Beijing Compendium by Geraldine Bong

THE COMPENDIUM OF ARCHITECTURAL APPRECIATION II

Editors Cheah Ee Lane Geraldine Bong Chia Ing Authors Cheah Ee Lane Geraldine Bong Chia Ing Ahmad Ashraf bin Abdul Rashid Intan Shafinaz bt Ahmad Sowhini Photographer Ahmad Ashraf bin Abdul Rashid THE COMPENDIUM OF ARCHITECTURAL APPRECIATION – BEIJING BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION | FABE IUKL 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this report maybe reproduced or transmitted in any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing of the publisher. Published in Malaysia by Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA. ISBN XXX-XXX-XXX-X Printed 2014 Copyright ©2014 by Group 8 Architecture Appreciation II

BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

北京

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

CONTENT 7

Prelude

About Compendium Traveler’s Journal 16 Posters

Beijing – Beyond Your Imagination 23 People’s Republic of China 26 The History Of Beijing 30 The Geography Of Beijing 32 The Overall Urban Planning 34 People, Art & Culture 38 Connectivity & Transportation 40 Streets & Signage

Beijing – Contemporary Architecture 43

Architecture In Beijing 47 Design Symbols & Sculptures

Special Task

CCTV History & Event 84 Architecture & Design 91 Sustainability 75

Retrospective

113 117

Summary Bibliography

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Interior Of National Performing Arts Centre \ © Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

“You can’t depend on your eyes when your imagination is out of focus.” - Mark Twain

PRELUDE

The Great Wall of China | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Group Photo near The Great Wall of China \ Photo by Ashraf Rashid

ABOUT

he Compendium of Architecture Appreciation – Beijing was first published in 2014 as it is a concise, yet comprehensive compilation of a body of knowledge based on preliminary study (secondary sources) and the students’ trip experience (primary source) which encompassed the history, geography, people (behavioral science), art, architecture and technology in the context of built environment.

The purpose of the Compendium of Architecture Appreciation – Beijing is to provide readers an out of classroom learning experience of students on their architecture trip of the Asian Pacific region via visits to notable architectural sites or buildings. This is a well-prepared compendium done by a group of four members in which records of the member’s experience in Beijing appreciating the world of architecture in the form of an Architectural Appreciation Compendium.

[ 8

]

Beyond Your Imagination entails the exciting adventure experienced in Beijing which is beyond the imagination of the mind of ours. The magnificent ancient architecture, delectable cuisines, interesting culture, delightful shopping malls, and tranquil scenery.

PRELUDE | TRAVELER’S JOURNAL

DAY 04

DAY 05

 The Water Pass Great Wall of China Jade Museum Crystal Shop Burning Cream

 Olympic Sponsored Jewellery City Foot Massage Xiushui Market Nan Dou Ya Mosque

DAY 01 Departure from IUKL DAY 02  Summer Palace Silk Store Fayuan Mosque Acrobatic Show

DAY 06  CCTV Yaxiu Market Sanlitun Street Niujie Mosque Wangfujing Street

DAY 03  National Performing Arts Centre Tiananmen Square Forbidden City Bird Nest Water Cube Tea House

DAY 07  Beijing International Airport Departure to KLIA

TRAVELER’S JOURNAL 9

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Nan Dou Ya Mosque

Pavilion at Summer Palace

PRELUDE | TRAVELER’S JOURNAL

The Forbidden City

The Great Wall of China

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Jinshan Mountain

Kunming Lake

BEIJING | TRAVELER”S JOURNAL

XiuShui Market

Shopping at XiuShui Market

Wangfujing Mall

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

PRELUDE | TRAVELER’S JOURNAL

Acrobatics Show

Jade Centre

Silk Worms Transformation

Silk Wools

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

BOARD 1 | COLLAGE MEMBERS: ASHRAF RASHID | CHEAH EE LANE | GERALDINE BONG | INTAN SHAFINAZ

PRELUDE | ABOUT POSTER

ABOUT POSTER POSTER 1

The concept of the collage is overlaying pictures with shadow effect to portray the amazing pictures and travelerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s journey throughout the 7-day trip to Beijing, China. Moreover, the display of terrain and sequence of pictures shows the attractive quality of the photography taken. POSTER 2 & 3 The poster displays the day-byday journey of the travelerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to different prominent places during the seven days trip. The red strip is used to show the culture of the Chinese people in which the colour symbolizes prosperity and luck. The pictures are arranged in vertical and horizontal order and looks tidy and grid-like which is required of a poster. POSTER 4 & 5 CCTV is the building that group has chosen for special task in this project. building is very informative the conceptual of architecture is shown in diagrams.

our our The and the the

DAY 02 | FORBIDDEN CITY, TIANANMEN SQUARE, NATIONAL PERFORMING ARTS CENTRE, BIRD’S NEST & WATER CUBE

DAY 01 | SUMMER PALACE & ACROBATICS SHOW

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

DAY 05 | CCTV & WANGFUJING

DAY 04 | NANDOUYA & NIUJIE MOSQUE

DAY 03 | THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

BOARD 4 | SPECIFIC TASK MEMBERS: ASHRAF RASHID | CHEAH EE LANE | GERALDINE BONG | INTAN SHAFINAZ

21 MEMBERS: ASHRAF RASHID | CHEAH EE LANE | GERALDINE BONG | INTAN SHAFINAZ SPECIFIC TASK | BOARD 5

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Badaling Tower of The Great Wall of China | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

BEIJING BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Forbidden City | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING

Beyond Your

Imagination

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Gateway to Forbidden City | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Capital:

Beijing

Head of State:

Surface Area:

9,561 thousand sq km

President HE Mr Xi Jinping

Official Language:

Mandarin

Head of Government:

Population:

1,354.0 million (2012)

Premier of the State Council

Exchange Rate:

A$1 = 5.5798 Yuan (Aug 2013)

HE Mr Li Keqiang

On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was formally established, with its national capital at Beijing. The establishment ended the costly fullscale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Kuomintang (KMT), which broke out immediately following World War II and had been preceded by on and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920’s. [2.1]

THE Communist Party soldiers marching at Tiananmen Square | Photo by timeoutbeijing.com [2.1]

[2.1]

BEIJING | PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

BEIJING’S HERITAGE Tiananmen Square

1651

Tiananmen means "gate of heavenly peace.“ It is an open square in the centre of Beijing and one of the largest public squares in the world. The square derives its name from the massive stone Tiananmen. once the main gate to the Forbidden City at its northern end. On a two-tiered marble terrace in the centre of the square is the Monument to the People’s Heroes A monumental museum complex on the east side of the square is the National Museum of China.

Photo adopted by bjstuff.com [2.2]

The Forbiden City

1406

The original imperial palace built during the Yuan Dynasty had been burned down during the time when Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty. The imperial palace reconstructed in the Ming Dynasty is the Forbidden City at present in Beijing. The construction, design, and structure of this building epitomize the excellent quality of Chinese architecture in ancient times. Photo adopted by bjstuff.com

The Great Wall of China

206 BC

It is one of the greatest wonders of the world,. Just like a gigantic dragon, the Great Wall winds up and down across deserts, grasslands, mountains and plateaus, stretching approximately 8,851.8 kilometers (5,500 miles) from east to west of China. With a history of more than 2000 years, some of the sections are now in ruins or have disappeared. However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the world owing to its architectural grandeur and historical significance.

Photo adopted by bjstuff.com

Niujie Mosque

1661

Being the oldest mosque in Beijing, it was originally built in 996 during the Liao Dynasty and was reconstructed and renovated in successive dynasties. It is located in the largest Muslim community in Beijing. The Niujie Mosque takes an area of approximately 10,000 square meters. Its architecture is a blend of Islamic and Han Chinese cultural and architectural influences.

