الحقيبة الاساسية للتعلم النشط by ghada

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬      ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬ K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى‬  ‫א‬  ٥

 ٧

 ١٠

 ١٢

 ١٣

 ١٩

 ٢٧

 ٣٠

 ٣٧

 ٤٦

 ٥٨

 ٦٣

 ٦٧

 ٧٢

 ٧٨

 ‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ١

 ‫א‬ ٢

 ‫א‬ ٣

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬٤  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠

 ‫א‬‫ א‬١١  ‫א‬ ١٢

 ‫א‬ ١٣  ‫א‬ ١٤

 ‫ א‬١٥

: ‫ أﺧﺘﻲ اﻟﻤﺪرﺑﺔ‬- ‫أﺧﻲ اﻟﻤﺪرب‬ : ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺣﺮﺻﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻠﻮغ أﻫﺪاف اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻧﺄﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‬

: ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

: ‫ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤  ‫א‬      ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ٥  K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦  ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧  K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ٨  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

: ‫ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﻌﺎم‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫ اﻷﻫﺪاف اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  J١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢ K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥ K‫א‬‫א‬  J٦ K‫א‬‫א‬  J٧ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢ K‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٤ K‫א‬‫א‬  J١٥  

 

: ‫ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫ اﻟﻤﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬  KEF‫א‬

:‫ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬ K‫• א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

K‫א‬‫• א‬

KE–‫א‬–F‫א‬ • K‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫• א‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺼﻒ اﻟﺬهﻨﻲ‬

•  

: ‫ اﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰات واﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ KFlip Chart

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KPower Point

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KLap TOP & Data Show‫א‬

•

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫ أدوات اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ K‫א‬ J٣

١١

‫ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

 ‫א‬  

 

‫א‬   EF  ١٢٠    ١٢٠

‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ١٢٠

‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ١٢٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ١٢٠

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ١٢٠

‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١٢F٧٢٠

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

١٢

‫ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬: ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬  W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  J١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢ K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥  W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  J١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J٢ K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

١٣

‫ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻠﺴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬١٢٠ : ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﺴﺔ‬

 W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  J١ K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  J٤ K‫א‬‫א‬  J٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٧  

 ‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬ 





‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٠

‫א‬



‫ א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠

٢٠

‫א‬‫א‬

١٥

‫א‬‫א‬

١٠

٣٠

‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٠

 

‫א‬

E١L١L١F 

E٢L١L١F ‫א‬ E٣L١L١F ‫א‬

‫א‬

 

‫א‬

١٤

 E١L١L١F  ١٠



 

 ٢٠

 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ECIF‫א‬EPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ EOF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EIF‫א‬

           

١٥

،‫א‬‫א‬، ١٠ J٥‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬p  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cl

 K p‫א‬o  

                                           

١٦

 E١L١L١F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       .EFelder and brent, ٢٠٠٩F‫א‬    KEMeyers and jones, ١٩٩٣F ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬EPrince,٢٠٠٤F  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٠١٢،F ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،       E lorenzen, ٢٠٠٦ )     ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

١٧

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ( paulson & eaust : ٢٠٠٣)  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  KE٢٠٠٦،FK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                  

١٨

   

 E٢L١L١F  ١٥



 

 ‫א‬  ١٥

 

 ‫א‬

  J

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

       ،  ‫א‬  • K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬                  

 

   

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 E٢L١L١F‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،E١٩٨٧،F?‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬E١ K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤ K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥        ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٦ K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨      ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫ א‬E٩ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠    

٢٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠١٠F K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ E١ K‫א‬   ‫א‬ E٢ K‫א‬ E٣ K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬E٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١ K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K١٣  K‫א‬  

٢١

   E٣L١L١F  ١٠



 ‫א‬

 ٣٠

 

 

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬   E ٣L١L١ F ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬

K   •  K    •

 

 K‫א‬،

                         

٢٢

 E٣L١L١F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

      ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،    ،    

‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬??  W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫ א‬E١

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

           ‫א‬    ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬      ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، 

‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫؟‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫؟‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬E٢

?F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،E?  ?F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ? 

