Image

328

Neukölln Axonometric

PROJECT

Own Drawing

Nolli Map

Own Drawing

329

330

PROJECT

Site Plan 1 : 1000

331

Bornsdorferstrasse Street View Own Image

332

Public Entrance

Clearing Centre Reception

Cafe Entrance

Kitchen

Public Restroom

Healing Centre Amphitheatre

Access to Clearing Centre

Storage

24h Pharmacy

Consultation Room

Cafe

Seating Area

Public Courtyard

Public Restroom

Access to Community Garden

PROJECT

Ground Floor Plan Not to Scale

333

Discreet Entrance

Playground

Quiet Space

Adult Restroom

Housing Reception

Access to Women’s Housing

Consultation Room

Bin Storage

Storage Units

Unity Type 6 (Students)

Garden Restrooms

Healing Centre Amphitheatre

Multipurpose Space

Access to Clearing Centre

Consultation Offices / Doctor’s Rooms

Staff Room

Community Garden Entrance

Kindergarten

Children’s Restroom

Security Gate

Post Boxes

Women’s Shelter Consultation Offices

Shuttle

Bike Storage

Communal Kitchen, Living & Dining

Plant Shop

Practtomate Community Garden

Gallery

Access to Healing Centre / Public Courtyard

Clearing Centre Waiting Room

Visitor’s Restroom

334

PROJECT

First Floor Plan

Not to Scale

335

Kindergarten

Communal Restrooms

Sand Pit

Bin Storage

Communal Kitchen

Unit Type 3 (Women*)

Unit Type 4 (Women*)

Healing Centre Reception

Visitor’s Restroom

Planted Courtyard

Communal Kitchen / Dining / Living

Outdoor Area

Unit Type 7 (Emergency Room)

Play Net

Play Area

Access to Housing

Communal Dining

Unit Type 5 (Caretaker)

Unit Type 1 (Women*)

Access

Counselling Rooms

Group Counselling Room

Access

Scullery

Access to Clearing Centre Above

Shared WC / Showers

336

PROJECT

Second Floor Plan Not to Scale

337

Access

Communal Room

Unit Type 1 (Women*)

Unit Type 4 (Women*)

Teenager’s Common Living / Kitchen / Dining

Access

Communal Kitchenette / Dining

Shared WC / Showers

Bin Storage

Unit Type 5 (Caretaker)

Unit Type 2 (Women*)

Shared Balconies (between neighbours)

Unit Type 6 (Teenagers)

Healing Centre Rooftop Garden

Unit Type 7 (Emergency Room)

338

PROJECT

Third Floor Plan Not to Scale

339

Access

Laundry Room

Communal Gym

Unit Type 2 (Women*)

Shared Balconies (between neighbours)

Unit Type 7 (Emergency Room)

Shared WC / Showers

Bin Storage

Unit Type 5 (Caretaker)

Rooftop Garden

Unit Type 1 (Women*)

Communal Kitchenette / Dining

Extra Large Unit

Shared Showers

340

PROJECT

Fourth Floor Plan Not to Scale

341

Access

Laundry Room

Unit Type 1 (Women*)

Unit Type 2 (Women*)

Bin Storage

Unit Type 5 (Caretaker)

Unit Type 3 (Women*)

Communal Library

342

PROJECT

Fifth Floor Plan

Not to Scale

343

Access

Communal Kitchen

Unit Type 6 (Students)

