A
N
P
E
Y
R
S
W
O
N
H
O
I
S
M
O
V
I
N
G
O
R
H
A
M
O
A
S
V
C
E
R
D
O
S
S
A I
N N
T
B
E
R
N
O
A
T
R
I
O
N
D
A
E
L R
O
R
W
I
T
H
I
N
A S
T
A
A
W
F
R
T
E
A
Y
O
H
M
I
S
O
R
H
E
H
A
B
P
I
R T
L
U
A
A
L
C
E
O
F
R
E
R
S
E
I
G
D
A
R
E D
N L
C E
E S
O
F
T
H
P
E
R
L
S
E
S
E O
N
G
T
W
H
’
T
E
S
A
A
L U
T
T
H
S E
R
H
M
O
V
E
E M
E
N
T
I
S
V
O
L
U
N
T
A
R
Y
O I
R N
V
O
W
L
U
N
H
C
A
T
A
U
S
E
V
E
E M
E
N
H
A
T
T
H E
N
E G
T
O I
T R
W
S
S
H O
Y T
O
L
R
A
T M
S
H F
T
A
Y S
BETWEEN
THE LINES
BETWEEN
THE LINES
We allow lines to divide us, like they were slashed with a blade, crisp and clear.
We foster hatred, Immense, impenetrable walls, raise between us Dissecting one from the other, imposing who can stand where, severed.
We live by these lines, like it’s out of our control, distanced,
inhummane.
1
BETWEEN THE LINES THE LINES
06
GEORGIA URIE A FINE LINE SET MATCH
06
INTRODUCTION
2
ARTICLE
ANNE-CHRISTINE DIAZ HUTT RIVER PROVINCE
06
INTRODUCTION
RALPH KOBER WHEN AUSTRALIA IS NOT AUSTRALIA
06
NEWS REVIEW
3
SYDNEY MORNING HERALD BLURRED LINES THE SLASH
06
ARTICLE
KURL KHOLTEDT BORDER WALL
06
PODCAST TRANSCRIPT
4
ROMAN MARS JOE RICHMAN GUESTS CROSSING THE LINE SPLIT
06
NEWS ARTICLE
MICHELLE MILLER DIVIDED
06
NEWS ARTICLE
WILSON RING TWIN TOWNS
NEWS ARTICLE
MEDICAL PRESS
06
5
DRAWN THE LINE MAPS
06
POEM
YESENIA MONTILLA THE RADCLIFFE LINE
06
INTRODUCTION
JHONNY HARRIS A SLOPPY SURGERY
06
ARTICLE
6
MANAN KAPOOR DOWN THE LINE DECODING BORDERS
06
JOURNAL ARTICLE
7
BEATRIX HASSELSBERGER THE BOTTOM LINE THE LINE CONCLUSION
GEORGIA URIE
06
BETW THE L
WEEN LINES
1
THE LINES INTRODUCTION
p. 22
Georgia Urie
06
While borders are inherently black and white in their governance of countries, if there is no line drawn on the ground, what are the areas of grey? Is there an exact moment in which one country becomes another, or is there stretches of nomads land in between, padding.
07
BETWEEN THE LINES
FOREWORD
A
FINE
LINE
2
SET MATCH ARTICLE
p. 22
Anne-Christine Diaz
HUTT RIVER PROVINCE NEWS ARTICLE
p. 24
Laura Meachim GlennBarndon
WHEN AUSTRALIA IS NOT AUSTRALIA NEWS REVIEW
p. 24
Sydney Morning Herald
06
If migration is the movement across borders, how close can you get without actually crossing it, and who decides whether a border is to be recognised as one. It is a fine line to dance upon, and not something to be taken lightly, with penalties enforced by state law ranging from fines and deportation, to imprisonment.
07
A FINE LINE
CHAPTER 2
Tennis
Across Anne-Christine Diaz
06
Great Guns director Klaus Thymann directs the new campaign for Swedish sportswear brand Björn Borg. The brand has established a tennis match on the U.S. and Mexican border with one player on each side of the border, half the tennis court on Mexican soil and the other half on US soil. Borg Open – Tennis across Borders – is an initiative intended to manifest an open world in which sport has the power to unite people and Klaus was the perfect choice to capture the game. The brand wanted to highlight how the world of today seems full of conflicts; conflicts that can lead to frustration, causing people and nations to build walls between each other. But why build walls, when we could get to know and learn from one another instead? That’s why the Swedish sportswear brand decided to establish a tennis match on the US/Mexican border, at Tijuana River, where a game is played between tennis players Mariano Argote (MX) and Peter Clemente (US). On average a tennis player swaps sides 13 times during a game. In this game, they weren’t allowed to. Henrik Bunge is the CEO of Björn Borg. HENRICK BUNGE: Borg Open is our way to state that we, as a sportswear brand, believe in an open world. Unfortunately, the activity is not likely to make those people who promote raising walls change their opinion. But, with our heritage, we know that not only tennis nets, but sport in general, has the power to unite people. We hope to inspire people to reach out to their neighbors and do sport together instead of building walls.” THYMANN: This year I have been working a lot with Round & Round and they had the outline for this idea a while ago. I got onboard and made the impossible happen, we are really on the real physical border. We were looking at many sights and wanted to find something that was logistically possible first and foremost. But as we investigated further it turned out this was almost impossible. It was not until I thought of a kind of legal loophole where we did everything from the Mexican side, minus US player, that it became a reality. When we were filming, the US Custom and Border Partol were observing us but never interfered. THYMANN: It is very difficult doing a film shoot not knowing how long you have, and that we could get shut down at any time. So instead of planning the shoot in a more traditional way, we shot with 3-4 cameras simultaneously to get as much footage as possible. It was interesting watching the crew. Because we had such intense pressure, everyone was mega effective, but we still had fun on set”.
Borders
ON AVERAGE A TENNIS PLAYER SWAPS SIDES THIRTEEN TIMES DURING A GAME. IN THIS GAME, THEY WEREN’T ALLOWED TO. 07
A FINE LINE
SET MATCH
No man is an island Entire of itself Every man is a piece of the continent
06
07
A FINE LINE
HUTT RIVER PROVINCE
Lenard George
06
Casley established Hutt River Province, in 1970 to circumvent the wheat quota imposed by the Western Australian Government. By proclaiming his principality, Casley created his own ‘island’ within the Western Australian outback and gladly marooned himself in his very own creation, perhaps seeking a more authentic version of statehood. The desolated nature of the outback and the challenging distance through unsealed roads ensured the isolation of the principality.
