luxury casino CAPSTONE RESEARCH FALL SEMESTER 2015
NANCIE GIARDINA
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luxury casino CAPSTONE RESEARCH FALL SEMESTER 2015
NANCIE GIARDINA
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dedications: A SPECIAL THANKS TO:
- SOSH Architects and Interiors in Atlantic City for helping me expand my
knowledge and passion for design.
- Alex Messinger for opening my eyes to all the possibilites, believing in my talents as a
designer, and always putting a smile on my face.
- My family and friends for supporting me every step of the way.
AND A VERY SPECIAL THANKS TO:
ALL FACULTY MEMBERS OF THE PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE
INTERIOR DESIGN PROGRAM FOR GIVING ME THE TOOLS TO BUILD A SUCCESSFUL
FUTURE!
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contents: 1. Introduction 8 - 17 2. Historyography & Global Contemporary Context
18 - 27
3. Case Studies 28 - 81 4. Erogonomics & Technical Criteria
82 - 99
5, Topical Explorations 100 - 111 6. Existing Site, Context, Climate, & Zoning
112 - 121
7. Program Development 122 - 129 8. Building Analysis & Codes 130 - 139 9. Conclusion 140 - 145 10. Appendix & Capstone Committee
146 - 153
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introduction 9
SECTION 1
Figure 1 - The Lincoln Center, NYC
a time for change
Figure 2 - Government Center, Boston
During President Barack Obama’s first term, the federal government accumulated more debt than it did under the first 42 U.S presidents combined. If one started paying off just the new debt that the U.S. has accumulated during the Obama administration at the rate of one dollar per second, it would take more than 184,000 years to pay it off . As a result, in 2013 57% of the American population was left jobless and living in poverty. The city of Philadelphia alone has contributed to 7.4% of this statistic . During a similar incident after World War II, urban poverty was a top priority on the U.S. domestic 10
Figure 3 - The Charles Center, Baltimore
agenda, and the idea of “urban renewal� was promoted as a way to halt the declining effects of the economy. This concept of urban renewal allowed major funding for cities to buy land through lawful authority, effectively forcing owners to sell private properties for public use. By the time the program ended, 2,100 projects across the country including the Lincoln Center in New York City, Government Center in Boston, and Charles Center in Baltimore (fig. 1-3) had received the equivalent of 53 billion dollars in 2009 . Other venues that became increasingly popular were gaming venues such as casinos. According to an Arthur Andersen study released in 2015, the gaming industry has been
INTRODUCTION
responsible for a dramatic increase in new jobs and higher wages, especially among minorities and women, in three regions where gaming has been introduced in the last several years. The introduction of casinos has also led to growth in retail sales, commercial and new housing construction and restaurants .
why a casino?
Although gambling is often given a negative connotation, this particular project aims to improve the community as a whole while giving back to its residents and improving its amenities. A demographic study done in 2015 displays that 7,951 of the 33,130 residents residing in the Fishtown district of Philadelphia currently live
Figure 4 - Greektown Casino, Detroit
in poverty. The same study also presents the knowledge that the crime rate is above the national average . In 1997 similar studies were conducted in Detroit and New Orleans but demonstrated how the implementation of new casino development rejuvenated the area. The selected case studies (figs. 4-5) have indicated that due to the high tax rates and new job openings from the casinos, the distressed urban areas benefited immensely from improved amenities and new job opportunities . Not only does this design aim to improve the community through urban renewal, it will also serve as a space that promotes social interaction between gamblers and the surrounding environment which in return will help reduce rates of
Figure 5 - Harrah’s Casino, New Orleans
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SECTION 1
Figure 6 - Case Study 4 (Crown Casino)
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Figure 7 - Case Study 1 (The Borgata Hotel, Casino & Spa)
gambling addiction. A 2015 study conducted by the University of New York found that five out of every one hundred gamblers, struggle with gambling addictions and the leading factor for their addictions all have a common connection to stress . Promoting a more social gaming environment that encourages human interaction as well and connections to the outside environment will help reduce gaming addictions, while including a variety of venues such as bars, restaurants, and nightclubs will provide the perfect escape from the stresses of everyday life.
inspirational sources For this project it is vital to conduct research on the psychology associated with casino design and development. The methods that will be utilized during the research process will include a variety of approaches such as interviews, personal utilization of the space, book research, and internet research. Case studies (figs. 6-7) will serve as useful examples of how casinos can mitigate stress and economic concerns, while book and internet sources will also help address any code compliance issues.
INTRODUCTION
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SECTION 1
the designer’s role In this instance it will be the designer’s job to make sure that the design meets code compliance standards while taking into consideration the needs of the client and users. In order to do this, clear communication must be established between the client and designer. It is also key for the design to address psychological issues through specific design elements such as lighting, materiality, and overall space planning. In 2009 British psychologist Mark Griffiths conducted a study and asked 56 volunteers to play roulette, creating different combinations of music and lighting. A combo of red lights and fast-tempo music made people bet at a faster pace than the white lights and no music or slow music, probably because it matched gamblers’ images of a “sexy, high-stakes casino” .
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Figure 8 - Casino Occupancy
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a “green” approach
An essential facet of design that is rarely distinguished in gaming venues is sustainability. Due to the extremely high costs that it takes just to propose a casino, owners try to cut costs where ever possible. Unfortunately the first expenses to get crossed of the list are the sustainable ones. It is important to address topics related to sustainability while designing because this will potentially drive competiveness within the industry and it could be what sets this particular design apart from other venues of its kind not just locally but globally. This will be an adaptive reuse project and will express sustainability through the use of alternative energy sources and material palettes. Alternative energy sources will be increasingly important due to the high concentration of people in a single
INTRODUCTION
environment (fig. 8). Majority gaming venues operate on a 24 hour schedule which requires up to five times the amount of energy per square foot as a large hospital . The sustainability factor will also create a connection to the outside environment which will devise an uplifting atmosphere for guests and break the typical windowless box design approach.
clientele
Steve Wynn, CEO of Wynn Resorts Ltd. (fig. 10), will be the client for this project. After opening seven luxury casino hotels of his own in locations such as Las Vegas and Atlantic City, he would like to expand his empire into to the Philadelphia region. For this design he has requested
Figure 10 - Steve Wynn
a venue that appeals to an upper-middle class demographic in hopes of improving the regions overall demographic. He also would like a new innovative space that incorporates environmentally sustainable aspects to promote social interactions between guest and their environment, which will set this casino apart from all of his other designs. Another concern the client would like to address is giving back to the community. He would like to set up a specific program that gives back to local school districts and public transportation systems. His final request is that the rich and glamorous history of Philadelphia during the Art Deco era (fig. 11) is expressed in this design to give it a sophisticated and luxurious atmosphere.
