Command Print by Garrett House

COMMANDPRINT the future of innovation and making

garrett house

garrett house www.ghousearchitecture.com ghouse@wustl.edu 203.206.3593 washington university in saint louis sam fox school of design + visual arts graduate school of architecture + urban design design thinking: research and design methods ersela kripa, visiting assistant professor

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90°10’55.03”W

Progressive fabrication and research facility for industrialized 3D printing

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38°38’22.12”N

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Recent innovation in additive manufacturing technology has enabled an unprecedented exploration in making. With decentralized designers on the internet, increased reliability of commercial 3D printers, and a large array of printable materials, there is now opportunity for hyperspecialization, lean manufacturing practice, decrease of physical human labor, and decreased production cost. With added support from local research and educational facilities, a revolution is possible for the future of american manufacturing.

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HOW CAN THE POSTINDUSTRIAL CITY OF SAINT LOUIS BE TRANSFORMED BY the recent ADVANCEMENT OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING [3D PRINTING] TECHNOLOGY?

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three dimensional printing The process of layering materials to construct objects from 3D data is known as additive manufacturing. Recent innovation in technology has enabled opportunity for the future of making. Once a rapid-prototyping tool, industrial 3D Printing now has the potential to produce final products that will drastically progress the fashion, medical, food/drug, defense, and building industries. Unlike earlier methods of subtractive manufacturing, the 3D printer has the ability to minimize material waste, increase efficiency, decrease construction cost + time, and encourage the mass customization of parts. These digital fabrication devices will bring industry back to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;shrinking cityâ&#x20AC;? while challenging the current state of manufacturing.

Command noun

A signal that initiates an operation defined by an instruction.

3D Printing verb

The manufacturing of a three-dimensional product from a computer-driven digital model. This process is additive, where multiple layers from CAD (computer-aided design) drawings are laid down one after another to create different shapes.

structures on the moon foster + partners

full scale room hansmeyer + dillenburgr

first printed house shanghai, china

first printed gun solid concepts

clay-printing robot arm fabclay

edible printed pizza foodini

spider dress 2.0 anouk wipperecht

synthetic human tissue university of oxford

prosthetic face jan de cubber

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global internet connectivity The digital revolution has enabled global connectivity. Political, social, economic, and geological boarders between nations are redefined by the interconnectivity of the internet. With access to local and global servers, private and public users are able to produce,send,receive, and archive digital data collected from aggregated databases around the world. This availability and transparency evokes new possibilities for designers. According to Chief Editor of Wired Magazine, Chris Anderson,open source design is future of the maker and manufacturing industries.

world trend map, internet connectivity

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emerging 3dp facilities Democratization of 3DP technology has encouraged a new movement for makers around the world. With access to three dimensional modeling software and connectivity to the internet, individuals are able to upload print files to private prototype printing facilities such as shapeways, sculpteo, and imaterialise. These aggregated facilities encourage localized manufacturing. Shipping cost, production time, and environmental impact is drastically reduced as a result of decentralized printing facilities. In the United States, many prototype 3DP facilities have been established surrounding major cities.

