Geoffrey Salvatore by Geoffrey Salvatore

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

BIOGRAPHY

projects

MOBILE FOOD COLLECTIVE

THE EUREKA HYPOTHESIS

salting delray

adaptive blOCk

collect : distribute

synthetic perception

heliplex

conditioning constraint

great white

WATER ECONOMIES

pharma shed

collateral city

stalactites

CEDAR LAKE HOUSE

ASTOR STREET RENOVATION

exercising urbanism

research

PROFESSIONAL

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

05 Geoffrey Salvatore is a 2013 graduate of the University of Michigan Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning. There, he completed a Master of Architecture degree with high distinction and was the recipient of the Alpha Rho Chi Medal. He studied architecture and political science as an undergraduate at the Washington University in Saint Louis Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts, graduating in 2007, magna cum laude. At Wash U, Geoffrey was a William Danforth Scholar and a finalist for the Widmann Prize. From 2007 to 2010 he worked in Chicago, Illinois, as a project manager for the firm Rugo/Raff Ltd. While in Chicago, Geoffrey was also a member of the Mobile Food Collective research team at Archeworks. The team’s efforts led to the project’s exhibition in the United States Pavilion at the 2010 Venice Architecture Biennale. Geoffrey grew up in Lawrence, Kansas, with a love for maps, flatness, aviation, and highway infrastructure. Geoffrey’s research interests focus on the posturban landscape, contemporary network culture, and how to leverage economic and ecological paradigms within these frameworks toward an architectural end. Geoffrey’s research at the University of Michigan has taken him to Beijing, China, and most recently to Southeast Asia as a member of the Architecture + Adaptation research team.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

BIOGRAPHY

PROJECTS

MOBILE FOOD COLLECTIVE Project _ Urban Agriculture Catalyst Location _ Chicago IL USA Context _ Archeworks Date _ Fall 2009 - Fall 2010 Collaborators _ Rachel Belanger, Maria Kulesa, Derek Layes, Catherine Muller, Adam Panza, Mason Pritchett, Jesse Vogler The Mobile Food Collective is a campaign to develop and strengthen a system of cultural infrastructure that incorporates the themes of heritage, ownership, exchange, and connection, inspiring people to play a more active role in the food cycle. The project grew out of the designersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shared passion for food. It began with the recognition of the universal quality of food, as a social value beyond mere sustenance: everyone eats, and each culture has its own history around food. Food brings people together.

MFC MOBILE UNIT MODULE BIKE FLEET

PROJECTS

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seed exchange

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GROWING

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sta rts

sq ua sh

market

SHARING

r nte wi

herbs

greens

EATING ll fa ga rlic

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GEOFFREY SALVATORE

potatoe s

MOBILE FOOD COLLECTIVE

CABINET OF CURIOSITIES 0:1

MICRO-EVENTS 0:1

HARVEST TABLE MANY : MANY

MOBILE FOOD COLLECTIVE

STOREFRONT 1:1

ASSEMBLY 1 : MANY

ASSEMBLY 0 : MANY

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

MFC

PROJECTS

AR VE DI

AR C H

MFC

MOBILE UNIT

MODULE LM

FI SC

ARCHE

COMMERCIAL

SO U

DE M

RE EN

O KI

O DU

AR I

SE ED

SH N

IT Y

M PO ST

SE ED

M M

IV E

N N ER S KN RE O SO W U LED RC G E E

ST O RY

WORKS

SE ED

PUBLIC

EDUCATIONAL

FUTURE EVENTS + WORKSHOPS

PAST EVENTS + WORKSHOPS

PRIVATE

PROJECTS

In pursuit of this traveling cultural center, we facilitated conversations about foodâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;issues of access, education around urban agriculture, food narratives, seed/recipe exchange, or simply sharing a meal together. We bring people to the table (or, literally, bring our table to the people). The MFC is many things: an education/exchange platform for planting, growing and cooking; demonstrations and distribution of seeds, soil, compost, and produce; a space activator within a community event; or the centerpiece of a harvest dinner.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

Physically, the MFC is a fleet of mobile structures. The larger mobile unit houses a harvest table and flexible storage cabinets that double as seats. At a smaller scale, there are bikes and trailers, equipped to carry the modular storage cabinets. The mobility of the project allows this dialogue to be constant and moveableâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;we can go where we are needed, bringing different things to different audiences, connecting different groups across a city, or around the world.

MOBILE FOOD COLLECTIVE

THE EUREKA HYPOTHESIS Project _ Corporate Laboratory Location _ Suburbia USA Context _ Taubman College / A672 / Meredith Miller Date _ Fall 2012 The Eureka Hypothesis looks at the contemporary corporate lab and the role it plays as a workplace. Science requires labs to be sterile, regulated spaces to conduct experiments. However, todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s social emphasis is toward integration and collaboration as productive tools in research and development. The project seeks to comment upon the apparent contradictions between these goals and do so operating at two scales.

PROJECTS

OPERATIONAL DIAGRAMS

LANDFORMS / DESKS

STRUCTURE

SYSTEMS (CEILING)

ENCLOSURE

TOTAL SYSTEM

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

GROUND PLANE / SLAB

THE EUREKA HYPOTHESIS

16 REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

PROJECTS

At the scale of the individual, the project confronts the reality of our personal workspaces and how we live in our own domains. The design starts with a series of ideal sections for working—how one sits, stands, or meets. Then, through the extrusion of these sections, an unpredictable work surface is created. The occupant is forced to interact with the work surface’s inefficiencies and inconsistencies yielding unanticipated ways of looking at his or her work. This productive mess desires to privilege unforeseen ways of approaching the work within the lab.

In parallel to the re-distribution of resources is the work toward the dissolution of the building. In the design of the lab, the systems within the building are consumed by an enlarged ceiling cavity that is enclosed by a translucent scrim grate permitting the enclosure of the building to be only one laminated layer of glass thick. This allows for the movable laboratory systems, as mentioned, and fosters light to filter through these systems into the workspaces below.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

1 Rankin, Bill. Epistemology of the Suburbs: Knowledge, Production and Corporate Laboratory Design.

Negotiating between the individual and the collective, the project seeks to encourage the unpredictability of interaction and force unintended collaborations. Most lab spaces are designed for the 1% of experiments that require a lab’s resources— hoods, compressed air, or gas.1 This proposal establishes a counter-intuitive efficiency by providing fewer physical resources, but distributing them throughout the building on moveable systems. The distribution of these limited resources, scarcity among the hoods or gas connections, instigate the necessity for interaction. This distribution of resources leads to the formation of relationships – negotiating where one works within the space or who gets to use the hood that day.

THE EUREKA HYPOTHESIS

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROJECTS

THE EUREKA HYPOTHESIS

SALTING DELRAY Project _ US Port of Entry Crossing Plaza Location _ Detroit MI USA + Windsor ON CAN Context _ Taubman College / A552 / Kathy Velikov Date _ Fall 2011 Research Collaborator _ Anthony Pins The preliminary planning for a new international crossing bridge has exposed the geological richness of the Great Lakes region and Delray specifically as a historic location for brine well salt solution mining. This former practice continues to shape what occurs in Delray as the surficial conditions manipulated by the history of rock salt extraction dictate the alignment of the new bridge. Detroit’s harsh winter weather forces a need for ice management and perpetual winter weather preparedness practices that legally require the blanketing of every hard surface within the city with a layer of salt. This practice and the ubiquity of these surfaces can be harnessed as a means to launch a new ecology. By continuing to salt the roads and pair this act with a desire to re-figure Detroit’s landscape through halophytes, a new salt marsh landscape emerges. The ecological and architectural use of salt enriches its traditional cultural role of preservation by exploiting its corrosive nature. Its pervasive effects will be felt with time, as interventions are introduced to further the spread of this ecology. New practices emerge to harness the richness of this landscape. Following the re-introduction of brine wells, clusters of chloro-chemical industries appear. Salt marshes expand creating cattle pens that allow urban agriculture livestock to graze on nutrient rich halophytes. The pervasiveness and oddities of the proposal allow for the metabolization of Delray by reestablishing it as a new gateway landscape to the United States. The mongrel qualities of Detroit in concert with the pervasiveness of the salt marsh ecology utilize salt’s preservative capacity to leverage a way of re-imaging the city from a rusty territory of factories to a sprawling field of marshes.

SALT EXTRACTION SEEDS

SALT STORAGE

INTRODUCE SEEDS

FORECASTING + STRATEGY

SALT PREPARATION “PRE-WETTING”

SALT DISTRIBUTION

PRECIPITATION

STORMWATER POLLUTION

SALT ECOLOGIES

MUNICIPAL MAINTENANCE DIVISION

PROJECTS

SALT WATER MAPPING salt Water The Motor City runs on salt, as do many other cities throughout the Great Lakes region. With over fifty square miles of mines 1,100 feet below the city, primarily along Detroit’s southern border, the underground mines are the point of origin for a geologic resource that ultimately moves full circle and is deposited in either the ground or groundwater. Salt then implicates a number of operational infrastructures within the city through it’s dispersal and transport by both human and natural processes. Spread across a roadway network, salt soon works its way into the wastewater runoff system, culminating in Detroit’s wastewater treatment facility. Along with a number of other chemicals, salt is treated and either reintroduced into the water system or pushed out into the Detroit river.

legend Salinity Low

+ +++ + ++ ++ ++ + + + ++ +++ + +++++ + + +++ + ++ +

++ + + +++ + +++ + ++ +++++ + + + ++++ + + ++ ++ +++ +++ + + + ++ +++ + ++ +++ ++++ + + ++ ++ ++++ ++++++++ + + ++ ++++++++ ++++ ++ ++++ + + + + ++ +++++++++++ + ++ + ++++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ + ++ ++ ++ +++++++ ++ ++ +++ + ++ ++ ++++ + + ++ ++++++++++ + + + + +++++ ++++ ++ + + ++ ++++++++++ +++ + + + + + +++ +++ +++++++ +++++++ ++ ++ ++++ ++ + + + ++ +++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++ + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + + ++ + + + ++ + ++++ + ++++ + + + + ++ +++ + + +++ ++ + + + + + + +

++ + + +

Salt Deposits

+ ++ + + ++ + Wastewater treatment

Combined Sewer System

Salt Storage Yards

Key

Non-Linear Cultural Catalyists

Association of American railroads (AAr)

code networks

Genesee & Wyoming, inc. (GWi)

American Short Line and regional railroad Association (ASLrrA)

iowa interstate railroad Ltd. (iAiS)

Amtrak

Kansas City Southern railway Company (KCS)

Anacostia and Pacific Company, inc.

Metra

CSX transportation

Kenan Advantage Group Pitt ohio express SLt express taxicab, Limousine and Paratransit Association

How Ford Inﬂuenced the Nazis, and Hitler Caused the Proliferation of Suburban Growth in the US Clean Air Act of 1977

impacted by, and effecting no fewer than four major sectors of the built environment, the standards, codes, regulations, and demands on the salt economy have been determined by a combination public policy, inherited practices, historical events, and reactionary decisions.

Auto Manufacturers

Kenan Advantage Group intermodal Association of north America (iAnA) American trucking Associations (AtA) American Bus Association (ABA)

tri-State Motor transit Company (tSMt)

AASHto

institute of Makers of explosives (iMe)

State transportation Fund (StF)

Con-Way, inc.

Fisher

Crewtracker Software Meyer

Dominion Housing Act of 1935

STATE OF MICHIGAN Critical infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council

international Winter road Congresses

Department of transportation

international Bridge, tunnel and turnpike Association (iBttA) Clear roads

American Highway Users Alliance (AHUA)

CITY OF DETROIT

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

industry input

DETROIT DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

DETROIT DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS

Publications

national Housing Act of 1934 tax reform Act of 1986

US DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

report 577

INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE

national Highway traffic Safety Administration (nHtSA) Federal railways Administration (FrA)

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH

national Cooperative Highway research Program

transportation Security Administration (tSA) immigration and naturalization Service

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

US Custom and Border Protection

Ministry of transportation of ontario (Mto)

TRANSPORT CANADA

road Salts Code of Practice of 2004 Synthesis of Best Management Practices of 2003 Annual Snow & ice Colloqium Winter Maintenance Best Practice report

Michigan Air Pollution Control rules

Salt may seem like a rather beinign agent. Mined from glacial deposits and safe enough to digest in certain doses, its effects on the nation’s infrastructure has had a manifold of disasterous effects. in particular, salt’s ability percolate through concrete to corrode steel undermines the structural stability of roads, bridges, and other structural members. Likewise, the by lowering the freezing temperature of snow, it creates liquid pools in sub-freezing temperatures that lead to frost heaves through the build up of ice in subsurface pockets. this all leads to a rapidly aging infrastructure, particularly in jurisdictions with strinking populations where income tax and infrastructure funds have been depleted and can no longer keep up with the backlog of repairs and needs.

national infrastructure Advisory Group

industry Groups

DETROIT WATER AND SEWER DEPARTMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Detroit Salt Company Cargill Salt

Salt Mineral rights oversight Members [Producers]

Salt institute

Morton Salt north American Salt Company

industry Associations

City of new York Dow Chemical the Clorox Company

Hawaiian electric industries, inc. (Hei)

Surface Mining Control and reclamation Act of 1977

JouleX, inc

Water resources Development Act of 1990

news Distribution network, inc

Legislation

international Bridge, tunnel and turnpike Association (iBttA)

Sifto Canada Corp

Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA)

Association of State and territorial Health officials Association of State and interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators (ASiWPCA) Water environment research Foundation (WerF) national rural Water Association (nrWA)

national environmental Policy Act of 1969 Great Lakes Fishery Act of 1956

transportation Association of Canada (tAC) Clear roads

CB richard ellis

ConAgra Foods, inc

energy Minerals and environmental Health Division

James Madison University

the Fish and Wildlife improvement Act of 1978

Constellation energy

City of Windsor official Plan 5.4.3.6

Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970

Legislation

US GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Winter Maintenance Subcommittee American Public Works Association (APWA)

CITY OF WINDSOR

international Winter road Congresses

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

industry Associations environmental Council of the States (eCoS)

national Association of Water Companies (nAWC)

American Highway Users Alliance (AHUA)

United Salt Corp

new York City Department of environmental Protection

national Association of regulatory Utility Commissioners

American Water Artesian Water Company

national Association of Clean Water Agencies (nACWA)

office of Geological Survey Sensible Salting Guidelines

Salt institute

Central Salt LLC Compass Minerals inc

Businesses

Water environment Federation (WeF) Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA)

MiDeal road Salt requisition Program

By-Law number 8544

Logistics Applications, inc Pipeline trading Systems AeCoM northrop Grumman

interest Groups

City of Albuquerque, new Mexico Grain Management

Grayson & Associates

ACi Worldwide Metropolitan Atlanta rapid transit Authority (MArtA)

Southwest Airlines Corporation vestas Americas / vestas Wind Systems

Windsor Archaeological Master Plan Maintenance Division

Winter road Association (PiArC) Snow and ice Management Association (SiMA)

S US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Southeast Michigan Snow and ice Management Partnership (SeMSiM) Wayne County Department of Public Services

NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA

road Commission of oakland County

road Commission of Macomb County

regulation 245/97

oil, Gas and Salt resources Act (rSo 1990, Chapter P.12) Provincial operating Standards

SALTING DELRAY

Section 8 Program

national Association of County & City Health officials American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water research Foundation

Bean Blossom-Patricksburg Water Corporation

WINDSOR WATER AND SEWER DEPARTMENT

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

King County Department of natural resources and Parks

Water Sector Committee

California Water Service Co.