Bin Storage

Communal Living / Dining

Communal Library

344

PROJECT

Sixth Floor Plan Not to Scale

345

346

PROJECT

Kienitzerstrasse Street Elevation Not to Scale

347

348

PROJECT

Bornsdorferstrasse Street Elevation Not to Scale

349

350

PROJECT

Axonometric Not to Scale

351

352

PROJECT

Axonometric Zoom-ins

Not to Scale

353

354

PROJECT

Cross Section

Not to Scale

355

356

PROJECT

Longitudinal Section Not to Scale

357

358

PROJECT

Perspective Section Not to Scale

359

Perspective Section Zoom-in

Not to Scale

360

PROJECT Winter Solstice

21 Dece,ber

Autumn / Spring Equinox 22 September / 20 March

Summer Solstice

21 June

Seasonal Sections

Not to Scale

361

7 3

362

PROJECT

5 6

Unit Types

Not to Scale

363

Unit 1

Housing for Women

Units in Total

364

52 m2 Area

2-4

Women* & Children

PROJECT

Unit 2

Housing for Women

10 2

Units in Total

47 m2 Area

2-4

Women* & Children

365

Unit 4

Housing for Women

Unit in Total

366

112 m2 Area

5-9

Women* & Children

PROJECT

Unit 4

Housing for Women

367

Unit 3

Housing for Women

Units in Total

368

27 m2 Area

Women* & Baby

PROJECT

Unit 5

Caretaker

10 8

Units in Total

29 m2 Area

Woman*

369

Unit 6

Student Housing

Units in Total

370

15 - 18 m2 Area

Woman*

PROJECT

Unit 7

Clearing Station Emergency Units

10 23

Units in Total

12 - 18 m2 Area

Woman*

371

2.5 20

Stage 2 Total

14 14

Students Total

Average Number of People

Number of Units

Average Number of People

Unit Type

Stage 0 Total

Total Units

Total People

372

PROJECT

Number of People In all units

373

Render

Public Courtyard

374

PROJECT

Render

Community Garden Courtyard

375

Render

Housing Walkway / Laubengang

376

PROJECT

Render

Unit Bedroom / Windowseat

377

REFERENCES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Though a thesis often feels like a lonely venture, this one would not have been possible without the help, guidance and support of a number of people. I’d like to take this opportunity to thank them.

To my parents, Paul and Bridget Schweizer; you have always been my biggest supporters. Thank you for seeing me through my masters degree, and for being a constant source of encouragement and solace, even though you were half way across the world.

Thank you to my first advisor, Professor Lars Steffensen, for your guidance throughout this whole process, and for sharing your abundant knowledge with me. Your enthusiasm for architecture never failed to inspire me to work harder.

To my second advisor, Jonathan Green, thank you for your ongoing support during this

thesis. For counseling, educating, and inspiring me in equal measure; you have been a mentor to me for many years now - thank you.

To Kristin Fischer; thank you for your continuous devotion to fighting GBV in Berlin, and for always setting time aside to help me. You are such an inspiration, especially for young women like myself.

To Professors Michael Louw and Julian Cooke, thank you for taking the time to critique my

project. Your guidance and input was pivotal at a key point in the process. Thank you to Sarah Rivière, for your insightful advice, and for instilling in me values of compassion and intersectionality when it comes to design.

I’d like to thank Professor Rainer Hehl, for giving me the chance to pursue this project by

(firstly) accepting me into the M-Arch-T programme, and thereafter by enabling me to look at architecture through the lens of typology.

To Khensani de Klerk, Anwyn Hocking, Charlotte Madgwick, and Lubna Assaf. Thank you

for taking the time to be interviewed by me. Our talks were wonderfully encouraging, grounding, and insightful. Please know how much I appreciate all your inputs, for they

sparked so many ideas and revelations even months after speaking. Thank you to Micaela Jacobson, Jake Klass and Abigail Jacobson for helping me to express my initial ideas, and for sharing your own versions of GBH with me.

Thank you to all my Berlin friends, for always being there when I needed you. In particular,

thank you to Liza Mozalevskaya - you have been on this entire journey with me, and have

378

been a sounding board for many of my thoughts and ideas. Thank you to Saskia Muehlbach,

for giving me a space to work. To Tildem Kirtak, for giving me my first bit of advice on

women’s shelters. Thank you to Ekaterina Kropacheva and Feyza Sayman, my wonderful team from Fem*MAP, where the idea for this thesis was born. Edyta Baran, thank you for keeping me motivated with our weekly co-working days. And a big thank you to Alexander Hartway, for stepping in when I most needed a hand.

Thank you to Boogertman + Partners, TU Berlin Deutschlandstipendium, and DAAD for

funding my studies. This work would have been impossible without your financial support, and your devotion to educating young architects like myself.

And finally, to Mary, Jeremy and Marcus Poland. For letting me take over a room in your house, always making sure I had everything I needed to work, and for being so wonderful

REFERENCES

in the final weeks before submitting.