07
A FINE LINE
HUTT RIVER PROVINCE
Hutt River
Province
by Ralph Kober
06
The principality is located approximately 500 km north of Perth (Figure 1) and is 75 square km in size. The area is mainly flat or undulating farmland with a small local resident population of 20-25 people (Macbeth, 2010; Ryan et al., 2006; Onishi, 2011). The small main town site is Nain, which contains buildings for tourism and administration such as a post office, government offices, an inter-denominational chapel and a five-foot tall sculpture of Casley’s head. Hutt River itself has been described as “a stretch of water which flowed like a torrent during the brief winter and hardly at all during the endless summer, which produced flies the size of Honda 50s” (a type of motorbike) (Ackman, 1982: online). Under this new quota, it would have taken five hundred years to crop the same average amount of wheat that had been harvested in the previous twenty years. The gross proceeds would not have even paid the interest on the hire purchase on two four-wheel drive tractors that were in use. This did not allow any return for maintenance of their homes and families, no income on which to survive let alone profit. Consequently, due to the risk of having his economic livelihood taken away and the threat of loss of land, Casley argued that under international law he was entitled to form a self- preservation government (Ackman, 1982). A formal notice of secession was served on 21 April 1970 to the Western Australian State Premier, the Governor of Western Australia, the Acting Prime Minister of Australia, and the Governor General of Australia (Murphy, 2010). Under Australian law, the government had two years in which to object. Given that no objection was received, Hutt River Province (as it was then known) claims to have become a new country on 21 April 1972 (Ryan et al., 2006; Heaton, 2013). It is significant that Casley chose to secede from Western Australia but remain part of the Commonwealth of The principle of the Ratification is principly [sic] the retention of the Nations Western Australian Governments concession of newly conceded area to be still a sovereign part of the British Commonwealth where in also the Queen is the Sovereign ruler of the newly conceded area as is her Royal right, and her lawfull [sic] right under the Western Australian Constitution. ('Fate Accompli', PHR Historic Archives) Consequently, due to the risk of having his economic livelihood taken away and the threat of loss of land, Casley argued that under international law he was entitled to form a self- preservation government (Ackman, 1982). A formal notice of secession was served on 21 April 1970 to the Western Australian State Premier, the Governor of Western Australia, the Acting Prime Minister of Australia, and the Governor General of Australia (Murphy, 2010). Under Australian law, the government had two years in which to object. Given that no objection was received, Hutt River Province (as it was then known) claims to have become a new country on 21 April 1972 (Ryan et al., 2006; Heaton, 2013). It is significant that Casley chose to secede from Western Australia but remain part of the Commonwealth of Nations The principle of the Ratification is principly [sic] the retention of the Western Australian Governments concession of newly conceded area to be still a sovereign part of the British Commonwealth where in also the Queen is the Sovereign ruler of the newly conceded area as is her Royal right, and her lawfull [sic] right under the Western Australian Constitution. ('Fate Accompli’, PHR Historic Archives)
07
A FINE LINE
HUTT RIVER PROVINCE
Small territories declaring secession without external support certainly struggle to achieve international recognition, and the PHR is no exception (Grydehøj, 2014; Rossman, 2016). During Casley’s administration there is evidence of people using the PHR passports while travelling internationally, perhaps even diplomatic passports. The principality has also tried to establish diplomatic missions in a number of countries. It is worth noting that the PHR fulfils the four basic criteria for nationhood established by the Montevideo Convention of 1933 on the Rights and Duties of States 1933, having a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and a capacity to enter into relations with other states (Macbeth, 2010; Ryan et al, 2006). The use of the PHR diplomatic passports is an interesting case, as in the early years of the formation of the PHR immigration authorities in other countries were unaware of what was occurring, and timely exchange of information with Australian authorities was impossible. This is illustrated in the following report of an experience at Orly Airport, Paris immigration; Ericksen stood politely in the queue while the officer conferred with his superior. Presently the two men returned to the counter. “Yes, excuse me, Your Excellency,” said the more senior man, ushering Ericksen through the desk and slapping his underling at the same time. “Right this way, Your Excellency,” he said as he led Victoria’s ambassador to Hutt River Prov As the principality pursued international recognition, several people bore diplomatic passports issued by the PHR and tried to use them during international travel. Besides diplomatic passports, the principality has reportedly issued normal passports for its approximately 13,000 citizens during Casley’s administration (Unattributed, 2016; Macbeth, 2010; Onishi, 2011). Based on evidence from diplomatic cables from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, it seems that the Australian Government took a stand in 1985 with Cable CH252073. This diplomatic cable is a response for clarification requests from diplomatic missions concerning the status of the principality The concept of small territories declaring independence unilaterally often attracts mainstream media attention, though such initiatives are not usually taken seriously. Although Australian mainstream media does not take the principality seriously, it is evident that the PHR does attract media attention, and Casley has been regarded as a good showman. Casley has been able to use the media as an efficient vehicle to attract tourists to the principality. In a 1972 interview, he has stated his intent to invest more in tourism. In 1973 a post office was opened and by 1985 the DFAT has noted that Casley “has built his wheatgrowing property in Western Australia into a thriving tourist attraction. By the end of Casley’s administration, the PHR was equipped with buildings for tourism and administration, a post office, an interdenominational chapel, and a five-foot tall sculpture of Casley’s head. Australian authorities have done their best to ensure that the landlocked principality did not gain recognition from other countries. Nonetheless, tourism flourished under Casley’s administration. The PHR developed its own islandish identity, with the story of the man who defied the government by creating his own principality is now ingrained in the mythology of the Australian outback.
06
vince into France, pausing only to stamp his passport on the way through. (Ackman, 1982: online)
07
A FINE LINE
HUTT RIVER PROVINCE
When Australia is not Australia
The government intends to excise the from the so-called migration zone. This is being done so that anyone who happens to reach the
So, to make it clear, asylum seekers who reach won’t officially reach Australia when they reach
So where can asylum seekers go to claim refugee status?
We believe asylum should be granted via a test of intelligence and ingenuity. It should be like one of those old-fashioned radio quizzes, like the secret sound or having to answer the telephone using the correct words. Parliament should legislate for just one secret square metre of
06
Australian mainland
mainland by boat is treated the same as someone who arrives at
Christmas Island or
Ashmore Reef.
