CRYPTIC PREGNANCY FRAUD; CAN TECHNOLOGY CURB THE TIDE?

by Adeyinka Adenikinju

When you look at a pair of words with different meanings depending on the geographical location, “cryptic pregnancy” would not have been one of those pairs you would have thought to see. However, the pair of words have come to have not only dual meanings but in Nigeria, the meaning represents a sinister situation that needs to be exposed and stopped at all costs.

Now let us state some definitions to help us in this expose; universally, cryptic pregnancy, also called a stealth pregnancy or a denied pregnancy, is one in which a person does not know they are pregnant until about halfway through pregnancy or even up until labor or birth. How possible is this? Well, there are a lot of instances where occurrence can be possible.

Cryptic pregnancy can occur if pregnancy symptoms do not present themselves or are not noticed, so in these cases, the pregnant woman experiences the common pregnancy symptoms in a mild, denied, or attribute the symptom to another cause. The belief that they cannot be pregnant or the denial of it like instances of nursing mothers being pregnant, a woman in menopause, or using birth control pills not to become pregnant. Mental health and other medical conditions can also increase the risk of occurrence in women. These women may experience symptoms like; Slight weight gain, constipation , spotting, swollen, tender breasts, bloating, frequent urination, vomiting, nausea, and cramping.

It must be said though that this is an exceedingly rare type of pregnancy, 1 in 475 pregnancies go undetected or unnoticed until the 20-week oWr five-month mark. One in 2,500 pregnancies goes unrecognized until a person goes into labor (Jenkins, Millar, & Robins, 2011).

Our focus in this article is the misleading meaning or circumstances around “cryptic pregnancy” in Nigeria where it is used to refer to false pregnancy by WWfraudulent individuals who manipulate women with infertility conditions (ONYINYECHI & NGOZI, n.d.).

These women are deceived by deceitful midwives, doctors, or quacks who extort them financially. The abundance of “baby factories” a term for places where women are paid to be impregnated and deliver babies who would later be sold, contributes to the successful operations of these unscrupulous healthcare workers who sometimes in connivance with the women in need of babies to call their own.

The connivance with the women is much needed in some cases as the delivery is mostly staged-managed. It gets worse in some instances, as some babies are stolen at birth by their unsuspecting mothers who are later told their babies died during delivery. This in its own sense lies another sensitive area of concern “Infant abduction”

But most of the women

“baby factories” a term for places where women are paid to be impregnated were clearly deceived throughout the whole stage of pregnancy. They make them pregnant by injecting them with estrogens to make them feel pregnant and prompt physical changessymptoms associated with pregnancy, all without their knowledge.

These women are then told that their uterus is covering the baby, so that is why an ultrasound, or any other tests would be unable to pick up traces of the child. When it is time for delivery, the women are “delivered” by C-Section, where another child is presented to them as theirs, without their knowledge (Nwokolo, 2020).

Most of these women are unable to breastfeed, which would deprive the babies of the muchneeded breast milk, another concern will be the effect of the hormones given to these women to make them feel pregnant or present with pregnancy symptoms which could lead to cancer.

It is worth noting that newborns are now more susceptible to being abducted given to the fact that after delivery, hospitals are increasingly moving away from the use of nurseries in favor of keeping infants in the room with the mother following birth. This is beneficial for parental bonding and other added benefits, but this also means newborns are more vulnerable as they spend most of their time in an area that is easier to gain access to and where a potential stranger impersonating hospital staff is more likely to go undetected. So, it is not surprising to see that reflect when The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) reported in 2008 that in the past 25 years, 252 newborns were abducted in the USA. Alarmingly, almost half of it – 123 cases – took place in an obstetric or pediatric setting.

Why the fuss? Well, in Nigeria, women who are desperately trying to conceive are willing to suppress the pressure of society or appease family pressure, or worse still deceive their husbands, go the extra mile which could include visiting spiritualists, religious houses, miracle centers, buying babies from unscrupulous midwives and their cohorts.

Imagine the trauma and the mental health implication of a mother whose baby has been stolen during childbirth (infant abduction); which is also a thing of worry in Uganda and some other countries, or a father finding out that the paternity of his child is being contested after several years …. Damaging, worse off are the health facilities where these atrocities take place and they come with the barrage of bad publicity, litigations, and the likes.

Various concerned parties have suggested precautionary steps to prevent infant abduction and limit the excesses of those involved in cryptic pregnancy and paternity fraud.