Figure 11 - Philadelphia’s expression of “Art Deco”
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works cited 1. “Site Evaluation and Casino Design: Section 2.” The Philadelphia Gaming Advisory Task Force. Web. 25 Jul. 2015. (42- 84). 2. “Fishtown-Demographics.” Point Homes. 2015. Web. Aug. 28. 2015 3. “Fact Sheet on Stress.” National Institute of Mental Health. www.usa.gov. Web. 29 Aug. 2015. http://www.nimh.nih. gov/hea lth/publications/stress/ index. shtml. 4. Cornett, Kaylia. “The Psychology Behind Casino Design.” www.timeout.com. Web. 23 Aug. 2011. Accessed: 10 Jul, 2015. http://www.timeout.com/chicago/things-to-do/the-psychology-behind-casino-design 5. “Hunger and Poverty Fact Sheet.” Feeding America. Web. Aug. 2015. Accessed: 30 Aug. 2015. http://www. feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/impact-of-hunger/hunger-and-poverty/hunger-and-poverty-fact sheet. html?referrer =https://www.google.com/. 6. Burns, Malinda. “Urban Renewal’s Records Show it Wasn’t all Bad.” www.psmag.com. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. Accessed:30 Aug. 2015. http://www.psmag.com/business-economics/urban-renewals-record-shows-it-wasnt-all-bad-39154. 1-3. 7. “Study Reveals Positive Economical and Social Benefits of Casino Gambling in New Jurisdictions.” American Gaming Association. www.americangaming.org. Web. 7 May 1997. Accessed: 30 Aug 2015. 1-2. 8. “Casino & Gaming Research Breif.” Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. www,sasb.org. Web. Dec. 2014. Accessed: 30 Aug. 2015. 1-24. http://www.sasb.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/SV0202_Casino_ Brief.pdf. 9. Snyder, Michael. “40 Statistics About the Fall of the U.S Economy that are Almost too Crazy to Believe.” Theeconomiccollapseblog.com. Web. 26 May 2013. Accessed: 30 Aug. 2015. 1-2.
image sources Opening Image - http://www.jtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/casino_cards.jpg Figure 1 - http://www.newsong-music.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/lincoln_center3.jpg FIgure 2 - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/2007_Government_Center_Boston_872059350.jpg Figure 3 - http://www.roadstothefuture.com/Charles_Center_Sta_Mezz_E.jpg Figure 4 - http://farzinphoto.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/IMG_5456_HDR.jpg Figure 5 - http://static.wixstatic.com/media/2300d6_3098ded38ec4ef0fadf8a1f13c96181a.jpg_1024 Figure 6 - http://www.etravelblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/crown.jpg Figure 7 - http://out.theborgata.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/bobbyflay-500x300.jpg Full Page Image Figure 8 - http://www.macaubusiness.com/saveupfile/2012_06/Gaming-casino-player-people-e1339393212111.jpg Image 9 - http://www.aiche.org/sites/default/files/styles/aiche_content/public/images/page/lead/global_sustainabili ty-green-integration.png?itok=NBnwui3a Figure 10 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wynn#/media/File:Steve_Wynn_Portrait.jpg Figure 11 - http://skift.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/philly2.jpg End Image - http://static1.squarespace.com/static/535b2b92e4b0317988a93cd8/t/555245cbe4b0c d883466272c/1431455207632/SLS+Las+Vegas+casino+interior+decor.
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historiography & global contemporary context 19
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Figure 1
what’s it all about?
Gambling is a topic that has gone from being associated with immorality, criminal behavior, deterioration, and exploitation to its current position as a socially acceptable form of entertainment. Its origins date back to the lifestyle of the hunter-gatherers whose behaviors were predicted strictly on risk1. As
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time progressed and new technologies began to surface, newer civilization developed a fascination with the ideas of luck and chance. Today with such procreation and acceptance of gambling, it is becoming a substantial public health issue. According to a study conducted
Figure 2
by The National Council on Problem Gambling, 4-6% of the American population suffers from gambling addiction2. Despite the fact that a growing mass of people are struggling with problem gambling, it may not be entirely their fault. Designers who specialize in entertainment and game design use tactics such as space planning, lighting design, and stimulating visuals, to create psychological incentives and influence gamers to spend every last penny3. This section will address the history of gambling and how its culture and design have played significant roles in the development of modern day casinos.
HISTORIOGRAPHY & GLOBAL CONTEXT
ancient origins Gambling is a universal phenomenon that has occurred in nearly all cultures since the beginning of time4. Records indicate that the first signs of gambling took place around 2300 B.C in China. During this time Kings would gather and play games of luck and chance to divide up territories5. This idea soon became relevant in other cultures including ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece. In the seventh century B.C, the earliest form of dice also known as “kuboi” were invented in the Grecian mainland. The term “dicing” was later invented and used to let gamers know that they were
Figure 3
playing for high stakes but due to the fact that dice were predominantly found in places such as the acropolis, sanctuaries, and tombs, Greeks believed dice obtained supernatural powers6. Over time this type of game play became something that was frowned upon by various religions, but regions that relied heavily on gambling such as China and the Roman Empire, implemented systems that were intended to control and regulate gaming. Popular games that are played in casinos today such as Keno, Blackjack, and Roulette all route back to European and Asian countries such as China, Spain, and France7.
Figure 4
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the casino revolution
Controlled gaming environments such as casinos became relevant in the sixteenth century when gambling became more of a social event. The invention of mercantile gambling provided a way to legally make a living from gambling by running houses where it was permitted. Controlled gaming houses also altered the rules of traditional casino games. They were simplified and game durations were shortened8. In 1638 Ridotto, the first controlled gaming venue was set up in Venice, Italy during the festival of Carnival9. From 1650-1800 gambling occupied a place in European society much greater than ever before, but it wasn’t until 1841
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Figure 5
when the idea of casinos really picked up9. In 1848 two French men, Francois and Louis Blanc, created the first prototype of a luxury casino in Bad Homburg, Germany which would soon become the basic model for the Monte Carlo Casino in Monaco that still operates today. The Monte Carlo is often known as “the Mother of Monte Carlo� and was designed for Princess Caroline of Monaco10. The main building dates back to 1863 and was pieced together like a puzzle to meet client requirements. The interior features allegorical paintings and frescoes that are inspired by the seasons and the picturesque nature of Monaco. It also has a total of eight chandeliers weighing in at about three hundred and thirty pounds11.