379

REFERENCES

DECLARATION Please find below a Declaration of independence in accordance with Section 46 (8) AllgStuPO. I hereby confirm that I, Nikita Schweizer (student number 412014), am the sole author of

this thesis. All content (text, images and drawings) have been produced by myself, unless otherwise explicitly stated. I am an M-Arch-T masters student at the Technische Universität Berlin.

My first supervisor is Professor Lars Steffensen (Architect MAA), professor at TU Berlin and

head of the Architecture for Health chair (ls@larssteffensen.dk). My Second Advisor is Jonathan Green

( jonnogreen@icloud.com). Both supervisors approved on the 31st of January 2022 (via email) that this thesis may be submitted digitally only.

This independently produced thesis, titled Gender-based Housing (GBH), has been

produced without unauthorised external assistance. Additionally, no sources or tools have been used other than those cited under references. All rights are reserved. No part of this

thesis / book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author / producer.

This thesis was presented and examined in English, as is in accordance with the Englishtaught masters programme Masters in Architecture - typology (M-Arch-T), of which I am a part.

Signed,

Nikita Schweizer

Berlin, 6 March 2022

380

IN-TEXT REFERENCES 1. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021) https://silo.tips/download/jahresbericht-berliner-frauenprojekte-im-antigewaltbereich

2. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564625 3. Evaw-global-database.unwo men.org. (2020) South Africa (Accessed 8 May 2020) https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/fr/countries/africa/south-africa

4. The Guardian (2020) South Africa In A Crisis Of Violence Against women, Says President (Accessed 8 May 2020) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/south-africa-faces-national-crisis-of-violence-against-women-says-president

5. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021) https://silo.tips/download/jahresbericht-berliner-frauenprojekte-im-antigewaltbereich

6. UMSU.WOM*N’S (Unknown) What’s with the * in Wom*n? (Accessed 14 June 2021) https://umsuwomyns.wordpress.com/whats-with-the-in-womn/

7. Barradas, cassie (2021) Why ‘Womxn’ Isn’t Exactly the Inclusive Term You Think It Is (Accessed 14 June 2021)

https://www.girlboss.com/read/womxn-meaning 8. The Local (2019) From Fraulein to the Gender Star: Germany’s Language Revolution (Accessed 15 June 2021)

REFERENCES

https://www.thelocal.de/20191101/from-frulein-to-the-gender-star-germanys-language-revolution/ 9. Ibid. 10. Periods for Hope (2021) Basics of Gender-based Violence (Accessed 22 April 2021) https://periodsforhope.org/resources

11. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021) https://silo.tips/download/jahresbericht-berliner-frauenprojekte-im-antigewaltbereich

381

REFERENCES

1. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021) https://silo.tips/download/jahresbericht-berliner-frauenprojekte-im-antigewaltbereich

5. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021) https://silo.tips/download/jahresbericht-berliner-frauenprojekte-im-antigewaltbereich

6. UMSU.WOM*N’S (Unknown) What’s with the * in Wom*n? (Accessed 14 June 2021) https://umsuwomyns.wordpress.com/whats-with-the-in-womn/

7. Barradas, cassie (2021) Why ‘Womxn’ Isn’t Exactly the Inclusive Term You Think It Is (Accessed 14 June 2021)

https://www.girlboss.com/read/womxn-meaning 8. The Local (2019) From Fraulein to the Gender Star: Germany’s Language Revolution (Accessed 15 June 2021)

11. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021) https://silo.tips/download/jahresbericht-berliner-frauenprojekte-im-antigewaltbereich

12. UNHCR (2021) Gender-based Violence (Accessed 12 May 2021) https://www.unhcr.org/gender-based-violence.html

13. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against

382

women. (Accessed 8 May 2021) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564625 14. Ibid 15. Ibid 16. BMFSFJ (2021) Formen der Gewalt erkennen (Accessed 5 May 2021) https://www.bmfsfj.

de/bmfsfj/themen/gleichstellung/frauen-vor-gewalt-schuetzen/haeusliche-gewalt/haeusliche-gewalt-80642 17. Ibid 18. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564625 19. Ibid 20. Ibid 21. Ibid 22. Brückner, Margrit (2018) Entwicklung der Frauenhausbewegung. Sozial Extra, 4. P42 - 45 23. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564625 24. Periods for Hope (2021) Basics of Gender-based Violence (Accessed 22 April 2021) https://periodsforhope.org/resources

25. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564625

REFERENCES

26. Fischer, Kristin (2021) Interview at BIG Offices, Berlin (6 June 2021) 27. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564625 28. White Ribbon Australia (2021) Understanding the Issue (Accessed 22 April 2021) https://www.whiteribbon.org.au/Primary-Preventatives/Understanding-The-Cause

29. University of New Hampshire (2021) Sexual Harassment & Rape Prevention Program (SHARPP) (Accessed 3 May 2021) https://www.unh.edu/sharpp/

383

REFERENCES

30. UN-Habitat (2014) Women and Housing: Towards Inclusive Cities. (Accessed 04 February 2022) https://unhabitat.org/women-and-housing-towards-inclusive-cities

31. Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2020) International summit on domestic/family violence during the COVID-19 era. Statement by the Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing. New York, 19 November 2020

32. Frauenhauskoordinierung e. V. (2012) Qualitätsempfehlungen für Frauenhäuser und Fachberatungsstellen für gewaltbetroffene Frauen (Accessed 6 May 2021)

https://www.frauenhauskoordinierung.de/fileadmin/redakteure/PDF/FHK_Qualitaetsempfehlungen_fuer_Frauenhaeuser_und_Fachberatungsstellen_2014_web.pdf

33. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021) https://silo.tips/download/jahresbericht-berliner-frauenprojekte-im-antigewaltbereich

34. Fischer, Kristin (2021) Interview at BIG Offices, Berlin (6 June 2021) 35. Schröttle, Hornberg et al. (2012) Lebenssituation und Belastungen von Frauen mit

Behinderungen und Beeinträchtigungen in Deutschland (BMFSFJ) (Accessed 14 May 2021)

https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/94204/3bf4ebb02f108a31d5906d75dd9af8cf/lebenssituation-und-belastungen-von-frauen-mit-behinderungen-kurzfassung-data.pdf

36. Frauenhauskoordinierung e. V. (2012) Qualitätsempfehlungen für Frauenhäuser und Fachberatungsstellen für gewaltbetroffene Frauen (Accessed 6 May 2021)

https://www.frauenhauskoordinierung.de/fileadmin/redakteure/PDF/FHK_Qualitaetsempfehlungen_fuer_Frauenhaeuser_und_Fachberatungsstellen_2014_web.pdf

37. Thompson, Elizabeth (2019) The underreported trend of sexual assault during study abroad programs (The Daily Tar Heel) (Accessed 3 May 2021)

https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2019/09/assault-study-abroad 38. University of New Hampshire (2021) Sexual Harassment & Rape Prevention Program (SHARPP) (Accessed 3 May 2021) https://www.unh.edu/sharpp/

39. Bull, Bill (2019) Risk Factors for Sexual Assault While Studying Abroad (CIEE) (Accessed 3 May 2021)

https://www.ciee.org/about/blog/risk-factors-for-sexual-assault-while-studying-abroad 40. BFN Berliner Frauenprojekte im Antigewaltbereich (2010) Annual Report. (Accessed 14 May 2021) https://silo.tips/download/jahresbericht-berliner-frauenprojekte-im-antigewaltbereich

Woodstock Axonometric 384Projects in Context | Woodstock

Urban Fabric

41. WHO World Health Organisation (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women. (Accessed 8 May 2021) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564625

42. Yan (2018) Women Disproportionately Affected By Domestic Violence In Germany: Official Figures (Xinhuanet) (Accessed 11 July 2020)

http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/21/c_137620352.htm 43. Ratgeber.immowelt.de (2020) Immobilien-Ratgeber - Nützliche Infos & Tipps Zu Immobilien. (Accessed 11 July 2020) https://ratgeber.immowelt.de

44. DW (2017) Berlin 24/7: Germany’s Capital Is Growing At An Alarming Speed (Accessed 11 July 2020)

https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-24-7-germanys-capital-is-growing-at-an-alarmingspeed/a-37105320

45. The Economist (2020) Why The Pay Gap In Germany Is So Large (Accessed 11 July 2020)

https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/03/14/why-the-pay-gap-in-germany-is-so-large 46. Langowski, J. and Piontek, H. (2020) Wenn Die Kontaktsperre Lebensgefährlich Wird (Tagesspiegel.de) (Accessed 11 July 2020)

https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/haeusliche-gewalt-in-der-coronakrise-wenn-die-kontaktsperre-lebensgefaehrlich-wird/25696336.html