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION

Lyons Salt Company

City of Portland Bureau of environmental Services Local / State Agencies

Greenville Water System

Legislation

treaty of 1908

Cargill Deicing technology

Boston Water and Sewer Commission Breezy Hill Water and Sewer Company

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Clean Water Act (CWA)

Canadian Salt Company

Fair Housing Act 1968

Community reinvestment Act of 1977

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

riverSides Stewardship Alliance ontario Good roads Association

Legislation

nonmetallic Mining Facility Permitting Part 5 rules - Spillage of oil and Polluting Materials natural resources and environmental Protection Act [nrePA]

national Ambient Air Quality Standards (nAAQS)

Housing Segregation

redlining Maps

United States Coast Guard

regulatory Guidance

Low-income Housing tax Credit new Markets tax Credit

BELOW GL DATAM 1985

road Salts Assessment report of 2001

Home owners’ Loan Corporation (HoLC

redlining Maps

Army Corps of engineers

Canadian environmental Protection Act of 1999

The Detrimental Effect of Salt on the Nation’s Infrastructure

Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) restrictive Covenants

HOMELAND SECURITY

Mortgage interest Deduction

Federal Housing Administration

Surface transportation Board

Minneapolis bridge collapse

Canada Mortgage renewal Plan national Housing Act

WINDSOR DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING

1919 trancontinental Motor Convoy

Snow and ice Management Association (SiMA)

Special report 255

Canadian Home Stimulation Program

1893 the First American Automobile

1919 trancontinental Motor Convoy 1956 Federal-Aid Highways Act

Annual Snow & ice Symposia

Winter road Association (PiArC)

WasteWater

World War II

Dwight D. eisenhower

Highway trust Fund

Public Act 51 of 1951

Pro-tech Manufacturing & Distribution

Members [Suppliers]

ENVIRONMENT CANADA

Michigan Dot

Detroit-Windsor truck Ferry

operaSoft Snow Management Software

transportation

salt

Planning Act of ontario

American Petroleum institute (APi) First Student, inc.

land Use

Adolf Hitler

Comprehensive transportation Fund (CtF) transportation economic Development Fund (teDF)

Highway and Motor Carrier Modal Sub-Sector Henry Ford and Adolf Hitler, two of history’s most famous anti-Semites, are united as two of the main progenitors, albeit unwittingly, of suburban development. Ford strategies of automation and mass production were highly inﬂuential on Hitler and apparent in his genocidal extermination programs which were both efficient and effective. Pressing the globe in World War ii, Hitler brought Dwight eisenhower the european continent as the commander of Allied forces, a position for which would later become a major part of his platform in his bid for the American presidency. During his time in Germany, eisenhower developed an admiration for the German Autobahn, which made coordination of military forces easier, especially in comparison to his experience in the 1919 transcontinental convoy. Upon returning to the United States, the second-term President eisenhower enacted the 1956 Federal-Aid Highways Act, which effectively funded the construction of a national network of interstate highways covering over 56,000 miles of roadways. this made possible not only the decentralization of urban populations, but in the context of the Cold War, the decentralization of government agencies.

air QUalitY

Henry Ford

Ford

INTEREST GROUPS

truck rental and Leasing Association (trALA)

ABOVE GL DATAM 1985

HenrY Ford and adolF Hitler

Chrysler

General Motors

UAW

ontario regulation 239/02

ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Mineral and Metals Policy of the Government of Canada Mining Act Part iv regulation 263/02 (rSo 1990, Chapter M.14) Canadian Standards Association Standard Z341 Harmonized Sales tax

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

norfolk Southern

Canadian Pacific railway (CP)

ATMOSPHERE

railroad Modal Sub-Sector

BnSF railway Company Canadian national railway Company (Cn)

SUBSTRATA

CODE DIAGRAM

+ + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + +

Combined Sewer Systems

Snowbelt

High

22 Add pickle liquor or ferric hloride OAKWOOD

DETROIT RIVER

Rack and Grit Building

PUMP STATIONS

NORTH

RECTANGULAR

SEDIMENTATION TANKS

CIRCULAR

SALT WATER CYCLE

Secondary Bypass to River Rouge Outfall

Primary Clarifiers

Sewer System

INTERCEPTORS

INTERMEDIATE LIFT STATIONS AIR AERATION TANK

Grit to incinerator or land fill

OXYGEN AERATION TANK

PRIMARY SLUDGE PUMPS

Mine to treatment plant

Add chlorine

Gravity Thickening

SECONDARY CLARIFIERS

RAS PUMP

To Detroit River Outfall

SECONDARY SLUDGE PUMPS STORAGE TANKS

STORAGE TANKS

BLENDING TANKS

Sludge Dewatering

THICKENING TANKS

Incinerator

Wet Ash Lagoon To Oakwood Interceptor

Due to a rich geologic history during the Paleozoic Age 400 million years, Michigan gained both rich mineral deposits under its soils as well as the large fresh water bodies that define its shape. these two resources for which the Great Lakes has always been known are still connected contemporarily by way of salt which has permeated the waste water treatment system. Starting in 1906, the Detroit Salt Company began mining underneath the city of Detroit in an effort to extract Halite for industrial uses. in an effort to combat the winter weather in the region, municipalities turned to salt as a way to stall the formation of ice. Years of salting practices have led to increasingly polluted waterways that strangle an already deficient combined sewer system. recent lack of investment in maintenance of the Detroit Water Sewer District has led to further decay of the system, leading to leakages of 23 billion gallons of water per year and $23 million.

CENTRIFUGES

BELT FILTER PRESS

MULTIPLE HEARTH INCINERATOR

DRY ASH SILO

To lime mixing facility

To off-site landfill

PLEISTOCENE EPOCH

CENOZOIC ERA

MESOZOIC ERA MINE SHAFT A 20’ diameter shaft allows for daily transport between the surface and mine for employees, equipment and mined material. Each hoist to the surface brings 18-20 tons of Salt to the surface for processing.

ROOM + PILLAR MINING The Detroit Salt Company mine utilizes the room and pillar mining technique as a way to ensure structural stability of the mine. Diesel-powered mining equipment aids in the extraction of the mineral deposits 1100 feet below the streets of Detroit, The room and pillar mining technique only recovers 25-65% of the salt available of a given deposit.

PALEZOIC ERA

BRINE WELLS By way of solution mining, brine wells are utilized to extract salt. In this process, water is pumped through underground salt deposits. In return, water with a high saline content is filtered and evaporated to remove Salt from the water.

HALITE DEPOSIT

STRUCTURE DIAGRAM

HAND SPREADING Due to the commercialization of the salt industry and the need to keep sidewalks safe in icy weather conditions, hand spreading of Salt has become a habitual practice each Winter.

BARGE Barges are able to carry large volumes of heavy salt loads long distances by sea. The Detroit Salt Mine is strategically located along the River Rouge for this purpose. Salt is often the return material for barges transporting other goods.

FREIGHT RAIL CAR A standard railcar allows salt to be transported to land-locked areas on slower moving freight trains.

SNOW BELT SALTWATER MARSHES The frequent salting of roadways in snow-heavy areas of the country have given rise to mutant ecologies. Along highway shoulders, salinated runoff has provides adequate salt levels to allow the growth of coastal plant species such as foxtail barley, salt grass, and seaside goldenrod. Halophytes, or plants that tolerate or demand salinity have replaced other plant species that died from heavy levels of salt.

PUSH SPREADER Quickly covers large paved areas with salt through a rotary spreading wheel. Variable spread rates help operator control the amount of material distributed.

trAnSPortAtion

INSERT HOPPER SPREADER After market adaptation placing a large container in the flat bed of a pickup truck. Capacity similar to gritters, but more costeffective. Truck power and agility in wintery conditions can determine spreading ability.

Mined salt is transported almost exclusively by railroad freight car and barge. Large quantities and heavy transportation loads make travel by roadway impractical. Much of the salt mined in Detroit is exported into Canada.

SALT SPREADING ATV An after-market adaptation allowing an All-Terain Vehicle to spread salt by virtue of a rotary spinner mounted on the rear of the vehicle. More efficient than hand or push spreading for smaller institutions and businesses.

Below Freezing Air Temperatures

Base

Plane of Freezing

structuring the salt economy

De-iCinG

each year, more than a million miles of roadways are treated with salt mixtures. With motorists traveling more than three trillion vehicle miles each year, and 75% of workers commuting by car, the demand for safe roadways is high. Snow removal in 33 snow belt states accounted for 20-25% of total maintenance costs and almost 5% of all highway expenditures.. At 30 degrees farenheit, 46.3 pounds of ice can be melted with a pound of salt.

Salt as a commodity and a consumer good is implicated in major decisions regarding the provision of infrastructure and its removal from the wastewater

system. Five prinicple topics can be deciphered as it relates to salts circuitous ﬂow from extraction to deposition. the mining of salt implies a very specific

set of industrial machinery for extracting and then transporting salt to the surface where it can be loaded onto various modes for transportation. Salt from the

Frozen Water

Surface Course

Moving Water Unfrozen

Frozen Subgrade

Capillary Water

Frozen Water

Moving Water Unfrozen

Frozen Water

Moving Water Unfrozen

Detroit Salt Company is used primarily for the treatment of winter roadways, which calls into question not only the system of highways, streets, and roadways, but also the ecologies existing alongside and how snow removal treatments effect the long term viability of the roadway networks most vulnerable typology highway bridges.

As the salt returns to the ground, this time in a dissolved form, it enters the wastewater treatment system and its complex networked hierarchy of sewers.

SALT STORAGE DOME Facility for the storage of raw rock salt material. Serves as a holding point where gritters and other large scale ice fighting operations load material.

the combined sewer system, which can overﬂow during high storm surges and mix sewage and water runoff, necesitates special mitigation measures that

can control for this system failure through a variety of improvised renovations to the system. Finally, once in at treatment plant, salt finds itself subject to both

river, eventually ﬂow to Lake erie.

mechanical and chemical processes of removal, extraction, and ultimately incineration. Salt which slips through this treatment is deposited back into the Detroit

GRITTER Salt spreading truck utilized by local governments, highway agencies, airports, and the military to keep roads covered with salt in poor conditions. Often gritters are equipped with both salt spreading equipment and a snow plow.

FIRST FLUSH BASIN Approximately 90% of toxic runoff occurs in the first 15 minutes of a storm when combined sewer overflows also occur. The first flush basin collects the immediate runoff into a separate chamber to settle silt and sludge. After the storm, the runoff is transferred to the trunk

COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM Major cities throughout the Northeast part of the United States have full or partial combined sewer systems. During major storm events, these sewer systems overflow into each other, and spill out through outfalls into the Detroit and River Rouge. Recent regulations employed by the EPA and Clean Water Act require a number of mitigation techniques in order to reduce further contamination of waterways.

FLY ASH SILO Pumps high volumes of sludge collected from the clarifiers and forces it through the sludge disposal process.

SCREENING Removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances. Course screens typically have openings of 6 mm (0.25 in) or larger, while opening sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to 0.25 in).

COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM Combined sewers that transport both storm water and sewage in a single pipe. During rain storms, combined sewers collect the storm water that runs off our streets and houses in addition to sewage flows, receiving up to three times the volume of flow that is normally transported on a

SALT STORAGE SHED Cost effective structure used to cover salt mounds. Often used on site of salt processing and mining facilities to provide easy access to raw material. Open-air nature of the structure can lead to further environmental contamination.

SLUDGE INCINERATOR Sludge removed from the clarifer and grit aeration is burned. The remnants of the burnt sludge creates fly ash which can be recycled for mixture in concrete, used prominently in roadway construction.

TRUNK SEWER The trunk sewer lines are the primary sewers for carrying wastewater from lines connected to households to the interceptor lines. There are approximately 80 truck lines in Detroit, which vary in size, depth, and construction material. The oldest lines date to the early 1900s.

SAND FILTRATION TANKS Sand filtration is largely a backup system that filters water slow by allowing it to percolate through sand, removing solid impurities.

BOOM TRUCK A crane truck is necessary to remove disposable net traps upon their partial or complete fillling. Disposable net are removed through a large man hole and place in a municipal waste dumpster for hauling.

DISPOSABLE NET TRAP Disposable net traps are placed either in system or at outfall locations and can be retrofitted into an existing system. They collect large pieces of trash in to 6mm thick nets approximately 2.5’ x 4’x 8’. These are inspected after each major storm to determine if replacement is

SCALER Provides additional reach and boom movement while mining halite. Provides extra prying power when compared to hand drilling or undercutting.

SeWer SYSteM

CLARIFIER Settles sludge and skims grease and oils from the surface. Clarifier tanks are equipped with mechanical scrapers that drive sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank. A typical sedimentation tank may remove from 50 to 70 percent of suspended solids, and from 30 to 35 percent of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from the sewage. Secondary clarifiers are designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent.

Detroit’s sewer system is comprised of 3,500 miles of sewer, approximately 30% of which is a combined sewer system. it has 78 outfalls into the Detroit and rouge rivers, and is served by three primary interceptors.

EFFLUENT PIPE Collects sludge after the wastewater has been removed and holds it prior to incineration.

INTERCEPTOR Three major interceptors - The Detroit River, Oakland NW, and North Interceptors - carry water from trunk sewer lines to the wastewater treatment facility. They range in size and depth, from 6’ 18’ in diameter and 14’ to 82’ in depth.

CRUSHER Breaks large mineral deposits in easily handled piecdes for processing. Operation can occur either in the mine itself or at surface-located processing facilities.

FRONT END LOADER Transports raw salt material around within mine and at above ground storage areas. Also used to move salt into long range transport vehicles, such as rail cars or barges.

SCREEN Separates and sorts various sized minerals into large piles for transport to processing. Operates both within the underground mine and at the surface. Can be utilized anytime within the mining process.

AERATION TANK AGITATOR Pumps high volumes of sludge collected from the clarifiers and forces it through the sludge disposal process.

WASteWAter treAtMent

the Detroit Wastewater treatment Plant is the largest facility of its kind in the United States. it serves the entire Detroit Metropolitan region, including approximately 3.2 million people. the plant has two outfalls, one to the Detroit river and one to the river rouge. A third outfall is planned for the river rouge. the plant treated an average of 750 million gallons per day (mgd) of wastewater from 1996 to 2000.