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ،E?  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ E٣

F‫א‬EF‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

٢٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤

‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WKE

 K ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٥ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   W

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 ‫א‬‫ א‬9

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9  ‫א‬‫ א‬9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬              

 W

W‫א‬ •

W،‫א‬

٢٤

‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E١ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    E٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬ •

   ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬     J١ K‫א‬Ev FE UF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K، J٥ 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦ 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧ 



K‫א‬ J٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩  

٢٥

‫اﻟﺠﻠﺴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬١٢٠ : ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺴﺔ‬

 

 W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣    ‫א‬‫א‬ L‫א‬ 



 ٣٠

‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬

٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١L٢L١ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٥

٢٠

 ١٥

 ٢٠

١٢٠

 

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢L٢L١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣L٢L١ ‫א‬



‫א‬  

‫א‬

٢٦

 E١L٢L١F  ٣٠



 

 ٢٠

‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬L‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

،‫א‬  •  K‫א‬‫א‬

                             

٢٧

 E١L٢L١F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬     ‫א‬      ، ‫א‬ W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢

‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٣ K‫א‬‫א‬

،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E٤   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥ K‫א‬‫א‬

،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      E٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬     E٧ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩ KEF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١١  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬E١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢

   ‫א‬   ‫؛‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E١٣ K‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬   J١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 K‫א‬ J٣

 K‫א‬ J٤

 K J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٦

٢٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J٨  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩  W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    E١ K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦ K‫א‬‫א‬ E٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧ K‫א‬

 

٣٠

 E٢L٢L١F  ١٥



 

 ٢٠

 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬L‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ J١  ‫ א‬١   J ٢   J ٣   J ١   J ٢

 ‫ א‬٢

  J ٣   J١  ‫ א‬٣   J ٢   J ١

‫א‬ ٤

  J ٢

‫א‬

  J ١

‫ א‬٥

  J ١

‫ א‬٦

  J٢ ‫א‬

  J٢  ‫א‬

  J١ ‫א‬ ٧   J ٢

 

٣١

E٢L٢L١F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬   E١ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ K‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٤ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ E٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧

        ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٨ K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٩

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٤

٣٢

 E٣L٢L١F  ١٥



 ‫א‬  ٢٠

 

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

‫ א‬

      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 ١  K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ ‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣

    

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١  ‫א‬ ٢  K‫א‬ J٢  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣

    

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  ‫ א‬٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣

    

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫ א‬٤  K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ ‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣

      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬ ٥ ‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣

      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ ‫א‬ ٦  K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣

      

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

٣٤

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  J١ K‫א‬  J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢  K‫א‬  J٣  W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  J١ K‫א‬‫א‬   J٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥  

٣٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٢٠W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ L‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬





١٠

١٥

‫א‬‫א‬

١٥

٢٠



‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

E ٢L١L٢F

١٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٣L١L٢F

١٥

٢٠

‫א‬

E٤L١L٢F

‫א‬

‫א‬

 

١٠

١٢٠



E١L١L٢F ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

٣٦

 

 E١L١L٢F  ١٠



 ‫א‬  ١٥

 

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

                   

       

٣٧

     E١L١L٢F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •          ، ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬

    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   

 ‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،     

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F،،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬، EF

E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ، E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ EF ، ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF

٣٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، EF  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬    E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ،  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٩

 E٢L١L٢F  ١٥



 ‫א‬  ٢٠

 

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF

‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬

     

٤٠

 J

 ‫א‬‫א‬



،‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬،،

‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

   

  ‫א‬  

 

             

٤١

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 

 

 

 

 

               

 

٤٢

 E٣L١L٢F  ١٠

 ‫א‬



 ١٥

 

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫ א‬ EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F  ‫א‬          

 

٤٣

   E٣L١L٢F  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KK

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

       

٤٤

 E٤L١L٢F  ١٥



 ‫א‬  ٢٠

 

 ‫א‬

  J‫א‬–

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 K .١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣  K‫ א‬.٤

 

       

٤٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٢٠W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 

 





١٥

٢٠

٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٠ ١٢٠

١٠

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E١L٢L٢F E٢L٢L٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬

E٣L٢L٢F E٤L٢L٢F

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

L‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

   

٤٦

 ‫א‬

 E١L٢L٢F  ١٥



 ١٥

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F

٢

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤

 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

٥

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦

 ‫א‬E ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

   