SAGINAW, MI BUFFALO, NY

FLINT, MI PONTIAC, MI CHICAGO, IL

SYRACUSE, NY

DETROIT, MI CLEVELAND, OH

SOUTH BEND, IN

AKRON, OH PITTSBURGH, PA

GARY, IN TOLEDO, OH DECATUR, IL SANT LOUIS, MO

YOUNGSTOWN, OH LORAIN, OH

CANTON, OH PARMA, OH DAYTON, OH CINCINNATI, OH

post-industrial nodes within the rust belt

SAGINAW, MI BUFFALO, NY

FLINT, MI PONTIAC, MI CHICAGO, IL

SYRACUSE, NY

DETROIT, MI

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CLEVELAND, OH

SOUTH BEND, IN

AKRON, OH PITTSBURGH, PA

GARY, IN TOLEDO, OH

CANTON, OH PARMA, OH DAYTON, OH SAGINAW, MI

CINCINNATI, OH

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SANT LOUIS, MO

YOUNGSTOWN, OH LORAIN, OH

BUFFALO, NY

FLINT, MI PONTIAC, MI CHICAGO, IL

SYRACUSE, NY

DETROIT, MI CLEVELAND, OH

SOUTH BEND, IN

AKRON, OH PITTSBURGH, PA

GARY, IN TOLEDO, OH DECATUR, IL SANT LOUIS, MO

YOUNGSTOWN, OH LORAIN, OH

CANTON, OH PARMA, OH DAYTON, OH

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DECATUR, IL

CINCINNATI, OH

3D PRINT FACILITY 3D PRINT FACILITY INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY TECHSHOP FACILITY

TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY TECHSHOP FACILITY

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Presidential support “Part of what’s exciting is that, traditionally, manufacturing was viewed, and we’re in a steel town here in Pittsburgh. That manufacturing meant big factories, all kinds of smoke and fire, and a lot of heavy capital. But because of advances in technology, part of the opportunity is now to make the tools that are needed for production and prototypes are now democratized. They’re in the hands of anybody who’s got a good idea. And what we’ve been trying to do is to encourage more and more entrepreneurs, inventors to not just take root here but also have access to the kinds of equipment and technology whether it’s 3D printers or laser cutters that allow them to design their own ideas, create prototypes, put them out to market, test them, tinker with them, refine them, and ultimately create brand new businesses.” -President Barack Obama, 2014

president obama at techshop conference, june 18, 2014

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“Already, we’ve been able to get 80 cities to commit to working in a public-private partnership to generate more manufacturing efforts in their respective cities. We’ve create four high-tech advanced manufacturing hubs, and we have budgeted to create a whole lot more around the country. And some of it has to do with advanced materials, some of it has to do with 3D printing. The idea is, we start building an ecosystem, a network of companies, universities, researchers, entrepreneurs, all of whom start really focusing and becoming experts on a particular facet of industries of the future. That’s how we’re going to build more and more niches that allow us to dominate the market and sell more products made in America, not just here in the United States but overseas.”

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prototype vs. industrial 3DP Prototyping is a design tool used by designers who engage in a design process. Prototypes are used to evaluate innovation. Printed artifacts are not in their final state, rather they are in an experimental testing phase. Prototype models are composed of cheap plastics such as ABS and PLA. Prototype printers such as the makerbot and the cubify cube have started to become democratized. In the next decade or two, most people will have prototype printers on their home desktops just like ink-jet printers. Industrial 3D printers are of superior quality. With a large array of printable materials, these printers are capable of printing final artifacts. While prototype printers are democratized, industrial printers are only available to wealthy manufacturing companies due to their expensive cost, maintenance as well as the skill required to program, run, and post-process printed artifacts. Additionally, technologies are constantly being improved and upgraded. This makes is impossible for private individuals to be able to keep up with the technology transfer. Industrial printers will remain in the hands of manufacturing agencies.

prototyping with makerbot

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Fabricating a revolution

1ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1840-1870

+the shift from manual labor on farms to mechanized factories +invention of the steam power encourages industrialization +new paradigms for living begin to emerge

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2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1870-1914

+introduction of the assembly line enables mass production +factory electrification, steam power, and oil use +design and innovation yields modernization 016

Fabricating a revolution

DIGITAL REVOLUTION

1950-PRESENT

+internet encourages the democratization of information +global networks form and break geographical and political boarders +widespread use of the computer, digital cellular phones, and data centers

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THE MAKER MOVEMENT

PRESENT

+prototyping designs with digital desktop tools to create new products +communities are formed between global users on the internet +open-source forums encourage competition, drive, and good design 018

Fabricating a revolution When the Digital Revolution, the Maker Movement, and Industrial Manufacturing are combined, a new revolution for manufacturing is enabled. Unlike before, hyper specialization, lean manufacturing practice, minimal physical human labor, and smaller production costs are realized. Localized manufacturing encourages a more sustainable future. Design can now take priority.