OXYGEN ARERATION POOL Pumps high volumes of sludge collected from the clarifiers and forces it through the sludge disposal process.

TWIN SLUDGE PUMP Pumps high volumes of sludge collected from the clarifiers and forces it through the sludge disposal process.

AERATED GRIT CHAMBER Removes grit by causing wastewater to flow in a spiral pattern. Air is introduced in the grit chamber along one side, causing a perpendicular spiral velocity pattern. Heavier particles acclerate and diverge from the streamlines, dropping to the bottom of the tank.

FEEDER BREAKER Hauls and conveys raw minerals within the mine. Rotary Pick Breaker reduces mined material to a consistent and manageable size.

SLUDGE CENTRIFUGE Separates remaining wastewater from the sludge by means of spinning.

SLUDGE HOPPER Collects sludge after the wastewater has been removed and holds it prior to incineration.

UNDERCUTTER Functions as the main and most powerful method of dislodging mineral deposits within the mine. Includes various attachable pick tools to aid in the mining of salt material.

SALt MininG

Approximately 1,100 feet below the surface of Detroit, the Detroit Salt Company mines salt using a variety of industrial machinery and automobiles, despite being wider than the mining shaft itself. Mined salt is uplifted through the shaft in small containers, and then piled into salt domes on the surface. Salt is then loaded on barges or rail cars for transport.

HAND DRILL Allows for more precise dislodging of raw halite from difficult to reach surfaces of the salt mine.

INFRASTRUCTURE CORROSION Salt corrosion of steel reinforcing in roadways and bridges dramatically reduces the lifespan of these infrastructures. Bridges collapse - as witnessed in Minneapolis - are the worst case scenarios for this type of effect. However roadway cracking and lower levels of service are also side effects of these processes.

PROJECTS

OUTCOME 2025.02.05

COMMERCIAL SALT WATER FISH FARMS Utilizing the salt ponds, commercial hatcheries and fisheries can open to harvest salt water farmed fish making the Great Lakes a source for all types of fish.

OUTCOME 2040.01.14

SALT MARSH PROLIFERATION Through the introduction of specialized halophyte plant seeds in the Salt Distribution, new ecologies roadway.

INTERVENTION 2021.01.07.1

ON-SITE SALT STORAGE BEGINS Due to strict State of Michigan guidelines for the safe storage of salt, the increasing salinity of Delray allows for open air storage as stormwater pollution prevention is no longer a concern.

INTERVENTION 2022.01.09

REINTRODUCTION OF BRINE WELL SOLUTION MINING Historic and new brine well sites are tapped to provide additional sources for salt extraction as the demand for salt grows.

INTERVENTION 2021.01.08 OUTCOME 2020.01.07

INCREASE IN ROADWAY SALT RUNOFF The new Detroit River International Crossing adds 160,000 SF of impervious surface to the Delray neighborhood.

OUTCOME 2023.01.10

SALTWATER POOLING OCCURS The salt ecologies take further hold as water begins to naturally pool within a densifying ecology of halophytes.

CURBS ALTERED TO PROPAGATE SALT MARSH ECOLOGY To perpetuate marsh growth from storm water, curbs are altered to allow for greater levels of salt absorption.

intervention 2018.01.06

OUTCOME 2012.02.03

OUTCOME 2012.02.04

CATTLE PENS DEVELOP A developing salt marsh boundary allows for urban cattle ranchers to herd livestock in a contained area bordered by salt marshes.

OUTCOME 2013.01.05

SALT MARSHES ECOLOGIES DEFINE NEW URBAN PLAN As Delray erodes into the Detroit River becoming a new landscape, industrial and commercial areas are outlined to help establish the boundary conditions for this ecological emergence.

OUTCOME 2011.02.02

COMMUNITY FARMING Local entrepreneurs begin urban farms to capitalize on the lack of fresh produce within Detroit capitalizing on a national push toward sustainably grown produce produced using renewable energy.

intervention 2011.01.03

salt seeding begins Pairing of Halophyte seeds with salt brine mixture in preparation for Winter Weather Storm events.

BASIS 2011.01.02

BASIS 2008.02.01

URBAN AGRICULTURE High rates of vacancy in Detroit spurs large scale discussion of changes in land use to promote productive use of land area within the city limits.

SALTING DELRAY

SALT CODE ADOPTED To utilize natural resources within the city limits and handle a growing enviornmental problem, the city decides to adopt a more proactive and productive use of salt.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

crossing plaza opens Completion of the Detroit River International Crossing further implicates the development of salt ecologies within Delray.

LIVESTOCK GRAZING BEGINS Urban Agriculture moves beyond crops to include locally raised livestock which can feed on salt marsh plants.

24 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM FROM CANADA

CAR SECONDARY FROM CANADA

TRUCK SECONDARY

CAR PRIMARY

RETURN TO CANADA

TRUCK PRIMARY

PEDESTRIAN / BIKE TO / FROM FORT WAYNE

TO CANADA

DUTY FREE

PEDESTRIAN / BIKE TO / FROM DELRAY

TO CANADA

FROM CANADA

SALINITY DIAGRAM

SALT EXTRACTION: BRINE WELL SOLUTION MINING SALT HARVESTING: EVAPORATION PONDS

SALT STORAGE: SALT MOUNDS

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROJECTS

SALTING DELRAY

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROJECTS

SALTING DELRAY

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROJECTS

SALTING DELRAY

ADAPTIVE BLOCK Project _ Comprehensive Housing Project Location _ Seoul KOR Context _ Taubman College / A562 / Vivian Lee + El Hadi Jazairy Date _ Winter 2012 Collaborators _ Sean Choi, Zeeshan Vira Adaptive Block is a comprehensive housing project that rethinks a material and spatial relationship with the project’s site. The development of a courtyard housing type allowed for the building form, its materials and details, to negotiate the differences in the adjacent site conditions. The building envelope and facade cladding systems adapt formally to the site’s four adjacent edges: a highway, boulevard, canal, and street. Along the highway, the wall section grows thick and dense while along the other facades the use of perforated metal panels allow the facade to become increasingly porous based on desires for increased exterior views and natural light. The use of the courtyard housing typology also allowed us to investigate issues of Korean domesticity and the relationship between the individual occupant and collective complex. The courtyard’s character was loosely inspired by the Han-ok traditional courtyard house. The use of wood stands as a contrast to the perforated metal paneling on the exterior of the project. In the case of this project, the courtyard is open to the public to allow for public program and communal recreation space.

STREET

HIGHWAY

BOULEVARD CANAL

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROJECTS

ADAPTIVE BLOCK

32 DIAGRAMS RESIDENTIAL UNITS

PROGRAM TYPES

AMMENITIES

RESIDENTIAL UNITS

COMMERCIAL

AMENITIES

RESIDENTIAL SUPPORTIVE SPACE

COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL SUPPORT SPACE

UNIT TYPES C1: TYPICAL CORNER APARTMENT UNIT T1: TOWER APARTMENT COURTYARD + CANAL VIEWS T2: TOWER APARTMENT CITY VIEWS B1: COURTYARD APARTMENT COURTYARD VIEWS B2: COURTYARD APARTMENT CITY VIEWS

PROJECTS

1.68

2 BEDROOMS + 1 BATH

4.02

5.82

6.70 4.02

C1 _ TYPICAL CORNER APARTMENT UNIT

2.55

UNIT PLANS

AREA: 76.73 M2 4.82

2.55

1.70 3.46

3.46

12.00

2.35 5.82

5.82

3.11

4.02

2 BEDROOMS + 2 BATHS

1.68

T1 _ TOWER APARTMENT UNIT COURTYARD + RIVER VIEWS

AREA: 96.01 M2 2.57

1.20

3.18

0.52

4.00

3.90

4.09

7.31

2.25

1.68

4.78 20.43

4.02

5.82

2.35 5.82 3.11

1 BEDROOM + 1.5 BATHS

1.68

T2 _ TOWER APARTMENT UNIT CITY VIEWS

AREA: 79.66 M2 2.25

0.52

4.09

5.32

1.09

4.78

8.52 17.62

1.68 1.68

4.71

6.52

6.71 3.52

BALCONIES AND SUNROOM BLOCK EXTENSIONS VARY BY UNIT

1.21

B1 _ COURTYARD APARTMENT UNIT COURTYARD VIEWS

2 BEDROOMS + 2 BATHS AREA: 80.69 M2 2.37

1.21

3.83

3.71

2.25

2.37

4.87

3.73

12.56

5.36 3.37

1 BEDROOM + 1 BATH

4.02

5.36

1.68

1.22

B2 _ COURTYARD APARTMENT UNIT EXTERIOR CITY VIEWS

AREA: 57.19 M2 2.48

4.88

1.21 3.83

2.34 7.35

11.30

ADAPTIVE BLOCK

1.86

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

1.68

PROJECTS

BUILDING PLANS FL_12 TYPICAL TOWER FLOOR

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

FL_05 AMENITY FLOOR_GYM + ACCESS TO ROOF TOP + TYPICAL UNIT LAYOUT

FL_03 AMENITY FLOOR _ EXERCISE ROOMS + TYPICAL UNIT LAYOUT

ADAPTIVE BLOCK

36 FACADE TYPES PERFORMANCE

CONCRETE PARTIAL COVERAGE SINGLE LAYER

WOOD PARTIAL COVERAGE NO EXTRUSIONS

WOOD PARTIAL COVERAGE EXTRUDED BOXES

METAL FULL COVERAGE LESS PERFORATIONS

METAL PARTIAL COVERAGE LESS PERFORATIONS

METAL PARTIAL COVERAGE MORE PERFORATIONS

PROJECTS BOULEVARD SECTION A ZINC METAL SKIN WITH APERTURES

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

COURTYARD SECTION B WOOD SLAT WITH BALCONY + SUNROOF EXTRUDED BLOCK

D A

ADAPTIVE BLOCK

COLLECT : DISTRIBUTE Project _ Seed Bank Location _ Detroit MI USA Context _ Taubman College / A411 / Meredith Miller Date _ Fall 2010 A seed bank is designed with the intention of showcasing the importance of seeds within the ecological cycle. Through seed dispersal new species migrate and evolution is staged by way of increases in biodiversity. Noting this important role, this design uses birds, a natural means of seed propagation, to transport introduced seeds throughout the region. Physically, seeds are stored within the building in volumes that are extruded as towers. These towers also serve to organize the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s program and define the phenomenological experience of the building through its material qualities. The series of towers take form as long rectangles that are oriented north and south on the site to relate to the adjacent urban rhythm. These towers create bays where the program inserts, but also establishes an obstacle to moving through the building from east to west. The intention is to create a somewhat labyrinthine process of moving through the programs, which also calls attention to the layering of these planes. The layers are read as the procession of views framed by apertures within the seed towers.

Ames Free Library HH Richardson [1883]

Musashino Art University Library Suo Fujimoto [2009]

PROJECTS

Detroit MIMIUSA Detroit USA Proposed Migratory Proposed Migratory Bird Bird Stopover Site Stopover Site

MIGRATION

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

BIRDS

BUILDING AS FEEDER

DETROIT AS AN URBAN BIRD HABITAT COLLECT : DISTRIBUTE

TARGET SEEDS

PROJECTS

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

The towers themselves are skinned with perforated metal panels that give glimpses of the massive number of seeds stored within, but also work to create unique lighting conditions within the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main programmatic spaces. This skin is continuous throughout the height of the building. The perforations themselves subtly aggregate and disperse like seeds do and create an overall opaque to porous transition as you move from the ground plane up toward the roof. At the level of the roofscape, the skin of the building delaminates from the seed volumes creating opportunities for constructed bird feeding houses as well as bird bathing and hydration pools. These constructed elements help to encourage seed foraging permanent residents to pick up seeds and transport them around the Detroit area. The seeds introduced are chosen specifically to complete the missing elements of a successful migratory bird habitat, whether it be herbaceous plants, native grasses, or the tree canopy. This will help the vacant areas of Detroit to emerge as a significant location for migratory birds to stopover.

COLLECT : DISTRIBUTE

42 The filigree of the seed tower skin continues to show the phenomenological light effects on the roofscape. It can be viewed most dramatically as the skin starts to define spaces within the roofscape for the seed foraging birds to feed and bathe. Throughout the spaces and roof habitat, there is particular attention paid to reframing the opportunities for interaction between humans and their aviary relatives. Bird Houses are introduced to serve as feeders of introduced species while bird bathing and hydration pools are located at the top of the walls as an amenity to attract birds to the Seed Bank. This also helps to foster the perception of the seed tower as a de-constructed bird feeder, taking the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s internal program and showcasing it to the public.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROJECTS

COLLECT : DISTRIBUTE

SYNTHETIC PERCEPTION Project _ Art Pavilion Location _ Ann Arbor MI USA Context _ Taubman College / A411 / Meredith Miller Date _ Fall 2010 Learning from the Robert Morris’ sculpture “Untitled” and its inherent reflective properties, the design proposes a synthetic canopy to capture and amplify the reflection of the sky, the existing tree cover, and the visitors’ movement through the space. Through translucent and reflective planes of steel, glass, and water, the experience of the space intends to blur the distinction between the real and the reflected. The art pavilion space emerges as a subterranean gallery, while temporary installations can form on the terraced planes around the sculpture. The consistent built form highlights the dynamic condition of our perception: seasons, textures, through real and reflected images of the proposed environment.

SITE REFLECTED CANOPY PLAN TREES + SKY _ SCULPTURE + PERCEPTION

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROJECTS

SYNTHETIC PERCEPTION

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROJECTS

SYNTHETIC PERCEPTION

HELIPLEX

A New form of Tower Suburbanism Project _ Cineplex Location _ Chicago IL USA Context _ Taubman College / A412 / Josh Bard Date _ Winter 2011 In an era that fosters individualized consumption of visual media, the Heliplex entwines paths of circulation to create a distributed communal spectacle. The new shared experience occurs in the programmatic overlap between these dueling paths. For example, a visitor is able to watch a bicyclist ride down a ramp while buying popcorn or drive up to park between the 10th Floor theaters on their way to see the latest new release. The multiple modes that one can take to reach each theater, allows for each trip to the Heliplex to be a completely new experience. Formally, this idea is manifested through a continuous double helical core with separate ramps for cars and pedestrians. This is possible as a result of the theatersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; organization, distributed randomly at different heights and orientations to anchor the corners of the orthogonal frame of the building. Based on Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban car dependence, parking is fully integrated throughout the building to allow the visitor a suburban level of automobile convenience with the ability to drive right to theaters even at the highest reaches of the tower. To limit the other moves besides the paths in the interstitial spaces around the theaters, programmatic functions are contained in glass boxes cut into the exterior skin of the project. This accentuates the interstitial space as an area for opportunistic program.