47. Brückner, Margrit (2018) Entwicklung der Frauenhausbewegung. Sozial Extra, 4. P42 - 45 48. Helferich, Cormelia; Kavemann, Barbara; and Rixen, Stephan (2012) Bestandsaufnahme

zur Situation der Frauenhäuser, der Fachberatungsstellen und anderer Unterstützungsange-

bote für gewaltbetroene Frauen und deren Kinder, Gutachten im Auftrag des BMFSFJ. Berlin 49. BMFSFJ (2013) Bericht der Bundesregierung zur Situation der Frauenhäuser, Fachberatungsstellen und anderer Unterstützungsangebote für gewaltbetroffene Frauen und deren

REFERENCES

Kinder (Accessed 5 May 2021)

https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/service/publikationen/bericht-der-bundesregierung-zur-situation-der-frauenhaeuser-fachberatungsstellen-und-anderer-unterstuetzungsangebote-fuer-gewaltbetroffene-frauen-und-deren-kinder-80630

50. Brückner, Margrit (2018) Entwicklung der Frauenhausbewegung. Sozial Extra, 4. P42 - 45 51. Brückner, Margrit (2014). Transformationen im Umgang mit Gewalt im Geschlechterver-

hältnis: Prozesse der Ö nung und der Schließung. In: Barbara Rendtor, Birgit Riegraf und

Claudia Mahs (Hrsg.), 40 Jahre Feministische Debatten (S. 59-73). Weinheim/ Basel: Beltz Juventa

385

REFERENCES

IMAGE REFERENCES Drone picture of Gender-based Violence protests in Cape Town, 2019 Neill Kropman

https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/czzfgc/drone_photo_of_anti_rape_and_gender_ based/

Protests in Cape Town, 2017 Justin Sullivan

https://www.sapeople.com/2017/04/07/justin-sullivan-photos-zuma-protests-cape-town/ “Immediate Release of Approved Funds for the Women’s Shelter“ bpb.de

Existing Community Garden

Facebook Group “Urbanites Who Grow Food”

https://www.facebook.com/urbaniteswhogrowfood Precedent 01

Mother’s’ House, Aldo van Eyck

https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/street-urchin-mothers-house-amsterdamby-aldo-van-eyck

http://www.architectureguide.nl/project/list_projects_of_architect/arc_id/580/prj_id/360 http://vaneyckfoundation.nl/2018/11/23/g-j-visser-house-retie-1974-6/ Precedent 02

La Tourette, Le Corbusier

https://divisare.com/projects/380530-le-corbusier-mary-gaudin-la-tourette

https://uekou77.tumblr.com/post/105267347069/acidadebranca-samuelallenmortimer-my-cell

https://www.archdaily.com/96824/ad-classics-convent-of-la-tourette-le-corbuiser/56ddc7ece58ecea048000001-ad-classics-convent-of-la-tourette-le-corbuiser-photo?next_project=no

Precedent 03

Amsterdam Orphanage

https://www.archdaily.com/151566/ad-classics-amsterdam-orphanage-aldo-van-eyck#:~:-

text=The%20Amsterdam%20Orphanage%20was%20van,first%20large%20scale%20

built%20project.&text=It%20was%20commissioned%20as%20an,%2C%20library%2C%20 and%20administrative%20spaces.

386

https://www.flickr.com/photos/alo003/49568296792 Precedent 04

Fisher House, Louis Kahn

https://www.archdaily.com/342531/the-power-of-architecture-louis-kahn-exhibition

https://www.donfreemanphoto.com/louiekahnfisherhouse/nxb7vcau6z6xgv62n8tszftf2opvpq

Precedent 05

Centraal Beheer, Herman Hertzberger

dezeen.com/2011/12/06/key-projects-by-herman-hertzberger/

https://www.ahh.nl/index.php/en/projects2/12-utiliteitsbouw/85-centraal-beheer-offices-apeldoorn Precedent 06 De Overloop

https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/de-overloop-care-home-almere-netherlands-by-herman-hertzberger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=606Idyargvo

https://zoeken.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/nl/archieven/details/HERT/keywords/hertzberger Precedent 07