That is to say, badly.
Australia Australia. Unless of course they aren't seeking asylum, is part of Australia.
in which case So if you arrive on
Christmas Island Christmas Island
And if you're an Australian, it's part of Australia, and they will probably offer you a beer and a barbie.
Tasmania
Macquarie Island
Has anyone consulted the Hutt River principality?
Lord Howe
Australia to be inside the migration zone. Perhaps it could be hidden underneath one of our "big" roadside monuments. But which one? The big banana, the big merino, or the big prawn?
It will be up to the best and brightest of the huddled masses to find it.
07
A FINE LINE
WHEN AUSTRALIA IS NOT AUSTRALIA
R B
L
U
RE D
L
I
N E S
3
THE SLASH ARTICLE
p. 22
Kurl Kholtedt
BORDER WALL PODCAST TRANSCRIPT
p. 24
Roman Mars Joe Richman Guests
06
At face value borders are rigid lines, defined clearly on a map, separating each country from the next. However at ground level they are complex and irregular systems, signified by geography and sparsely placed markers, stretches of nomads land and fragments of heavily militarised walls. What happens though when the geography changes, or a marker is misplaced? How are these lines blurred, and what are their implications on the lives of those who find themselves in their range.
07
BLURRED LINES
CHAPTER 3
by Kurt Kohlert
06
The Slash Camp Widjiwagan counselors have been known to tell young campers (including this author) certain tall tales as they ventured up through the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Northern Minnesota. Crossing into Canada, for instance, they would say that if you squint hard, you can see a “border chain” hanging in the lake below. Some kids laughed it off — others were convinced they could spot it. This mythical nautical divider was an inside joke among counselors, but the land border is more visibly marked than many people realize. From Arctic Village, Alaska to Houlton, Maine, the border between Canada and the United States is the longest in the world. Much of the surrounding landscape is relatively wild and untouched. But extending out ten feet from the line on either side is a zone known as “the Slash.”
07
BLURRED LINES
THE SLASH
Stripped of trees, this slice runs through national forests and over mountains. It is too long and remote to be continuously cut down, but every few years (longer on the Western sections, where growth is slower) workers freshly deforest the greenery that grows back. It might seem unnecessary, but there is a reason for this intervention: a person on either side wandering close to the border can see it and recognize they’re approaching
SO EACH YEAR, AMERICAN TAXPAYERS PAY AROUND HALF A CENT EACH TO HELP MAINTAIN THIS DIVIDING VOID. 06
the line. So each year, American taxpayers pay around half a cent each to the International Boundary Commission (IBC) to help periodically maintain this dividing void. The work is split between countries. Per Julia Shipley, “U.S. and Canadian divisions of the IBC both have their own staff, equipment and budget. The two groups meet once a year to divvy up their work.” Crews of five to ten people are sent out to various locations. To the east, many of the crews stay in motels — in the west, they camp out. “It all started in the 1800s, when the USCanada border line was set at the 49th parallel,” writes Lew Blank. “The Slash was cut and over 8,000 original border markers were laid down, most of which are still standing along The Slash to this day.” But without GPS systems, the markers strayed by hundreds of feet in many places. Other mapping errors led to the creation of things like the Northwest Angle. “Seeing the Slash can be as simple as going to Google Maps,” explains Blank, “zooming towards the US-Canada border, and switching to satellite view. Those looking for a more up close view can travel to Newport, Vermont and hop aboard Northern Star Cruises, which will take you right alongside the Slash. Another way to see the slash is in Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, on the Pacific Crest Trail, the Continental Divide Trail to Canada, or the Long Trail in Vermont.” The Slash also seems like a unique opportunity to travel from coast to coast — an intrepid hiker and paddler could perhaps portage and kayak through otherwise overgrown sections, forever following the thin line. 07
BLURRED LINES
THE SLASH
WE’RE GO
BUILD A
IT’S GOIN
A REAL
I ME
THIS IS A
THAT I
GET UP
YOU’R
COMING
VERY E
IT’S T
IT’S T 06
OING TO
A WALL
NG TO BE
L WALL,
EAN,
A WALL
IF YOU
P THERE
RE NOT
G DOWN
EASILY
TRUE
TRUE 07
BLURRED LINES
BORDER WALL
SVILLE
N
R B
ROW
06 RR
R
R
V ER
ER RI V
E RIV
I R VE
VER RI
IVE
IV E VER R RI
RI
R VE
RI
R ER IVER RIVE R
ER
RIV
RI
V
R
RI V ER
E
RV ER
RIV
I
ER
V
V
E
R RI I
R
R RI
R VE
A FENCE TIJUAN
R FE BARRIE NC E
FE NC
E BAR RIER BAR
RIER B AR R IE RF E NC E BA RRIE R
BAR RIER BA RRIER BARIER FENCE BARRIER BA
ER
RRI
FENCE BARRIE
E R F NC E
FE
N
CE
RI VE
R
V RI
ER RI VE R
RI V
ER
In the run-up to his election victory, Mr Trump promised to build a wall along the border’s entire 2,000-mile length. He later clarified that it would only cover half of that - with nature, such as mountains and rivers, helping to take care of the rest.
07
BLURRED LINES
BORDER WALL
RIV
Border
& Guests
06
Wall by Roman Mars, Joe Richman
ROMAN MARS: One week into his presidency, Donald Trump signed an executive order to begin building a wall between the US and Mexico. Trump says that will be quote, “an impenetrable physical, tall, powerful, beautiful Southern border wall.” JOE RICHMAN: But campaign slogans are easy. Reality is harder. ROMAN MARS: That’s Joe Richmond from Radio Diaries, and on this episode, with the help of Radio Diaries, we’re going to tell a few stories about the physical border on the Southern edge of the United States. JOE RICHMAN: And what happens when instead of people crossing the border, the border crosses the people. ROMAN MARS: Joe Richmond will take it from here. JOE RICHMAN: In 2006, President Bush signed a law to begin building an 18-foot high fence along a few key parts of the US Mexico border. The project went by different names. Operation Gatekeeper in California. Operation Safeguard in Arizona. And in Texas, they called it Operation Hold the Line. Today that fence looks like a somewhat random dotted line, covers about a third of the entire border. And the border fence has always been controversial. But it’s based on a very human impulse to have an actual physical barrier that marks the imaginary one on the map. It’s a simple idea and like most things, it turned out to not be so simple. 07
BLURRED LINES
BORDER WALL
PAMELLA TAYLOR: Hello.