Education on these precautionary steps and the nefarious and lucrative ring of players involved in cryptic pregnancies and paternity fraud, the acceptance of adopted babies into Nigerian societies (or countries with attached interest to babies) as well as Technology, would go a long way in curbing this unpalatable phenomenon (Adepoju, 2015).

Technology’s role in disrupting this phenomenon

With Technology infant abduction can be reduced or eliminated using Radio Frequency Identification or RFID.

mishandling such data.

A BREACH OF PRIVACY? ETHICAL CONCERNS SURROUNDING THE COLLECTION AND USE OF GENOMICS DATA

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the collection and use of genomics data for medical research and personalized healthcare. The availability of such data comes with various advantages like the advancement in biomedical science, informatics and bioethics. While these advancements have the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders, they have also raised concerns regarding privacy and ethical considerations, this situation has presented the general society and medical sector with the problem of a clash of interests. The breach of privacy in the collection and use of genomics data has become a topic of debate and reallife examples illustrate the potential consequences of

One of the primary concerns surrounding the collection and use of genomics data is the risk of data breaches. In 2020, the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) experienced a data breach that exposed the personal and genetic data of thousands of patients. The data included patients’ names, dates of birth, and genetic test results, which could be used to identify individuals and their potential risk for certain diseases. In one instance a stranger visited a woman’s home and informed her of her details. In various other cases, the NHS has had to pay thousands of pounds in damages to victims of this breach. In a research carried out by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), it was stated that 3557 personal data breaches were reported across the health sector and although this number is quite high there is a major probability that it is even higher due to the number of unreported cases. A combination of the various instances of data breaches sparked public concern about the security of personal data and the need for increased measures to protect such information.

Over the years the collection of genomics data has proven to be very advantageous, it has helped scientists and health professionals better understand diseases and how to best combat and prevent them it has also greatly contributed to the growth of precision medicine which is where the doctors analyze a patient’s DNA to better understand which drug would be the best and most efficient in combating the disease. Taking it outside health care the use of this data has helped solve crimes, this occurs when DNA gotten from the crime scene is matched to the general database to find a match or even to exonerate innocent suspects by matching their DNA to that at the crime scene. It is also imperative to note that in a study done by the Harvard Medical School Personal Genome Project (PGP), they arrived at the opinion that guaranteeing total privacy was impossible, they made it imperative to inform volunteers about the benefits and risks of the project, although they took cognoscente of the risks involved they were still in support of the collection due to the advantage and its impact on the general furtherance of research and the breakthroughs that can be achieved through it.

Several solutions have been purposed to mitigate this problem, the data being stored in federated models taking away an over-centralization of power, as a result of this, one individual or organization cannot possess all the data at once. Although these federated models present a solution to the risks presented by collecting this data, this solution introduces another problem which is the high probability of duplicating data. Although a solution for each piece of information be granted a serial number of some sort has been presented, only time can tell if it works. Efforts have been made by the Government to put policies and laws in place to govern the collection, distribution and use of this data. We can see an example of one of these policies when we look at the Mayo Clinic’s Biobank Privacy Policy. Another ethical concern surrounding the use of genomics data is the potential for discrimination. Insurance companies or employers could use this information to discriminate against individuals based on their genetic risk factors. For instance, a company might refuse to hire an individual who has an increased risk of developing cancer in the future. Such discrimination can have serious adverse effects on individuals and society, leading to stigmatization and exclusion of certain groups.

Moreover, there is a concern that the use of genomics data could lead to the exploitation of vulnerable populations. Historically, there have been instances where medical research has been carried out on vulnerable populations without their consent. These groups may include people with disabilities, prisoners, or those living in poverty. Without proper consent and protections in place, these populations may be at risk of being exploited for their genetic data.

In conclusion, the collection and use of genomics data have raised serious concerns regarding privacy and ethical considerations. The risk of data breaches and potential consequences of mishandling such information. The benefits gotten from collecting this data have proven very crucial to the growth and development of research. It is crucial to have strict regulations in place to protect the privacy of individuals and ensure that their genetic data is not misused. Only with responsible handling can the promise of genomics data for personalized healthcare be realized.

Q2: How do you approach communication with children and their families, especially when delivering difficult news or discussing sensitive topics?

Navigating Pediatric Care With Our Health Crush Of The Quarter: Dr Ayodele Renner.

By Adekunle Faderera

As a paediatrician, Dr. Renner has seen it all. From anxious parents to sick children, he has encountered challenges that require not just medical expertise, but also empathy and cultural sensitivity. Dr. Renner, a renowned paediatrician with vast experience in child health and welfare, is a man who has dedicated his life to saving and improving the lives of children. In this interview, we explore Dr. Renner’s journey to becoming a paediatrician, and where he shares his insights on navigating paediatric care, cultural differences, and the future of medicine.