Tietgenkollegiet, Lundgaard & Tranberg

https://www.archdaily.com/474237/tietgen-dormitory-lundgaard-and-tranberg-architects/ 608b46a9f91c81654c00002a-tietgen-dormitory-lundgaard-and-tranberg-architects-photo?next_project=no

https://www.ltarkitekter.dk/tietgen-en-0 Precedent 08

Kolumba Museum, Peter Zumthor

https://www.archdaily.com/72192/kolumba-musuem-peter-zumthor https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=sbz-004:2007:133::1030

REFERENCES

https://divisare.com/projects/349228-peter-zumthor-rasmus-hjortshoj-kolumba-museum Precedent 09

Hohes Haus West, Loeliger Strub Architektur

https://loeligerstrub.ch/nproject/hohes-haus-west-zuerich/ Precedent 10

Silchester Housing, Haworth Tompkins

https://www.haworthtompkins.com/work/silchester-housing

https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/building-study-haworth-tompkins-remakesthe-street-at-silchester-estate

387

REFERENCES

https://www.flickr.com/photos/alo003/49568296792 Precedent 04

Fisher House, Louis Kahn

https://www.archdaily.com/342531/the-power-of-architecture-louis-kahn-exhibition

https://www.donfreemanphoto.com/louiekahnfisherhouse/nxb7vcau6z6xgv62n8tszft-

f2opvpq

Precedent 05

Centraal Beheer, Herman Hertzberger

dezeen.com/2011/12/06/key-projects-by-herman-hertzberger/

https://www.ahh.nl/index.php/en/projects2/12-utiliteitsbouw/85-centraal-beheer-offices-apeldoorn Precedent 06 De Overloop

https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/de-overloop-care-home-almere-netherlands-by-herman-hertzberger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=606Idyargvo

https://zoeken.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/nl/archieven/details/HERT/keywords/hertzberger Precedent 07

Tietgenkollegiet, Lundgaard & Tranberg

https://www.archdaily.com/474237/tietgen-dormitory-lundgaard-and-tranberg-architects/ 608b46a9f91c81654c00002a-tietgen-dormitory-lundgaard-and-tranberg-architects-photo?next_project=no

https://www.ltarkitekter.dk/tietgen-en-0 Precedent 08

Kolumba Museum, Peter Zumthor

https://www.archdaily.com/72192/kolumba-musuem-peter-zumthor https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=sbz-004:2007:133::1030

https://divisare.com/projects/349228-peter-zumthor-rasmus-hjortshoj-kolumba-museum Precedent 09

Hohes Haus West, Loeliger Strub Architektur

https://loeligerstrub.ch/nproject/hohes-haus-west-zuerich/ Precedent 10

Silchester Housing, Haworth Tompkins

https://www.haworthtompkins.com/work/silchester-housing

https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/building-study-haworth-tompkins-remakesthe-street-at-silchester-estate

388

Precedent 11

Jesus College, Níall McLaughlin Architects

http://www.niallmclaughlin.com/projects/jesus-college-cambridge/

https://www.archdaily.com/888128/jesus-college-niall-mclaughlin-architects?ad_medium=gallery

https://www.dezeen.com/2018/04/30/niall-mclaughlin-architects-jesus-college-architecture-extension-education-university-cambridge-uk/ Precedent 12

24 Alfred Street, Noero Architects

https://www.noeroarchitects.com/projects/ Precedent 13

Christ Church Somerset West, Noero Architects

https://www.noeroarchitects.com/project/christ-church-somerset-west/

https://www.archdaily.com/939348/christ-church-somerset-west-noero-architects Precedent 14

Maison Neuve, Wolff Architects

https://www.wolffarchitects.co.za/projects/all/maison-neuve/ Precedent 15

Apartament Angels, Vora Arquitectura

https://divisare.com/projects/442608-vora-arquitectura-adria-goula-apar tament-angels-i-inhar Precedent 16

Ørsteds Haver, Tegnestuen Loka

https://renover.dk/projekt/oersteds-haver/

https://www.tegnestuenlokal.dk/hc-rstedsvej Precedent 17

REFERENCES

Somerville College, Níall McLaughlin Architects

http://www.niallmclaughlin.com/projects/student-housing-somerville-college/

389

Thank You

Nikita Schweizer