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SECTION 2
What is Life if Not a Gamble?
-F.E Higgins viva las vegas
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In America controlled gaming environments began in saloons in the nineteenth century. Gambling was heavily frowned upon in the United States; therefore it was outlawed on a state-by-state basis12. In 1931 Nevada was the first state to legalize gambling. This decision along with the construction of the Hoover Dam gave rise to the gambling capital of the world, Las Vegas. The city of Las Vegas was founded by ranchers and railroad workers in the 1930’s. A decade after, money from drugs and racketeering built casinos and was laundered within them. 1941 saw the opening of El Rancho, the first casino resort, on what was later to be known as the “Las Vegas Strip.” The design aesthetic for casinos during this time was centered on the idea of Old Western culture, promoting a saloon like atmosphere representative of where gambling first began
in the United States. By 1946 this aesthetic was shifted when Mobster Bugsy Seigel was backed by Meyer Lansky an East Coast Jewish Gangster, to open the Flamingo13. The Flamingo was an elegant resort that embodied the glamorized spirits of Hollywood and booked only the hottest celebrities of the time to perform at its venues. Celebrity guests included stars such as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Elvis Presley. After Seigel’s death in 1947, his vision for Las Vegas lived on. During the 50’s and 60’s Mobsters provided funding for all up and coming casinos such as the New Frontier, Sahara Resort, and the Riviera. Moving forward in 1989 design inspiration for the city had changed yet again when casino developer Steve Wynn opened the Mirage, Las Vegas’ first “Mega Resort.” In order to make room for the new mega resorts, old casinos were demolished and the new
HISTORIOGRAPHY & GLOBAL CONTEXT
massive complexes took aesthetic cues from around the world. Places such as ancient Rome, Paris, Venice, Egypt, and New York served as the new inspiration in 1989 and has carried through to present day. Even in 2008 as residents and visitors faced problems such as the recession, rising unemployment, and the housing market collapsing, the city still managed to pull in nearly forty million visitors14.
an east coast empire The next location that legalized gambling in 1974 which made it the gambling capital of the east was Atlantic City. On November 5, 1974 the first issue of casino gambling appeared on ballads for New Jersey voters. The affair was almost dismissed after the votes had been counted due to the fact that 60% of voters rejected the idea. Two years later on November 2, 1976, the state legislation proposed a revised referendum that limited gambling strictly to the limits of Atlantic City15. The results were almost split 50/50 with 1.5 million for legalized gaming and 1.4 million against it. Needless to say the first casino, Resorts International opened on May 26, 1978. From a design standpoint, the aesthetic of Atlantic City casinos, like Las Vegas,
gain inspiration from various locations around the world. Casinos such as Bally’s, the Borgata Casino Resort and Spa, Caesars Palace, and Resorts International all express their own interpretations of places such as the American wild west, the Tuscan region of Italy, ancient Rome, and Roaring twenties era of New York City. After the economy took a dive in 2007 this gambling capital saw a slight decline in revenue but in 2013 gamblers began to repopulate the city and casinos reported gross revenue of $2.6
Fun Fact... Did you know that gambling takes on a language all of its own? Here are few of the terms gamblers used to use when they hit the casino floor17. Load Up - playing max coins/spin at slots machines Overlay - a player advantage bet Buck - a $100 bet High Roller - Big time bettor Juice - Commission received by the house Mechanic - Dice/card cheat who utilizes sleight of hand while playing Nickel - A bet of $500 Dime - A bet of $1,000
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work cited
1. David Shwartz, Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling (New York: Gothic Books 2006), pg. 6. 2. “Gambling Addiction Facts and Stats,” last modified July 23, 2015, http://www.livestrong.com/article/119442-gambling-addictionstats/ 3. “Psychological Aspects of Gambling Addiction,” last modified 2015, http://www. chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide. html 4. Schwartz, Roll the Bones, pg. 5. 5. “Gambling Through the Ages: The History of Gambling,” last modified 2015. http://www.gambling.net/history/. 6. Schwartz, Roll the Bones, pg. 24. 7. “Gambling Through the Ages: The History of Gambling,” last modified 2015. http://www.gambling.net/history/. 8. Schwartz, Roll the Bones, pg. 94. 9. Schwartz, Roll the Bones, pg. 96. 10. “Gambling Through the Ages: The History of Gambling,” last modified 2015. http://www.gambling.net/history/. 11. “History of the Casino de Monte-Carlo,” last modified 2015, http://www.casinodemonaco.com/History-of-the-Casino-de-Monte. html 12. “Las Vegas”, last modified 2009, www.history.com/topics/las-vegas. 13. “Las Vegas”, last modified 2009, www.history.com/topics/las-vegas. 14. “History of Casino Gambling in Atlantic City,” last modified 2015, www.atlanticcityfreepubliclibrary.org 15. “History of Casino Gambling in Atlantic City,” last modified 2015, www.atlanticcityfreepubliclibrary.org 16. “History of Casino Gambling in Atlantic City,” last modified 2015, www.atlanticcityfreepubliclibrary.org 17. “Casino Terms Lingo & Jargon at Gamerisms,” last modified 2015, http://www.gamerisms.com/casino-terms.html.