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

A corner of the old Beijing City Wall in the 1940s, a camel train arriving in snow | Photo adopted by Hedda Horison [G2.3]

HISTORY Beijing is known as being one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. As far back as 700,000 years ago, the primitive tribe of ‘Peking Man’ was dwelling in Beijing’s Zhoukoudian area. Beijing (originally named Ji) has been established as a capital for more than 3,000 years. From 221 B.C., Beijing was a town of military importance in Northern China and from 938 A.D., Beijing took on the role of the capital of Peidu, Jinshangdu, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The city's design followed the traditional architectural principles of feng shui, a system of using space in a way intended to achieve maximum harmony between the human and nature. In later centuries, Beijing was successively occupied by foreign forces, promoting its development as a major political centre. After the Mongol invasion, the city was established as an auxiliary capital and underwent significant transformation. [2.3]

Two Manchu Girls | Photo adopted by Lars Ulrik Thom The Manchu’s in Beijing around 1900-1925. As ruling elite for 250 years during the Qing Dynasty, the Manchurians had many privileges. In many ways they were separate from the Chinese, dressed differently, the women did not bind their feet, did not intermarry, and they had idle time for their hobbies such as raising birds. [2.2]

BEIJING | HISTORY

BEIJING TIMELINE At least 500,000 years ago

[2.4]

Peking Man inhabited the Beijing Area

11th BC

Two small kingdoms named Yah and Ji were established

8th BC

Yan conquers Ji and installed its capital as Yanjing

221 BC 618 BC 1153 1271 1368

Fall of the Yan, emergence of the Qin Dynasty Growing garrison town of Youzhou under Tang Dynasty Capital of the Jin Dynasty, Zhongdu Capital of the Yuan Dynasty, Dadu Renamed Beiping after Ming Dynasty settled temporarily in Nanjing

1403

Reign of Ming Emperor Yongie began; The city's name changed from Beiping to Beijing

1407

Construction of the Forbidden City began Emperor Yongle relocated the capital from Nanjing to

1644

Manchu tribes established the Qing Dynasty

1911 1949 2001 2008 2009

Qing Dynasty collapsed, Republican Era began Chairman Mao declared the founding of the People's Republic of China Won right to host of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games The 29th Summer Olympic Games and the 13th Paralympics 60th anniversary of founding the People's Republic of China

27 Beijing Ming Dynasty City Walls| Photo adopted by Hedda Horison [2.4]

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Movie Depiction of the Battle of the Red Cliff | Photo adopted by Chinahighlights.com [2.5]

BEIJING | HISTORY

THE BATTLE OF RED CLIFF The Battle of the Red Cliff, also known as Battle of Chibi, is a famous classic battle in Chinese History depicting the fewer and weaker defeating the more and stronger. In 208 A.D, The Battle of Red Cliffs acted as a decisive battle, during the confrontation of the Three Kingdoms in China, between the allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei (the Kingdom of Shu) and Sun Quan (the Kingdom of Wu), and the northern warlord, Cao Cao (the Kingdom of Wei). After the Duke of Wei, Cao Cao had controlled all of the North China Plain, he led the troop of 800.000 soldiers to south aiming to eliminate his main southern rivals and unify China. Meanwhile, Zhou Yu and Lu Su, the generals of Wu and Zhuge Liang of Shu accurately analyzed the situation and disadvantages of Caoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s army and developed their strategy of confronting the army. There were altogether 50,000 soldiers, including 30,000 trained naval soldiers led by Zhou Yu, the general of Wu and others led by Liu Bei of Shu organized to confront the Cao army. Since Cao Cao's troop was already decimated by seasickness and lack of water experience, it lost control in battle effectiveness.

Shu

Wei 1

During the battle, Zhou Yu together with Zhu Ge Liang, the intelligent and greatest strategist during his era, leveraged their advantage in water battle and adopted the fire attack to finally defeat the stronger with the weaker. The decisive battle of red cliffs was brought to an end under the background that Cao Cao held the favorable position but underestimated his enemy and made the wrong decision that led to his defeat. The battle laid the foundation for the confrontation of the latter three kingdoms, Wei, Shu and Wu. [2.5]

1 | Miniature of War Herous of The Three Kingdoms 2 | Map of The Three Kingdoms | Photo adopted by chinahighlights.com [2.6]

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Garden at NiujieMosque\ Photo by Geraldine Bong

BEIJING | GEOGRAPHY

Geography

GEOGRAPHY Beijing, or Peking, China, the nation's capital and second largest city. It lies on the edge of the North China Plain in the north-eastern part of the country, about 90 miles (145 km) inland from the Yellow Sea. Beijing constitutes a special municipality called a shih, which covers 6,870 square miles (17,790 km2) and is one of China's major administrative units. In addition to the central city, the municipality includes suburbs, rural communities, and extensive farmland. [2.6]

TOPOGRAPHY China's topography is varied and complicated, with towering mountains, basins of different sizes, undulating plateaus and hills, and flat and fertile plains. A bird's-eye view of China indicates that China's terrain descends in four steps from west to east. [2.6]

CLIMATE Four distinct seasons are a major highlighting feature, characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone. Average temperatures of Beijing in January are at around 1째C, while average temperatures in July are around 30째C. The highest temperature ever recorded was 42 째C and the lowest recorded was -27 째C. Late spring and autumn being the best seasons for tourists to visit the city, Autumn is regarded as the golden tourist season of the year. [2.6]

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Beijing’s Masterplan at Exhibition Hall | Photo adopted by Köktemir and Profile, 2011 [2.7]

THE OVERALL URBAN PLANNING Deng Xiaoping’s Theory of "Three Represents seeks to establish and implement: 1) a people-centered, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific development concept, 2) establish and improve the socialist market economic system, comprehensively building a well-off society and 3) the realization of modernization as the goal, the promotion of economic, social and human development.

(1991-2010)

‘

Ideology and Development Goals

BEIJING | URBAN PLANNING

and the metro about 640 square kilometers. The central city will be about 778 square meters, 92 square meters; and the metro about 640 square kilometers.

Population and Land-use Planning

City Center – Metro Center

The total population size control is about 18 million people of which the urban population planning control was about 16 million people. The planning for the city in 2020 is to control land used for urban construction in 1650 square kilometers, about 105 square meters per capita. In total, the central city will be about 778 square meters, 92 square meters;

Second Ring Road in Beijing| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

two zones - multi-center" layout, the "City Center-Metro-town" of urban structure. The Metro is "two axes - two zones - multi-center," and a concrete manifestation of the important nodes, planning the construction of 11 Metro with Tongzhou, Shunyi and Yi.

Focus on Planning Co-ordinating urban and rural planning is the current focus. With planning and implementation of the Metro, the focus of the town using the center of urbanization strategy; expanding the size of small towns, the town development priorities; rationally define and guide the small town's industrial development and employment opportunities for farmers. Through the above measures, the city can clearly establish in the progress of urbanization, the building of urban and rural integration with coordinated development. {2.7]

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

PEOPLE, ART & CULTURE

Tourists at Summer Palace \ Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | PEOPLE, ARTS & CULTURE

Pedestrians at Sanlitun Market\ Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Tourists at Summer Palace

Pedestrians at Sanlitun Upmarket

PEOPLE

Chinese people in Beijing are known as Northern Chinese. They are Han Chinese sub-group living primarily in Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Northern Xinjiang. Hutongs in Beijing represent the root of the local peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s way of life. The language spoken by the local people is Mandarin, which is a common dialect which originates from Beijing itself. The people living in the city are elegant and proud, but they seldom look down on people from other regions. Beijing shows considerate attitude for any cultures and traces of a great variety of cultures nationwide or even worldwide. They place interests for art forms such as opera, traditional crosstalk, acrobatics, etc. [2.8]

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Chinese Acrobatics

Among the worldsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; most accomplished, and one art form that you can enjoy in Beijing and China without understanding a word of Mandarin. Some acts are quite awe inspiring, you will see things you never knew a human body was capable of doing. [2.9]

Acrobatics Show at National Library\ Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Chinese Tea Ceremony BEIJING | PEOPLE, ARTS & CULTURE

Chinese Tea

The tradition has been one of the daily necessities in China since time immemorial. Countless numbers of people like to have their after meal tea. In summer or warm climate, tea seems to dispel the heat and bring on instant cool together with a feeling of relaxation. For this reason, teahouses abound in towns and market villages in South China. [2.9]

Jade Culture

The Chinese love jade not only for its beauty, but also more importantly its culture, meaning and humanity. Thus, jade is really special in Chinese culture, also as the Chinese saying goes "Gold has a value; jade is invaluable.“ [2.10]

Jade Centre Chinese men playing the ‘Erhu’ at streets\ Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Chinese Music

There are many musical instruments that are integral to Chinese culture, such as the Xun (Ocarina-instrument that is also integral in Native American cultures), Guzheng (zither with movable bridges),Quqin (bridgeless zither), Sheng and Xiao (vertical flute), the Erhu (alto fiddle or bowed lute), Pipa (pear-shaped plucked lute), and many others. [2.9]

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

CONNECTIVITY 17 Arch Bridge

Connecting the eastern shore of Kunming Lake and Nanhu Island in the west, the Seventeen-Arch Bridge was built during the reign of Emperor Qianlong (17111799)., which looks like a rainbow arching over the water.

Dragon Boat

A dragon ornamented boat floats passengers slowly across the placid Kumming Lake whilst sitting back and admire the idyllic scene of Qing Dynasty buildings and the people of China enjoying their summertime leisure activities.