Formal Operations

CIRCULATION DRIVE + WALK

MASSING PARKING

MASSING THEATERS

MASSING SKIN

HELIPLEX

PROJECTS

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

CONCEPT MODEL

HELIPLEX

Physical Height >

PROJECTS

OBJECT

S IN MIRROR THAN THEY ARE CLOSER APPEAR

310ft elev 1m walk

280ft elev

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

3m drive

OBJECT

S IN MIRROR THAN THEY ARE CLOSER APPEAR

230ft elev 5m walk

OBJECT

S IN MIRROR THAN THEY ARE CLOSER APPEAR

150ft elev 3m bike

130ft elev 1m drive

OBJECT

S IN MIRROR THAN THEY ARE CLOSER APPEAR

parking volume

70ft elev 2m drive

UPPER STREET LEVEL / Pedestrian Access

PEDESTRIAN 1 / 1m drive to parking volume 3 + 5m walk to theater

CAR 1 / 1m drive to parking volume 3 + 5m walk to theater

UPPER COLUMBUS DRIVE/ Vehicular Access

CAR 2 / 3m drive to parking volume 5 + 1m walk to theater

LOWER COLUMBUS DRIVE / Vehicular + Service Access

theater

RIVERWALK LEVEL / Pedestrian Access

BIKE 1 / 3m drive to parking volume 5 + 1m walk to theater Time Scale >

HELIPLEX

CONDITIONING CONSTRAINT Project _ Thesis Research Location _ Los Angeles CA USA Context _ Taubman College / A662 / Jen Maigret Date _ Winter 2013 Fire is the earliest and most fundamental organizer of social space whose influence spans from the scale of a hearth to that of cities. The power of fire, in part, emerges from a tension between controlled combustion and uncontrolled destruction. This duality has deep disciplinary roots—first evidenced in Vitruvius’s account of the origin of the dwelling house where “it was the discovery of fire that originally gave rise to the coming together of men, to the deliberative assembly, and to social intercourse.”1 Within a contemporary context, the Janus-faced desire for the power of control over fire persists, embodied as life safety regulations and building codes. While these social contracts are in place to protect the public good, the influence that fire safety codes have on the spatial and material expressions of the constructed environment continues to reside at the heart of how deliberative assembly and social conduct is conceptualized architecturally. This thesis seeks to reveal the latent spatial consequences of the tension between codes enacted to control fire and the inevitability of fire to burn out of control.

1 Vitruvius, Pollio. “Origin of the Dwelling House.” The Ten Books on Architecture.

FIRE RISK MAPPING

Fire Hazard Severity Zones Fires / 1965 - 2011

3/4 Mile Fire Station Radius / 5 Minute Response Time

PROJECTS

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

In the climatically fire-prone region of Los Angeles, fire risk exists as a vector in two directions – the episodic chance of wildfires from beyond the building as well as the constant threat of fire from within. Three sites of interrogation along the San Fernando slope of the Santa Monica Mountains demonstrate the ability of architecture to adapt to the presence of fire, negotiating with fire’s inherent contingencies and accepting a set of site-driven circumstances. Amid the monotony of the Valley’s generic housing blocks, a dingbat apartment building reveals the potential of fire through the reorganization of housing units and manipulation of the building’s enclosure. Along a canyon road, a school reconciles threshold as a public safety domain through an integrated structural façade system. Perched above the vast urbanity of the Valley, a single-family home along Mulholland Drive continues the legacy of the Case Study House program revealing the sociability of fire through the materiality and centrality of the fireplace. Each typological intervention utilizes architecture as an opportunity to come to terms with nature in all its tenuous forms.

CONDITIONING CONSTRAINT

54 CODE ANALYSIS FIRE CAUSES

OCCUpANCY TYpES

Appliances & Electrical - 47% Open Flames - 32% Children Playing - 10% Gas Leaks - 7% Smoking - 5% From a Neighboring House - 5%

A: Assembly B: Business E: Educational F: Factory H: Hazardous I: Institutional M: Mercantile R: Residential S: Storage

ENVELOPE REGULATION FACADE CONSTRAINTS Fire Separation Setback

Degree of Opening Protection

(Allowable % per Floor)

0-3’

0% 3’

5-10’

EGRESS

10% 5’

5’

10-15’

Provision of a continous, unobstructed, and protected path to the exterior of a building.

15% 5’

10’

15-20’

25% 5’

15’

20-25’

45% 5’

20’

Average Dingbat Side Elevation

Front Elevation

WILDFIRE FUEL MODELS Cover type + Vegetation Type + Size + Crown Cover + Other Factors

CONSTRUCTION TYpES I A/B: Fire-Resistive Non-Combustible II A: Protected Non-Combustible II B: Non-Protected Non-Combustible III A: Protected Combustible III B: Non-Protected Combustible IV: Heavy Timber V A: Protected Wood Frame V B: Non-Protected Wood Frame

FULE MODIFICATION ZONES Consideration of site topography and building alignment with property lines and vegetation coverage.

FIRE RESISTANCE Fire Spread from one space/floor/building to another space/floor/building

pROTECTION METhODS C

VEGETATION REGULATION

Passive: Materiality Codes Active: Fire Suppression Systems Firefighting

DINGBAT APARTMENT FIRE POTENTIAL X-RAY

PROJECTS

ESTCODE

CONDITIONING CONSTRAINT

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

DINGBAT APARTMENT FIRE POTENTIAL

STRUCTURAL

ASSEMBLY

Gyp

COnCRETE

Stl

Stc

STUCCO

LATH

FOAM

TYVEK

FIBERgLASS

COPPER

Exterior Cladding

Plaster Substrate

Insulation

Moisture Barrier

Insulation

Plumbing

Clu

Plu

CELLULOSE

wOOL

HOMASOTE

BUILDIng PAPER

POLYURETHAnE

PVC Plumbing, Finish Materials

PVC Pipes, Finish Materials

Insulation

Sound Dampening

Moisture Barrier

Insulation Foam

Brk

Stn

FINISH

PLASTICS

Sealants, Adhesives

ALUMInUM

CERAMICS

VInYL

wALLPAPER

Exterior Siding, Roofing

Interior walls, Flooring

Exterior Siding, Flooring

Interior walls

Cpt

As ASHPALT Roofing

CONTENTS

Vyl

Enclosure

Finish Treatment

PV PAnEL SYSTEMS

LITHIUM-IOn BATTERIES

Electricity generation

VEGETATION

gLASS

STAIn

Normal Daily Operations

Flooring

SCHOOL

STOnE

CARPET

CREEPIng HOLLY

Exterior Cladding

Finish Treatment

wESTERn LARCH

Cb CARPET BUgLEwEED

RED MAPLE

Kk KInnIKInnICK

RUBBER Roofing

BOOKS

AUTOMOBILES

Paper-Based

Hazardous Materials + Contents

HORSECHESTnUT

BRICK

PAInT

Interior Cladding

SILICOn

gYPSUM

FUEL ASSESSMENT

SHERMAN OAKS MATERIAL ECOLOGY

wOOD

STEEL

MAHALA MAT

Ic ICE PLAnT

CLOTHIng

MOUnTAIn ALDER

Clo Wc Vm VInE MAPLE

ELECTROnICS

wESTERn CATALPA

El Prc

POInT REYES CEAnOTHUS

Sb SERVICEBERRY

CRAnBERRY COTOnEASTER

BLUE-MIST SPIREA

SCHOOL

Fire Drill Scenario

Wildfire Threat Scenario

PROJECTS

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

HIGH SCHOOL FIRE SYSTEM ACTIVATION

CONDITIONING CONSTRAINT

RESEARCH KV

RF GA

KV TZ

FY EA

TO EA

RF TO CO TO

KB KV

VE CO

Rp RF

VE TZ

Orion Plaza

Rp Rp

DV FE TZ RF

RF DV

Plaza Glodok

RF CS

Pasar Glodok

KP YN

DV RF

CS CS

KP KS

CS UD CS UD

Lindeteves Trade Center

CS AZ

KP CS GL

B TO

CS GL

KS HP CS

KS TO

AP YN AP

AP TE

YN JP

TU VE

JP AP TU

YN YN

TU` RN

JP AP

YN YN

JP JP

RN TO

NS NS

DY YN RN

YN AP

NS DY AZ

NS AZ

TE TO

GP AP

DY TE

AR TO

NS DY

FK FK TO

AZ NS

AZ GP AZ

TO GP

FK GP

GP AR

AR FK

FK AR

AR AR KP

UD FK

YN YN

AA YN

YN FK

KP TO

AR AA FK

GREAT WHITE Project _ Material Research + Digital Fabrication Location _ Ann Arbor MI USA Context _ Taubman College / A571 / Maciej Kaczynski Date _ Fall 2011 Collaborators _ Ted Teng, Andrew Wolking, Robert Yuen This research seeks to extend the limit of traditional notions of folded plate structures by exploring the capacity of thick gauge plastic. Utilizing CNC technology to machine High-Density Polyethylene planar stock material, the project explores the aggregation of units and assemblies of component parts. Amidst the increasing automation and digital fabrication processes, the research project explicitly situates itself within the territory of technology and material research. Algorithmic modeling allows for a complex exploration of form finding, while digitally fabricating each piece introduces direct tacit knowledge through rigorous hands-on material investigation. This methodology expands the cyclical nature of design research toward a built prototype.

RESEARCH

MATERIAL TESTING UHMW

POLYCARBONATE

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

HDPE

FORMAL ANGLE ANALYSIS

120.00°

90.00°

60.00°

120.00°

GREAT WHITE

110.00°

90.00°

70.00°

50.00°

62 PRODUCTION CUT SHEETS

RESEARCH

ASSEMBLY UNIT PREPARATION

Fold Fins

Fold Seam

Fold Fins

Rivet Fins to Aggregate

Fold Seam

Rivet Fins to Aggregate

UNIT AGGREGATION

+02 +09

+03 +08

+04 +07

+05 +06

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

+01 +10

GREAT WHITE

RESEARCH

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

Great White leverages the ubiquitous qualities of surface description in tangent with specific material characteristics of plastic in tandem with fabrication and assembly constraints. The research analyzes and balances the precision of digital fabrication with the elastic properties of plastics, while demanding processes and methods of designing precisely, imprecisely. The interior space of the installation capitalizes on the translucency of the HDPE plastic. The folding and creasing of the material simultaneously expands and contracts creating a dynamic space allowing for the interplay of light with the plastic. Great White revisits folded plate structures to reactivate a dialogue and research trajectory through contemporary and analog means, and also pursues the unique spatial qualities made possible by this geometry.

GREAT WHITE

WATER ECONOMIES Project _ Architecture + Adaptation Research Location _ Jakarta INA Context _ Taubman College / A506 / Meredith Miller, Etienne Turpin Date _ Spring 2012 Collaborators _ Feby Hendola, Drew Kaczmarek, Nur Fatina Risinda, Nia Suryani, Karmung Sze Home to active street markets and multi-story retail electronic wholesalers, Glodok, is a district rendered through the disparities between its status as an economic hub within greater Jakarta and the adjacent traditional kampung fabric. Surrounding the electronics megacomplexes the neighborhood, known as Jakarta’s Chinatown, maintains a cultural role serving as the center for the city’s ethnic minority. Chinese community and cultural organizations can be found among Glodok’s tightly arranged residential fabric.

RESEARCH

Originally drawn to the area due to its central location in the World Bank’s Jakarta Urgent Flood Mitigation Project, early site visits highlighted that the district had adapted to deal with chronic flooding. Nearly as old as the Dutch settlement, Kota, to it’s north, Glodok contains effective flood management systems, including substantial water gates and canals to both deal with both the storm water runoff within the district as well and pressures from limited capacity in the upstream canal system. The planned World Bank project will help to increase this capacity through the dredging of Glodok’s largest canals. Most of these systems are supplemented by the private investments of the large-scale electronics developments. Their internal water retention capacity and redundant pump systems help flooding issues within the area.

JERIGEN

Capacity: 20L Tag System: By Delivery Person Filling Location: Varies

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

Wholesale Cost: Rp. 300-500 / Jug Retail Cost: Rp. 1000 / Jug Profit: Rp. 500 - 700 / Jug [Rp. 10000 = 1 USD]

WATER TROLLEY FRESH WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

WATER ECONOMIES

68 While the threat of flooding is reduced, the geographic location of the district makes its access to fresh water difficult. Water extracted through drilling wells is not potable as the groundwater supply is saline due to the Glodokâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proximity to Java Bay. As a result, water is delivered to the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s merchants and residents through two structurally divergent systems. The large megacomplexes access water directly from PAM Jayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s infrastructure, directly providing businesses with running water within these developments. Simultaneously, surrounding low-rise residential areas are served by a distributed system of independent contractors who deliver refillable twenty-litre plastic water jugs known as dirijen. For the electronic market management companies, the provision of water service is essential to their economic security. Each megacomplex accesses the PAM Jaya water independently through a contract with the water supplier directly. Most megacomplexes have an on-staff water management supervisor to maintain the water delivery system within the complex as well as coordinate flood prevention efforts. Through interviews with Mr. Andreas, the supervisor at Plaza Glodok, he explained the inherent disparity in pricing between the PAM Jaya water his company buys versus cheaper water sold by the independent contractors in the neighborhood. However, the system of independent contractors reveals the complexity of water access in Jakarta and the economies that have developed in Glodok out of the need for this resource. The independent contractors serve as a home delivery system for water in order to provide the kampung areas around Glodok Market with water to cook, bathe, and clean. Independent contractors must often dodge automobile and motorcycle traffic while negotiating their heavy cargo, ten to fourteen dirijen aboard a self-built wooden cart.

RESEARCH Rain Water Collection Tank Acidic rain water of pH4.2 is stored for filtration.

Debris Filtering Tank Traps all debris that can be cleared out manually from catchment area.

Filtration Grille Filters more debris during the rainy season therefore needing to be cleaned out regularly.

Water Tank Quantity Notification (Section) The lighting panel on the filtration balconies notify trolley guys about the condition of the water tanks. representing 3 levels, 1. Low, 2. Medium & 3. High.

Rain Water Collection Tank Low level of acidic rain water of pH4.2 is collected for filtration.

Water Tank Quantity Notification (Front Elevation) The notification system is showing a high level of clean water availability. Vegetation The vegetation absorbs more water and nutrients to allowing for more growth.

Perforated Surface The sufaces allow for vegetation growth.

Redirection of Filtere the Plants Water is absorbed by t vegetation within the fil

Filter System 1 Sand Filters and deacidify the rain water and allows for vegatative growth. Aggregate Further filters the rain water. Water Pipe The movement on water relies on the force of gravity.

Pebbles Final stage of water filtration.

Reduced Water Outp The movement on wate as it filters through the Filter System 2 Sand Filters and deacidify the rain water and allows for vegatative growth. Aggregate Further reduces the acidity.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

WET SEASON MEGACOMPLEX RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM VEGETATION BASED FILTERING SYSTEM

Vegetation High level of vegetation growth creating a green facade system.