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+ 33% 33% INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING

THE MAKER MOVEMENT

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COMMANDPRINT the future of innovation and making

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saint louis, mo Saint Louis, Missouri holds great promise for the implementation of an industrialized 3DP facility. Industry has been embedded in the tradition, culture, and fabric of Saint Louis for centuries. As manufacturing began to be outsourced to foreign countries in recent years, many industrial sites throughout the city have been abandoned. Considering the existing manufacturing infrastructures throughout the city, there is a great opportunity to activate vacant industrial riverfront sites with a new typology of manufacturing. This facility will become a pioneer. Post-industrial cities can learn from the innovation, research, and manufacturing facility in Saint Louis in order to work towards the future of American manufacturing.

saint louis, late 19th century

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INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS

BUS ROUTES

saint louis land use

vacant parcels

metrolink

industrial

interstate highway

commercial

bus routes

residential

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saint louis, mo

residential

commercial

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industrial

selecting a site

existing 3dp facility

riverboat + barge

brick colleges 028

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selecting a site

concrete

cortex innovation

fabrication glass 030

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selecting a site

hospitals

material recycling

packaging plasics 032

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selecting a site

refactory

shipping

solid waste steel 034

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selecting a site

material + supply

techshop

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selecting a site CORTEX DISTRICT offers connections to local research and educational institutions. TechShop has made plans to introduce a Saint Louis installation within the district as an expansion to the centralized knowledge zone.

INDUSTRIAL RIVER ZONE 2 is defined by material and shipping industries. The site is populated with manufacturing and distribution shops as well as material storage yards. The site is all machine and offers little to no space for the pedestrian.

INDUSTRIAL RIVER ZONE 1 brings the most to the table. With connections to material and distribution infrastructures in industrial river zone 2, and the possibility for connection to the cortex innovation district via metrolink, the site proves to be the best selection considering the surrounding nodes.

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INDUSTRIAL RIVER ZONE 1

corbitt warehouse

saint louis industry

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cotton belt building

old union light and power building

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INDUSTRIAL RIVER ZONE 1

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INDUSTRIAL RIVER ZONE 1 cotton belt building trigen st. louis energy

zymo sculpture studio

city division of corrections

laclede power company interstate 70

cass avenue

rail infrastructure william kerr foundation

corbitt warehouse north broadway

hibidon hardwood

sonn signs + decals inc

rail infrastructure

st. louis riverfro

beelman truck company

grossman steel stan musial veterans memorial bridge

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duke manufacturing

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iverfront trail

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metrolink station

proposed metrolink station metrolink line proposed metrolink extension freight train barge route barge stop

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ACTORS OF INNOVATION

DESIGNER aggregated workers on the internet who work in open source settings to test and develop prototypes. Designers meet with the production teams to determine if a product will be industrialized

MACHINIST maintenance, material stocking, post processing, and additional human labor will be the responsibility of the machinist

RESEARCHER responsible for investigating, experimenting with, and implementing new materials and design technologies. Researchers will reside at the facility and work with all actors

PROGRAMMER critical to the fabrication process, programmers work with digital models provided by the designer to bring reality to digital designs

STUDENT local educational facilities have the opportunity to continue classroom education through a partnership with the 3DP facility. Students will work with researchers and designers to innovate

ENTREPRENEUR in order to develop and maintain an operation, entrepreneurs organize and manage the business while engaging clients to distribute 3DP design products

DIY MAKER individuals have an opportunity to access the 3DP prototyping facility during non-business hours. DIY Makers who seek to realize digital design can obtain membership after training sessions.

INVESTOR after the designer meets with the product selection team, investors have an opportunity economically commit to products for profit. Crowd-funding may also be utilized

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3D PRINTING FABRICATION AND RESEARCH FACILITY

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PROGRAM

fabrication + manufacturing

progressive research + education

1 printing warehouse (performance + w/ individual 3dp stations

1 material research laboratory +

space) 30,000 sf (bio, metal, concrete, ceramic, plastic...etc)

2 technology research laboratory + 2 post-processing assembly +

10,000 sf

3 material inventory and stock rooms + 4 shipping center +

3 data center + 5,000 sf

+ 4 event room/gallery space (connecting via rail, truck, and barge infrastructures)

5 robotic control room +

4,000 sf 5 rapid-prototyping facility +

2,000 sf

+ 6 3d scan replication + modification 7 data + business center + 8 department offices +

6 cafe/internet lounge + 7 live/work residency units +

(ecommerce management, designer selection, internet)

+ 8 classrooms (construction, bio/medical, culinary, fashion, defense...etc)