17 Arch Bridge at Summer Palace | Photo by Cheah Ee Lane

Underground Tunnel

Connecting Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City is an underground tunnel under the road. It was used to be a bomb shelter for the purpose of military defense. [2.11]

Tunnel | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Dragon Boat at Summer Palace| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CONNECTIVITY & TRANSPORT BEIJING | CONNECTIVITY & TRANSPORT

Public Bus Services

It is the among the most extensive, widely used and affordable form of public transportation in urban and suburban districts of the city. Each Beijing bus route is subject to either a flat rate or a distance-based variable rate fare schedule.. Public buses with fixed routes and stands are the most convenient and safest means. [2.12]

TRANSPORT

Beijing Bicycles

For decades the bicycle was king in Beijing, and it’s still a very good way to get round. The city’s dead flat and there are very good bicycle lanes. Beijing’s car drivers are perhaps not the most considerate, but this drawback is made up for by safety in numbers – there are still loads of cyclists in Beijing. [2.13]

BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

Sanlitun Upmarket | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

STREETS

Sanlitun, located at Chaoyang District, contains many popular bar streets and international stores. The area has been a part of a city-wide project of economic regrowth. The shopping mall has become a popular destination for both expatriates and young Chinese. Xuishui Street is a shopping centre located at Chaoyang District, is notorious among international tourists for their wide selection of counterfeits designer brand apparel. [2.14] 2

YaShow Market

| Photo by Cheah Ee Lane

Wang Fu Jing

XiuShui Market

SIGNAGE

Getting around Beijing was not easy for international travelers who couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t read Mandarin. Just before the 2008 Olympics, Beijing made improvement in the English signs and instructions. Today you can easily go almost anywhere in Beijing, guided by English signs and directions. The signs can be found at touristâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spots such as the Summer Palace and Forbidden City. [2.15]

Signage at Summer Palace | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Wangfujing Street,

BEIJING | STREETS & SIGNANGE

located at DongCheng District, one of the Chinese capital's most famous shopping streets. The majority of the main shopping area is pedestrianised and is very popular for shopping for both tourists and residents of the capital. [2.14]

Streetscape at Wangfujing Street \ Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Exterior of National Grand Theater â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Yin Yang side. | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Contemporary Architecture in Beijing

GREAT LEAP FORWARD: COMTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN CHINA The past five years have seen a revolution in Chinese architecture – the emergence of independent designers, and a number of new stars – and above all new and interesting buildings that are not the product of direct Western influence. These developments have laid the groundwork for an indigenous modernity that differentiates itself from outside schools as well as eschewing the temptation to put a “Chinese-style” roof on an ordinary office blocks. [3.1]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

44 Beijing Skyline from Jingshan Park

| Photo adopted from Flickr – Sarmu [G3.1]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Beijing Architecture Beijing is a city strongly features by its types of architecture, generally is comprised of modern building and classical building. As for architecture, Beijing is famous for its ancient architecture including the imperial palace complex, prince mansion, siheyuan (Chinese quadrangles, 四合院) and hutong (alley, 胡同). Different people in different classes lived in the different types of houses. The ancient architecture of Beijing strongly shows the culture of Beijing residence. In the meantime, as the development and modernization of Chinese architectural industry, many modern and fashionable buildings are also built in Beijing. Most of them are the masterpieces of internationally famous architects and designers , and some also as the avant-garde of international architecture, directly challenge the traditional aesthetical standard. Beijing shows its vitality and maturity via its architectural diversity. [3.2]

Hutong (alley,

胡同).

| Photo by Ee Lane Cheah

Siheyuan (Chinese quadrangles, 四合院)

| Photo adopted from Blog Aux Portes de l’Empire [G3.2]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Beijing National Stadium, Bird’s Nest Beijing 2003-07

鸟巢 Niǎo cháo

SITE AREA: 20.29 hectares FLOOR AREA: 258 000 m2 DIMENSIONS: 320 m (N-S) x 300 m (E-W) x 69 m (maximum height) CLIENT: National Stadium Co. Ltd. COST: $422 million ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: Herzog & de Meuron, Basel, Switzerland PROJECT TEAM PARTNERS: Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Stefan Marbach PROJECT ARCHITECTS: Mia Hägg (associate), Tobias Winkelmann, Thomas Polster ENGINEERING AND SPORTS ARCHITECTURE: China Architectural Design & Research Group, Beijing, China; Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Ltd., Kowloon, Hong Kong; Arup Sports, London, United Kingdom COLLABORATION: Ai Wei Wei (artistic advisor) [3.1]

Herzog & de Meuron were selected for this project subsequent to a 2002 competition organized by the Beijing Municipal Planning Commission. The almost circular design optimizes viewing for the 91 000 seats planned for the Olympic Games. The architects describe the structure as follows: “The bowl superstructure consist of in situ concrete. The primary structure of the roof is independent of the bowl structure and is conceived as a series of steel space frames wrapped around the bowl. The overall depth of the structure is 12 meters. The space between the members will be filled with ETFE foil.” Façade and structure are identical in this instance, in a form likened by the architects to a bird’s nest of interwoven twigs. As the architects write, “The spatial effect of the stadium is novel and radical and yet simple and of an almost archaic immediacy. Its appearance is pure structure.” Soccer games and athletic events will be held in the stadium, which will be the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2008 Olympic Games. Set on the Olympic Green designed by Sasaki Associates, the stadium is also not far from Pei Zhu’s Digital Beijing control and data center for the Games. [3.1]

Beijing National Stadium, Bird;s Nest | Photo by Geraldine Bong

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Day view of Beijing National Stadium

| Photo by Ee Lane Cheah

Night view of Beijing National Stadium with the reflection from the lake

| Photo adopted from Flikr â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Wojtek Gurak [G3.3]

Interior of Beijing National Stadium | Photo adopted from Flikr â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Wojtek Gurak [G3.4]

Interior view of Beijing National Stadium | Photo adopted from Flikr – Wojtek Gurak [G3.5]

Although it is very much an urban structure, the stadium appears in these images almost to be part of a natural setting – pleading no doubt for the architects’ vision of an “archaic immediacy” Plans show an almost circular configuration despite the more pronounced oval of the field. [3.1]

Beijing National Stadium – Plans & Section

| Photo adopted from Detail-online.com[G3.6]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Beijing National Aquatics Center, Water Cube Beijing 2003-07

水立方 Shuǐ

Lì

Fāng

SITE AREA: 80 000m2 [3.3] FLOOR AREA: 79 532m2 [3.4] DIMENSIONS: 176 m (width) x 176 m (length) x 31 m (height) CLIENT: People’s Government of Beijing Municipality, Beijing SAM. COST: $140million ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: PTW Architects, in association with CSCEC and ARUP [3.3] CSCEC + DESIGN TEAM: - PTW design team: John Bilmon, Mark Butler, Chris Bosse, Zhang Xiaojun, Wang Min, Shang Hong - ARUP: Tristran Carfrae, Peter Macdonald, Kenneth Ma, Haico Schepers, Mark Arkinstall, Steve Pennell, Stuart Bull [3.5]

As an allegorical interpretation of the function of an aquatic centre, the building is meant to communicate the transformation of a natural structure into a cultural one. While foam and corals were the main images used here, Frei Otto’s idea (dating from the 1960s) of exploiting the efficiency of soap-bubble structures provided a more concrete point of reference. The bubble thus becomes the main digital feature of the design: the genetic algorithm that is developed in the computer. As early as 1887, Lord Kelvin elaborated the concept of an optimum soap-bubble structure consisting of 14-sided polyhedra, comprising six squares and eight equilateral hexagons. In 1993, the principle of a structure made up of three-dimensional forms with a minimum surface area and with no intermediate spaces was optimized by a further 0.3 per cent by the Irish physicists Dennis Weaire and Robert Phelan, who used two different pentagonal, or pentagonal and hexagonal, polyhedra. Based on this so-called “Weaire-Phelan structure”, which occurs in nature in the form of crystals, Arup developed the constructional system for the Watercube in the computer through a process of rotation and a number of cutting operations. [3.6]

Closed up view of Beijing National Stadium| Photo adopted from Architizer [G3.7]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Day view of Beijing National Aquatics Center

| Photo by Fauzie Ismadi

Night view of Beijing National Stadium| Photo adopted from Architizer [G3.7]

Interior view of Beijing National Aquatics Center

| Photo adopted from Flikr â&#x20AC;&#x201C; itzjere [G3.8]

Beijing National Aquatics Center â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Plans | Photo adopted from moreaedesign.wordpress.com [G3.9]

Interior view of Beijing National Stadium | Photo adopted from Architizer[G3.7]

As an energy-saving building, Water Cube has its unique features. The ETFE cladding allows more light and heat to penetrate in, resulting in a 30% decrease in energy costs. The detailed design and building thoroughly show the conception of the cultural Olympics, cultural Olympics and scientific and technological Olympics. During the Olympic Games, many world records were broken and nearly each day there was a world-record broken. It is called the water magic cube. [3.7]

Beijing National Stadium â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Sections

| Photo adopted from moreaedesign.wordpress.com [G3.9]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Beijing National Centre for the Performing Arts, Giant Egg Beijing 2001-07