PAMELLA TAYLOR: It is.
PAMELLA TAYLOR: I’m in my living room. I’m looking out the window. I see my front yard and beyond that is the fence. It is a huge iron, about 20 feet tall. The fence was put in there by Homeland Security.
PAMELLA TAYLOR: We’re on the Mexican side. The fence is in front of my home.
PAMELLA TAYLOR: No, it’s not true.
PAMELLA TAYLOR: If they followed the river, it would be a winding fence, whereas now it is a straight fence and therefore they did not need to install that much fence. And in the beginning, we were told this fence was going to go right through my living room.
06
JOE RICHMAN: Hello. Is this Pamela Taylor?
JOE RICHMAN: So can you tell me where you are right now?
Pamela Taylor is 86 years old. After World War II, she married an American and they moved to a small brick house outside of Brownsville, Texas. That’s the house she’s in right now and she has been there for more than 60 years. Now that house is technically in the US but for the past six years, it’s been on the wrong side of the fence.
JOE RICHMAN: So let me just go over this. For many people thinking about the border fence, they just assume it’s on the border.
The Rio Grande river is the legal border between the US and Mexico, but the border fence doesn’t follow all the natural contours of that river.
Luckily they ended up building it about a mile North. Today Taylor has about a half dozen neighbors and the exact same situation as her. Down the road, there’s also a farm, and a golf course, all on the Mexican side of the fence.
07
BLURRED LINES
BORDER WALL
PAMELLA TAYLOR: We’ve gotten used to it. Now we just can’t go on and be miserable about it.
PAMELLA TAYLOR: Well, actually it’s a no man’s land and I firmly believe that I shouldn’t be paying taxes.
“Well, actually it’s a no man’s land and I firmly believe that I shouldn’t be paying taxes”
06
JOE RICHMAN: So how would you describe where you are living?
JOE RICHMAN: A no man’s land between two countries. That’s what our next story is about. NEWS RECORDING: The United States is not as big today as it was at this time yesterday. President Johnson and President Diaz Ordaz of Mexico met at the border today and ended an old dispute. JOE RICHMAN: The Rio Grande river has been the border between the US and Mexico ever since Texas became a state. The problem is rivers can move and that’s exactly what happened in 1864. Torrential rains caused the river to jump its banks and go south. All of a sudden the border was in a different place. What that meant is that Texas had gained a square mile of land. It was called the Chamizal, named for the scrubby desert plant that grew there. The Chamizal was a thorn in the side of US Mexico relations for a century. And then finally, 50 years ago, the US gave the land back to Mexico. But by that time thousands of people had moved to the Chamizal and made it their home. And that is where this story begins 07
BLURRED LINES
BORDER WALL
MARIA EUGENIA TRILLO: My name is Maria Eugenia Trillo. I grew up in the Chamizal area during the fifties and sixties. I lived one street away from the river, which was the division between the two countries. The river was just more like a highway that you had to cross to get to where you needed to be. There was a baseball team on the Mexican side and then there was a team on the El Paso side. And they would just signal each other through whistles and then they would cross. (laughs) It was just life. Life with the river between us. VICTOR GUZMAN GARCIA: My name is Victor Guzman Garcia. The Garcia clan goes back to about 386 years in this area. A lot of Mexicans from the interior thought that the Chamizal, which was basically just a square mile of land, they thought it was as large as California. And that it probably had oil and gold. So every time there was an issue between two countries, Mexico would, of course, bring up the Chamizal.
06
JOE RICHMAN: In Mexico, the Chamizal represented illegally occupied territory, but in the United States, very few Americans had even heard of it. And then in the 1960s that all changed, in a really unexpected way NEWS RECORDING: This is NBC News presenting today a new special, Crisis in Cuba. This government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military build-up on the island of Cuba. Within the past week... JOE RICHMAN: With the Cuban missile crisis, and specifically the fact that Mexico does not cut off its ties to Castro. The Kennedy Administration becomes very concerned that Mexico could be vulnerable in the Cold War. Suddenly there’s a real willingness to remedy the Chamizal dispute. To use it as a kind of bargaining chip. And so the big question is – the residents of this tiny patch of land, what’s going to happen to them?
07
BLURRED LINES
BORDER WALL
MARIA EUGENIA TRILLO: This is a letter from the International Boundary And Water Commission to Mr. Luis Rivera. “Dear sir, We advise that the appraisal of your property would be undertaken as soon as practical preparatory to acquisition by the Federal Government, as authorized by the Congress…” Ad kids are kids, we were eavesdropping and we heard there was going to be removal. We remember our fathers stomping around the kitchen, saying, “No they can’t”. We were Mexican by heritage, but we understood that we were American by nationality. People were given a choice of going back to Mexico and only one man that we know of actually accepted to go back. Everybody else said “No.” But we all had to be out by October 1964. ANGIE NUNEZ: My name is Angie Nunez. It was a very big disappointment because they did not pay for the house. They paid us for the land. My father had just built four extra rooms in our house. We had central heating. He even had the bricks made special, adobe with the hay because the house was going to be that much thicker, that much warmer, that much whatever, and we had to leave all that. MARIA EUGENIA TRILLO: One by one. The family started moving out and what was left behind were empty shells of homes and the windows were all boarded up and then yellow ribbon was placed on them so that we couldn’t even go into the backyards. So it looked like a crime scene with this yellow tape all over. Until the only family left was ours. Ours, historically, was the last one and I remember my dad said, “Don’t look back. You are forbidden from looking back.”
VICTOR GUZMAN GARCIA: I remember thousands and thousands of people on top of the bridge and everything. And I could see Johnson, I could see him sitting at the table and Diaz Odaz. Pretty much the whole of the White House, with Congressmen and Senators, and everybody was here. I mean this was a big thing. 06
NEWS RECORDING: An enthusiastic welcome, at the US Mexican border, for President Johnson and Gustavo Diaz Ordaz arriving together to settle a century-old border dispute.
07
BLURRED LINES
BORDER WALL
MARIA EUGENIA TRILLO: Well, I’ll show you. The river is now encased in cement. That poor thing. It’s about five feet across. It looks like a muddy creek. Where we used to go it was wide. Sometimes it had quite a bit of water and it would ripple across. There’s only so much control a man can do on a river. Sooner or later, I personally think that river is going to do what mother nature has taught it to do.