Vegetation Reduce level of vegetat growth due to limited an unpredictable water availability.

Filter System 3 Sand Final filtration process producing clean and safe water .

Clean Water Pipe into the Storage Tank

Trolley Guys Higher availability of water creates more trolley guy customers.

Storage Tank High level of water stored for trolley guys.

Storage Tank Low level of water is st for trolley guys.

Storage Tank Pipe

Emergency Rain Water Pipe to Supply Plaza Orion

1 WET SEASON

Scale 1:30

WATER ECONOMIES

1 DRY SEASO

70 YN

International Organizations World Bank JEDI, JUPMF

International Financial and Humanitarian organization that funds capital projects in the developing world

EA VE EA

Cultural Organizations

Yagasan Vihara Dharma Bhakti Chinese Temple

Serves Humanitarian and Religious Functions

FY CO GA

KV TZ

TO EA

CO RF

TO GA

GA KB

RF GA

CP GA

FY FY

RF GA

CO TO

KB KV VE

KB KV

RF CP VE TZ

Food Agents

Orion Plaza

Food Production

Food Suppliers

Food Merchants

Electronics Industry

Electronics Merchants Electronics Suppliers KB

Electronics Production Glodok Electronics Co

DV FE TZ RF

Economic Stakeholders Developers

Plaza Glodok

PD Pasar Jaya

DY RF

Agung Pomodoro Land CS

PT Greenwood Sejahtera Tbk

PT TCP Internusa

Pasar Glodok

Management Companies

KP YN

Hotels

Businessmen

CS CS

KP KS

UD CS UD

KS CS

Lindeteves Trade Center

KP CS GL

KP KS

AA GL

B TO

CS GL

KS HP CS

KS TO GL

UD AA

UD AA KS

HP KS KS

AA KS HP

AA AA

RESEARCH

Waste Organizations Dinas Kebersihan Districtwide Trash Removal Individual Citizens Policing and Patrolling Waterways for Trash

YN TE

Water Organizations PAM Jaya Indonesian Water Supplier

C VE

RN TU

AP YN AP

AP TE

YN JP

TU VE

P AP TU

YN YN

TU` RN

JP AP

YN YN

JP JP

RN TO

NS NS

DY YN RN

YN AP

TE DY

NS DY AZ

NS AZ

TE TO

GP AP

DY TE

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

AR TO

FK FK TO

AZ NS AZ GP AZ

TO GP

FK GP

GP AR

AR FK

FK AR

AR AR KP

UD FK

YN YN

Legend_Actors

AA YN

RAINWATER FRESHWATER

YN FK

KP TO

Water Trolley Operator Freshwater Available

KP KP

KP YN

National Organizations Dirjen Imigrasi Indonesian Immigration Authority

Rainwater Available

Individual Agent Consumer, Merchant, Financier

BPLHD Badan Pengelola Lingungan Hidup Daerah

Water Source Water Trolley Storage Tanks

Environmental agency that manages community education organizations and volunteer waterway cleaning organizations

Supplied by PAM Jaya

BPBD Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah

Megacomplex Rainwater

BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah

Public Toilets

Disaster Management Agency

Planning and Development Agency for large flood control projects

WATER ECONOMIES

Sold when supplies are high

72 At three identified water source locations, local water trolley operators fill proprietary water jugs with the supplied running water to distribute throughout the neighborhood. In order to keep track of how much water each independent operator is taking, each water source location uses a rudimentary system of marking the number of trolleys full of water they remove from the source each day on a chalkboard and the water source. As each water source is controlled by a different tank manager and has accordingly different pricing, quality standards vary. At a water storage tank in the Mangga Besar neighborhood of Glodok, the independent contractors connected a plastic pipe and valve to the storage tank to aid in the dirijen filling process and to protect against contamination they had observed in their water facility. During the process of filling the water jugs, there is often much waste. However, because water purchasing is based on a per jug or per trolley basis there is little incentive to conserve the water supply. We even observed the trolley operators bathing with water removed from the pure fresh water storage tank. Each water storage tank must carry certification of the water source, ensuring some sort of higher-level regulation by the municipal government. While all water tank managers buy their water from the same source, PAM Jaya [one of the two private providers of running fresh water within the Jakarta region] they each charge different amounts for this resource. This pricing effects how the independent operators function within the neighborhood. Secondly, each independent contract is in competition with each other as they base their routes not on geographic proximity or territory but rather their own social networks. This makes their client base robust and provides them a steady source of income. Research into Glodokâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s disparate water delivery methods highlight the inherent inflexibility of the PAM Jaya controlled centralized water system, which directly serves the megacomplexes. This monopoly precludes expansion or improvement unless it is privately funded leaving the residential community of Glodok relying on a decentralized, yet robust, method of water delivery. The independent water contractors provide redundancy and resiliency within Glodokâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water delivery system through their overlapping coverage territories and various pricing strategies.

RESEARCH

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

FUTURES OF HYPERCOMPLEXITY EXHIBIT TAUBMAN COLLEGE GALLERY FEBRUARY 2013

WATER ECONOMIES

PHARMA SHED Project _ Landscape Infrastructure Research + Operational Logistics Analysis Location _ Great Lakes Megaregion USA / CAN Context _ Taubman Collge / A505 / Geoffrey Th端n Date _ Winter 2011 Collaborator _ Anthony Pins

AR PH M

ITU TIO

A APM A M R PH IA D

BIG PHARMA

ASS

S TION A I C O

BE OU RC E

TH AL E H

AL N N DI SSO R CA CKE M D AI NS TE REE I R LG WA S CV ER OG S KR MART E I L AC WA T GE RM A A T R X H

AM ER

WA STE PH AR MA CE U

RG EN

CH EM IC PO LLU AL BY PRO TED TIC D WA TER UCTS AL S

API DOSAG E PACKA GING

REGULATION

BRAND NAME

GENERIC

DI MANUFACTUR ST IN

GI O L

N TIO BU RI

H RC

IN ST

S IC T S

OU T

HO S IVE PIT RS ALS ITI ES

RATE RPO O C

RE SE A

CIC

INPUTS

G IN ET AL RG IC S TA LIN IAL L EC TR VA PR AL RO P IC IN AP CL W / E VI RE

RAW MATERIALS EQUIPME NT LABOR

COMPRESSED AIR WATER CHEMICALS

Research surrounding the role of pharmaceutical drug manufacturing and development within the Great Lakes Megaregion. Analysis of how logistical locations, industrial processes, and Big Pharma financial and regulatory processes have shaped the infrastructural and political role this industry plays within the economy and ecology of the megaregion.

L TAI RE

BO BIG O HM L I A M

UNITED STATES

CAN ADA

FDA CDC

HEA LTH

CAN A

RESEARCH

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY/ Corporate Research + Development

Research University Medical Schools

BIOFUEL FLOAT GLASS NICKEL

1984: Drug Price Competition and Patent Resotration Act (USA)

1952: Patent Act (USA)

VITICULTURE WASTEWATER

The Role of the Pharmaceutical Industry in the Great Lakes Megaregion

1940

1930

1920

1950

1970

1960

1980

1990

1909: Patent Medicine Act (CAN) 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act (USA)

Geoffrey Salvatore

2020

2010

1992: Prescription Drug User Fee Act (USA) 1920: Food and Drugs Act (CAN)

US: Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): Laid the foundation for the Food and Drug Administration and specified that drugs be labeled with its contents and dosage.

Ubiquitous advertising and a growing consumer desire for higher quality of life have propelled the pharmaceutical industry into a prominent cultural role. In one regard, these drugs engineer away our way from our biological problems. In another, they are the natural manifestation of our technological advancements. Amid increasing demand, the pharmaceutical industry utilizes its large financial resources to fund a massive cycles of research and development. This process, necessitated by the regulatory framework that exists, perpetuates a high risk and reward system where in surviving an intensive four to six year series of clinical trials are met with immense payoffs. However, the chances of developing such a

Anthony Pins

2000

CAN: Patent Medicine Act (1909): Initiated government oversight by requiring vendors to register medicinal products. CAN: Food and Drugs Act (1920): Required disclosure of active ingredients and ensured safety of products.

1938: Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

1962: Kefauver-Harris Act (USA)

US: Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938): Set the standards and procedures for pharmaceutical manufacturing, approval and sale. US: Kefauver Harris Act (1962): Amendment to the FDCA required for drug manufacturers to provide proof of the effectiveness and safety of their drugs before approval. Previously, manufacturers needed to only show their products were safe1. The legislation had the effect of extending the total time required a successful drug to reach the market from 6.7 years in 1970 to 9.1 years by the mid-1990s2.

1984: Canada Health Act (CAN)

US: Drug Price Competition and Patent Restoration Act (1984): Altered the approval process to encourage generic drug competition and reduce medical costs. Established procedures for generic manufactures to challenge pharmaceutical patents, while providing protections for corporations against slow regulatory process. The generic pharmaceutical market flourished in the wake of the bill’s passage. CAN: Canada Health Act (1984): Specifies the conditions that provincial and territorial health programs must adhere to in order to receive funding from the federal government.

2010: Affordable Care Act

US/CAN: North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA] (1994): Removed tariffs from North American trade, though US-Canadian trade was mostly duty free prior to NAFTA. WORLD: Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property [TRIPS] Agreement (1994): Set a minimum standard of intellectual property rights that applies to all members of the World Trade Organization. Of particular interest to pharmaceutical companies is paragraph 39:3, which states “members shall protect undisclosed information in accordance… and data submitted to governments or governmental agencies.”3

$38.4 B $37.8 B $37.6 B

RG EN BE

$32.8 B $25.2 B $22.5 B $21.2 B

Cost of Sales and Marketing

Generics Comprise 54% of Prescriptions

LTH

“Most of the time, we live our lives within these invisible systems, blissfully unaware of the artificial life, the intensely designed infrastructures that support them.”37

0% 1984

$18.8 B

HEA

CAN ADA

Lipitor Nexium Seretide Seroquel Enbrel Remicade Crestor Lipitor Zyprexa Lipitor Humira Singulair Mabrithera Abilify Lovenox

$13.28 B $9.10 B $8.24 B $8.10 B $6.01 B $5.86 B $5.45 B $5.38 B $5.36 B $5.32 B $5.02 B $4.99 B $4.68 B $4.67 B $4.57 B

[Above] Development Costs Associated with Pharmaceutical [Left] Pharmaceutical Companies and Products by Sales

2003

activities subject to high agglomeration economies is troubling for the future of the Great Lakes Megaregion. If, as she claims, “the more the former grow, the more the latter will also grow,”9 the decline of manufacturing would seem to have negative implications for pharmaceutical operations in the region as a whole. On March 9, 2009, New Jersey-based pharmaceutical giant Merck acquired fellow industry behemoth Schering-Plough in a $41.8 billion merger of the world’s seventh and fifteenth largest pharmaceutical companies. With a combined sales revenue of $36.8 billion in 2008, the merger expanded Merck’s geographic influence and gave it access to ScheringPlough’s developing biologics research, biotechnology drugs derived from living cells that are much harder for generic manufacturers to copy.12 Three days later, Swiss-based Roche Pharmaceuticals bought Genentech, then the nineteenth largest pharmaceutical company, for

Information technology and globalization has allowed for the development of just-in-time logistics networks. This has radically changed industrial processes overall, including the pharmaceutical industry. Through the distribution, delivery and consumption of these goods,38 new practices have developed to streamline the manufacturing process of FDA approved drugs following research and development. This highly calculated supply chain reinforces the inherent conditions within the Great Lakes Megaregion that have contributed to the development of the industry. The manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs provides a lens to view the logistics relationship of the industry

anti-depressants

48.3% stimulants

29.9%

48% of Americans take pharmaceutical drugs daily

Pr oc es Ca sing pp in g + St Cr er im liz p ed Te Se rm Un al lo in in ad g al / La St be er Cool ili lin Do za g Di tio w / st n rib Pack n ut ag io in n g

Transport

Plastic Bottles

Energy

Chemical Waste

Chemicals

rin

bo Sk

ill ed

M M anuf ac hi ac ne

PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG

MANUFACTURING

Chemical Waste

RES

Polluted Water

CLI NI CA

W ar eh ou Pr si ep ng ar at io Co n m po un Fi di lli ng ng

E PR M R FO

60+

ION AT LU

P AR A R E KE T

Long-term innovation in the pharmaceutical industry has historically favored countries with strict intellectual property laws. Unlike many business sectors where regulation is anathema to innovation, intense regulatory standards improve the advancement of the pharmaceutical and chemical sciences by forcing companies to focus research efforts on drugs of superior efficacy.2 The pharmaceutical industry more than any other relies on these protections to drive the drug discovery process. Because pharmaceutical products take years to develop prior to introduction into the market, patent protection effectively guarantees a temporary monopoly for pioneering drug companies during which they can recoup their investment in research

20-59

FDA EV A

S IAL TR

$47 billion. By September 29, 2009, Pfizer, the world’s largest pharmaceutical company, had acquired Wyeth, the world’s tenth largest drug maker, completing perhaps the single largest redistribution of industry power in a single year. Over the past two decades, a wave of consolidations driven by generic drug competition, strategic alignments for new markets and a desire to reduce overhead costs have reshaped the corporate pharmaceutical landscape. In 1985, the top ten pharmaceutical companies controlled about 20 percent of industry market share. By 2005, the top ten controlled nearly half.13 In addition to the three headline-generating mergers of 2009, 26 other companies merged with or consumed their competitors, consolidating a net worth $126.5 billion. A year prior, 48 mergers occurred, worth $51.1 billion.14 The intensification of consolidation in recent years reflects growing fears that blockbuster drugmakers will be unable to weather the onset of patent expirations threatening their most profitable drugs. First initiated by regulatory changes in the 1980s, generic manufacturers are permitted to develop lower-cost drug equivalents during the patent-life of the original drug. Without development costs associated with clinical trials, chemical research, and safety reviews, generic pharmaceutical companies are able to enter the market with equivalent products almost immediately following patent expiration. In the United States, over half of the prescriptions filled in 2004 were for generic prescriptions. In Canada, generic prescriptions account for over 40 percent of total prescriptions.15 The pharmaceutical industry’s instability stems from its reliance on the success of relatively few drugs to maintain year-to-year profits. In 2010, 34 percent of the pharmaceutical industry’s $860 billion in worldwide sales came from just 133 blockbuster drugs. Of those blockbusters, 13 are set to lose patent protection by 2013. An estimated $250 billion in sales are at risk between now and 2015.16 Pfizer in particular stands vulnerable to the impending wave of patent expirations. Its blockbuster cholesterol drug Lipitor, which accounted for a quarter of the company’s profits in 2010, is set to expire in 2011. Combined with other patent expirations, Pfizer will lose more than 70% of its 2007 revenues by 201517. The company has no equivalent blockbuster drug in production.