巨蛋 Jù

Dàn

SITE AREA: 219 000m2 [3.8] FLOOR AREA: 149 500m2 [3.9] DIMENSIONS: 213 m (max span) x 144 m (min span) x 46 m (height) [3.8] CLIENT: The Grand National Theater Committee. COST: CNY 3.2 billion [3.9] ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: Paul Andreu with ADPi and BIAD[3.8] PROJECT MANAGEMENT: Felipe Starling PROJECT ARCHITECTS: François Tamisier, Hervé Langlais, Mario Flory, Olivia Faury, Serge Carillon[3.8]

The National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA) is located in the heart of old Beijing, close to the Great Hall of the People, Tian'anmen Square and the ancient Forbidden City. The titanium and glass shell, in the shape of an ellipsoid, houses an opera house, a concert hall, and two theaters, as well as public spaces. The structure, surrounded by an artificial lake and green lawns and gardens, is seen as a cultural island in the middle of a lake. From the north entrance you descend a grand staircase to the Underwater Corridor that stretches 80 meters beneath the outdoor lake. The glass ceiling allows the light to shimmer through the lake water.[3.8]

Interior view of Beijing National Center for the Performing Arts | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Day view of Beijing National Center for the Performing Arts

Night view of Beijing National Center for the Performing Arts

| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

| Photo adopted from award.io [G3.10]

Underwater Corridor | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Concert Hall | Photo adopted from chncpa.org [G3.11}

The Fifth Space | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Opera House | Photo adopted from chncpa.org [G3.11]

Theatre | Photo adopted from chncpa.org [G3.11]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Plan | Photo adopted from arcspace [G3.12]

Section | Photo adopted from arcspace [G3.12]

The curved building features a titanium shell and emerges like an island at the center of a lake. The theater houses three performance auditoria - a 2,416-seat opera house, a 2,017-seat concert hall and a 1,040-seat theater as well as art and exhibition spaces.[3.8]

The Fifth Space | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

NCPA Map | Photo adopted from chncpa.org [G3.11]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Digital Beijing Beijing 2005-08

数字北京 Shù

Zì

Běi

Jīng

FLOOR AREA: 98 000 m2 CLIENT: Government of Biejing COST: not disclosed ARCHITECTS: Studio Pei Zhu, URBANUS PROJECT DESIGNERS: Pei Zhu, Tong Wu, Hui Wang PROJECT TEAM: Liu Wentian, Li Chuen , Lin Lin, Tian Qi [3.1]

Located opposite Herzog & de Meuron’s Olympic Stadium on the Olympic Green, Digital Beijing was designed by Pei Zhu and his former firm, URBANUS, as the control and date center for the 2008 Games. Subsequently, the building is due to be used as a “virtual museum and exhibition center for digital products.” The architects describes this large and imposing reinforced concrete and steel frame building as being an exploration of the impact of electronics on architecture. More specifically, he writes, “The concept for Digital Beijing was developed through reconsideration and reflection on the role of contemporary architecture in the information era. Resembling that omnipresent symbol, the bar code, the building emerges from a serene water surface. The façade itself is detailed to resemble an integrated circuit board. The abstracted mass of the building, reflecting the simple repetition of 0 and 1 in its alternation between void and solid, recreates on a monumental scale the microscopic underpinnings of life in the digital age to form a potent symbol of the Digital Olympics and the Digital Era. In the future, it is expected that the building will be constantly under renovation as it evolves to keep pace with technology.” [3.1]

Digital Beijing | Photo adopted from bedroomdesignzidea.blogspot [G3.14]

Night view of Digital Beijing | Photo adopted from architravel [G3.13]

59 Night view of Digital Beijing | Photo adopted from architravel [G3.13]

Day view of Digital Beijing | Photo adopted from architravel [G3.12]

Interior view of Digital Beijing | Photo adopted from architravel [G3.13]

Digital Beijing | Photo adopted from e-architect.co.uk [G3.15]

The first project built in the Olympic Central Zone, the Digital Beijing Building is just northwest of the Beijing National Aquatics Centre (also known as the Watercube) and the Beijing National Stadium (also called the Bird's Nest for its architecture), two other notable buildings constructed for the Games. [3.9]

Interior view of Digital Beijing | Photo adopted from architravel [G3.13]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Linked Hybrid Beijing 2003-09

当代万国城 Dāng

Dài

Wàn

Guó Chéng

PROJECT AREA: 220 000 m2 FLOOR AREA: 98 000 m2 CLIENT: Modern Green Development Co., Ltd. Beijing COST: not disclosed ARCHITECTS: Steven Holl Architects PROGRAM: 750 Apartments, Public Green Space, Commercial Zones, Hotal Cinemateque, Kindergarten, Montessori School, Underground Parking GENERAL CONTRACTOR: Beijing Construction Engineering Group STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: Guy Nordenson and Associates & China Academy of Building Research MECHANICAL ENGINEER: Transsolar, Beijing Capital Engineering Architecture Design Co. LTD & Cosentini Associates. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: Steven Holl Architects, EDAW Beijing & TSLD INTERIOR DESIGNER: Steven Holl Architects & China National Decoration Co., LTD [3.10]

Linked hybrid is a multi-purpose complex in beijing, china designed by steven holl architects. the project is 220,000 square-meters spread over eight interconnected towers. the multiple structures are joined together by a ring of skybridges that each hold different public functions. the unusual design was created to counter current urban development trends in china. instead of a sealed off private tower, the building is a porous urban space that is open to the public on all sides. the complex houses over 750 apartments, recreation facilities, a hotel, school and various public and private facilities. the concept for the structure encapsulates a ‘city within a city’ providing service for over 2500 inhabitants. the building was recently named the ‘best tall building’ in asia and australia by the council on tall buildings and urban habitat (CTBUH). [3.11] Linked Hybrid| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G3.15]

63 Linked Hybrid| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G3.15]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Linked Hybrid| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G3.16]

Filmic urban space; around, over and through multifaceted spatial layers, is one of the central aims of this Hybrid Building complex with over 600 apartments sited adjacent to the old city wall of Beijing. The aspiration of the developer Modern Group is for an ultra-modern expression of 21st Century ecological urban living, in this 210,000 square meter project. Current development in Beijing is almost entirely “object buildings” and free standing towers. This “city within a city” envisions urban space as the central aim—as well as all the activities and programs that can support the daily life of over 2500 inhabitants: café’s, delis, laundry, dry cleaners, florists etc, line the main public passages. The eight towers are linked at the twentieth floor by a ring of cafes and services. [3.12]

Sections of Linked Hybrid| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G3.16]

Elevations of Linked Hybrid| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G3.16]

Linked Hybridâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Skybridges | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G3.16]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Terminal 3 of Beijing Capital International Airport Beijing 2004-08

北京首都国际机场 Běi Jīng Shǒu Dū Guó

Jì

Jī

Chǎng

TOTAL AIRPORT SITE AREA: 4 700 ha (existing airport site + the Terminal 3 expansion project) TOTAL AREA T3 EXPANSION: 1 306 000 m2 CAPACITY: 50 million passengers per year (2020) [3.12] ARCHITECT: Foster + Partners CLIENT: Beijing Capital International Airport Company Ltd. LOCAL COLLABORATING ARCHITECT: BIAD (Beijing Institute of Architectural Design AIRPORT CONSULTANT: NACO STRUCTURAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERS: Arup LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: Michel Desvigne LIGHING CONSULTANT: Speirs and Major QUANTITY SURVEYOR: Davis Langdon & Seah ARCHITECTURAL TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS: Schumann Smith [3.13]

Completed as the gateway to the city for the twenty-ninth Olympiad in 2008, Beijing's international terminal is the world's largest and most advanced airport building − not only technologically, but also in terms of passenger experience, operational efficiency and sustainability. Designed to be welcoming and uplifting, it is also a symbol of place, its soaring aerodynamic roof and dragon-like form celebrating the thrill and poetry of flight and evoking traditional Chinese colours and symbols. Beijing Capital International Airport | Photo adopted from Fosters & Partners [G3.16]

Beijing Capital International Airport | Photo adopted from Fosters & Partners [G3.17]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;A symbol of place, its soaring aerodynamic roof and its dragon-like form celebrate the thrill and poetry of flight. Its gold roof resonates with the Forbidden City, while the striking interior palette of red through orange to yellow evokes traditional Chinese colors.â&#x20AC;?

/Lord Foster, Foster + Partners [3.14]

Interior of Beijing Capital International Airport | Photo adopted from Fosters + Partners [G3.17]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is one of the world's most advanced buildings in environmental terms, incorporating a range of passive environmental design concepts, such as the south-east orientated skylights, which maximize heat gain from the early morning sun, and an integrated environment-control system that minimizes energy consumption and carbon emissions. In construction terms, it was designed to optimise the performance of materials selected on the basis of local availability, functionality, application of local skills, and low cost procurement.â&#x20AC;?