image sources
First Page Image - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Pompeii_-_Osteria_della_Via_di_Mercurio_-_Dice_Players. jpg Figure 1 - http://www.extravaganzi.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Casino5.jpg Figure 2 - http://www.businesspundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/gambling.jpg Figure 3 - http://www.bellomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/casino-monte-carlo-monaco1.jpg Figure 4 - http://pokerfuse.com/site_media/media/uploads/news/gamblers.png Figure 5 - http://all4desktop.com/data_images/original/4178175-venetian-resort-hotel-casino-las-vegas.jpg Figure 6 - http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6ZtxO1px5Nw/TxQTt8FH1tI/AAAAAAAAAeo/qACaLWpF2wg/s1600/shutterstock_64348081.jpeg End Image - http://leisuregrouptravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Wheel.jpg
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case studies Visited: Borgata Hotel, Casino & Spa (Atlantic City, NJ) Parx Casino (Bensalen, PA)
Researched: The Bellagio (Las Vegas, NV) Crown Casino (Melbourne, Australia) 29
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case study
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BORGATA HOTEL, CASINO & SPA Where: Atlantic City, New Jersey Size: 4,283,000 Square Feet (43 floors) Architects: Cope Linder / BLT Architects Interior Designers: Laurence Lee Associates Client: MGM Mirage & Boyd Entertainment Completed: July 2003 31
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Figure 1 - Site Plan
context In July of 2003 Atlantic City saw the opening of its newest mega-resort, the Borgata Casino Resort and Spa. Designed by Cope Linder Architects with Laurence Lee Associates performing as the lead interior design team, this massive 4,000,000 square foot casino is one of many1, but what sets this particular venue apart from its surrounding competitors is its contemporary interpretation of a European-style atmosphere and its location. Located on the island of Renaissance Point in the Marina District of Atlantic City (Fig. 1), it offers an abundance of on-site amenities as well as easy access to surrounding attractions 32
Fig. 1 Figure 2 - Casino Floor
for visitors who are looking to explore. Also with such close proximity to Atlantic City beaches its 2,002 contemporary luxury suites provide guests with 360 degree views of alluring vistas. The Borgata is made up of two towers. The hotel tower which is 43-stories in total, houses the gaming floor, 2,002 guest suites and 90% of the on-site amenities such as nightclubs, restaurants, and entertainment venues. Adjacent to this tower is the Water Club. At 32-stories high this tower features two luxurious indoor pools connected with 800 more guest suites. For overall project purposes this case study will only be examining the casino portion of the hotel tower.
CASE STUDIES
environmental influences Being classified as a subtropical region2, the moist environment from the salty sea air has influenced countless design decisions, the most important being materiality. The exterior of the building is made up of exterior panels that transition from gold in the day time to purple at night. On average, Atlantic City reaches 82 degrees Fahrenheit during the summer season, while drastically dropping to about 22 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter. Due to such dramatic climate change the Borgata relies heavily on its 161,000-square-foot casino floor and on-site attractions such as its world class spa (fig. 3), signature restaurants (figs. 23-24),
Figure 3 - Spa Toccare
and upbeatnightclubs (fig. 4) to keep guests entertained and revenue high during the colder seasons.
construction phase
In 2001 when Cope Linder began master planning for the site with a budget of $1.1 billion dollars, the ultimate goal was to shape the site to accommodate the complex access and services function behind the scenes while setting the stage for a dramatic and exciting user experience out front. The same idea was transferred over into the overall space planning of the interior. In order for the interior to achieve a sense of cohesion with the exterior, the program was divided up into several different
Figure 4 - Mixx Nightclub
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Figure 5 - Typical Poker Table
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zones (fig. 8). These zones include dining, shopping, spa, nightlife, entertainment, lodging, back of house and the casino floor which all add up to the overall total of about 4,000,000 square feet. Circulation also plays an important role of how these zones are approached. Since the design follows the “playground” approach, pathways for guests are made apparent through a change in flooring material and clearly defined signage (Fig. 6). As seen in figure 5, all zones are placed sporadically around the casino floor. This is so the user has a constant view of the gaming floor and will be more prone to spend money.
Figure 6 - Typical Slot Stools
material Due to the amount of high traffic areas and twenty-four hours of operation, the materials and finishes in this space must be extremely durable and adhere to all fire and safety codes. Not only should they be durable, but also aesthetically pleasing to achieve the design team’s vision for a European-style atmosphere. Predominant materials and finishes found onsite differ depending upon the function of the space, but since the casino floor is the main focus, its material palette sets the tone
CASE STUDIES
for the surrounding venues. Materials that can be found here include axminster carpeting, marble tile, vinyl upholstery, vinyl wall covering, wood paneling, and wall paint. Majority of these materials contain neutral tones due to the high intensity colors that are projected from the slot machines and flashy signage, but still accentuate a sense of sophistication from the various textures and patterns they provide (fig. 2,3 & 4). The materials and finishes of the venues surrounding the casino floor vary depending on theFig. theme of 3 the space, but there is a correlation that can be found in their contents. For example, the spaces that serve food and or beverages use fabrics that
Figure 7 - Cashier Station
contain synthetic fibers because they obtain properties that make them easy to clean. They also have a high tolerance for abrasion.
ff+e Just like the materials and finishes, the furniture, fixtures, and equipment in the space are simple, but it is the way the designer dresses them up that makes them unique and authentic. Specialty FF&E that is unique specifically to casino environments include items such as slot stools, slot machines, game tables, and cash-out kiosks.
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SECTION 3 Casino Floor Pool & Spa
Artificial Natural
Theaters Dining Shopping Nightlife Office/Cage Parking
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Fig. 8 - Main Floor Layout
Fig. 9- Natural vs. Artificial Lighting
Fig. 10 - Primary Circulation for Users
Fig. 11 - Hierarchy of Spaces
CASE STUDIES
Approx Square Footage
Total Percentage
Gaming Area
161,000
20%
Pool & Spa
54,000
12%
Retail
8,000
7%
Dining
22,000
12%
Nightlife
4,000
6%
Theaters
8,400
4%
Office/Admin/Cage
5,000
5%
N/A
Public Circulation
15,000
8%
N/A
BOH/ Egress Circulation
1,000
2%
N/A
Service Areas
20,500
10%
N/A
Elevators
500
1%
N/A
Bathrooms
2,500
4%
N/A
Theater Lobby
1,200
1%
125,000
20%
Color
Space
Parking
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SECTION 3
Figures 12-18 - Interior Lighting
lighting Lighting plays a vital role in the design of this space because it has a significant impact on human behavior. Entering the Borgata one is greeted by a massive glass faรงade that provides large quantities of natural daylight (figs. 12-18). This light is quickly diffused as one leaves the entry lobby and heads further back into the facility. The rest of the building has little to no windows and uses dim artificial lighting projected by sculptural glass-blown, chandeliers (fig.12-18). The dim lit atmosphere creates a 38
comfortable and relaxing environment that makes guests feel at ease which means they are more likely to spend greater amounts of money
decor The art and decorative elements included in this mega-resort are fun and outrageous. Large sculptural components are used to guide guests into the many different venues. There are also many eye catching graphics that create a sense of curiosity which also helps draw guests in. Most of these graphics are placed in high energy zones such as bars and nightclubs.