9 mechanical + electrical +

9 outreach/access center + (power, ventilation, breakers...etc)

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cooling facility

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worker locker rooms

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lounge and break room

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barge connection

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freight train connection

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metro link rail connection

***adaptable to upgraded technology ***capable of expansion ***mass-customization ***connection to cortex district via metrolink ***connection to north industrial programs ***educate and innovate the future

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programmatic volume diagram

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techshop

typical techshop maker space (12,000sf)

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amazon + kiva robots

typical amazon fulfillment facility (600,000sf)

attach + migrate

deliver to picker

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program + find

054 programming kiva missions typical amazon fulfillment

facility

(600,000sf)

prototype printers

makerbot replicator

lulzbot taz 3.0

afina h-series

3d systems cube x

up! mini

$2,799

$2,195

$1,599

$2,499

$899

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SHAPEWAYS material limitations

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printing processes

SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING

POLYJET PROTOTYPING

WAX + CAST

Z CORP TECHNOLOGY

FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING

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STEREOLITHOGRAPHY

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DIRECT METAL LASER SINTERING

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robot arm printers While more conventional methods of 3d printing involve the limitations of the build bed + volume, robotic arms are able to scale up manufacturing with more independence. In order to get the same resolution of a print, a scale factor of 8:1 must be applied when considering print time.

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M 24 (8x) M 8 (2x)

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rn vo ont fr in

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6 Passungsl änge fitting length

M 10 (11x)

R 196

16 0

Ø 190

8.5

Ø 200 h8

(=360

15 tief/deep

DIN/ISO-Anbauflansch DIN/ISO-Flange scale 1:5

30°

Ø 100 H7

12x

Ø 10 H7 (1x)

Bei Skalierung beachten Originalmass: 1825mm Caution when scaling original dimension: 1825mm

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125 Lochbild zur Befestigung Hole pattern for mounting scale 1:5

16 Gewindetiefe thread depth

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+REFERENCE 062

acronyms 3DP 3-Dimensional Printing [TM of Massachusetts Institute of Technology] ABS acrylonitrile butydiene styrene plastic ACES Accurate Clear Epoxy Solid [TM of 3D Systems] AM additive manufacturing ADM Advanced Digital Manufacturing [TM of 3D Systems] BPM ballistic particle manufacturing CAD computer-aided design CAE computer-aided engineering CAM computer-aided manufacturing CC contour crafting CMB Controlled Metal Buildup [TM Albrecht Roders GmbH and Fraunhofer Institutes] CNC computer numerical control CSS Cross-Sectional Scanning [TM of CGI, Inc.] CVD chemical vapor deposition DesCAF Design-Controlled Automated Fabrication [TM of Light Sculpting Inc.] DCM Direct Composite Manufacturing [TM of 3D Systems] DLF directed light fabrication [TM of Los Alamos National Laboratory] DMD Direct Metal Deposition [TM of POM Group]; deformable mirror device DMDS Directed Metal Deposition System [TM of Optomec] DMLS Direct Metal Laser Sintering [TM of EOS GmbH] DOD drop on demand dpi dots per inch DPS Direct Photo Shaping [TM of SRI Intâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;l.] DSPC Direct Shell Production Casting [TM of Soligen] [Obsolete, Soligen has gone out of business.] DTM desktop manufacturing EBM Electron Beam Melting [TM Arcam AB] EFAB Electrochemical Fabrication [TM of Microfabrica Inc.] [uses the tradename MICA Freeform for the process] FDC fused deposition of ceramics FDM fused deposition modeling [TM of Stratasys] FFF freeform fabrication FFM freeform manufacturing GARPA Global Alliance of Rapid Prototyping Associations