06
NEWS RECORDING: An unpredictable river has been converted into a controlled source of water for Mexicans and Americans alike. JOE RICHMAN: By December 1968, Mexico and the United States jointly sponsor the digging of a cement line channel that will make the river go where the authorities want it to go in terms of maintaining the boundary that they want. NEWS RECORDING: After speeches, the two men walked over to press the buttons that would detonate a retaining wall about a mile away and send the water down its new channel. JOE RICHMAN: At the appointed time, the two presidents approached this black box that’s been set up on the bridge, which has these two red buttons and they’re supposed to hit the buttons and detonate these explosives to release the mighty Rio Grande into its new channel. In fact, there’s just a puff of smoke. Nothing happens. And so very quickly, technicians bulldoze the dam and release the river, completing the ceremony. NEWS RECORDING: It’s taken a hundred years but it’s finally done. Mexico has its piece of scruff land back though perhaps it hasn’t decided what to do with it. And the river is once again the international boundary. It cost $40 million, but it’s very tidy this way. Jack Perkins, NBC news, El Paso.
To move.
07
BLURRED LINES
BORDER WALL
CROSSING
THE
LINE
4
SPLIT NEWS ARTICLE
p. 22
Michelle Miller
DIVIDED NEWS ARTICLE
p. 24
Wilson Ring
TWIN TOWNS NEWS ARTICLE
p. 24
Medical Press
06
The media likes to paint the picture of migration as boat journey’s and stealth night missions, however for those living on border towns, small moments of migration is an everyday part of their life, essential for them to get to work, buy groceries or even cross the street.
07
CROSSING THE LINE
CHAPTER 4
Split
THE TAPE ON THE ROOM INDICATES THE BORDER RUNS
by
Michelle
Miller 06
FLOOR IN THE UPSTAIRS APPROXIMATELY WHERE S THROUGH IT.
Brian DeMoulin inherited a home 30 years ago and is reluctantly putting it on the market. BRAIN DEMOULIN: Have a look at my stone house, there’s the border post. He also showed us what makes the residence so BRAIN DEMOULIN: This is the stairway that leads to the Canadian special. apartments. You heard him right. His house is literally in two places at once: Beebe Plain, Vermont, and Stanstead, Quebec, Canada. The tape on the floor in the upstairs room indicates approximately where the border runs through it. Selling a home that straddles two countries is proving to be quite a challenge. Realtor Rosemary Lalime spoke with CBS News. She said her ideal homeowner has dual citizenship. ROSEMARY LALIME: It makes it more difficult because I have to make sure they have the right customs papers to own the property. I’ve had calls from Lebanon, I’ve had calls from Cuba, L.A. Most of the people are interested in a restoration project. The historic home was built in the early 1800s as a place to ease commerce between both countries. The nine-bedroom, five-bath estate is listed at $109,000 dollars. However, there is one sticking point. DeMoulin says one door in the residence has to absolutely stay bolted shut at all times. BRAIN DEMOULIN: You step out that door and you’re in Canada off the property and subject to be arrested. Border patrol offices for both nations are right across the street. U.S. Customs and Border Patrol Agent Troy Rabideau spoke with CBS News. TROY RABIDEAU: It’s always something we need to be cognizant of who’s coming in who’s going out. We do a pretty good job of monitoring it. It’s always something we need to be cognizant of who’s coming in who’s going out. We do a pretty good job of monitoring it, Rabideau said. BRAIN DEMOULIN: I have a wonderful relationship with both sides... I feel equally U.S. and Canadian. DeMoulin has dual citizenship, but that perk won’t come along with the deed. And there is no avoiding property taxes. Both the U.S. and Canada will come calling.
07
CROSSING THE LINE
SPLIT
ash
g t on
in
Idaho
British
Colombia
Montana
Alberta
Saskatchewan
North
Dakota
Manitoba
Minnes ota
Ontar o
Mi ch
n
iga
06
O
h
i
New
sw ick
Brun
Hamshire
M ai n w
e Qubec
N
n
N
w
York
Vermo
nt
ia sylvan
e
n Pe
hi o
07
CROSSING THE LINE
SPLIT
THE HOMES ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THE STREET ARE IN VERMONT WHILE
Divided by
Wilson Ring
06
Some of the residents of a residential Vermont street that is split lengthwise by the Canadian border are irked by what they feel is the latest indignity imposed on them by U.S. border officials who they feel continue to make it harder for them to reach their homes.But officials with U.S. Customs and Border Protection say that narrowing the entry to the United States from Canada is needed to prevent people from running the border without stopping. It’s all part of a broader to ensure they know who is entering the United States from Canada. The officials say they are doing everything they can to minimize disruptions for the people in the 14 Vermont homes whose across-thestreet neighbors live in Canada, but they acknowledge the difficulty of the change. Earlier this year, U.S. officials installed orange Jersey barriers to block much of the crossing between the two countries on what had been the wide-open north-south street that leads from one country to the other. Now they are finishing construction on what they call a “hydraulic barrier” that, when up, will block the crossing completely except for the lane that goes under the canopy of the border post. Canusa Avenue resident Pat Boisvert, 77, has lived in the neighborhood his entire life. PAT BOISVERT: They’ve been a real pain for most of the summer. U.S. officials are planning a meeting for later this month with the people who live on the street in hopes of winning their understanding, if not their happiness with the extra hoop they are being forced to go through.
THEIR NEIGHBORS ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE STREET ARE IN QUEBEC.
STEPHANIE MALIN: We are not trying to make this difficult for anybody in the community. We want to preserve the integrity of this being a cross--border community, but there are elements we need to do from a security standpoint to ensure that we are protecting the entire nation. Over the summer Boisvert said he’s been annoyed because a lane he has used to get home has frequently been blocked by cars waiting to enter Canada, although he says it has improved lately. He says the only notice they received of the change was a handout. On the east-west Canusa Avenue, which intersects with the northsouth road that is blocked by the new barriers, the border is located approximately on the double yellow line that breaks the street into two lanes. Most access to the street is from Canada, but U.S. residents have a working relationship with both U.S. and Canadian officials who, mostly, recognize them and work to make it as easy as possible for people to reach their homes. Vermonters who live on Canusa Avenue have grown accustomed to nodding at U.S. border agents when passing south through the official port of entry, but they do not formally enter the United States. When they head to their Vermont homes from the south they have always driven around the U.S. border post without stopping until they get into their driveways. Now with the street narrowed, traffic on the U.S. side is funneled through a single lane that is frequently blocked by vehicles waiting to proceed to the Canadian port of entry across Canusa Avenue in Stanstead, Quebec. PAT BOISVERT: I will say, I think things have gotten noticeably worse in the last few years. sometimes people don’t want to visit, it can be hard to do business from home and it’s difficult for people to sell their homes. Canusa Avenue in the Beebe Plain neighborhood of Derby is believed to be unique on the 5,525-mile U.S.-Canadian border. The homes on the north side of the street are in Vermont while while their neighbors on the other side of the street are in Quebec.