/Lord Foster, Foster + Partners. [3.14]

Beijing Capital International Airport | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G3.18]

Interior of Beijing Capital International Airport | Photo adopted from Fosters + Partners [G3.17]

Site Plan

Level 1 Plan

East Elevation

Departure Hall Section

Spine Section

Finger Section Photo adopted from Archdaily [ G3.18]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Galaxy SOHO Beijing 2009-12

银河 SOHO Yín

Hé

SOHO

TOTAL AREA: 332 857 m2 PLOT AREA: 46 965 m2 ARCHITECTS: Zaha Hadid Architects LOCATION: Soho, Beijing, China CLIENT: SOHO China Ltd. ARCHITECTS IN CHARGE: Zaha Hadid & Patrik Schumacher PROJECT DIRECTOR: Satoshi Ohashi ASSOCIATE: Cristiano Ceccato PROJECT ARCHITECT: Yoshi Uchiyama LOCAL DESIGN INSTITUTE: BIAD Beijing Institute of Architecture & Design PROGRAM: Above Ground 4 Towers 15 Floors ( 12 Office Floors and 3 Retail Floors) [3.15] [3.16]

The Galaxy SOHO project in central Beijing for SOHO China is a 330 000m2 office, retail and entertainment complex that will become an integral part of the living city, inspired by the grand scale of Beijing. Its architecture is a composition of five continuous, flowing volumes that are set apart, fused or linked by stretched bridges. These volumes adapt to each other in all directions, generating a panoramic architecture without corners or abrupt transitions that break the fluidity of its formal composition. [3.15] Galaxy SOHO | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

70 70

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Galaxy SOHO | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Galaxy SOHO | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

Section

Site Plan Site Plan & Section | Photo adopted from Zaha-hadid.com[G3.19]

72 Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – Joshua L [G3.20]

Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – Forgemind Archimedia[G3.21]

Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – Forgemind Archimedia [G3.22]

Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – Bert van Dijk[G3.24]

"The design responds to the varied contextual relationships and dynamic conditions of Beijing," "We have created a variety of public spaces that directly engage with the city, reinterpreting the traditional urban fabric and contemporary living patterns into a seamless urban landscape inspired by nature.“ says Zaha Hadid. [3.17] Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – Forgemind Archimedia [G3.23]

Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – iqremix [G3.25]

Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – Jingtian Lv [G3.26]

73 Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – Jingtian Lv [G3.27]

Galaxy SOHO

| Photo adopted from Flikr – Jingtian Lv [G3.28]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

National Library of China Beijing 2004-08

AREA: Gross Floor Space: 80 000 m2 | Gross Volume: 375 000 m3 CLIENT: National Library of China PROJECT BY: KSP - Jürgen Engel Architekten + ECADI - East

China Architecture Design Institute PROGRAM: Public library, reading room which seats approximately 2 000 and houses 12 million of volumes, digital library and conference area [3.18]

The new National Library of China building in Beijing is the third largest library in the world and can house as many as 12 million books. With it, Jürgen Engel’s architectural office has conjured up a truly striking edifice, in which the heart of Chinese civilization is now on display. The structure, which houses nothing less than China’s cultural nucleus, is the new home for the “siku quanshu (四库全书)”, or the “Complete Library in Four Branches of Literature”, which was completed in 1782 in the reign of Emperor Qianlong. It contains more than 36,000 pre-modern texts and is of incalculable historical value. The architects’ brief, however, was to design not just a domicile for the cultural treasures of the past, but also a building that looked forward. To this end a modern digital library was to be added to the historical collection. Summarizing the important aspects of the building assignment, Jürgen Engel comments that “one of the biggest challenges for us was to find a way to bring all the features together. We had to design a timeless yet innovative building. It had to be impressive and yet not so overpowering that it detracts from the invaluable contents.” [3.18]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

National Library of China

| Photo adopted from ksp-architekten [G3.29]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Beijing’s heterogeneous urban landscape demanded a clear, calm basic shape, which is why the architects drew their inspiration from the classic division of public buildings in China: The pedestal with ascending steps, an open (and transparent) column section and the roof. They looked for a contemporary interpretation based on this traditional style of building. As is standard in Chinese buildings of this type the roof was to be the main visual feature. For functional reasons it made sense to divide the 27-meter high new library building into three sections. •

A solid-looking pedestal building forms the basis and houses the old books and collection of written documents. It symbolizes the rich tradition of Chinese culture, and as such the past.

•

The glass section in between the pedestal and the roof, which looks like a transparent join, stands for the present day. It houses the public section with information stands, foyer and cafeteria, and is the point of access to the reading room.

•

The library is crowned by the steel roof complex, which without any columns spans the large reading room and projects some 12 meters over the sides of the pedestal building. The roof structure measures 120 by 105 meters and is 10 meters high and on two floors houses the media and digital sections of the National Library.

The flat roof with its shimmering silver sheet steel skin is reminiscent of a digital data storage device – or a large hard disk – and (as an apparently “light” construction) creates a deliberate contrast with the solid cube of the pedestal, clad as it is in natural stone. In the various sections of the building old and new, tradition and innovation face each other while at the same time forming a harmonious combination. [3.18]

National Library of China

| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G3.30]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

National Library of China â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Plans, Elevations & Sections | Photo adopted from architecturenewsplus [G3.31]

77 National Library of China

| Photo adopted from architecturenewsplus [G3.31]

BEIJING | CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN BEIJING

Parkview Green Beijing 2001-09

侨福芳草地 Qiáo

Fú Fāng

Cǎo

Dì

TOTAL AREA: 200 000m2 | Hotel 20 000 m2, Retail 50 000 m2, Office 80 000 m2, Basement Carpark 50 000 m2 ARCHITECTS: Intergrated Design Associates Limited CLIENT: The Hong Kong Parkview Group DEVELOPER: Chyau Fwu Properties Limited, China PROJECT MANAGEMENT: Jandun Construction Co Ltd LEAD ARCHITECT & DESIGN CONSULTANT: Integrated Design Associates Ltd ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER: Ove Arup & Partners HK Ltd STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: Beijing Institute of Architectural Design & Research COST CONSULTANT: Levett & Bailey [3.19] [3.20] [3.21]

Form follows function is the best summary of the Parkview Green project in Beijing. This unique development simulates a city-within-a-city. Conceptualized in 2001, the project’s absolute respect to Right to Light created an architectural form that becomes its most distinctive signature and the diving force behind the environmentally sustainable design. Parkview Green comprises of 4 buildings that include a retail mall, commercial office space, and a luxury boutique hotel. All buildings are designed with atria spaces, sky-gardens, terraces, and link bridges to fit within the pyramidal envelope. All four buildings are enclosed by an external roofing envelope comprising of Texlon® ETFE - which acts as an environmental shield - and glass and steel structure facades. The envelope acts as a passive modulator for creating optimal interior air temperature and quality in contrast to Beijing’s harsh climatic conditions. 24 m separates the 4 multi-storey buildings to optimize natural light in the atrium. Offices are planned with maximum 15 m depth from façade to core and a clear floor to ceiling height of 2.9 m for optimal daylight to reduce energy for lighting.[3.21] [3.22]

Beijing Parkview Green | Photo adopted from parkviewgreen.com [G3.32]

79 Beijing Parkview Green | Photo adopted from parkviewgreen.com [G3.32]

Beijing Parkview Green | Photo adopted from archello.com [G3.33]

Site Plan | Photo adopted from openbuildings.com [G3.34]

Ground Floor Retail Plan Photo adopted from openbuildings.com [G3.]

Key Section | Photo adopted from openbuildings.com [G3.34]

Pedestrian Bridge Level Retail Plan

L5 Office Floor Plan

Parkview Green FangCaoDi, designed by Integrated Design Associates, is named the Best Green Building in Asia by the MIPIM Award â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the first mainland Chinese project to win the award in this category. [3.21]

Beijing Parkview Green | Photo adopted from openbuildings.com [G3.34]

BEIJING MANIFESTO

The Chinese love the monumental ambition. They hate the monumental price tag – and the “foreign” design. A portfolio of the grand ideas and grim realities behind the contentious new vision for China Central Television. BY REM KOOLHAAS [4.1]

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

CCTV Headquarters | Beijing | Office for Metropolitan Architecture

83 CCTV Headquarters

| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

Table of Skyline around the world | Photo adopted from WIRED [G4.2]

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

The CCTV media complex is the Rockfeller Center of today. CCTV lives in a different context and was built in a different manner, but it is the conceptual continuation of the Rockfeller Center, eighty years after its birth. NBC/New York = CCTV/Beijing â&#x20AC;Ś The complex is an all encompassing whole that fuses public space and the complete lifecycle of a media into an iconic center. [4.4]

Rockfeller Center â&#x20AC;&#x201C; New York | Photo adopted from wikimedia [G4.4]