CASE STUDIES
survey During an interview with Terry Sandland, head of design and construction for the Borgata Hotel, Casino Resort and Spa, more information concerning the construction phase of the project was revealed. According to Sandland, the overall construction phase of the resort was “a designers dream.” Everything went according to schedule, the only problem designers encountered was having to swap out a few materials because they did not fit the budget or were out of stock. Sandland also revealed that the Borgata has undergone multiple interior renovations since its opening. These renovations include additions such as
Figures 19-20 - Material Application
“The Borgata Baking Company,” (fig.8 & 9) a small bakery located in the market place and feature restaurants such as Wolfgang Pucks American Grille, and Bobby Flay Stake House (fig. 11).
evaluation Although the Borgata brings in the highest revenue out of all Atlantic City Casinos, it also exemplifies negative aspects that I would like to stay away from while designing my casino. For example, I believe that the idea of not allowing natural daylight onto the casino floor is a problem. In fact, this is one aspect that I would like to incorporate into my design because it
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Figure 21 - Finishes for Back of House
will help guests interact with the site and make gambling more of an exciting social experience. I want to expose guests to natural lighting because it will make pressing that button on the slot machine feel a lot less robotic. Another problem I found was with the shift between zones. During a specific point I noticed that the transition from the front of house facilities to the back of house facilities was confusing and a little bit dangerous. It was dangerous because one of the doors swung straight into the circulation path and when opened someone could have easily been injured. When I asked my tour guide about this issue they said designers placed the 40
Figure 22 - Finishes for Back of House
door there because they believed it was a door that was not going to be used too frequently if even at all. If the designers did not think that the door was going to be used it made me wonder why they even bothered to put the door there at all. This aspect demonstrates to me how important it is to make my design transition smoothly. These two points are really only the two negative points that I have about the space. Although the transition of spaced did not work too well, the way they were divided was smart. While walking through the space I felt like I was walking a never ending loop, but strangely enough I did not mind because the
CASE STUDIES
scenery was so spectacular and had stimulating visuals that made me lose sense of my journey. Not once while walking would I have guessed that the backs of house facilities were placed directly behind each venue in another big loop. This strong division of public and private spaces is one I would like to incorporate into my design. Other than that I felt that all the materials and finishes worked together and achieved the
Figure 23 - Bobby Flay’s Stakehouse
appropriate style and were kept in remarkable condition for having to deal with such a great deal of wear and tear. The only region where the materials appeared really worn out were the back of house facilities, but this is an area that cannot be seen by the general public so it does not matter. The color palette of the main facilities worked really well together and demonstrated a strong sense of cohesion. They transitioned smoothly yet still let guests know that each zone had its own identity. I loved how the decorative elements enclosed each space which gave individual venues a special feeling of exclusivity and made guests who entered feel like they were top priority. Even the staff looked like they were playing the part because each different employee position had a coordinating outfit that played into the theme of the design.
“The details are not the details, they make the design.� -Charles Eames Figure 24 - B Bar
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work cited
1. “Borgata Atlantic City,” last modified 2015, http://www.atlanticcitynj.com/explore/casinos/borgata/. 2. “Atlantic City, NJ Climate and Temperature,” last modified 2015, http://www.atlantic-city.climatemps
image sources
Introduction Image - http://www.wgyates.com/wp-content/gallery/borgota/borgota-pictures-046.jpg Figure 1 - http://www.googlemaps.com FIgure 2 - http://media2.s-nbcnews.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/070413/070413_borgata_bcol_12p.grid-6x2.jpg Figure 3 - http://cdn.spafinder.com/2011/01/Spa-Toccare2.jpg Figure 4 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015. Figure 5 - Nancie GIardina, August 21, 2015. Figure 6 - Nancie GIardina, August 21, 2015. Figure 7 - Nancie GIardina, August 21, 2015. Figure 8 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015. Figure 9 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015. Figure 10 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015. Figure 11 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015. Figure 12 - http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3t75pVLTc3E/UP73REdm9CI/AAAAAAAABy4/wVKusmzYlFI/s1600/DSCN2442.JPG Figure 13 - http://lightingdesignalliance.com/project_images/borgata002.jpg Figure 14 - http://lightingdesignalliance.com/project_images/borgata001.jpg Figure 15 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/a4/17/6e/a4176e7a7ed450015ee77c23f7589ff2.jpg Figure 16 - https://scontent.cdninstagram.com/hphotos-xaf1/t51.2885-15/s320x320/e35/11373552_718444111617177_161334859_n.jpg Figure 17 - http://www.atlanticcitynj.com/stories/photos/395.jpg Figure 18 - http://www.clubsystemsinternational.com/year_archive.html/2006/aug06/images/places03.jpg Figure 19 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015 Figure 20 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015 Figure 21 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015 Figure 22 - Nancie GIardina, August 7, 2015 Figure 23 - https://www.theborgata.com/~/media/Borgata/Dining/Fine_dining/landing-page-images/BobbyFlaySteak.ashx Figure 24 - http://www.wgyates.com/wp-content/gallery/borgota/borgata2.jpg End Image - http://c1038.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/group5/building42349/media/jqrk_18borgatagypsybar.jpg
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case study
2
Parx Casino Where: Bensalem, Pennsylvania Size: 540,000 Square Feet (1 Level, 2 Buildings) Architect: Friedmutter Group Client: Greenwood Gaming Completed: 2010
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Figure 1 - Site Map
context Coming in at just over 540,000 square feet, Parx Casino located on the flat, rural area of Bensalem, Pennsylvania, is one America’s smaller gaming venues (Fig. 1). Unlike other casinos built during its opening in 2010, Parx is not a mega-resort which means it does not provide lodging for guests. However, this venue has the geographical advantage of being located near Center City, Philadelphia, a major metropolitan area, as well as having quick access to major highways leading to heavily populated areas of nearby states. This facility also draws visitors from all across Pennsylvania, as well New Jersey and New York. This prime location has helped Parx 46
Figure 2 - Exterior Signage
become one of the top revenue generating casinos in the state1. Although the venue does not include lodging on-site, it provides guests with an abundance of alternative options which allow them to enjoy the exceptional amenities at Parx Casino 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and due to such a high volume of commuter traffic, the facility offers free parking for up to 5,000 cars.
environmental influences Bensalem, Pennsylvania is considered a subtropical region which means it experiences all four season. In the summer months it experiences peak temperatures of 83 degrees Fahrenheit,
CASE STUDIES
while in the winter months temperatures only average out at about 38 degrees Fahrenheit2. As a result of being located in a rural, subtropical environment with very little scenery, the designers had to incorporate amenities such as bars, nightclubs, and dining to keep guest occupied for long periods of time which in return keeps revenue high. The climate has also influenced the choice of building materiality. Considering the range in temperatures year round, architects selected building materials such as steel and concrete (Fig. 2) that posses the properties to expand and contract with changing of seasons. These materials also help express the upscale, European flair that the casino strives to achieve (fig. 3).