Southwest Innovation Center Proteus Ceetox Kalexsyn Amphibiotics Admetrx

Jasper R&D

Kalamazoo State Hospital Upjohn Pharmaceuticals Western Michigan University Kalamazoo College

39.8

30.6

5.7

North America Europe Asia/Africa/Australia Japan Lantin America

2009 Sales

$106.6 B $95.0 B $47.8 B

$323.6 B $263.9 B

12.7 11.2

Re-Spatialization of World based on Pharmaceutical Consumption Relative to Population

Borgess Institute

Kalamazoo MI

Corporate Business Districts Mississauga ON

Research University Medical Schools

CLE-PIT

Distribution MANUFACTURING

Machinery Manufacturing Plants

REGION

Manufacturing

The trajectory of Kalamazoo is a useful case study in the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry over the past century. Founded by William Upjohn in 1885 following his discovery of the friable pill – the world’s first pill that was easily dissolved in a patient’s stomach – Upjohn Pharmaceuticals grew rapidly throughout the first half of the 20th century, eventually becoming the 6th largest pharmaceutical manufacturing in the world. Despite its growth, Upjohn remained an integral part of the local community in part because the company remained under family control until 1968. Upjohn himself was elected the city’s first mayor after helping incorporate the city, and later established the Upjohn Institute for Employment Research to help train and find employment for the local labor force. To this day, he is known as Kalamazoo’s “first citizen.” However, the very attributes that led to the company’s favorability with its customers and community proved to be its undoing. Toward the latter half of the 20th century the company suffered a series of blows in the form of diminished market share and legal confrontation. Its inability to remain competitive in a globalizing market eventually led to its merger with Pharmacia in 199518, which was accompanied by massive layoffs and the outsourcing of jobs. From 2000 to 2005, the global outsourcing market for pharmaceutical services compounded annually at an average rate of 8.37%, with an estimated total market size of $60 billion.19 Increased pressure to reduce overhead costs has deployed an army of specialized companies, often spun off from mergers which redistributed operations. Today, every job at the Pfizer manufacturing plant in Kalamazoo supports an additional 1.6 jobs in the region.20 In 2002, Pharmacia employed 6,200 employees at the plant resulting in a total of 16,120 jobs associated with the company’s presence. Today, there are only 3,400 jobs supporting an additional 5,300 workers in region. This precipitous drop in labor suggests a sagging local economy. However, as home to numerous hospitals and universities, as well as start-up specialty biotechnology firms, Kalamazoo is actually a remarkable example of a niche knowledge economy. Thus, it can be said that Kalamazoo’s knowledge economy exists today because of its manufacturing sector, but also that it’s manufacturing sector remains today because it is closely tied to Kalamazoo’s research institutions.

MSP-MIL-CHI MANUFACTURING REGION

DET-TOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING REGION

Large Scale Stainless Steel Manufacturing Equipment Developed for the agricultural economy in the Megaregion and adapted for the Pharmaceutical Industry

Tied to other industrial manufacturing processes

while evaluating the Great Lakes Megaregion’s role in supporting this infrastructure. The manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs is a three step industrial process: First, chemicals are fused into Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, also known as APIs. Second is the production of drug dosage itself. This highly regulated and orchestrated stage turns chemicals into dosage drugs, which can then be packaged in the third stage. Increasingly, the first and third stages, API production and packaging, have been outsourced to third parties. However, the complexity of the drug formulas as well as regulations keep the drug production stage at one site and under the observation of the corporation that developed the drug formula in the research and development stage. In the first stage, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) are produced from several raw material inputs. First, the chemical raw materials are warehoused and split into International Bulk Containers (IBC). These commodities are then measured by weight and then ground and compounded. The grinding and compounding utilizes water as a raw material and requires natural gas to run the machines to a high temperature. From this point, the raw material is again measured before being transported into clean rooms for drug manufacturing. Depending on the active ingredient, or combination thereof, used in the pharmaceutical drugs, this process may need to be repeated multiple times. During the second stage of manufacturing, the drug is turned into a tablet, or an alternate form such as a capsul or liquid. This procedure is regulated by the FDA in the United States through cGMP, or Current Good Manufacturing Process, and is outlined in Sect 501(B) of the US Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (21USC339).39 In Canada, a similar best practice, GMP, or Good Manufacturing Process, is delineated in Par C, Div. 2 of the Canadian Food + Drug Regulations.40 During drug production, raw API raw materials are first blended with non-active ingredients to form the correct mixture. This mixture is then formed into tablets by a tablet press, such as the Pharmaland #PTP-B40.41 There are numerous tablet press machine choices that determine the drug’s size and shape. The number of tablets that need to be produced per hour may also determine the specification for this machine. After tableting, the drugs are processed through a coating process in a Film Coating Machine. Both the blending and coating stages of this process

STAGE/

Preparation

Warehousing

PROCESS/

IBC Storage + Transport

Raw Material Storage

SPECIFICATION/

Measuring

Intermediate Bulk Container [IBC] Weight Hopper

Bag Discharge Station

SchenckAccurate # DHL-36

Macton # SD450

Intersystems # BMW-25-P45

Transport Trolley

Cleaning IBC Washing

Macton # IBC-WASH

IBC Transport

Grinding

Compounding

Lift Frame

Spray Granulator

Fluid Bed Dryer

WATER

NATURAL GAS + COMPRESSED AIR CHEMICAL WASTE

Macton # LF

Measuring Weight Hopper Intersystems # BMW-25-P45

Macton # TT

INPUTS/

CHEMICAL RAW MATERIALS

COMPRESSED AIR + WATER

OUTPUTS/

POLLUTED WATER

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients [API] Synthesis

Can Be Outsourced 39

STAGE/ PROCESS/ SPECIFICATION/

Processing IBC Transport

Blending

Transport Trolley IBC Blender Matcon # SDB3-AT

Macton # TT

INPUTS/ OUTPUTS/

Upjohn Pharmaceuticals Advertisement c. 1960

Tableting

Coating

Tablet Press

Pharmaland # PTP-B40

Inspection

Film Coating Machine Pharmaland # PBG-350

COMPRESSED AIR CHEMICAL WASTE

STAGE/

Packaging

PROCESS/

Sorting

SPECIFICATION/

Bulk Bottle Unscrambler

Tablet Counter

INPUTS/

COMPRESSED AIR

Busch # CVC-126

Bottling

Busch # CVC-1220

OUTPUTS/

CHEMICAL WASTE

Automatic Capper Busch # CVC-1205

Shipping Servo-Drive Wrap Labeler Cap Retorquer Busch # CVC-302

Busch # CVC-1208

PLASTIC BOTTLE WASTE

Cartoner

Busch # CVC-1600

CARDBOARD WASTE

Pharmaceutical Drug Production

Drug Dosage Packaging

Can Be Outsourced 41

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY/ Corporate Research + Development

Research University Medical Schools

MSP-CHI-DET-TOR DISTRIBUTION CORRIDOR

Minor Facilities focusing on local MSAs

Machinery Manufacturing Plants Chemical Raw Materials Production

“Human Creativity is the ultimate economic resource.”21 Mississauga is home to 21 of the 44 pharmaceutical companies located in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA)

While globalization has encouraged the spread of ideas and information democratically, business continues to look toward the networks and relationships it can make through strategic alignments, not only in terms of where it locates research facilities, but also in the partnerships it forms with other organizations. The pharmaceutical industry has a history of pairing with higher education institutions to spark and further research. This occurs in very deliberate ways, including the sharing of clinical data, but also through less tangible structures, such as locating facilities in institution formed intellectually rich areas. These partnerships have helped to produce research about

research institutions. Recognizing these advantages, Mississauga has focused job creation in a number of corporate business parks at the fringe of the city limits and heavily marketed itself to corporations seeking to locate there. Among the city’s promotional claims is a dedication to keeping the taxes as low as possible – the city’s current tax rate is about two-thirds that of downtown Toronto – according to an AAA bond rating by Standard and Poor’s and a significant strategic reserve for infrastructure investments.8 13

Warner-Lambert

(Right] National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding for medical and pharmacology research on an institutional basis

Pfeiffer New Jersey Chilcott Laboratories Pharmacia KabiVitrum Upjohn Phamaceuticals Monsanto

“Pfizer and Wyeth Merger – Could It Be True (Love)?”10

America Life Sciences

$0 $10,784,022 $10,861,595

$184,008,362

$167,774,604

$12,277,655

University of Chicago

$173,664,346

Northwestern University

$154,467,225

$3,789,023

Case Western Reserve University

$140,811,670

$7,351,425

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

$141,020,100

$6,781,966

University of Wisconsin - Madison

$134,897,035

$4,612,350

Indiana University - Purdue University

$108,189,681

University of Cincinnati

$8.5 B $7.8 B $6.6 B $6.3 B $6.3 B

$2.9 B

a coastal hub. The maintenance of ties to their local economy results in part from their ability to extract subsidies from local and state governments. Eli Lilly, for example, received over $214 million in state and local tax subsidies in 1999 for pledging to expand its global headquarters and technology center in Indianapolis. Similar tactics have been employed in other jurisdictions, including property tax abatement and access to state research grants. The waning presence of the region’s manufacturing sector has allowed for the decoupling of co-located corporate and production facilities. Consolidation and outsourcing of the drug manufacturing process to inexpensive labor countries has dissolved the advantages of concentrating business operations in a single location. To this end, Saskia Sassen’s claim of a direct relationship between growth in a megaregion’s dispersed economic activities and

$5.8 B

Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Historical Diagram of Recent Mergers

PHARMA SHED

$2,770,555

$99,124,848

$4,186,249

$84,905,812

$11,312,812

$91,763,617

$4,228,977

$88,207,437

$2,863,320

$77,652,636

Wayne State University

$49,869,302

$2,611,898

Rush University Medical Center

$33,475,539

$554,073 $2,053,431

Cleveland Clinic King Pharma Alpharma

Pharmacology

$325,623,858

Mayo Clinic

University of Illinois at Chicago

American Cynamid

Medical $365,408,802 $332,503,441

University of Pittsburgh University of Rochester

Medical College of Wisconsin

Ayerst Fort Dodge Serum Co.

Pfizer Sanofi-Aventis Novartis GlaxoSmithKline Roche $45.2 B AstraZeneca Merck $4.6 B Johnson & Johnson Eli Lilly $4.3 B Bristol-Myers Squibb $3.6 B Abbott $2.7 B Bayer $2.3 B Boehringer Ingelheim $3.0 B Amgen $2.9 B Takeda $4.7 B Teva $0.8 B Novo Nordisk $1.5 B Astellas $1.6 B Daiichi Sankyo $1.9 B

In the United States, the largest concentration of pharmaceutical firms remains in northern New Jersey, with additional clusters in the San Francisco Bay Area and North Carolina Research Triangle. Despite the coastal orientation of these firms, the Great Lakes Megaregion maintains significant pharmaceutical presence based largely on its manufacturing legacy and concentration of research institutions. Many of these firms have longstanding ties to their local community, making them integral and often influential civic bodies. However, firms located in the GLM appear to be more vulnerable to corporate restructuring, and most have separate, if not more significant corporate locations in

Research University Washington University in St. Louis University of Michigan

Ohio State University

Wyeth American Home Products

AH Robins

“Pfizer Cuts Research Operations After Wyeth Deal”11

Upjohn Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Line c. 1960

STL-IND-CLB-PIT DISTRIBUTION CORRIDOR

Major Facilities servicing greater Eastern US

produce a chemical waste byproduct. Following inspection of the drug tablets, the tablets are then sorted and bottled. Bottles are then labeled, sealed and packaged for shipping. Like API production, the third stage, the packaging of pharmaceutical drugs, is increasingly occurring off site at consolidated logistics sites as this phase is not governed by the same rules and regulations as the manufacturing of the drugs themselves. “Information technologies enable firms to disperse a growing range of their operations, whether at the metro, regional, or global level without losing system integration.”42 The logistics landscape of the industry is fully deployed in the distribution system. Three main corporations control this segment of the industry: Cardinal Health, McKesson, and AmerisourceBergen. All three companies have significant operations within the Megaregion, including the Canadian headquarters for all three companies, Cardinal Health’s headquarters and main logistics operations outside Columbus, Ohio, and distribution centers for all three in the low cost warehouse-filled exurbs of the region. These distribution centers are primarily located in the southern reaches of the Great Lakes Megaregion, centered around Columbus, Cincinnati, Louisville, Indianapolis, and Saint Louis. These locations take advantage of greater strategic location on the interstate highway system in order to reach a larger swath of the country. Additionally, they access lower cost labor pools and land area implicated in these operations. “For most of us, design is invisible until it fails.”43These logistical networks are not always precise. The downside of a seamless transportation network such as this are the cases of overlooked contents and deliveries of unintended packages. This was the case in Cascade Township, Michigan in 2007. The freight carrier DHL delivered a persevered body part and a portion of a human head to an unexpecting couple at their home outside of Grand Rapids. The contents, along with 27 other packages were en route from China to an unknown destination. “Most of the time, we live our lives within these invisible systems, blissfully unaware of the artificial life, the intensely designed infrastructures that support them.”44 The distribution corporation’s game is to get drugs through their just-in-time logistics networks to reach the final point of consumer purchase, the ubiquitous pharmacy. As the

Distribution

[Below] Annual expenditures on research and development by private corporations contrasted with the combined spending by public universities in the Great Lakes Megaregion on medical and pharmacology research

Pfizer

Upstate Medical University

$21,990,853

SUNY - Buffalo

$23,132,283

$663,119

Loyola University - Chicago

$15,147,315

$1,595,150

Michigan State University

$13,440,114

$1,894,240 $1,852,037

Albany Medical College

$12,875,765

University of Toledo

$12,941,839

Saint Louis University

$11,330,083

$1,233,592

Southern Illinois University

$7,998,216

$2,269,207

Wright State University

$7,858,974

$1,726,436

Rosalind Franklin University

$6,609,010

$1,072,085

Northeastern Ohio Universities

$2,463,737

University of Illinois Urbana

$1,648,419

$952,152

University of Toronto

$149,578,000

Universite de Montreal

$64,875,000

Southern Illinois - Carbondale

University of McGill

$34,234,000

University of Western Ontario

$25,852,000

Queen’s University

$15,635,000

Distribution

Chemical Raw Materials Production Industrial Parts / Lab and Safety Equipment Remnant from the Automobile Industry / Supplier of Research Insitutions

policymakers through the Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiation (ACTN). This committee was chaired, not incidentally, by the CEO of the New York-based pharmaceutical giant Pfizer4. The dissemination of trade and intellectual property standards on a global scale has enlarged the sphere of protection for large pharmaceutical operations, opening new potential in emerging markets and streamlining regulatory limitations previously drawn along political boundaries. Today, the top 20 transnational corporations each have an average of more than 100 foreign affiliates in more than 40 countries, 19 of which are developing nations.5 Despite expansion into markets in Asia and Latin America, over three-quarters of pharmaceutical sales remain in North America, Europe, and Japan6, suggesting that the wider dissemination of pharmaceutical products is still far off. The immediate impact of TRIPS may then be understood to protect and facilitate sales in increasingly competitive existing markets. This increasingly global pharmaceutical market has spurred a new spatial logic in the distribution of corporate facilities, one not based entirely on proximity to manufacturing and distribution, but rather to political hubs, desirable living, and access to international travel. In Canada, 47 percent of pharmaceutical corporate and research facilities are concentrated in the province of Ontario, with another 42.8 percent located in Quebec, almost exclusively in the areas surrounding Toronto and Montreal, respectively.7 Many of the firms located here are secondary corporate facilities for multinational firms, oriented toward navigating national and provincial regulatory frameworks, taking on the “back-office” functions that require less faceto-face meeting with clients. The convergence of international pharmaceutical companies in Mississauga, Ontario, is instructive in this realm, as nearly half of the major pharmaceutical companies active in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) are located here. Mississauga offers a number of strategic advantages to firms’ less-critical corporate functions. Its proximity to both air and ground transportation corridors provide accessibility to downtown Toronto as well as international corporate locations, while co-locating with global logistics carriers around Pearson International Airport (YYZ). Suburban back-office functions also recognize the desired living conditions of the labor force in the Megaregion, providing workers with inexpensive housing (relative to downtown Toronto), access to quality schools as well as

Research University Medical Schools

Upjohn Pharmaceuticals Packaging c.1960

Mergers and acquisitions inevitably lead to the downsizing of certain operations that no longer contribute to the new corporation’s strategic goals. Often, these are subsidiaries from previous mergers, or individual business units owned by the parent company as a separate legal entity. These units are sometimes sold to other pharmaceutical companies, or research units spin off into their own corporations. When Pfizer bought Pharmacia, the Swedish pharmaceutical giant that had purchased the Kalamazoo-based Upjohn Pharmaceuticals a decade prior, the State of Michigan created the Southwest Michigan Innovation Center in an effort to retain the skilled workforce that had built up over previous generations. Issuing $2 million in grant money, the State allowed 11 new corporations to spin off from the Pfizer-Pharmacia merger, defraying job losses and stemming relocation. Today seven of those companies are still in Kalamazoo, five of which remain in the Southwest Innovation Center.