Q1: What inspired you to become a paediatrician, and how did you get started in the field?

Dr Renner: His passion for helping children began with his desire to follow in his father’s footsteps, who is also a doctor. While initially, he wanted to be a surgeon, he discovered that paediatricians were better suited for him due to his friendly nature and interaction with kids. After completing his NYSC, Dr. Renner went on to pursue his residency in LUTH, which he completed in 2017.

Dr Renner: As a paediatrician, communication is the hallmark of Dr. Renner’s medical practice. He emphasises the importance of having the necessary skills, such as sensitivity and empathy, to communicate effectively with both the child and their parents. Dr. Renner ensures that his patients are comfortable and free from distraction when discussing sensitive topics, and he always avoids using technical jargon. Dr. Renner also encourages parents to seek support from groups and counselling services, especially when it comes to chronic diseases like asthma and sickle cell anaemia.

Q3. What are some of the most common health concerns you see in young children, and what steps can parents take to help prevent these issues?

Ans: Dr. Renner sees many common health concerns among young children, including viral respiratory infections, tummy infections, and jaundice in newborns. However, in Nigeria, there are high cases of sickle cell anaemia children and asthma. To help prevent these issues, Dr. Renner encourages parents to follow the child survival strategy, which includes exclusive breastfeeding, immunisation, growth monitoring, and injury prevention. Dr. Renner emphasises that learning about these strategies is essential in helping parents keep their children healthy and happy. for parents who may be nervous or anxious about bringing their child to the doctor, and how do you help put them at ease? background, language barriers, and socioeconomic status?

Dr. Renner acknowledges that learning is an everyday process, and he is always eager to incorporate the latest research into his practice. He also streams conferences online to keep up with his busy schedule.

Q4: How do you stay up to date with the latest research and developments in paediatric medicine, and how do you incorporate this information into your practice?

Q5: How do you work with other healthcare providers, such as nurses, therapists, and specialists, to provide comprehensive care for your patients?

To stay up to date with the latest developments in paediatric medicine, Dr. Renner focuses on hands-on knowledge and support from his colleagues. He also regularly reads journal articles and attends professional meetings and conferences.

Ans: Dr. Renner understands that healthcare is a multidisciplinary profession and emphasises the importance of collaboration in providing comprehensive care for his patients. He works closely with other healthcare providers, such as nurses, therapists, and specialists, to provide the best care possible for his patients. Dr. Renner acknowledges that it takes an army to take care and treat a patient, and he values the input and contributions of all healthcare providers.

Ans: Dr. Renner advises parents to address the root of their anxiety before coming to the hospital. Some parents may have had negative experiences in the past, but every situation is different, and delaying medical attention can be detrimental to the child’s health. To alleviate some of their concerns, Dr. Renner suggests that parents do their research beforehand, such as learning about the drugs their child may receive. Dr. Renner acknowledges the importance of prayer and religious beliefs, but also emphasises the need to combine these beliefs with medical treatment, as doctors and nurses are there to help.

A: Dr. Renner emphasises the importance of respecting patient autonomy, particularly in cases where religious beliefs may influence medical decisions. However, if a child is a minor, the court may intervene in certain cases. To understand each patient’s cultural background and beliefs, Dr. Renner listens carefully to patients and their families, and provides counselling when necessary.

Q6: What advice do you have

Q7: How do you tailor your approach to meet the unique needs of each individual child and family, taking into account factors such as cultural

Q8: Can you describe a particularly challenging case you’ve worked on, and how you were able to help the child and family navigate the situation?

A: One of the most challenging cases Dr. Renner has encountered is a child with sickle cell anaemia who suffered a stroke. Blood transfusions were necessary, but in Nigeria, where Dr. Renner practices, blood donation is relatively low. To ensure his patient received the care needed, Dr. Renner went to great lengths to acquire the necessary blood, including picking it up himself. This is just one example of how Dr. Renner goes above and beyond to provide the best possible care for his patients.

Q9: What are some of the most rewarding aspects of your job as a paediatrician, and what motivates you to continue practising medicine in this field?

A: According to Dr. Renner, genetics and climate change are two of the most important trends that will impact the future of paediatric medicine. With advances in gene manipulation, paediatricians and geneticists will work together to address genetic diseases. Climate change may also lead to the emergence of new diseases and the need for new treatment approaches.

Q11: Do you think robots will take over your field?