86 86

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

Though on a smaller scale and earlier in the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development, CCTV will create an impact on its immediate surroundings, as well as the 300 towers to planned to come to the Central Business District, similar to the development throughout New York following the completion of the Rockfeller Center. Thirty years after writing Delirious New York, analyzing the Rockfeller Center, Rem Koolhaas reproduces it in Beijing, affecting the culture of its surroundings creating an iconic innovation in architecture. [4.4]

CCTV Headquarters - Beijing | Photo adopted from vbn.aau.dk [G4.5]

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

China Central TV (CCTV) Headquarters Beijing 2005-08

中央电视台总部 Zhōng Yāng Diàn

Shì

Tái

Zǒng Bù

SITE AREA: 20 hectares in new Central Business District FLOOR AREA: 465 000m2 CLIENT: China Central Television (CCTV) COST: € 750 million PARTNERS IN CHARGE: Rem Koolhaas, Ole Scheeren PROJECT MANAGER: Yao Dongmei PROJECT ARCHITECTS: Anu Leinonen, Charles Berman, Adrianne Fisher [4.2] With the CCTV Headquarters in Beijing OMA and Rem Koolhaas have taken a radically different approach than other designers might have employed. As they write, “Instead of competing in the hopeless race for ultimate height – dominance of the skyline can only be achieved for a short period of time, and soon another, even taller building will emerge – the project proposes an iconographic constellation of two high-rise structures that actively engage the city space: CCTV and TVCC.” A common production platform is the base for the two linked towers, and they are joined at the top, creating a “cantilevered penthouse for the management.” “A new icon is formed …”, say the designers, “not the predictable two-dimensional tower ‘soaring’ skyward, but a truly threedimensional experience, a canopy that symbolically embraces the entire population. The consolidation of the TV program in a single building allows each worker to be permanently aware of the nature of the work of his co-workers – a chain of interdependence that promotes solidarity rather than isolation, collaboration instead of opposition. The building itself contributes to the coherence of the organization.” The CCTV tower will be partially visible to the public admitted to a dedicated “loop” allowing views of the production process and the city itself. [4.3]

Night view of CCTV

| Photo adopted from Flickr – marcsinger2006 [G4.1]

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

CCTV Headquarters

| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

The enormous forms of the CCTV building appear to lean into each other, supporting one another and hanging in good part, over empty space. [4.1] | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

The CCTV Headquarters’ three-dimensional layout is designed to break down the ‘ghettoes’ that tend to form in the process of making TV programmes. The building’s ‘loop’ form encourages staff to mix, creating a better end-product more economically and efficiently. [4.5]

CCTV Headquarters from far | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3] CCTV Headquarters from far | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

About OMA OMA is an international office practicing architecture, urbanism and cultural analysis. Dedicated for over 30 years to the design and realization of buildings and master plans and sustains an international practice with offices in Rotterdam, New York, Beijing and Hong Kong, with around 340 employees. AMO, the counterpart to OMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architectural practice, is a research studio and advisory service working in areas beyond the traditional boundaries of architecture, including media, politics, sociology, renewable energy, technology, fashion, art, curating, publishing and design. OMA Asia was established in 2006 in Beijing. The Beijing office now oversees the construction of the Television Cultural Centre adjacent to the CCTV Headquarters. OMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hong Kong office, established in 2009, oversees construction on the Taipei Performing Arts Center, Chu Hai College in Hong Kong and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. [4.6]

91 CCTV Headquarters from far | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

BEIJING CONSENSUS The China Central Television Headquarters will be located in the northern part of Beijing’s new Central Business District, near the intersection of Chang’an Avenue and the Third Ring Road. The site covers about four blocks, with a total area of 180, 000 square meters. There are two major buildings – CCTV, which hosts TV-production facilities, and TVCC, a hospitality center with a hotel. On the southeast block, the Media Park will be open to the public for events and entertainment, as well as available for outdoor filming. In the free market, architecture = real estate. Any complex corporation is dismantled, each unit sequestered in place. All media companies suffer a subsequent paranoia: Each department – the creative department, the finance department, administration , et cetera – talks about the others as “them”; distrust in rife, motives are questioned. But in China, money does not yet have the last word. CCTV is envisioned as shared conceptual space in which all parts are housed permanently, aware of one another’s presence – a collective. Communication increases; paranoia decreases. [4.7]

CCTV Headquarters

| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

MERCURIAL ICON The building’s unconventional form seems to change as you move around it, so its presence in the city shifts too. A web of diagonal steel bracing is visible on all facades and expresses the forces acting on the structure – dense where they are great and looser where they are less. The glazing has a monolithic gray tone, which helps it blend in with the city’s notoriously polluted skies and hide dirt. [4.8]

93 93 CCTV Headquarters

| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

CCTV Headquarters close shot

| Photo by Ee Lane Cheah

After the design was accepted, it created two kinds of apprehension, if not disappointment. First, was it merely a landmark, one more alien proposal of meaningless boldness? Was its structural complexity simply irresponsible? On August 5, 2003, an afternoon Tsinghua University allowed all parties to vent criticism. It was not easy, Rem Koolhaas realized, for the assembled intelligentsia to see the difference between CCTV and any of the other foreign extravaganzas still in the pipeline. There was relief when the building, which had been considered in isolation, was presented in conjunction with OMA’s larger proposal for historical preservation in Beijing and a low-rise business district, revealing an interlocking hypothesis for Beijing’s future land use … the beginnings of a Beijing Manifesto. Still, the younger audience members questioned allocating resources to “prestige,” even while western China is ravaged by poverty; and the older generation of engineers was shocked to see the objective purity of their profession at the service of the unusual. A pact between the two sides – a coalition of the unwilling – could easily close a possibility that had just been opened. A refusal of the Promethean in the name of correctness and good sense could foreclose China’s architectural potential. [4.7]

CCTV Headquarters close shot

| Photo by Ee Lane Cheah

The exterior cladding and angled bracing obscure the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scale and read as a kind of structural map with a formal beauty of its own. [4.8]

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

CONCEPT DESIGN Shape operates with “the seduction of contour,” with the “calculated vagueness” of the surface area that sometimes rely on the presence and mere size of largescale buildings. For Robert Somol, the work of Rem Koolhaas and OMA, such as “the twisted knot” of the Central Chinese TV Headquarters, operates with “the graphic immediacy of logos, generating a new identity” and thus seems to exemplify the specific qualities and potential of shape. CCTV is a kind or cornered loop created by six approximately rectangular elements but with a deviation of a few grades. Its two main towers are interconnected at their basis by a common platform and joined at the top via a cantilevered L-shaped overhang. CCTV represents a new species of an “exceptionally perceptive and adaptive organism,” that accommodates all major functions of media at national scale within a single shape. By characterizing it as a “minimalist frame for a monumental void,” Robert Somol paraphrases Carl Andre definition of the art object as “a thing is a hole in a thing it is not.” [4.9]

Leftover packing material for an object that has been removed

The legs, which taper as they rise to slightly different heights, distort your normal sense of perspective, and Mr. Koolhaas represses all the most obvious signs of human scale, like the repetitive windows and floor slabs of a conventional tower. From a distance it’s virtually impossible to get a grip on the building’s size – an apt metaphor for the way giant media companies like CCTV have collapsed the scale of our world. [4.10] “EXCISION, where that which is missing receives greater attention” “Minimalist Frame for a monumental void” “A thing is a hole in a thing it is not” “A residue”

Accommodates all major functions of media at national scale within a single shape Single Loop of interconnected activities

Framing TVCC

All explanation images adopted from arc531.blogspot.com [G4.7]

96 CCTV Headquarters close shot

| Photo by Ee Lane Cheah

CCTV Headquarters Interior | Photo adopted from Archrecord [G4.6]

STRUCTURE FORM Superstructure – the ‘continuous tube” The team determined that the only way to deliver the desired architectural form of the CCTV building was to engage the entire façade structure, creating in essence an external continuous tube system. Adopting this approach gave proportions that could resist the huge forces generated by the cranked and leaning form, as well as extreme seismic and wind events. In addition to the cores, the floors plates of the Towers take support from many vertical columns. Given the nature of the sloping Towers it is not possible to continue vertical column lines from top to bottom, so a twostorey deep system of transfer trusses is used at approximately mid-height. The floor plates of the overhang are also supported by vertical columns that are transferred to the external tube structure via a two-storey deep transfer deck. [4.11]

Internal columns starting from pilecap level

Internal columns supported on transfer structures.