GPD gas phase deposition IGES Initial Graphic Exchange Specification LAM Laser Additive Manufacturing [TM of AeroMet Corp., Company no longer active.] LCVD laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition LENS Laser Engineered Net Shaping (TM)[Registered trademarks of Sandia National Labs. and Sandia Corp.] LMJP liquid metal jet printing LOM laminated object manufacturing MICE mesoscopic integrated conformal electronics MJM MultiJet Modeling [TM of 3D Systems, Inc.] MJS Multiphase Jet Solidification [TM of Fraunhofer Inst.] MM ModelMaker [TM of Solidscape] MSDM mold shape deposition manufacturing PHAST Prototype Hard And Soft Tooling [TM of Procter and Gamble and Milwaukee School of Engineering] PLT Paper Lamination Technology [TM of Kira Corp.] RBC Robocasting [TM of Sandia National Laboratories] RE reverse engineering RFP rapid freeze prototyping / rapid freezing prototyping RM rapid manufacturing RP rapid prototyping RPML rapid prototyping mailing list RSP rapid solidification process RT rapid tooling RTV room temperature vulcanization SALD selective area laser deposition SALDVI selective area laser deposition vapor infiltration SCS Solid Creation System [TM of Sony/D-MEC] SDM shape deposition manufacturing SFF solid freeform fabrication SGC Solid Ground Curing [TM Cubital] SL stereolithography SLA stereolithography SLM selective laser melting SLS selective laser sintering SOUP Solid Object Ultraviolet Laser Plotter [TM of CMET] STAT Sample Time Acceleration Technology [TM of Catalyst PDG, Inc.] STEP Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data STL stereolithography file format UC ultrasonic consolidation

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materials

PA AL MC HD PR TR

POLYAMIDE Models in polyamide are constructed from a white, very fine, granular powder. The result is a strong, somewhat flexible material that can take small impacts and resist some pressure while being bent. The surface has a sandy, granular look, and is slightly porous.

ALUMIDE Alumide models are constructed from a blend of gray aluminum powder and polyamide, a very fine granular powder. Alumide is a strong, somewhat rigid material that can take small impacts and resist some pressure while being bent. The surface has a sandy, granular look and is slightly porous.

MULTICOLOR Models made out of multicolor are constructed from a fine granular powder. Multicolor is the only material that offers full color models at a good price. We recommend this material for demo models exclusively. The surface has a sandy, granular look.

HIGH DETAIL RESIN Models made out of high detail resin are constructed from a photo polymeric liquid. High detail is ideal for small and/or very finely-detailed visual models. Although the functional use of this material is rather limited, the model will have a smooth surface.

PAINTABLE RESIN Paintable resin is suitable for visual models with limited functionality. The material has a medium mechanical resistance. Models made in this material have a smooth surface. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s possible to get high quality finished models through extra finishing steps. Freedom of design is limited because of the structure necessary to support your models during printing.

TRANSPARENT RESIN Models made out of transparent resin are constructed from a hardened liquid. The material is strong, hard, stiff, water resistant by nature, and of course, transparent. Transparent resin is suited for models needing a good, smooth, quality surface with a transparent look. Therefore, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ideal for demo models, accurate models and models with limited functionality. Freedom of design is limited because of the structure necessary to support your models during printing.

ABS

Models made out of ABS are constructed from a thermoplastic. ABS is very useful for functional applications because it matches 80% of the properties of the real injected production material. ABS models are very accurate and have a intermediate level of printed details. You have a lot of freedom for the design of your model. However, the surface quality of the models is rougher compared to other materials.

TI SS AG PG BR BZ CE

TITANIUM Models made in titanium are printed in titanium powder that is sintered together by a laser to produce end-use metal parts that are as equally good as machined models. 3D printed titanium (unpolished) doesn’t look like the traditional shiny milled titanium. Instead it’s a bit grayer and more matte with a slightly rougher and less defined surface. Models in titanium are very strong, precise and can have feature size as small as 0.25 mm.

STAINLESS STEEL Models made in stainless steel are printed in stainless steel powder that is infused with bronze. Stainless steel is the cheapest form of metal printing, very strong and suitable for very large objects.

SILVER The material is a solid Sterling silver, made of 92.5% pure silver and 7.5% of another metal, usually copper. Sterling silver is a standard alloy for jewelry purposes and is safe to wear on your skin. Silver is a metal with very high electrical and thermal conductivity. It shines bright when polished and is very malleable. The quality of a silver model is comparable to regular jewelry pieces you can find at jewelry stores.