07
CROSSING THE LINE
PAT BOISVERT: My perspective is seriously tainted by the good-old days because, back then, growing up there was nothing here, It was an invisible border. You ran across the street a hundred times a day, which I used to do.
DIVIDED
MY PERSP
IS SERI
TAINTED
GOOD-OL
BACK T
GROWI
THERE
NOTHIN
IT WA
INVISABLE
YOU RAN
THE STREET
TIMES 06
PECTIVE
IOUSLY
D BY THE
LD DAYS,
THEN,
ING UP
E WAS
NG HERE
AS AN
E BORDER
N ACROSS
A HUNDRED
S A DAY 07
CROSSING THE LINE
DIVIDED
Twin
Towns
by
Medical
Press
06
A state border that bisects Australia’s neighbouring beachside towns of Coolangatta and Tweed Heads has rarely troubled locals, long accustomed to crossing the invisible line daily for coffee or a surf. But as Australia began shutting down last month in response to the coronavirus outbreak, Queensland closed its border to badly hit New South Wales (NSW) state for the first time since the Spanish Flu pandemic a century ago. Concrete barriers sprung up across suburban streets—dividing friends, families and even neighbours on roads where some people can’t leave their homes without crossing state lines. The community’s reaction to being cut in two was "one of shock", said Dean Saul, who owns a cafe in Queensland but lives over the border in NSW. DEAN SAUL: Not in any of our lifetimes have we thought that this (would happen). The border closure means the intertwined 'twin towns’ at the southern end of the Gold Coast are now dotted with checkpoints manned by police and soldiers. While all Australians have been urged to stay at home, residents of Tweed Heads in NSW now cannot cross into Queensland’s Coolangatta unless they work there or have an essential reason to do so. Coolangatta resident Amy Jobson, 31, said it was "crazy" to see the army stopping vehicles driving through the laid-back seaside towns, which usually function as a single community and whose beaches attract throngs of tourists. AMY JOBSON: I completely understand why it’s happening... but for somebody who’s lived here their whole life, it’s very strange to have those barriers across places you cross every day. Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk announced the new restrictions on March 24. ANNASTACIA PALASZCUK: These are not directed at our border communities who cross to shop or work, attend medical appointments and return to their homes, but in these extraordinary times, people should stay in their own states and in their own suburbs. Local residents on both sides with a valid reason to cross into Queensland have been granted permits allowing them to avoid being turned away at the border—as hundreds of people were over Easter—or having to undergo a mandatory 14-day quarantine on arrival. Jobson owns a mechanic repair shop in Tweed Heads. AMY JOBSON: (I’m) always a bit anxious having to cross the border and prove what you’re doing but... if you’ve got the permit in your window it’s quite easy to cross. Gold Coast councillor Gail O’Neill said many locals had found the initial messaging "confusing", but most were now complying with the rules— even surfers who usually go out of their way to chase the best waves. In scenes echoed countrywide, most of Coolangatta’s shops, restaurants and all pubs are closed due to the coronavirus shutdown, forcing thousands out of work. Dean Saul and his wife, Lisa, have kept open their Cafe Kirra but seen revenue plummet by 70 percent as tourists stay away—a situation exacerbated by being cut off from NSW-based regulars. DEAN SAUL: We’ve had contact via social media just saying ‘We’re so sorry, we can’t come. All the best, see you when the border opens’. It is unclear the extent to which the border closure alone has helped prevent the spread of COVID-19 in Queensland, which now has 1,001 cases and four deaths. NSW has almost three times as many cases and 26 deaths—accounting for almost half the national total—but also a much bigger population. Overall new cases in Australia have slowed to a trickle but authorities say strict movement and gathering restrictions will remain for at least a month, warning that lifting them too quickly could lead to another spike in numbers. That has left the twin towns facing the possibility of being cleaved in two for a prolonged period. But many are taking it in their stride. DEAN SAUL: We live in a lovely place; there are worse places— it’s nice to be here where we live and participate in that community spirit, and that will survive. Everyone’s got a little smile on their face, even though things are pretty grim.
07
CROSSING THE LINE
DIVIDED
DRAWN
T
THE
LINE
5
MAPS POEM
p. 22
Yesenia Montilla
THE RADCLIFFE LINE INTRODUCTION
p. 24
Johnny Harris
A SLOPPY SURGERY ARTICLE
p. 24
Manan Kapoor
06
Migration exists as a result of borders. What is the impact when a line is drawn for political agenders, without careful thought placed into how it will divide the people living with it.
07
DRAWN THE LINE
CHAPTER 5
I wish
Maps by Yesenia Montilla
what a world that would be.
& if I were to see you tomorrow & everyone you came from had
disappeared
I would weep with you & drown
out any black lines earth allowed us to give it—
because what is a map but a useless prison?
what
is
a
map
but the delusion of safety?
The line drawn
06
maps would be without borders that we belonged to no one & to everyone at once,
Or not a world maybe we would call it something more intrinsic
like forgiving or something simplistic
like river or dirt.
that this
—
We are all so lost & no naming of
blank spaces
can save us.
p
is always in the sand & folds on itself before we’re done making it.
07
DRAWN THE LINE
MAPS
The 1947 partition of India and split roads, farms, railroads; but draw the line that would become Cyril a lawyer who had never
Radcliffe’s line separated the Punja into East and West Pakistan. In d Hindus, but Sikhs and people from o border disrupted a centuries-old S people of all faiths from each other.
06
Pakistan was a traumatic event. It also families and communities. To the new border, the British tasked Radcliffe, been to the region before.
ab and Bengal provinces from India doing so it separated Muslims and other faiths were affected as well. The Sikh pilgrimage. It separated Punjabi . And ultimately, it divided a culture.