The foundation system

All explanation images adopted from arc531.blogspot.com [G4.7]

CCTV Headquarters Interior | Photo adopted from Archrecord [G4.6]

CCTV Headquarters from far | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

THE WOW FACTOR

TORQUED LOOP

An engineering marvel, CCTV flaunts its technological prowess in its radical geometry and exposed steel bracing. And its most daring structural element is the “overhang,” a nine-to-13-story bridge that makes a right turn in midair as it spans the gap between the two angled towers. Looming 37 stories above the ground, it juts out 245 feet from one tower and 220 feet from the other. During construction, the two arms of the overhang were cantilevered from the towers before being connected to form a more stable bridge and complete the building’s continuous structural tube. Making that connection was a dramatic moment during construction and required a precise fit. Because the sun warms and expands the steel in each part of the building at a different time during the day, construction workers had to complete the task early in the morning when the arms are the same temperature. Visitors today who take the public tour through CCTV get a visceral understanding of the engineering feat when they arrive at the overhang and walk over three clear glass discs set in the deck of the 37th floor. A veritable forest of exposed steel bracing here also helps bring the construction story alive for anyone visiting the space. C.A.P. [4.8]

Exposed steel bracing forms a continuous tube structure that resist the huge forces generated by the building’s cranked and leaning forms. On the 37th floor in the overhang, visitors can walk over glass portals and look down to the plaza. [4.8]

BALANCING ACT Countering criticism that its complex design is wasteful, Arup and OMA say the building required no more steel than a conventional structure of its size. The Chinese contractor erected the two angled towers and then the cantilevers that were connected to each other early in the morning of December 8, 2007. [4.8]

Constructing the loop | Photo adopted from elpanz [G4.8]

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

99 CCTV Headquarters

| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

The building introduces a degree of uncertainty as it changes from every angle, says Koolhaas. [4.8]

On the plaza level, the circulation loop includes almost-Gothic arcaded perimeter hallways..

| Photo adopted from Archrecord [G4.6]

A canteen will occupy a dramatic light-filled space near the top of the building. | Photo adopted from Archrecord [G4.6]

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Large skylights and clerestory windows add drama to the entry pavilion. | Photo adopted from Archrecord [G4.6] The architects let exposed structural elements such as bracing and columns animate the interiorsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;including this generic office area. | Photo adopted from Archrecord [G4.6]

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BEIJING | BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION

DISTINCTIVE LOOP Construction of the China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters in Beijing was declared officially completed on May 16. 2012. Designed by OMA as a reinvention of the skyscraper as a loop , construction on the building began in 2004. [4.6]

CCTV Headquarters

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| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

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BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

CCTV Headquarters Construction Time Lapse| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

6 1

2 6 3 5

1. Public Lobby 2. Tower Lobby 3. Canteen 4. Marketing 5. Gym 6. Studio 7. Open Studio 8. Broadcasting Diagram of CCTV

| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

The shapes of the CCTV tower are arguably nothing like any building on this scale ever erected before. [4.1]

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BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

Demand Capacity Ratios of CCTV

| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

Exploded Axonometric View of CCTV

| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

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BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

Faรงade Diagram | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

Site Plan | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

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BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

Plans | Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

107

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

CCTV NORTH ELEVATION

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Sections & Elevations of CCTV

CCTV EAST ELEVATION

| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

CCTV SOUTH ELEVATION

Sections & Elevations of CCTV

| Photo adopted from Archdaily [G4.3]

CCTV WEST ELEVATION

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BEIJING | CCTV HEADQUARTERS

Group photo in front of CCTV Headquarters

110

| Photo by Ashraf Rashid

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Happy moment in front of CCTV Headquarters Happy moment in front of CCTV Headquarters

| Photo by Ashraf Rashid | Photo by Ee Lane Cheah

We visited CCTV Headquarters on our last day (27/10/2013) in Beijing and the weather was very hazy that morning. We specially requested to visit this building as this location was normally not offered in usual travel tour. CCTV Headquarters is a new landmark in Beijing. Although it is not so harmony with the other ancient architecture in this city. China is changing at a rapid rate and this is another example of the contemporary architecture. It is an interesting design and worth a visit if you have time.

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Olympic Green face towards Tian An Men Square | Photo by Ashraf Rashid

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113

BEIJING | RETROPERSPECTIVE

‘

The city’s planning is based on history, reality and future development with comprehensive analysis, consideration of the overall development of the region, in order to help ease the functions of cities, urban and rural areas. The purpose is to promote regional coordination, achieve intensive development, and the implementation of the "two axes two zones - multi-center" layout, the "City Center-Metro-town" of urban structure. The Metro is "two axes - two zones - multi-center," and a concrete manifestation of the important nodes, planning the construction of 11 Metro with Tongzhou, Shunyi and Yi.

‘

Co-ordinating urban and rural planning is the current focus. With planning and implementation of the Metro, the focus of the town using the center of urbanization strategy; expanding the size of small towns, the town development priorities; rationally define and guide the small town's industrial development and employment opportunities for farmers. Through the above measures, the city can clearly establish in the progress of urbanization, the building of urban and rural integration with coordinated development. {2.7]

URBAN PLANNING BUILT ENVIRONMENT

‘

In Beijing, changes to the built environment have been particularly salient as the city follows its rapid towards the Olympics and a newly achieved global city status. The pace and the extent of changes in the urban morphology have attracted a world wide attention, while its urban heritage dramatically disappears under the bulldozers of modernity and famous flagship projects materialize the city’s new image.

The relatively uniform and monotonous landscape of a Beijing formerly controlled by socialist urban policies has been increasingly diversifying with the emergence of new urban elements – such as high-rises and villas – that are often considered as the logical outcome of economic reforms and globalization. [5.1]

Beijing’s Masterplan at Exhibition Hall | Photo adopted by Köktemir and Profile, 2011 [2.7]

114

BEIJING | RETROPERSPECTIVE

Beijing is a city strongly features by its types of architecture, generally is comprised of modern building and classical building. As for architecture, Beijing is famous for its ancient architecture including the imperial palace complex, prince mansion, siheyuan (Chinese quadrangles, 四合院) and hutong (alley, 胡同). Different people in different classes lived in the different types of houses. The ancient architecture of Beijing strongly shows the culture of Beijing residence. In the meantime, as the development and modernization of Chinese architectural industry, many modern and fashionable buildings are also built in Beijing. Most of them are the masterpieces of internationally famous architects and designers , and some also as the avant-garde of international architecture, directly challenge the traditional aesthetical standard. Beijing shows its vitality and maturity via its architectural diversity. [3.2]

‘

‘ ARCHITECTURE

Beijing Skyline from Jingshan Park

| Photo adopted from Flickr – Sarmu [G3.1]

113

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Chapter 4 [4.1] WIRED. 2008. [e-book] pp. 120-129. Available through: WIRED http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.08/images/FF_120_beijing.pdf [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. [4.2] Oma.eu. 2013. OMA- CCTV-–-HEADQUARTERS. [online] Available at: http://www.oma.eu/projects/2002/cctv-%E2%80%93-headquarters [Accessed: 10 Jan 2014]. [4.3] Jodidio, P. 2007. CN architecture in China. Köln: Taschen. [4.4] Hope, T. 2012. TVCC. [e-book] p. 7. Available through: rkoolhaas.tripod.com http://rkoolhaas.tripod.com/webonmediacontents/TVCC.pdf [Accessed: 14 Jan 2014]. [4.5] Dane, G., Bob, L., Iain, L., David, P., John, P. and Clodagh, R. 2014. CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, China: Services Engineering Design. [e-book] p. 1. Available through: Arup.com http://www.arup.com/_assets/_download/download471.pdf [Accessed: 14 Jan 2014]. [4.6] CCTV Headquarters, Beijing: Distinctive Loop. 2014. [e-book] Hong Kong: pp. 2232. Available through: building.hk http://www.building.hk/feature/2012_0710cctv.pdf [Accessed: 14 Jan 2014]. [4.7] WIRED. 2008. [e-book] pp. 120-129. Available through: WIRED http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.08/images/FF_120_beijing.pdf [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. [4.8] Clifford A., P. 2012. Too Big To Fail?. Architecture Record, pp. 89-99. [4.9] Ingrid, B. 2012. Imaginary Architecture and Spatial Immediacy. [e-book] p. 273. Available through: e-pub.uni-weimar.de e-pub.uniweimar.de/opus4/files/1299/boeck.pdf‎[Accessed: 14 Jan 2014]. [4.10] Nytimes.com. 2011. Koolhaas, Delirious in Beijing. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/arts/design/koolhaass-cctv-building-fits-beijingas-city-of-the-future.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 [Accessed: 14 Jan 2014]. [4.11] Chris, C., Paul, C., Xiaonian, D., Craig, G., Goman, H., Michael, K., Richard, L., Alexis, L., Andrew, L., Rory, M. and Chas, P. 2011. CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, China: Structural Engineering Design and Approvals. [e-book] p. 3. Available through: arup.com http://www.arup.com/_assets/_download/download399.pdf [Accessed: 14 Jan 2014]. [4.12] Planet, L. 2010. CCTV Building - Lonely Planet. [online] Available at: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/beijing/sights/architecture/cctv-building [Accessed: 19 Jan 2014].