PRIME GRAY Prime Gray is suitable for A-side visual models with limited functionality. The surface of the material is very smooth, much smoother in fact than almost all other 3D printing materials. The color is Air Force Gray and the material feels almost “luxurious” to the touch. The material has a medium mechanical resistance. Freedom of design is limited because of the structure necessary to support your models during printing.

BRASS Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. You probably know it from the many musical instruments that are made out of brass because of its acoustic properties and ductility. It is used in a wide range of applications where people are looking for a more economical replacement for precious metals. Our Brass is plated to have that 18kt gold look and can have the same level of detail as our silver and gold.

BRONZE Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper. Bronze is an affordable material for printing models in metal, strong and used by mankind for ages already. A PU coating can be added and provides extra protection to tarnish

CERAMICS Models made out of ceramics are constructed from alumina silica ceramic powder and sealed with porcelain and silica. The glaze that is applied after printing is a lead free, non-toxic gloss. The material is heat resistant (up to 600°C), recyclable, and currently the only food safe 3D printing material. All of this makes it the perfect material for home decor stuff and table ware, especially when food and beverages get involved.

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materials HIGH DETAILED STAINLESS STEEL

DSS

RL OT BI BM OD CH

High grade stainless steel (316L) delivers a significant level of detail and strength to your model, making it suitable for board game pieces, miniatures, key chains, jewelry, bolts and much more.

RUBBER-LIKE Models in rubber-like are constructed from an off-white, very fine, granular powder. The result is a strong, high-flexible and durable material which is dyed black afterwards. The material is abrasive resitant, shows a limited level of detail, and has a sandy, granular look.

OBJET TANGO FAMILY Objet has also introduced a rubber-like material that is probably the only one of its kind in 3D printing. Although it is not exactly rubber, it shows a lot of similarity to rubber.

BIO-INK Biomedical professionals such as Anthony Atala are researching the use of materials such as bioink. Bio-ink comprises stem cells and cells from a patient, which can be laid down, layer by layer to form a tissue. Human organs such as blood vessels, bladders and kidney portions have been replicated using this technology.

BONE MATERIAL A research team headed by Dr Sushmita Bose from Washington State University printed a bone-like material comprising silicon, calcium phosphate and zinc. This bone-like material was integrated with a section of undeveloped human bone cells. In about a week, growth of new bone was seen along the structure. This new material dissolved eventually and did not harm the patient.

OBJET DIGITAL MATERIAL Objet has transformed the 3D printing world by introducing printers that can make use of several materials at the same time. These multi-jet printers can create fine models offering a range of textures, colors and attributes. These mixtures are referred to by Objet as digital material.

CHOCOLATE Material engineers have devised a way to use chocolate in 3D printers to obtain some delicious treats. With the help of computer-aided manufacturing systems found in 3D printers innovative designs can be developed with this delicious material.

HG CS GL MD FL CO CL

HOT GLUE A common hot glue gun was hooked up by designers to their CAM system and although hot glue may not be significant, the results if any obtained by hobbyists will truly be fascinating.

FULL COLOR SANDSTONE This material enables the production of 3D printed creations with almost any color. Fine designs for action figures, architecture and character models are becoming highly popular with this material. It is even possible to print the human face on sandstone through 3D printing and the results are not that bad.

GLASS Ground up glass powder is spread layer by layer, bonded with adhesive spray then baked resulting in 3D printed glass product.

MEDICATION Engineers and doctors are working together to create 3D-printed medication. Medication need not be always purchased from pharmacies, the days are not far away when they can be printed!!

FLESH-LIKE SKIN Similar to bio-ink, 3D printers can help in skin regeneration. This could bring about a change in how patients receive treatment. If this technology truly develops, the potential for regenerative medical application will be tremendous.

CONCRETE Utilizing extrusion processes, a hybridized concrete mixture is able to be printed. Reinforced concrete material with compressive strength more than three times that of conventional concrete (10,000 psi, versus 3,000 psi for batch-produced concrete typically used in construction)

CLAY Similar to the hybrid material of concrete, clay is able to be 3D printed. material is strong and durable for load bearing applications.

Structurally, the clay 068

materials PLA

PLA

polylactic acid – Is available in soft and hard grades, is becoming very popular and may overtake ABS in the near future

PVA

PC SP ?

polyvinyl alcohol – This is used as a dissolvable support material or for special applications.