07
DRAWN THE LINE
THE RADCLIFEE LINE
llow ed t
partitio
n
he
ple who
Pakistan
umber of pe
o
nc
et
ha t fo
15
0 0 000 0
en th
le vi o
e brut th
al
i l l ed
in
n umb e r o
f
peo ple k
e
mat sti
ed
line 1 00
00
e
ok f fe to
w to dra
th
00 t he
t
Ra
r
p
i art
Cy of da y
s
4 0
io
n
li
il
sh India befor e
the num
be r
cross Bri t
i
ulatio na
dc
00 0 000
0 the po p
0
06
m
ig
p
art itio
e
th
Pak ista
an
u s fo ght ar w
d
n sin c
a en Indi twe be
he
by
ot h
si d
um t n be
r o
f
3 es
b
d an
gir
p ls ra
e
3
pa rtit i
on 8
00 0w om
en
c d or abdu te
d
ot
h
t
e
ted
by f o
d
ng uri
gra
India
07
DRAWN THE LINE
THE RADCLIFEE LINE
SOMET
THOSE AS
TO RUN TH
DO SO W
REALI
THE IM
THAT TH
IS GOING
ON HUM
CYRIL RA
WAS ONE 06
TIMES
SSIGNED
HE PENCIL,
WITHOUT
ISING
MPACT
HEIR LINE
TO HAVE
MAN KIND
ADCLIFFE
OF THEM 07
DRAWN THE LINE
THE RADCLIFEE LINE
A Sloppy
If nations are ‘imagined communities’, then what does one make of the borders that confine them? It is impossible to speak of India or Pakistan’s past in isolation without mentioning the ‘other’. The two nations, as they stand today, are separate entities with their own histories and ideologies. However, for people living life at the borderline, reality is not a matter of ideology or how history took a violent turn, it is simply a geographical notion of home. ‘Sometimes those assigned to run the pencil do so, without realising the impact that their line is going to have on humankind,’ wrote Bishwanath Ghosh in Gazing at Neighbours: Travels Along the Line That Partitioned India, adding, ‘Sir Cyril Radcliffe was one of them’. Radcliffe, a British barrister, set foot in India for the first time on July 8, 1947, when he was assigned the task of dividing the territory. He had five weeks to partition the Indian subcontinent and chair the two Boundary Commissions—one for Bengal and the other for Punjab. Each had four representatives—two from the Indian National Congress and two from the Muslim League. The division was not only supposed to focus on religious and socio-political divisions, but also on natural boundaries, water bodies and irrigation systems that would affect both countries. On August 17, 1947, three days after Pakistan’s independence and two days after Nehru delivered his iconic ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech, the final demarcations were announced. Radcliffe had drawn
06
Surgery by Manan Kapoor
his lines on the map—the 553-km-long zigzag line that divided Punjab and the 4096-km line that halved the Bengal Presidency. But even before the lines that amputated the subcontinent were decided, blood had been spilt and violence had ensued along the borders. The demarcations would lead to decades of violence, war and conflict in regions such as Punjab, Bengal, and Kashmir—an area he was ‘not even aware of’ and would hear about only after he returned home. Appalled by the bloodshed, Radcliffe left for England, never to return to India. He burnt his papers and refused to collect his fee of Rs 40,000.
07
DRAWN THE LINE
THE RADCLIFEE LINE
BUT EVEN BEFORE THE LINES THAT AMPUTATED THE SUBCONTINENT WERE DECIDED, BLOOD HAD BEEN SPILT AND VIOLENCE HAD ENSUED ALONG THE BORDERS.
06
Sumanta Banerjee, writing in the Economic and Political Weekly, called Radcliffe’s division a ‘sloppy surgery’, while Bishwanath Ghosh said, ‘The surgical scars…will remain as long as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh exist as separate countries. The scars, considered together, are called the Radcliffe Line’. Justifying his decisions, Radcliffe, in an interview with veteran Indian journalist Kuldeep Nayar, said, ‘I had no alternative; the time at my disposal was so short that I could not do a better job. Given the same period I would do the same thing. However, if I had two to three years, I might have improved on what I did,’ adding, ‘if aspirations of some people had not been fulfilled the fault must be found in political arrangements with which I am not concerned’. He was probably referring to comments like the one made by the Pakistani newspaper Dawn, which called it ‘territorial murder… Pakistan has been cheated by an unjust award, a biased decision, an act of shameful partiality by one who had been trusted to be fair because he was neutral’. In the interview with Nayar, Radcliffe said, ‘I nearly gave you [India] Lahore. But then I realised that Pakistan would not have any large city. I had already earmarked Calcutta for India’. He would later confess that he had relied on out-of-date maps and census reports, since it was ‘impossible to undertake field survey in June because of the heat’. He wasn’t very happy with the members of the Border Commission either, as the ‘natives’ were divided and had vested interests in the betterment of their own nations. Recounting his experience, he narrated to Nayar how a Muslim member of the Bengal commission asked him if he could include Darjeeling in Pakistan as his family went there each summer. Through a series of mistakes committed by Radcliffe—as well as leaders from the subcontinent such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sardar Patel—the cartographer’s work remains an open wound even today, and will forever define the two nations. It not only created Pakistan and, eventually, Bangladesh, separating the nations from India ideologically and geographically, but its waves also hit the shores of England, where numerous people, such as the poet W.H. Auden, responded to the absurdity of the division in his poem, ‘Partition’. Auden summarised the events that led to Partition, Radcliffe’s helplessness, the extent of the task he was bestowed with and its consequences, and wrote:
07
DRAWN THE LINE
THE RADCLIFEE LINE
A continent for better or worse
06
divided. The next day he sailed for England, where he quickly for g o
t
The case, as a good lawyer must. Return he would not,
Afraid, as he told his Club, that he might get shot.
07
DRAWN THE LINE
THE RADCLIFEE LINE
D O W N T H E
L I N E
6
DECODING BORDERS JOURNAL ARTICLE
p. 22
Beatrix Haselsberger
06
With increased globalisation comes the breaking down of borders This article examines how borders unify and divide, include and exclude, change over time and space and, most importantly, why this all matters.
07
DOWN THE LINE
CHAPTER 6
06
Borders should not be taken for granted, as if they were elements with one essence,
function
and trajectory.