 

٤٧

 E١L٢L٢F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  E٢٠٠٦،FK

   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K١ K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K٣ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    K٦ K

W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٧  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٤٨

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

K‫א‬ K٣

‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K٤ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦ K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧ KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

     ،     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  

 

٤٩  

 ‫א‬

 E٢L٢L٢F  ١٥



 ١٥

 

 ‫א‬

 EF

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

K‫ א‬K١

K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F

 E‫א‬‫א‬F

 E‫א‬‫א‬F

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 

٥٠

 ‫א‬

 E٣L٢L٢F  ٢٠



 ٢٠

 

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬ •    E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ •   ،،‫א‬ F ‫א‬  E‫א‬ KKKK‫א‬‫א‬ •    KKK‫א‬   •  ‫א‬  KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •    K •  

٥١

 E٣L٢L٢F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬         ،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬

 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬W

،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K   K‫א‬ 

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬W  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KKKK،

 W‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬        ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥٢

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

     ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

،   ، ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٦ K‫א‬

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٧ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٨  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

   

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 ‫א‬

 E٤L٢L٢F  ١٠



 ١٠

 

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   

  

 9



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫ א‬ ١

 

   ٢

 

   ٣

 

   ٤

 

   ٥

 

   ٦

 

   ٧

 

   ٨

 

   ٩

 

  ١٠

           

٥٤

 E٤L٢L٢F  ‫א‬   

  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 9

 ‫א‬‫ א‬ ١

 

   9

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢

 

   9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٣

 

   9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٤

 

   9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٥

 

   9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٦

 

   9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٧

 

   9

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٨

 

   9

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ٩  

 

   9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠

   

‫‪٥٦‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪W‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪ W‬‬ ‫‪  J١‬א‪‬א‪K‬‬ ‫‪  J٢‬א‪K‬‬ ‫‪  J٣‬א‪K‬‬ ‫‪  J٤‬א‪‬א‪K‬‬ ‫‪  J٥‬א‪‬א‪ K‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ W‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻔﻌّﻞ أدوات دﻋﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﺨﺒﺮة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ . -٣‬ﻳﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮح إﺟﺮاءات ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻷهﺪاف اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﻮﻇﻒ أدوات اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﻘﺪم ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﺮاﺟﻌﺔ أآﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮح ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٨‬ﻳﺼﻨّﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

٥٧

           

٥٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٢٠W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬K K٣  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ L‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

 





٢٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠

١٢٠

‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬

‫א‬

E١L١L٣F ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢L١L٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣L١L٣F

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 

‫א‬

٥٩

     ‫א‬

 E١L١L٣F  ٢٠



 ٢٠

 

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  KE١L١L٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ :‫• ﻃﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدﺗﻚ وﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ اﻵﺗﻲ‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

   

 

       

     

 

٦٠

 E١L١L٣F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ،  KKK ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫• א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬    K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  K ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  • K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫؛‬‫א‬ •      

٦١

 ‫א‬

 E٢L١L٣F  ٢٠



 ٢٠

 H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫• א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫• א‬

‫א‬ J‫א‬F‫• א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬F‫• א‬  E

–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١ K‫א‬

K،‫א‬‫ א‬-٢            

٦٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ K •

 K • K •

K •

 K • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K •

 K • K • •  K • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K •

 K • K •

K •

  • K •

K •

 K • K •

K •

  • K •

K •

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    

  • K •

K •

  •

 

٦٣

 E٢L١L٣F‫א‬‫א‬

:‫اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ERenzulli ١٩٩٤FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  W‫א‬ J١ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Schiefele W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Deci,&Ryan WK‫א‬ W‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫؛‬   ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ W ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Hootstein ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Robinson& F K‫א‬            

   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E Gagne, ١٩٩٥F ERobinson ١٩٨٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ Alexender,& ) (Knight K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٩٩٣)  W‫א‬ J٢   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EClifford١٩٩٠FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ F W   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   EWinner,١٩٩٦FK‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ J٣ ‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ EGardner ١٩٩١FEBloom١٩٨٥FEDewy١٩١٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬  KEERenzulli, ١٩٩٤FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EShore, et. al., ١٩٩١F‫א‬ ‫א‬EGardner, ١٩٩١ )K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  K‫א‬ J٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   E Renzulli ١٩٩٤FK‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ EGentry,et al.,٢٠٠٠F K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬، ‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰة اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻊ‬.‫) د‬