Pfizer Manufacturing

Market

Corporate Research + Development

Machinery Manufacturing Plants

and development. According to one study of twenty professional sectors, the pharmaceutical industry has the highest sales-weighted propensity to patent product innovations and the second highest propensity to patent process innovations.3 The United States’ favorable patent policies, pro-business climate, and considerable market share have made it home to nearly half of all corporate pharmaceutical activity. To this end, the United States has used its market dominance to become the de facto arbiter of global regulatory issues, holding considerable bargaining power in international trade negotiations. Indeed, the United States was instrumental in initiating discussions linking international trade policy with intellectual property rights prior to the ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Agreement on Trade Intellectual Property (TRIPS). Intense lobbying by large intellectual property interests including the pharmaceutical, entertainment, publishing and computer programming industries supported these efforts, gaining access to US trade

Corporate Research + Development

Chemical Raw Materials Production

Percent of Global Sales

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY/

88.4%

12-19

McKesson Pharmaceutical Distribution Center c. 2011

cholesterol lowering drugs

PHARMACEUTICAL LABORATORIES Scaled by Size of Operations

“The whole pharmaceutical industry may be viewed as a product of the patent system.”1

RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT NODES

RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES Scaled by NIH / CIHR funding

FDA CDC

List of Agents Implicated in the Pharmaceutical Industry

0-11

EDUCATION NODES

$45.2 B $42.0 B

BY PRO DU WA CTS TER

TICA

OU RC

AM ER

UNITED STATES

22.4%

Distribution

AR PH BOX BIG O HM IL MA TAIL

CANA DA

bronchodilators

Manufacturing

Raw Materials Production National regulatory barriers spur corporate Chemical agglomeration

Cost of Products Sold

$15.6 B $15.0 B $14.4 B $14.4 B $14.2 B $13.9 B

A APM A PHRM DIA

S TION OCIA ASS

DI MANUFACTUR ST IN

Machinery Manufacturing Plants

Pfizer Sanofi-Aventis Novartis GlaxoSmithKline Roche AstraZeneca Merck Johnson & Johnson Eli Lilly Bristol-Myers Squibb Abbott Bayer Boehringer Ingelheim Amgen Takeda Teva Novo Nordisk $9.8 B Astellas $9.8 B Daiichi Sankyo $8.1 B Otsuka $7.9 B

BIG PHARMA

H RC

S TIC

GIS LO

N TIO BU RI G REGULATION

RE SE A

GENERIC BRAND NAME

API DOSAG E PACKA GING

COMPRESSED AIR WATER CHEMICALS

M NS

CHE MIC PO LLU AL TED

RAW MATERIALS EQUIPMENT LABOR

AR PH

IN STI TU TIO

blockbuster drug are small and the patent protection windows offer minimal security. This situation has created a looming cliff at which time the patents of many major blockbuster drugs are set to expire with no immediate replacements. This will radically reshape the industry as it has relied on its financial windfalls to fund its navigation of the extensive regulatory framework and global expansion. Beyond its own corporate structures and internal research and development operations, the industry is reliant on a number of networks to fulfill its design and delivery of pharmaceutical drugs. These research, manufacturing and distribution networks exist within the Great Lakes Megaregion. They are in large measure a vestige of the Megaregion’s manufacturing past, but are essential components to an industry implicated in a 21st Century knowledge economy. Through the analysis of these industrial processes and systems, this investigation seeks to reveal the potential for engaging existing infrastructures at the level of megaregion.

INPUTS

BIG

IVER PITA SITI LS ES

RATE RPO CO

HOS

Cost of Research and Development

TH AL HE AL N IN RD SSO CA CKE M D S AI EN TE RI LGRE WA S CV ER OG T S KR AR IE LM WA T MAC GE TAR

WA STE PH AR MAC EU

OU TPUT S

G IN ET AL RG IC TA LIN IALS L EC TR VA PR AL RO P NIC AP CLI W / E VI RE

NI CIC

TOR CORPORATE NODE

$860B in 2010 worldwide sales $230B in 2010 US sales $21B in pharmaceutical advertising

of these research institutions. An organization that mirrors the membership of the Great Lakes’ Big Ten athletics conference with the inclusion of the University of Chicago, the consortium is responsible for over $7 billion in research.23 The University of Michigan alone funds $1.0 billion in research, second in the United States.24 The CIC’s 33,945 faculty members and 98,456 graduate students contribute to the intellectual development within the Megaregion.25 These member organizations are also responsible for a fifth of the nation’s doctoral degrees.26 The power and scale of this consortium helps to evaluate the strength of the research institutions within the region in context to the greater continent. “With 33 percent of the U.S. population, the Great Lakes states produce 38 percent of the country’s bachelor degree holders, 36 percent of all science and engineering degrees, and 37 percent of all advanced science and engineering degrees, far outstripping any other region of the country.”27 The Megaregion and its educational institutions contribute directly to the economic output of the region by generating a large number of educated citizens that are then employed by the pharmaceutical industry. It is not only the sheer quantity of research occurring at these institutions which contributes to the presence of pharmaceutical operations in the region, but also the specificity and strength of the particular programs. The Megaregion is home to the leading recipients of national medical research grants in both Canada and the United States. The University of Michigan, University of Pittsburgh, and Washington University in Saint Louis are all among the top ten recipients of National Institutes of Health funding.28 In Canada, the University of Toronto tops research funding by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research grants to faculties of medicine.29 Furthermore, the Megaregion contains six of the top ten pharmacology programs in the United States.30 This investment in medical research contributes to the pharmaceutical industry’s efforts to produce new drugs. Through the understanding of disease and disorder, which occurs in these programs, pharmaceutical researchers are able to passively outsource work in order to understand these conditions better and thus develop medicines to treat them. Research universities are beneficial to the pharmaceutical drug development pipeline as they help both in the development of drugs and the associated clinical research necessary to understand the effects of these compounds. These particular strengths make the region apt for

Upjohn Pharmaceuticals Cafeteria c.1960

pharmacology and how to foster the development of new breakthrough drugs, which the industry is dependent upon financially. The symbiosis of these relationships is what continues to breed such associations. A university desires companies to help it fund its endowment, support its research, and hire its graduates all while advancing the institution’s aim of increasing knowledge for the public benefit. Meanwhile, the corporations desire the intellectual capital that these educational institutions produce in the form of both discoveries and researchers. The Great Lakes Megaregion has long been the home to strong educational institutions. In 1862, the Morrill Act started what we now know as the “land grant” institution with the formation of Michigan State University, the first public research institution of its kind.22 In more recent years, the CIC, or Committee on Institutional Cooperation, formed to promote the cooperation 29

number of Americans who take prescription drugs and the quantity of these drugs continues to grow, the pharmacy becomes an increasingly common retail type. The prevalence of the modern chain “corner” drug store has propelled Walgreen’s, CVS, and Rite Aid into the lexicon of American consumer behavior. Seventy-five percent of Americans live within three miles of a CVS pharmacy. Through looking at case study examples in Mississauga, Ontario and Kalamazoo, Michigan, we can observe the ways in which this logistics landscape reinforces the methods by which corporations make decisions to locate various parts of their corporations and derive just-in-time strategies within their supply chains. In Kalamazoo, a research institution and associated public-private business incubator has encouraged pharmaceutical corporations to remain in the area. Various portions of the supply chain, including manufacturing, have chosen to remain there. This is further reinforced by local tax subsidies for these corporations as well as less tangible benefits of developing a local knowledge economy through a program such as the Kalamazoo Promise, which pays for local students to go to college.45 The situation in Mississauga relates directly to the development of agglomeration economies. The dispersal of the logistical networks through the Megaregion forces the concentration of specialized higher tier processes, such as corporate functions. As Toronto has emerged as a global city, it has developed a specialty catering to the pharmaceutical industry apparent in Mississauga’s role as the center of Canadian corporate pharmaceutical operations. All the aforementioned locations in the Great Lakes Megaregion exist within a larger global framework. The region is organized around the Chicago-Detroit-Toronto corridor and the infrastructure that ties these three dominant areas together. Each of these three cities also sits prominently within the wider global aviation infrastructure as major hubs for North American Airlines at ORD, DTW and YYZ. From these three cities combined, nonstop flights are available to most major cities on the five continents.

75% of Americans live within 3 miles of a CVS Pharmacy

Walgreens Illinois Indiana

574 200

CVS Caremark 261 290

Rite Aid 0 10

Walmart 178

Kroger 61

119

144

115

134

Michigan

224

Minnesota

144

New York

453

445

640

111

243

284

Ohio

251

313

229

173

212

Pennsylvania

117

384

557

151

Wisconsin

222

0 45

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PHARMA : TIMBER

1910

1900

1994: TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement

COLLATERAL CITY Project _ Urbanism Analysis + Commentary Location _ Beijing CN Context _ Taubman College / A506 / Mary-Ann Ray, Irene Keil Date _ Spring 2011 Collaborators _ Leland Berman, Jordan Hicks As the demolition of China’s urban villages continues unabated, we wonder: “What place does the urban village have in the future Beijing? What role do urban villages play in a rapidly reconfigured city?” We explored these questions through our research at B.A.S.E. (Beijing Architecture Studio Enterprise), an ongoing collaborative research project. While previous B.A.S.E. researchers have thoroughly documented and investigated villages throughout the city, there has been less examination of the fate of villages after demolition. The scenario described above is not an uncommon one. Previously, B.A.S.E. documented the demolition of Beigao, an urban village on the northeastern margin of the city. In 2010, Beigao was demolished, to be replaced by modern housing blocks. Visiting last year, the B.A.S.E. team found hostile holdouts amid endless piles of rubble, but also some residents excited at the prospect of new, modern apartments. As such, it is hard to be solely critical of the developments that replace urban villages. While vibrant street life, entrepreneurial opportunity, and affordable housing may vanish with demolition, the new developments offer marked improvements in sanitation, and many villagers are satisfied – even excited – with their compensation. So, while we are frustrated with this new “object-building landscape,” we acknowledge that the situation is multifaceted, and not always easily reducible to a black-and-white assessment.

RESEARCH

: TUS ED STA INAT M ELI

LITI

DEMO

STA IMP TUS: DEM ENDIN G OLI TIO N

2002

DEMOLITION 2012?

DEMOLITION 2006

KET MAR RAIDS

CO M

EG R

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

MUTE

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

BASE CAMPAIGN 16.06.11

DEMOLITION 2006

DEMOLITION 2003

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

ROU

CURRENT DEMOLITION

At the start of our research, our group visited Beigao to better understand the situation. We found a barren landscape with just a handful of buildings left at its margins. Most of the previous year’s rubble had already been removed, no doubt used in new construction. Beijing cannibalizes itself. The eastern third of formerBeigao was an active construction site, swarming with workers and equipment. The scale of the project is staggering; we were fortunate enough to bike through on a shift change, and see swarms of men and women, hundreds heading to and from the site. Beyond were completed buildings - a field of mid-rise housing blocks, soon to be the domain for China’s burgeoning middle class, as well as residents of Beigao and its neighboring village Nangao. The buildings are conventional, even banal, resembling the type of chain hotel that proliferates along American interstate highways. While the new development does feature commercial spaces along the street to the south, as of our visit, they remained empty. The landscape between the buildings is an underwhelming matrix of paving and plantings. COLLATERAL CITY

EXISTING VILLAGES DEMOLISHED VILLAGES

RESEARCH

The story of Beigao, in many ways, typifies the transition from urban village to an “object-building landscape.” However, as we began to scan aerial images of the city, searching for more villages to visit, we began to find – what we thought at the time – were aberrant conditions. Some villages were only partially demolished, with tiny portions spared from the wrecking ball. Other demolitions proceeded from the outside-in, leaving an “island” of village amidst new development. In some instances, new village-type conditions seemed to arise nearby after demolition. And other villages were completely erased. Furthermore, a menagerie of land uses replaced the villages - including office parks, infrastructure, lavish corporate retreats, and golf courses. In short, the situation was more varied and complicated than we expected. This book is our record of and reflection on that situation. Far from a comprehensive study, this work consists of episodes – glimpses of the roles urban villages can (and cannot) play in a city that is demolishing them at a feverish pace.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

So, what are the new roles for Beijing’s urban villages? The diverse set of situations described above can be summed up in one word: collateral. Like collateral damage in a military operation, the villages are often viewed as obstacles, standing in the way of lucrative new development. Their destruction is less an objective than a (perceived) necessity - collateral as in “ancillary.” But that is merely one definition. An object serving to support or corroborate another can also be described as collateral – such as “collateral evidence” in a court case. Two systems running in parallel, side by side, can be described as collateral, as is commonly used in medicine and anatomy. In our brief time in China, we discovered urban villages that fit all of these descriptions. The future of Beijing’s urban villages, then, is to act as a kind of “collateral city” in all its definitions.