PC polycarbonate – Polycarbonate requires high-temperature nozzle design and is in the proof-ofconcept stage.

SOFT PLA polylactic acid – Is rubbery and flexible, available in limited colors and sources. As 3D printing spreads, may get easy to find.

TO BE EXPANDED...

FINISHES ***EACH MATERIAL HAS ITS OWN FINISHING OPTIONS (90+ ALTERNATIVES)

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processes MATERIAL EXTRUSION

a nozzle extrudes a semi-liquid material to build up successive object layers

VAT PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION

a laser or other light source solidified successive object layers on the surface or base of a vet of liquid photopolymer

MATERIAL JETTING

a print head sprays a liquid that is either set solid with UV light, or which solidifies on contact

BINDER JETTING

a print head selectively sprays a binder onto successive layers of powder

POWDER BED FUSION

a laser or other heat source selectively fuses successive layers of powder

DIRECTED ENERGY DEPOSITION

a laser of other heat source fuses a powdered build material as it is being deposited

SHEET LAMINATION

sheets pf cut paper, plastic, or metal are stuck together

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additional tools for makers *as suggested by mark hatch, ceo techshop

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laser cutters cnc milling machines manual milling machines with digital readouts manual lathe with digital readouts 3d scanner cnc waterjet cutter (4x8 foot) vacuum forming system heat strip bending system injection molding system commercial grade sewing machines overstock sewing machine (also known as a serger) quilting machine (preferably cnc) computer-controlled vinyl cutter powder coating system (and large oven) mig (metal inert gas) welders tig (tungsten inert gas) welders hand held plasma cutter sheet metal spot welder sheet metal brake (16 gauge x 50 inch) rotary sheet metal punch sheet metal corner notcher english wheel and planishing hammer sheet metal shear (6 guage x 50 inch) sheet metal roller (16 gauge x 50 inch) sandblast cabinet metal grinders and sandblasters metal chop saw metal horizontal band saw metal vertical band saw electronic testing and soldering equipment large format color printer shopbot cnc wood router saw (4 x 8 foot) panel saw wood planer wood joiner wood band saw wood sanders

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wood scroll saws wood lathe drill presses granite surface plate with digital height guages compressed air throughout shop compressed air hand tools 30 or more design computers 30 or more copies of or licenses for autodesk inventor, maya, 3d max, 123d make, autocad 30 or more copies of or licenses for adobe illustrator, photoshop, acrobat 30 or more copies of or licenses for national instruments labview prof. development syst. 8 or more national instruments multifunctional data acquisition devices member storage private studios for rent meeting rooms and/or classrooms 12 large work tables wifi and internet access retail store free coffee and popcorn

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sources Rifkin, Jeremy. The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Brick by Chance and Fortune.â&#x20AC;? IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2015. Kirkwood, Niall. Manufactured Sites: Rethinking the Post-industrial Landscape. London: Spon, 2001. Print. Oswalt, Philipp. Shrinking Cities. International Research. OstfildernRuit: Hatje Cantz, 2005. Print. Oswalt, Philipp. Shrinking Cities. interventions, Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz, 2005. Print. Wagner, Fritz W. Revitalizing the City: Strategies to Contain Sprawl and Revive the Core. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. Print. Boom, Nienke Van., and Hans Mommaas. Comeback Cities: Transformation Strategies for Former Industrial Cities. Rotterdam: NAi, 2009. Print. Calthorpe, Peter. Urbanism in the Age of Climate Change. Washington, DC: Island, 2011. Print. Awan, Nishat, Tatjana Schneider, and Jeremy Till. Spatial Agency: Other Ways of Doing Architecture. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011. Print. Ryan, Brent D. Design after Decline: How America Rebuilds Shrinking Cities. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 2012. Print. Berger, Alan. Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2006. Print. Hatch, Mark. The Maker Movement Manifesto: Rules for Innovation in the New World of Crafters, Hackers, and Tinkerers. Print. Anderson, Chris. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Business, 2012. Print. Lipson, Hod, and Melba Kurman. Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing. Barnatt, Christopher. 3D Printing: The next Industrial Revolution. Nottingham, England?: ExplainingTheFuture.com, 2013. Print.

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