K       ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ 

( ‫ دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺔ‬.... ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﻟﺪى ﺗﻼﻣﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

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 ‫א‬

 E٣L١L٣F  ٢٠



 

 ٢٠

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،  ‫א‬W  J١ W  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬W  J٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬  J٣ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬W  J٤ K‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬  W  J٥  K‫א‬    

٦٦

   ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬    

 

       

   

 

       

   

 

       

   

 

       

   

 

     

٦٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٢٠W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٨  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ L‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

 





١٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١L٢L٣F

٢٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢L٢L٣F

 ١٠  ١٠ ١٢٠

‫א‬



‫א‬



‫א‬

‫א‬

١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ E٣L٢L٣F  

  ٢٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤L٢L٣F ‫א‬

   

٦٨

 ١٥

 E١L٢L٣F 

 ١٥

 ،،

 ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬     ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  W‫א‬

KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬ • KE٥F • KE٥F‫א‬ •

E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 E٥F‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٥F ‫א‬‫א‬

 E٥F

 

٦٩

 E١L٢L٣F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١ K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤ KKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦        

٧٠

   E٢L٢L٣F  ٢٠



 ‫א‬  ٢٠

 

 

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   E‫א‬F‫א‬  

 

   

  K‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 •  W‫א‬‫א‬ ،،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    

         

 ‫א‬

٧١

 KKKK‫א‬  

   

 ‫א‬

   

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 

   

 

       

 

   

 

٧٢

 E٢L٢L٣F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١

،  J٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ K‫א‬

K‫א‬  J٤ K‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦ K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١

K٢

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬

K٤

K‫א‬

K٦

KE‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

K٥

٧٣

‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬–E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K٧

KE‫א‬

‫א‬W،‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E،٢٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F

K٨

٧٤

   ١٠

 E٣L٢L٣F 

 ١٠

 

 ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  

 

٧٥

     E٣L٢L٣F‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬  J٤  K‫א‬  J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦  K‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠

K‫א‬‫א‬  J١١

                   

٧٦

 E٤L٢L٣F  ١٠



 ٢٠

 

 ‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬  







‫א‬

 

١

 

٢

 

٣

 

٤

 

٥

 

٦

 

٧

 

٨

 

٩

 

١٠

 

١١

 

١٢

 

١٣  

٧٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬  





‫ א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 

 G

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١

 

 G

 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢

 G

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

٣

 

 G

 

 ‫א‬

٤

 

 G

 

 ‫א‬

٥

 

 G

 

 ‫א‬

٦

 

 G

 

 G

 

 G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 G

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠

 

 G

 

 ‫א‬

١١

 G

  ‫א‬‫א‬

١٢

 G

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

١٣

 

 G

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤

 

 G

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٥

 G

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  EKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EKKK J JF

 

٧ ٨ ٩

٧٩

 E١F  W‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

  J J J‫א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

  J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

  J J J J  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

٨٠

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K J  

W‫א‬‫א‬ J١١ K‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬ J

٨١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J W،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F J١٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣ K J

W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

K JK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    

 

‫‪٨٢‬‬

‫‪ E٢F‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ )‬ ‫‪ .(and Brent, ٢٠٠٩‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﻔﺬﻭﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ) ‪Meyers and Jones,‬‬ ‫‪ .(١٩٩٣‬ﻭﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺲ )‪ (Prince, ٢٠٠٤‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳔﺮﺍﻃﻬﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ؛ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻔّﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﻜﲔ ﻭﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﲔ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻴﺎ ﻭﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﻃﻔﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Felder‬‬

‫• ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ؛ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﳜﻄﻂ ﺩﺭﺳﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ‬

‫ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺒّﻞ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻛﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﺨﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﺘﺰﻻ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﻭﻣﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺭﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ )ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ )ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻴﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻴﺎ )ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻧﻴًﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬

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‫ﲡﺘﻤﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ )ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﲟﻔﺮﺩﻩ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﺎ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ )ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺫﻫﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺳﻮﺧﺎ ﻭﺇﻣﺘﺎﻋﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ )ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ )ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺪﺍﱐ( ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ؛ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ )ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺍﻟﺬﻫﲏ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﺎﺕ )ﻓﻨﻴﺎﺕ( ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺧﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﺁﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺸﻌﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﺎﳉﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ )ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ( ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﺒﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻔﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﳊﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺬﻝ ﳎﻬﻮﺩ ﺫﻫﲏ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ )ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺪﺍﱐ( ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮﻱ ﻓﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﲪﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻫﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻃﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺆﻛﺪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺸﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻧﺘﻮﻗّﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺳّﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻼ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﺍﺀﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻪ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬

‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻤﺄﻧﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬

‫ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ)ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺪﺍﱐ(‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫‪٨٤‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﻟﺬﺍﺗﻪ‬

‫• ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻟﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻤﻴﺴّﺮ ﻭﻣﺮﺷﺪ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬‫ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻢ‬‫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻳﺒﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬‫ ﻳُﺒﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬‫ ﻳﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻤﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻵﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻭﺇﺷﺮﺍﻛﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﰊ ﻭﺭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬

‫‪ (٤‬ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫‪٨٥‬‬

‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﳛﺪﺩ ﻭﻳﻮﻓّﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻴﺊ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫ ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻳُﺸْﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﻟﻴﻠﱯ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﳜﻄﻂ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﳑﺘﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪّﺭ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌّﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ‬

‫ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬‫ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬‫ ﻳﺴﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺃﺭﺍﺀﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺀﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮىﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺠّﻊ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬

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‫ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﲏ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬‫• ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺒﻨّﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻮﻗّﻊ –ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‪ -‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺳﻴﺜﻤﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﳕﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﺎﺕ )ﻓﻨﻴﺎﺕ( ﺗﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﻔﻮﻗﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻔﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ -‬ﻭﻟﻸﺳﻒ‪ -‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳋﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴّﻦ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ ﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺪﱐ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺳﻴﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﲔ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻭﻃﻼﺏ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﲢﺼﻴﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ؛ ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﺫﻗﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻮ ﺃﳒﺰ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺧﺎﲤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺓ –ﻣﺜﻼ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻈﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﲏ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌّﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺀﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

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‫ﻤﺎﻙ‬‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‬.‫ ﻭﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ‬،‫ ﻭﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫)ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻦ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻙ )ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﲝﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ؛ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻬﻤﻜﻮﻥ‬‫ ﻓﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺍ‬.‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ .‫)ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻮﻥ( ﰲ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮﻩ‬

:‫• ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬ Karamustafaoglu O. (٢٠٠٩) Active learning strategies in physics teaching. Energy Educ Sci Technol Part B:١:٢٧-٥٠. Petress, K. (٢٠٠٨). What is meant by “active learning”? Education, ١٢٨(٤), ٥٦٦. Powner, L.C., & Allendoerfer, M.G. (٢٠٠٨). Evaluating hypotheses about active learning. International Studies Perspectives, ٩, ٧٥-٨٩. Prince, M. (٢٠٠٤) Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research. J. Engr. Education,٩٣(٣), ٢٢٣-٢٣١

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،، K١ K٢٠١٠،٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫ א‬K٢ ٢٠١٠،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،KEKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠٠٦F، K٣ K‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫ א‬K٤ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KEKF ‫א‬ ،‫ א‬K٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٤١،E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬KE١F‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠١٠F، K٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠٠٣F، K٧ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE٢F،E٤F،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ KE٢٠٠٦F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٨ K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠٠٥F‫א‬، K١٠ K٣،‫א‬‫א‬

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K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KEKF‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠٠٠F‫א‬، K١١ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠١٢F، K١٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،KE١F‫א‬ Ruhl,Kathy L., Charles A. Hughes, and Patrick J. Schloss. (١٩٨٧). Using the Pause .١٣ Procedure to Enhance Lecall. "Teacher Education" and Special Education ١٠, ١٤-١٨