A: For Dr. Renner, the most rewarding aspect of his job is seeing children recover and return to their normal, healthy selves. Despite the challenges, he continues to be motivated by his desire to help children and their families, and hopes to one day join a teaching hospital to share his expertise with future generations of paediatricians.

A: Dr. Renner does not believe robots will replace human paediatricians anytime soon. He notes that empathy cannot be programmed, and that human connection is crucial in paediatric care.

Q10: What do you see as some of the most important trends and changes in paediatric medicine today, and how do you see these impacting the future of the field?

In summary, Dr. Renner’s insights highlight the need for cultural sensitivity, empathy, and a patient-centred approach in paediatric care. As advances in medicine continue to shape the field, it is clear that the human touch will remain a critical component of effective paediatric care.

SHOULD SLAP-FIGHT BE CONSIDERED A SPORT?

Munachimso Ayo-Olagunju & Miracle Ifezue

The history of combat sports can be traced back to the BC era and ancient civilizations such as; Greece, Rome and Egypt, where gladiators were pitted against each other in the Colosseum in a fight to the death often for the thrill and amusement of spectators. Behind the brutality of these events, there was also a burgeoning economy, which flourished on ticket sales and gambling, which played a pivotal role in the survival of combat sports to date.

Capitalists and entrepreneurs under various promotions like; WWE, UFC, ShowTime, BKFC, etc have channelled people’s passion and primal desires into a billion-dollar sporting and entertainment industry, with the title of gladiator being retired for the more professional, athlete and the inclusion of some of these sporting activities, some of which include; boxing, taekwondo, judo, wrestling, kickboxing, karate, Muay Thai, etc into mainstream global sporting competitions such as the Olympics disturbing nature of these videos shows the contestant often left unconscious and incoherent and brutally disfigured. It has led to combat sports athletes and aficionados questioning its root as a sport and what it argument of slap-fighting argue that it is inherently violent and can perpetuate negative gender stereotypes by reinforcing the idea that physical violence is a form of masculinity. The risks are dangers in slap-fighting are

With the advancements of civilizations and modernization, the once barbaric nature of these combat sports has been refined, with rules, regulations and governance built into them, with the utmost priority being the participants’ safety. Globalization, having facilitated the spread and sharing of cultures has made foreign martial arts and combat disciplines ubiquitous.

I’m sure every combat sports fanatic and enthusiast has recently come across viral clips of opponents having a go at each other with slaps, in a bid to see who can out-slap the other, enduring the most pain. Slap fight is not entirely novel, but has gained prominence of late, as it’s being backed by the UFC, the biggest MMA fight promotion in the world. The viral and represents. Slap fighting is an extreme sport that involves two competitors slapping each other in the face until one of them is knocked out or gives up. Unlike other combat sports with their roots in some form of martial arts and incorporating elements of sports science, slap fighting lacks any specific art or science to it. Those in the opposing more pronounced, in comparison to other established combat sports, which offer some form of protection to the athletes. In boxing and MMA for instance, the gloves reduce the impact and shock of the bare knuckle against the bone. Some other MMA disciplines require you to don padded protective armour and there are regulations aimed at protecting sensitive organs of the body. The mere fact that you are allowed to dodge, weave and use other defence mechanisms to protect your head from direct impact is an indication that safety is a priority. In UFC for instance, you cannot knee or kick a grounded opponent. In orthodox combat sports, the umpires are more involved and can step into the proceedings of the match to protect the athletes as compared to slapfighting, whose objective is premised upon welcoming and enduring much impact to the brain and whose umpires are merely spectators, as the harm is often done before they can intervene directly. Little wonder since the short time since slapfights emergence, the number of injuries sustained has been undeniably and unimaginably high, which has fueled the criticism surrounding it and has been met by an equal amount of criticism from both regular people and combat athletes. There is also the issue of judging and scoring. In orthodox combat sports, there are empirical and logical means of earning points, which count towards the outcome of the eventual goal. Slap-fighting lacks this legitimacy as a sport, which underpins the argument of it just being a sheer display of brutality. One can only begin to wonder about the reasoning behind not only the participation but the existence of this sport, what point does it seek to prove? Should it be classed as a waste of time and resources due to its high risks, very little reward and near-zero entertainment value? In conclusion, the question of whether slap-fight should be considered a sport is a complex and largely controversial one. While it may require skill and physical prowess, it also has the potential to promote violence and reinforce harmful stereotypes. Ultimately, it is up to society to determine whether the benefits of slap-fighting as a sport outweigh the potential harm. If it is to be considered a sport, it must be regulated and organized in a way that prioritizes the safety and wellbeing of participants.