Figure 3 - Interior Aesthetic (main gaming space)
construction phase
Parx Casino is broken up into two separate buildings, Parx Casino and Parx East. Parx East is 280,000 square foot expansion of Parx Casino and houses the state-of–the-art private poker room and is also home to the world famous Parx Racing. For project purposes this case study will only be examining Parx Casino. In 2006 when construction began the architect and interior design firm of record, the Friedmutter Group, designed Parx Casino with a budget of $120 million. The scope of the project included a 165,000 square foot gaming facility including a high limit and slot lounge, 8 high end and casual restaurants, 3 feature bars, and 1 entertainment
Figure 4 - Interior Aesthetic (high-limit poker)
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lounge. The overall concept for this project was to design a casino that offers exceptional amenities with a unique style and an upscale European flair. Designers were also presented with the challenge to keep all private functions completely hidden from guests while making public spaces as open and inviting as possible as seen in the hierarchy diagram (fig. ). The design of the interior follows the traditional gaming approach and includes aspects such as limited circulation (fig. ) that is defined by the slot machines and table games, little to no sunlight (fig. ), and layout symmetry (fig. ).
Figure 5 - Main Floor Layout
Figure 6 - Natural vs. Artifiacial
Fig. 7 - Hierarchy of Spaces
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Parx Casino Floor Plan Scale: N.T.S
Fig. 8 - Defined Public Circulation
CASE STUDIES
Color
Color
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Equipment
Total Number of Equipment
Total Percentage of Gaming Equipment
Slot Machines
3,300
95%
Live Table Games
100
3%
Poker Tables
80
2%
Space
Approx Square Footage
Total Percentage
Gaming Area
165,000
20%
Public Circulation
5,000
8%
Entertainment
1,000
2%
Dining
4,000
5%
Egress
500
1%
Bathrooms
1,500
4%
High Limit Tables/Slots
5,000
5%
Cashiers
2,000
5%
BOH/Egress Circulation
3,000
3%
Parking
125,000
20% 49
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Figure 9 - Exterior Materiality
materials
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While approaching Parx from the visitor parking lot, one is greeted by three large screens. The center screen stands 61 feet tall and 35 feet wide while the side screens are 49 feet tall, 26 feet wide and serve as advertisement for the casino1. Examining the exterior faรงade, it is made up of three primary materials, glass, steel, and concrete. Figure # shows all three and how they are implemented. The interior consists of materials such as wood, glass, carpet, various metals, and tile. Materials such as wood, metal and carpet are primarily found on the casino floor, while tile and glass are used along the outside perimeter
Figure 10 - Interior Materiality
of the casino floor to highlight circulation and add decorative elements to other venues such as the cafeteria and nightclub. A good majority of the materials palette are hard materials that can be easily cleaned and are durable enough to withstand the test of time, and although the atmosphere feels upscale and luxurious, the designers still achieved this effect without using an overload of rich and neutral metallic colors such as silver and gold that are typically used to portray sophistication. Instead a wide array of colors have been used which makes the space feel more inviting (fig. ). Even the back of house spaces such as the employee dining area
CASE STUDIES
(fig. 5) use color to make Parx Casino a happy environment for guests as well as employees.
lighting As seen in figure #, majority of the facility is lit through artificial lighting. The only space that experiences any natural light is the entry. Throughout more than half of the space the use of decorative chandeliers and pendants are used to create a dim lit atmosphere that is common in most casinos. This dim lit atmosphere helps guests feel comfortable and relaxed. Recessed lighting is also used in spaces such as the high limit poker room to highlight some of the monumental fixtures (figs. ). In some instances
Figures 11 - 13 Interior Lighting
the lighting is also used to add color. As seen in figure # the restaurant uses purple lighting to make the space feel more exciting and pull people in. Once inside the restaurant, one will notice how the track lighting is conveniently placed to put emphasis on the different sections of seating. In figure #, the light also creates color by illuminating decorative surfaces such as glass and plastic.
decor The dĂŠcor in Parx Casino is strategically placed to enhance the overall design. Aspects such as signage and large screen displays use innovative technologies to serve as dĂŠcor that provides a
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Figures 14 - 16 Interior Lighting
service or function (fig. ). Devices such as backlit bar displays and crystal chandeliers add design elements such as color, texture, and light to the space while making it visually stimulating for the guests. As seen in figure # the wall behind the banquet seating is backlit which is adding a glowing effect to the material while the pattern adds interesting texture to the room.
various table games. The back of house facilities incorporates any fixtures that are important to the space it is serving. For example, any back of house space that is used for food preparation will need equipment such as refrigerators, stoves, ovens, and the proper methods of disposal.
ff+e 52
The furniture, fixtures, and equipment needed for Parx Casino are typical of any casino. Since this is a gaming venue special items that will be utilized include slot stools (fig.14), poker tables, slot machines, and any other equipment required for
Figure 17 Slot Stools
survey
After surveying several guests on their opinions of the space, results showed mixed emotions. Majority of participants over the age of fifty that took part in the survey felt that the gaming floor was overly crowded and they felt too secluded while partaking in gambling activities. When asked what they would change about the facility, answers included improved wayfinding, better lighting, and more social interaction. Other guests who participated were in their early to mid twenties and relatively new to the casino experience. When asked the same questions, the responses did not vary too much. The younger participants were in awe of the decorative lighting, convenient cocktail service, and upscale dĂŠcor.