COLLATERAL CITY

STALACTITES Project _ Representation of Fabrication Location _ Ann Arbor MI USA Context _ Taubman College / A516 / Tsz Yan Ng Date _ Fall 2011 Collaborator _ Harold Solie Drawing often follows a desire to convey information and communicate intent. Through the development of a set of modules meant to aggregate into an installation, the fabrication process is leveraged as an opportunity to explore the role drawing has in the development of a physical object. The connection between description, production, and assembly drawings is examined as a way to understand optimal ways to present an instruction set for others to fabricate the built piece.

RESEARCH

81 Configuration ABB

Configuration AAB

12"

6" " 3 16

25 8"

21 8"

UNIT 2 x115

Tab B

UNIT 3 x148

Unit 4

UNIT 4 x100

UNIT 1 x7

7" 3 3 4" 4 5 16"

4 5 16"

111 4"

93 4"

Tab C

Unit 4

Tab A

See D5 for layout based on tab conditions.

71 16

" 1 16

-1 3 16"

12"

3 16

Unit 4-AAB

Unit 4-ABB

6" 9°

" 23 8" 1 " 14 1 16 " 1116 38" 38"

Tab B Tab A

1116"

11 16"

Tab D

8°

2 7 16"

0.02"

8°

2 7 16"

3 3 16"

DESCRIPTION SET Unit Description

perimeter cut line

13 8 "

1 5 16"

3 7 16"

9°

0.22"

0.02" 0.23"

0.02"

3 16"

23 8" 1 2" 2" 1 2"

9°

DESIGN INTENT

interior cut line

Side Tab “D”

36° 36°

13 8 "

Based on a truncated pyramidal cone, the design of each unit is designed in relation to the corresponding cones. Each unit is truncated at a different angle and height, which are determined by the Fibonacci ratio. This yields a cone which at greater heights produces a steep, yet small opening alongside shorter units which have large apertures.

score line

0.18"

0.15" 0.02" 1"

73 4"

43 313 16 " 16" 6"

0.14"

73 4"

3 16"

734" 413 16" 4716 " 1"

9°

12"

DRAWING LEGEND

3 " 16

3 16" 10

3 16"

6" " 12 6"

Side Tab “C”

“B” Tab

“A” Tab

0.02"

73 4"

17 8" " 1116" 13 16

13 16" 1'-

15 218" 16" 1 3 16"

71 213 16" 16" 21 8" 13 16" 15 16"

316"

3 " 4 16" 38

" 17 8 1116" " 13 16

0.14"

" 73 4

3 16" 41 9 " 21 8" " 16 13 16 15 16" " 21 8 " " 1516 13 16

73 4"

16"

16 "

16" 15

16 "

16"

1 " 4

41 4"

4 "

413 16 "

1 5 16"

DRAWING LEGEND

DESCRIPTION SET Tab Description

NOTES

score line

1. All tabs maintain an overall dimension of 6 inches long.

interior cut line

2. Side Tabs [as shown above, C and D] are proportional to the size of the unit. See D1 for specific dimensions.

perimeter cut line

57 1/8"

111 3/4"

outside perimeter tabs should remain all A tabs

UNIT 3 - AAB

UNIT 2 - ABB UNIT 1 x7

UNIT 2 x115

DESCRIPTION SET Unit Aggregation

edge of unit

guide wire

indicated unit type

extent of installation

UNIT 4 - AAB

UNIT 4 x100

UNIT 3 x148

DRAWING LEGEND

DESCRIPTION SET Tabbing Logic

NOTES While the majority of the units in the aggregation are AAB types, there are instances where ABB unit types are needed in order to complete certain aggregation segments. The placement of these ABB unit types is generally standard throughout the aggregation, creating a predictable pattern. Each unit has its own aggregation pattern of AAB and ABB types. When done successfully, the perimeter should always be lined with A tabs.

score line

interior cut line

perimeter cut line

24"

19"

UNIT 02

CUT SHEET

x 28

CUT SHEET

x 22

CUT SHEET

UNIT 03

UNIT 04

DESCRIPTION SET Rendering

NOTES Based on a truncated pyramidal cone, the design of each unit is designed in relation to the corresponding cones. Each unit is truncated at a different angle and height, which are determined by the Fibonacci ratio. This yields a cone which at greater heights produces a steep, yet small opening alongside shorter units which have large apertures.

score line

interior cut line

LASER BED SETTINGS

score line

perimeter cut line

x 34

DRAWING LEGEND

z-axis: .016 power: 15

interior cut line

z-axis: .016 power: 80

PPI: 300 speed: 40

perimeter cut line

z-axis: .016 power: 80

PPI: 300 speed: 40

1 SPRAY PAINT MATERIAL 2 LASER CUT 3 RELEASE FROM CUT SHEETS 4 UNIT ASSEMBLY

PRODUCTION SET Cut Sheets (19 x 24)

JOB STATISTICS cut sheet 1: 60% efficiency cut sheet 2: 60% efficiency

PPI: 300 speed: 90

cut sheet 3: 50% efficiency cut sheet 4: 65% efficiency cut sheet 5: 65% efficiency cut sheet 6: 56% efficiency

to a color of your liking.

30"

based on cut sheets [See P1 or P2]. and organize by unit type [See D3].

40"

FOLD along all score lines.

BEND along pyramid edges and side tabs.

SLOT side tabs as shown.

UNFOLD the ends of the side tabs.

PAIR and PREPARE an “A” and “B” tab.

INSERT “A” tab into “B” tab.

SECURE tabs once connected.

CHECK to ensure connection. Repeat.

5 UNIT ATTACHMENT CUT SHEET 1

x 12

DRAWING LEGEND

CUT SHEET 2

LASER BED SETTINGS

score line

z-axis: .016 power: 15

PPI: 300 speed: 90

interior cut line

z-axis: .016 power: 80

PPI: 300 speed: 40

perimeter cut line

z-axis: .016 power: 80

PPI: 300 speed: 40

x 16 CUT SHEET 3

x 6 CUT SHEET 4

PRODUCTION SET Cut Sheets (30 x 40)

JOB STATISTICS cut sheet 1: 71% efficiency cut sheet 2: 66% efficiency

cut sheet 3: 81% efficiency cut sheet 4: 60% efficiency

ASSEMBLY SET Unit Assembly

DESIGN INTENT The assembly process was designed with the intent to allow for quick assembly and aggregation. The system is also intended to be an easy process to learn by the fact taht each unit is assembled in the same way. Additionally, while the design of the installation is highly specific with regards to tabbing layout, the system is such that it can altered with a tabbing system that is easily interchangeable.

A1 pull cable into tension before securing the crimps

MODULE DATA Module 01: 43 Units Unit 1 x1 Unit 2 x18 Unit 3 x24

MODULE DATA

Module 09: 32 Units Unit 1 x1 Unit 2 x16 Unit 3 x15

Module 02: 9 Units Unit 3 x4 Unit 4 x5

Module 10: 35 Units Unit 1 x1 Unit 2 x15 Unit 3 x19

Module 03: 56 Units Unit 1 x1 Unit 2 x18 Unit 3 x30 Unit 4 x7

Module 04: 13 Units Unit 4 x13 Module 05: 43 Units Unit 1 x1 Unit 2 x18 Unit 3 x21 Unit 4 x3

Module 11: 33 Units Unit 3 x11 Unit 4 x22

Module 06: 20 Units Unit 4 x20

Module 07: 43 Units Unit 1 x1 Unit 2 x18 Unit 3 x21

Module 12: 34 Units Unit 1 x1 Unit 2 x11 Unit 3 x14 Unit 4 x8

Module 08: 17 Units Unit 4 x17

DRAWING LEGEND unit outline

aggregated unit outline

MODULE ASSEMBLY 01.

Assemble and arrange units as shown in plan drawing. Connect on the ground to allow for ease of connecting. Be sure to note orientation of the plan drawing. Note: It is easier to assemble “upside-down” with cones pointing up to ensure pieces are not damaged during aggregation.

guide wire

STALACTITES

02. 03.

Lift each aggregated piece onto the wire armature. See A3. Connect aggregated units while they hang on wire wire framing system.

ASSEMBLY SET Aggregation Plan

WIRE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 01.

use shears to cut 5 pieces of cable to the desired length (15’)

02. on

with the first length of cable, pre-install a crimp either end

03.

thread the end of the cable through an existing support on either end of the space and back through the crimp

ASSEMBLY SET Installation

REQUIRED SUPPLIES 04.

while pulling the cable until it is fully in tension, use a crimping tool to secure the crimp on either end

05.

repeat the process for all five lengths of cable

cable (75’) shears crimps (10’) crimping tool ladder

use crimping tool to secure cable around support

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

UNIT 01

DRAWING LEGEND

12"

6" " 3 16

21 8" 25 8"

UNIT 2 x115

UNIT 3 x148

UNIT 4 x100

" 16

12"

3 16"

-1 3 16"

1 61

71 16

UNIT 1 x7

7" 3 3 4" 4 5 16"

4 5 16"

93 4"

111 4"

" 73 4

" 23 8" 1 6" 1 11 "4 11 16 3 8" 3 8"

11 16"

DRAWING LEGEND score line

interior cut line

3 16"

9째

1" 6"

9째

andINTENT organize by unit type [See D3]. DESIGN

perimeter cut line

FOLD along all score lines.

5 UNIT ATTACHMENT

BEND along pyramid edges and side tabs.

3 " 16

3 16" 10

1 2"

23 8" 2" 1 2"

43 313 16 " 16"

413 1 471 6" 6"

73 4"

3 16"

12"

316" 1"

based on cut sheets [See P1 or P2]. 6"

734" 6"

3 16"

6" " 12 6"

to a color of your liking.

9째

3 " 4 16" 17 8" 38 3 6" 1116" 1 1 " 17 8 1116" " 3 1 16

13 16" 1'-

15 218" 16" 1 3 16"

71 213 16" 16" 21 8" 13 16" 15 16"

1 SPRAY PAINT MATERIAL 2 LASER CUT 3 RELEASE FROM CUT SHEETS 4 UNIT ASSEMBLY 10

" 73 4

" 1 " 13 16 4 9 6" 2 8 3 6" 1 1 1 15 1"6 " 21 8 5 6" 1 1 " 13 16

" 73 4

SLOT side tabs as shown.

9째

DESCRIPTION SET Unit Description

D1 UNFOLD the ends of the side tabs.

RESEARCH

57 1/8"

111 3/4"

UNIT 1 x7

UNIT 2 x115

indicated unit type

extent of installation

D3 GEOFFREY SALVATORE

guide wire

UNIT 4 x100

DESCRIPTION SET Unit Aggregation

DRAWING LEGEND edge of unit

UNIT 3 x148

STALACTITES

PROFESSIONAL

CEDAR LAKE HOUSE Project _ Postmodern Vacation Home Renovation Location _ Cedar Lake WI USA Context _ Rugo Raff Architects Date _ Summer 2007 - Summer 2008 Managed the complete interior and exterior renovation of a lake side vacation home in rural Wisconsin. Worked with Steve Rugo on the schematic design and finish selection. Careful design decisions were made throughout to compliment the homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original post-modern sensibilities, such as the homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s signature red steel windows, while updating the home to a more contemporary aesthetic. Personally carried the project through design development and construction administration. Worked with a commercial stainless steel kitchen fabricator on the development of a versatile food preparation and entertaining area.

PROFESSIONAL

PLANS SECOND FLOOR

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

GROUND FLOOR

CEDAR LAKE HOUSE

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROFESSIONAL

CEDAR LAKE HOUSE

ASTOR STREET RENOVATION Project _ Gold Coast Rowhouse Renovation Location _ Chicago IL USA Context _ Rugo Raff Architects Date _ Summer 2007 - Winter 2009 Rehabilitation of a 1904 brick townhouse in a landmark district of the Gold Coast neighborhood of Chicago. Served as project manager during design development and construction administration phases. Coordination among all trades was required for the addition of a garage and roof terrace. Particular attention was paid to the period styling of the original house as modern amenities were integrated into the historic home.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROFESSIONAL

ASTOR STREET RENOVATION

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROFESSIONAL

ASTOR STREET RENOVATION

EXERCISING URBANISM Project _ Neighborhood Master Plan + Recreation Center Design Location _ Ypsilanti MI USA Context _ PLY Architects in collaboration with MADE Studio Date _ Summer 2012 TEAM LEADERS _ Maria Arquero, Craig Borum, Jen Maigret TEAM MEMBERS _ Catherine Baldwin, Leigh Davis, Kathryn Dreitzler, Chaerin Jin, Kayla Lim, Caileigh MacKellar, Amy McNamara, Alex Timmer, Catherine Truong Exercising Urbanism is a two part master planning and design proposal for the mixed-use development of a brownfield site adjacent to the Huron River in Ypsilanti, Michigan. The redevelopment of this site, located near downtown Ypsilanti, allowed for a combined effort to rethink the planning strategy for the city while utilizing the proposed recreation center as the catalyst for new sustainable development.

HISTORICAL LAND PATTERNS STRIP FARM SUBDIVISION JEFFERSONIAN GRID

URBAN DESIGN CONCEPTS LINEAR URBAN PLAN GRID URBAN PLAN

PROFESSIONAL

For the master planning effort, two proposals were crafted to re-envision a number of ways the future neighborhood around the recreation center could be redeveloped. Each scheme was based on historical land subdivision practices, that of the strip farm divisions along waterways, and the Jeffersonian Grid, dominant throughout the Midwest. These two schemes allow for different ways to think through mixeduse development, housing types, and street sections. They also encouraged a discussion of how higher densities than this community is accustomed could be developed in a careful way. Both schemes paid special attention to the county’s existing border-to-border trail and green space which this project intersects. Similarly, ideas about the incorporation of the stock of an existing street tree nursery on the site fostered a tree-coded diagrammatic master plan, with species segmented either in lines or squares.

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

Ultimately, the master plans were paired with the schematic design of the new YMCA recreation center on toward the Northwest corner of the site. The proposal for the building seeks to capitalize on the site’s inherent qualities bringing the landscape into the building, modifying it in the process to serve multiple programmatic purposes, such as a platform for the gymnasium and natatorium. Additional program was housed within a thickened roof truss, allowing this “canopy” to float above the recreation center’s major programs. All decisions focused on the desire to make the center, located on a prominent boulevard, as transparent as possible while maintaining the control and surveillance necessary for a public facility.

EXERCISING URBANISM

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROFESSIONAL

EXERCISING URBANISM

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

PROFESSIONAL

EXERCISING URBANISM

100

First FLoor Site plan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entry Children Area Control Juice Bar Cardio / Weights Vertical Circulation Play Area Swimming Pool

8 2

PROFESSIONAL

101

6 3

SECOND FLOOR Running Track Studios Offices Meeting Room Restrooms Vertical Circulation Stretching

GEOFFREY SALVATORE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

EXERCISING URBANISM