Chapter 5 [5.1] Beatrice, F. 2008. The Noble, the Traditional and the Cosmopolite: Globalization and Changes of Urban Landscape in Beijing.. [e-book] p. 18. Available through: pacificnews.de http://www.pacific-news.de/pn30/pn30_ferrari.pdf [Accessed: 21 Jan 2014].

IMAGES Chapter 2

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Chapter 3

[G3.1] Gao, S. 2010. Beijing Skyline from Jingshan Park. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarmu/4622557514/ [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.2] Auxportesdelempire.com. 2014. Blog Aux Portes de l'Empire » Les Hutong de Pékin. [online] Available at: http://auxportesdelempire.com/blog/chine-ancienne-les-hutong/ [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.3] Gurak, W. 2010. Beijing National Stadium. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wojtekgurak/5218934101/in/poolbeijingarchitecture/ [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.4] Gurak, W. 2010. Beijing National Stadium. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wojtekgurak/5199459929/in/poolbeijingarchitecture/ [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.5] Gurak, W. 2014. Beijing National Stadium. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wojtekgurak/5207991020/in/poolbeijingarchitecture/ [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.6] Detail-online.com. 2010. National Stadium in Beijing | DETAIL inspiration. [online] Available at: http://detail-online.com/inspiration/nationalstadium-in-beijing-103349.html [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.7] Architizer. 2008. Watercube – National Swimming Centre. [online] Available at: http://architizer.com/projects/watercube-national-swimmingcentre/ [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.8] Beijing: Watercube. 2009. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/91371333@N00/3284585569/in/photolist61fmRF-61jfdG-61jqgQ-61jxho-62cDKH-6424tm-67cxjg-6bgPuK-6bgQ1K6bkRHL-6bkXfN-6bKj2H-6gF1h4-6gF1nM-6gF1Ak-6gF2kp-6gF2Xi-6gF38v6gF3rp-6gF5Cr-6gF8kR-6gF8Yn-6gF9oe-6gFa3H-6gFaZR-6gFc2p-6gKc656gKcoq-6gKcRW-6gKiMU-6gKjpw-6gKktC-6gKmRy-6gKnrC-6gKnGQ-6gKokb6hJtXk-6hNDgw-6r9nxb-6r9qDG-6r9sqh-6r9sxC-6rdKqM-6sTiWF-6BeRbZ6G5bJJ-6G5cg3-6HuUab-6HuUFa-6HPX8z-6HPYf2 [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.9] moreAEdesign. 2010. MORE ABOUT: National Aquatics Center (Watercube) – Beijing, China. [online] Available at: http://moreaedesign.wordpress.com/2010/09/13/more-about-watercube%E2%80%93-beijing-china/ [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.10] Ho, S. K. 2013. An image of National Centre for the Performing Arts (Beijing, China) captured on a cold winter evening in Beijing, China.. [image online] Available at: http://award.io/item.php?id=620 [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.11] National Centre for the Performing Arts. 2008. National Centre for the Performing Arts. [online] Available at: http://www.chncpa.org/ens/cgyl/jyjg/index.shtml [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.12] Arcspace.com. 2010. National Centre for the Performing Arts - Paul Andreu Architecte. [online] Available at: http://www.arcspace.com/features/paul-andreu-architecte/national-centrefor-the-performing-arts/ [Accessed: 8 Jan 2014]. [G3.13] ArchiTravel. 2010. Digital Beijing | ArchiTravel. [online] Available at: http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/digital-beijing/ [Accessed: 2 Jan 2014]. [G3.14] Building, T. 2010. Bed Room Design Idea: The Digital Beijing Building. [online] Available at: http://bedroomdesignzidea.blogspot.com/2008/12/thedigital-beijing-building.html [Accessed: 6 Jan 2014]. [G3.15] e-architect. 2010. Digital Beijing, Images, Architect, Digital Beijing Building, China. [online] Available at: http://www.earchitect.co.uk/beijing/digital-beijing [Accessed: 7 Jan 2014]. [G3.16] ArchDaily. 2009. Linked Hybrid / Steven Holl Architects. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/34302/linked-hybrid-steven-hollarchitects/ [Accessed: 8 Jan 2014].

[G3.17] Fosterandpartners.com. 2010. Beijing Airport | Gallery | Projects | Foster + Partners. [online] Available at: http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/beijingairport/gallery/ [Accessed: 8 Jan 2014]. [G3.18] ArchDaily. 2008. Beijing Airport / Foster + Partners. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/1339/beijing-airport-foster-partners/ [Accessed: 8 Jan 2014]. [G3.19] Zaha-hadid.com. 2012. Galaxy Soho - Architecture - Zaha Hadid Architects. [online] Available at: http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/galaxy-soho/# [Accessed: 15 Jan 2014]. [G3.20] Joshua, L. 2012. Galaxy SOHO Beijing | They call this "nature". I call this "building". [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/joshuallaneza/8044000300/in/gallery-yahooeditorspicks72157632912302293/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.21] Forgemind Archimedia. 2012. Zaha Hadid - Galaxy SOHO - Phot 08 - by Hufton and Crow. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/eager/10788865656/in/photostream/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.22] Forgemind Archimedia. 2012. Zaha Hadid - Galaxy SOHO - Phot 06 - by Hufton and Crow. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/eager/10788827765/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.23] Forgemind Archimedia. 2012. Zaha Hadid - Galaxy SOHO - Phot 09 - by Hufton and Crow. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/eager/10789096173/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.24] Bert, V. D. 2012. Soho Galaxy Beijing. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/zilpho/8159912086/in/gallery-yahooeditorspicks72157632912302293/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.25] Iqremix. 2013. Galaxy Soho | Beijing Galaxy Soho. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/iqremix/9452447713/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.26] Jingtian, L. 2012. Galaxy Soho | Zaha HAdid Architects | Beijing, China. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lvjingtian/8127710518/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.27] Jingtian, L. 2012. Galaxy Soho | Zaha HAdid Architects | Beijing, China. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lvjingtian/8210117733/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.28] Jingtian, L. 2012. Galaxy Soho | Zaha HAdid Architects | Beijing, China. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lvjingtian/8210117977/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.29] Ksp-architekten.de. 2009. National Library of China, Beijing - KSP Jürgen Engel Architekten. [online] Available at: http://www.ksparchitekten.de/en/projekte/projektdetail_showcase/?project=335&img=6 [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.30] Cilento, K. 2009. National Library / KSP Jürgen Engel Architekten. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/29856/national-library-ksp-engel-undzimmermann-architekten/ [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.31] Architecturenewsplus.com. 2009. National Library of China by KSP - Jürgen Engel Architekten + ECADI - East China Architecture Design Institute. [online] Available at: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/projects/1516 [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.32] Parkviewgreen.com. 2009. Parkview Group-Parkview Green. [online] Available at: http://www.parkviewgreen.com/eng/about/parkview-group/parkviewgroup/?item=tab75-0 [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.33] Archello.com. 2010. Vector Foiltec GmbH - Project - Parkview Green FangCaoDi. [online] Available at: http://www.archello.com/en/project/parkview-greenfangcaodi [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014]. [G3.34] OpenBuildings. 2010. Parkview Green. [online] Available at: http://openbuildings.com/buildings/parkview-green-profile-40423 [Accessed: 18 Jan 2014].

Chapter 4

[G4.1] Singer2006, M. 2007. China Central Television Headquarters Rem Koolhaas and Ole Scheeren, 2008. [image online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/24223623@N05/6841139910/ [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. [G4.2] WIRED. 2008. [e-book] pp. 120-129. Available through: WIRED http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.08/images/FF_120_beijing.pdf [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. [G4.3] ArchDaily. 2012. CCTV Headquarters / OMA. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/236175/cctv-headquarters-oma/ [Accessed: 12 Jan 2014]. [G4.4] Commons.wikimedia.org. 2009. File:Rockefeller Center Pano.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. [online] Available at: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rockefeller_Center_Pano.jpg [Accessed: 14 Jan 2014]. [G4.5] Vbn.aau.dk. 2009. Kunsten Opdateret. [online] Available at: http://vbn.aau.dk/files/19237337/Kunsten_opdateret_-_rapport [Accessed: 14 Jan 2014]. [G4.6] Pearson, C. 2012. CCTV Headquarters|Office for Metropolitan Architecture|Beijing | Project Portfolio| Architectural Record. [online] Available at: http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/portfolio/2012/11/china-central-televisionoma.asp [Accessed: 15 Jan 2014]. [G4.7] Simos, V. 2012. Site Analysis + CCTV Headquarters (Rem Koolhaas). Diagrammatic Metamorphoses, [blog] Fall, Available at: http://arc531.blogspot.com/2012/10/group-4-cctv-headquarters-mouaz.html [Accessed: 15 Jan 2014]. [G4.8] Blog.naver.com. 2010. Metal guru: Arup’s Chris Caroll on CCTV Headquarters, Beijing. [online] Available at: http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=skysaver7&logNo=60118206710 [Accessed: 15 Jan 2014].