Figures 18 - 20 Interior Signage
CASE STUDIES
evaluation
Overall the design and functionality is successful. I particularly liked the use of color in the space because it made me feel energized. I was also surprised how the design team was able to pull so many different colors into to the interior and still make it feel sophisticated at the same time. Another aspect of this building that I liked was the use of technology. Unlike my last case study of the Borgata Hotel, Casino & Spa, Parx Casino incorporated new technologies into their design which made it feel modern and up to date. The large LED screens on the entry façade of the building have become somewhat of an iconic gesture and I would like to incorporate something like this into my design. Not only was the signage nice on the exterior but the interior
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signage was very elegant and constructed out of wood to give it a contemporary feel (figs. 15,16,17). The only issues I had with the building were its location and circulation. The location threw me off a little while I was looking for it and I had to take so many twist and turns to get there because it was on the opposite side of the road. This was quite inconvenient. Casinos should not be placed in the suburbs; they are extravagant venues and should be treated as such even when deciding on location. The only other aspect that really bothered me was the fact that pathways were defined by the slot machines. I understand that casino circulation is designed to make guest wander around the entire space but I felt like I got too caught up in the front end of the building and I was trapped. The side circulation path that ran alongside the cafeteria and restaurants seemed to end abruptly and was a little confusing. It left me wondering where I was supposed to go next.
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Figures 23 - Slot Setup
Figures 22 - Noodle Bar
CASE STUDIES
“In any architecture, there is an equity between the pragmatic function and the symbolic function.”
-Michael Graves
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works cited 1. “Parx Casino,” last modified 2015, http://www.parxcasino.com/. 2. “Bensalem, PA Climate and Temperature,” last modified 2015, http://www.bensalempa.climatemps.com/
image sources Figure 1 -www.googlemaps.com FIgure 2 - http://www.rewyn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/parx-casino-exterior.jpgFigure 3 - https://s-media-cacheak0.pinimg.com/736x/9c/ba/1d/9cba1defa6762964d8c36ac0207d95ba.jpg Figure 4 - http://www.sosharch.com/images/grid_gallery/parx01(A).jpg Figure 5 - Nancie Giardina 9/27/15 Figure 6 - Nancie Giardina 9/27/15 Figure 7 - Nancie Giardina 9/27/ 15 Figure 8 - Nancie Giardina 9/27/ 15 Figure 9 - Nancie Giardina 6/13/15 Figure 10 - Nancie Giardina 6/13/15 Figure 11 - Nancie Giardina 6/13/15 Figure 12 - Nancie Giardina 6/13/15 Figure 13 - http://www.sosharch.com/images/grid_gallery/parx01(B).jpg Figure 14 - http://www.sosharch.com/images/grid_gallery/parxemployee03(B).jpg Figure 15 - http://www.myphillyalive.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/PLAY2-at-Chickies-Petes.jpg Figure 16 - http://www.builders-studio.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Parx_Interior_Details0113-1024x682.jpg Figure 17 - Nancie Giardina 6/13/15 Figure 18 - Nancie Giardina 6/13/15 Figure 19 - Nancie Giardina 6/13/15 Figure 20 - Nancie Giardina 6/13/15 Figure 22 - http://www.bartonpartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Screenshot-02-1024x685.jpg Figure 23 - http://news.worldcasinodirectory.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/shaq_blackjack-1-750x400.jpg End Image - www.klingstubbins.com
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case study
3
The Bellagio Hotel & Casino Where: Las Vegas, NV Size: 4.8,000,000 Square Feet (36 Levels) Architects: Jerde Partnership International / WorthGroup Interior Designer: Roger Thomas Client: MGM Mirage Completed: 1998
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Fig. 1 - Site Map
context Stepping foot onto the 4.8 million square foot property of the Bellagio Hotel & Casino, guests instantly find themselves transported into an elegant European resort complete with top notch dining, lavish lodging, and luxurious spas1. Located on the on the southern end of the Las Vegas strip (fig. ), the Bellagio features an 8 acre manmade lake which is famous for its musically synchronized dancing fountains2 (fig.
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). Although this mega-resort is one of many, what attracts guests to this particular facility are its high end amenities which include a 65,000 square foot spa, 122,000 square foot gaming
Fig. 2 - Location Map
floor, and 150,000 square foot conservatory3. As seen in figure 2, surrounding resorts and attractions include the Venetian Hotel and Resort, Caesars Palace, Treasure Island, and the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas.
environmental influences
Surrounded by high mountains that bear snow for a multitude of month out of the year, Las Vegas was built in the northeastern corner of the Mojave Desert. Contrary to common misconceptions Las Vegas can become quite cold during winter months. The average temperature of a winter day on the Las
CASE STUDIES
Vegas strip falls around 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Fortunately for guests, the summer season begins to pick up in late March which makes activities such as sunbathing and sightseeing much more enjoyable. By the time August comes around temperatures can hit a high of about 100 degrees Fahrenheit4. Since the Bellagio is located in a desert environment, during construction builders had to take into consideration the rock and clay geologies of the soils. This required excavators to dig deeper into the soil until they hit bedrock that was sufficient for building5.
Figure 3 - Exterior Elevation Scale: N.T.S
construction phase
The vision for the Bellagio Hotel & Casino was conceived by Steven Wynn and his company, Mirage Resorts, in 1996. The architects of record for this project include Jerde Partnership International with help from the WorthGroup. All together the hotel tower and low rise buildings total 4.8 million square feet and took a budget of $1.6 million dollars to construct. Up to date, the Bellagio is the most expensive casino-resort ever built. As seen in elevation, this building is one of the many hotels in Las Vegas that uses
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Fig. 4-6 - Bellagio Hotel & Casino’s Innovative Interiors
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the “window eye trick”. For Example the Hotel Tower is 37 stories high but is disguised as a 16 story building6 (fig. 3). The overall space, not including the new Spa Tower, has a total of 3,015 hotel rooms, 122,000 square feet of casino gaming activities, 150,000 square feet of convention space, 15 restaurants, 15 retail outlets6. All other spaces can be found in the chart in figure 13. All interior aspects of this project were executed by the head of design for Wynn Resorts, Roger Thomas. Originally Thomas’s intent was to create a space for the older male demographic and incorporate overstuffed leather armchairs, heavy curtains, and dark mahogany paneling to give
Fig. 7-10 - Typical Casino Interiors
the space a masculine mid-century lounge atmosphere, but after some investigation, it became clear that the design was not catering to the appropriate demographic. As it turns out, women contribute to the highest percentage of the gambling population. In response to this statistic, Thomas decided to make some revisions to his original design, although this time his proposal reinvented the look of traditional gambling halls. It violated every previous rule accepted in casino design by allowing natural light to flow through the space while using a contrasting color palette of white and lime green.