Neither should borders be understood as having some universal, independent causal power. Instead they are social and political constructs that are established by human beings for human – and clearly at times for very non-human – purposes.
07
DOWN THE LINE
DECODING BORDERS
YET, NO
CAN BE
FOR EVER
AND EVE
AS IT W
MAKE
BORDER
REDUN
06
BORDER
E OPEN
RYTHING
ERYONE,
WOULD
E THE
R ITSELF
NDANT
07
DOWN THE LINE
DECODING BORDERS
Decoding Borders
by
Beatrix Haselsberger
06
Borders are complex phenomena. They are multifaceted, multilevel and interdisciplinary institutions and processes transecting spaces in not only administrative and geopolitical but also cultural, economic and social terms. Borders either confirm differences or disrupt units that belong together by defining, classifying, communicating and controlling geopolitical, sociocultural, economic and biophysical aspects, processes and power relations. It is therefore no longer sufficient or advisable that planning scholars consider only the physical demarcation function of borders. On the contrary, planners need to acknowledge their entire complexity. Over the past two decades a border studies literature has emerged, informed by a wide range of academic disciplines, such as geography, anthropology and political science, but not planning. These border discourses provide valuable insights for planners, who in the frame of their daily work are both consciously and unconsciously confronted with border consequences. This article reviews the border studies literature from a planning perspective and in doing so makes it accessible to the planning discipline. Central to this endeavour are multiple interpretations of visible and invisible border functions as well as border-related power relations in society concerning “border framing and discourse practices” and “border perception and interpretation processes”. Unpacking borders by examining their functions helps to develop an understanding as to why borders are never “perfect fits”. The main objective of this article is to offer a comprehensive understanding of borders and the bordering processes as well as border-related physical and virtual relational geographies. It examines how borders unify and divide, include and exclude, change over time and space and, most importantly, why this all matters to planners. The article starts with a theoretical discussion about borders and space, to provide a theoretical framework (including definitions) for the rest of the article. Afterwards it focuses on depicting different border functions as well as bordering practices. It demonstrates, through examples, what happens if contradictory boundary functions clash and what kinds of planning challenges emerge from this clash. Arguing that these challenges can only be addressed effectively by shifting the focus to relational geographies, the article suggests that planners need to think in multiple relational geographies, which exist in parallel. It is not the aim of this article to provide a unified and static theory of borders; this is considered undesirable both for a theoretical border discourse and for any professional group working on borderland issues. Instead, this article introduces a two-step approach towards the decoding of borders. Step one reveals concrete planning challenges by unpacking the many different components and processes which constantly create and diminish borders with the help of a “dynamic border interpretation framework”. In the second step the focus is shifted to the different types of spaces demarcated by the diverse boundaries. It explains that every type of space has its own dynamic and that all of these different spaces are meant to coexist. Considering that state borders are comprised of a set of different boundaries, this step assists in figuring out border layer- based planning solutions. This two-step approach helps readers to uncover the inherent complexities of borders as well as their changing and contested nature. It also makes clear that, even in a globalised world, it is unimaginable and undesirable that borders should disappear altogether and that the focus for further research should be on different forms of coexistence alongside a permeable border.
07
DOWN THE LINE
DECODING BORDERS
THE BOTTOM LINE
FOR
BORDERS
CHANGE
AND
EVOLVE
E
1800
FOR
BORDERS
CHANGE
0081
AND
EVOLVE
E
1900
0002
AND
WE
MUST
TOO
06
Feriati inimenihicim am fuga. Aximil inimolu ptatius aliquo officium erovidipsae velique doloris dolorest quas et prae et voluptatae sit ommodissit dolupide doluptatem inctur alitati niscit dit es nimporitia porepelendi nia natur, con repellam et mo quisimus sumque rerum derumquiae quas int. Ra is delicim aximusda nobistrum ratur, cus, quate a qui odi tessenis aperiost odi que sum rem lacerfe rferia corem. Archil idernam ipsam event quodias corestinvel is qui blaborisi cuptati con porem nulluptat labo. Ignat ipsandae niaspedipsae pro cuptur aut odi occus, quam, aut apiscil ipictatem repeleculpa ernatum consequam, eicil id quam et fuga. Ne pratiur modis volupta ventios pernatquid moluptatas dolecae. Et pratet ipiet et platia nonsectus abori quam, omnimusanti imaiorporrum solum repturionsed et volut mo vel il etusam, volut alique porro officia ssimpore simosam ilit aut voluptibusam que voloreniam, aut labor sincta doluptia et magnisque parchic tent pe nusapel illit facest esequam, officiis andant volupta voluptae porecus rentius, occupta am, cullanti tem serum sus, unt aliquis tiosapid molendi offic tes ariat. Milignim amus et reicientur res et veligendis voluptas utae corum qui rem. Xim fugia iditis aut labores aborum faccate nimolor estisciis et quo beri officia duscias iuribus siminvenis estiis est, si qui blandae si untio cus, consed et quibus quossi idellab is inciaec eperia doluptaque qui alit laut aut venis evel is arum fugias etur, num eversperiam voluptatur aut volorrum que doluptis et id que prem quibusa volo con eosam est, sitem velis molorpo riantia nitat officabo. Ut aut etus, cume audicidest occus inis acerovit aut aut aute plibus apidign atisto omnimil ma sanda dolores et labo. Itatiorero volupti remposs impedi testem qui iunto doloribus corerum utatecae ne dolores molesti umquis ea cuptiatusa conseque pedi dolore offic tota et omnienis sitium arcimendi re sapiet ulpariatem audit accus in conecus alique pro eum, solutem delis simperis exerem. Solupta temquam quatis et voluptae nam inisciisin recereh entisin erci doluptis ant et lacea antent aditius comnis ad unditiberi rem atem reic tore magnis voloritisquo to bercia que volo tem. Dusapelestem vollabo. Alicabo remperum et estin consequam lam evel et, si voluptis eicil moloriam quibus eum dis aligendendam eliciet lab is et quamet molenda estent, sediciusa verferferum sum quam conet que poreratem debiti bearum reri a aut harumqui asimporempor re occatem nosti doluptas rectisi nullicil mi, quam experup idescim inveriant poreiustores santum vel ipidusa perum, sequam seque cones everumquodit occus, alibus ideliquid utatet lit laut res ese earum quunt as ut occabori odis audandisti temquas sectiorempor
07
THE BOTTOM LINE
DECODING BORDERS