CASE STUDIES
Fig. 11 - Site Map
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Fig. 12 - Public Circulation
Fig. 14 - Gaming Equipment Adjacencies
Color
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Fig. 13 - Main Floor Layout
Space
Percentage of Total Sq. Footage
Casino Gaming
25%
Ball Rooms
25%
Dining/Bars
10%
Retail Shops
10%
Fitness/Spa
2%
Pools/Fountains
8%
Theater
3%
Parking
17%
CASE STUDIES
Color
Gaming Space
Percentage of Total Gaming Sq. Footage
Slot Machines
75%
Poker Tables
5%
Bacarrat Room
3%
High Limit
3%
Themed Slots
6%
Race Betting
5%
The Cage
3%
Figures 4-10 demonstrate the comparison between the Bellagio’s interior design and average casino design.
the Bellagio Conservatory and Gardens display changes five times a year, figures 15-17 show the various material palettes of the Observatory throughout different times of the year. As far as dining venues are concerned, guests will not only be dazzled with Bellagio’s first-rate dining options, but rather the atmosphere they provide. Each restaurant offers a wide variety of materials that help convey the appropriate atmosphere. Lago, a restaurant designed in honor of chef Julian Cerano (fig. 18), features a dining room with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the on-site dancing fountains. The facility also features shelving displays that turn into wrapping elements that cover the ceiling and make up the surrounding walls. Tiny colorful
materials While choosing materials for this project, the designer focused highly on the psychology of gambling. By doing so The Bellagio has broken records and generated more revenue than any other Las Vegas property in history7. As one enters the resort they will encounter massive quantities of natural light bathing the lobby through glass ceilings while highlighting the man made scenery of the Garden Observatory. The fresh flowers and trees of Fig. 15-17 Garden Observatory
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Fig. 18 - Lago Restaurant Dining Room
Fig. 19-21 - Bellagio Garden Conservatory Changes
mosaic tiles arranged in a specific pattern cover the floors and add an element of fun to the space. Mosaic tile was chosen because it proves as a clever way too add energy to the space while also making clean up easy and efficient. Aspects such as lighting and furniture compliment the shelving element by incorporating the same sense of linearity. The wood tones that are presented gives the space a contemporary feel to it.
the entire space. The Bellagio is one of the first casino-resorts in the United States to allow natural sunlight to penetrate through to the gaming floor8. This idea of embracing natural light on the gaming floor first became popular among European casinos. Creating the unexpected is one trademark of Roger Thomas. A large quantity of the artificial lighting provided in this facility are one-of-a-kind glass blown fixtures from famous sculptor and lighting designer Dale Chihuly9. These fixtures add not only light, but color to the overall venue. Each light fixture is a unique piece of art that cannot be found anywhere else. Dale’s famous style can also be seen in other casinos.
lighting As seen in figures 22-24, the Bellagio incorporates artificial as well as natural lighting throughout 66
CASE STUDIES
decor & ff+e The decor found in the Bellagio is unique. It constantly changes with the seasons. As seen in figures 19-21, over the top props that range in scale are brought in to transform the space and rearrange circulation paths to make every festival interesting and different. As one progresses to the casino floor they will notice that it is decorated to resemble an extravegant european villa which houses typical equipment native to a casino environment. This equipment includes slot machines, stools, and table games. The mega-resort also uses draped sheer textiles in order to give the
Fig. 22-25 - Dale Chihuly Light Fixtures
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Fig. 26 - Bank Nightclub
Fig. 27- Shopping Boutiques
evaluation
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As a whole, the Bellagio’s use of color and innovative technologies gives it an edge over the competition and is why it continues to dominate the casinos industry in the United States. This mega-resort is also the first to experiment with incorporating natural light into gaming regions, which is something I would like to implement into the design of my luxury casino. The man-made lake featured in the at the front of the building also helps connect users to the natural environment while serving as an iconic point for all of Las Vegas. The interior of the hotel provides
guests with a sense of sophistication and elegance through a nuetral contemporary color palette that offers pops of stimulating colors such as red and yellow to keep gamers excited and entertained. Although the design ideas supporting the Bellagio are incredible, the one aspect that I do not want to include in my project is the idea of making the space friendly for all ages. The only way to achieve a complete sense of sophistication and elegance is to eliminate any sense of an adolescent atmosphere. In order to do so, all finishes, furniture, fixtures, and equipment shall be expensive and upscale.
CASE STUDIES
Fig. 28-29- Lounge
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works cited 1. “Bellagio,” last modified 2015, http://www.lasvegas.com/listing/bellagio/16/ 2. “Bellagio Las Vegas”, last modified 2015, http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3388 3. “Las Vegas Weather and Climate” last modified 2015, http://www.americansouthwest.net/nevada/las_vegas/weather.html 4. “Las Vegas on Film,” last modified Febuary 2011, http://thehopefultraveler.blogspot.com/2011/02/las-vegas-on-film-bellagio-hotel- casino.html 5. “Building in Desert Climates,” last modified 2014, http://www.greenbuildermedia.com/building-in-desert-climates 6. “Royal Flush,” last modified March 26, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/03/26/royal-flush-2 7. “The Bellagio,” last modified 2015, http://www.bellagio.com
image sources Figure 1 - www.googlemaps.com FIgure 2 - www.googelmaps.com Figure 3 - http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3388 Figure 4 - http://photos.kundansen.org/vegas07/full/DSC_2154.JPG Figure 5 - https://www.bellagio.com/images/amenities/cny2014/7.jpg Figure 6 - http://www.vegas-gallery.de/data/media/29/Bellagio_Casino.jpg Figure 7 - http://www.duecampanili.it/images/templates/journeyblog/images/casino-online_due.jpg Figure 8 - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Casino_slots.jpg Figure 9 - https://rajmohanjourney.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/dsc_0316.jpg Figure 10 - http://yourvegasholiday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Bellagio-Reception.jpg Figure 11 - http://www.bellagio.com Figure 12 - Diagram by Nancie Giardina Figure 13 - Diagram by Nancie Giardina Figure 14 - Diagram by Nancie Giardina Figure 15 - http://tekinico.free.fr/pics/b35/bellagio.casino.jpg Figure 16 - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Bellagio_Casino_and_Hotel_at_Night.jpg Figure 17 - http://blog.vegas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Bellagio-1.jpg Figure 18 - http://yourvegasholiday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Bellagio-Botanical.jpg Figure 19 - http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/20000/nahled/dragon-garden-bellagio-casino.jpg Figure 20 - http://images.bestday.com/_lib/vimages/Las-Vegas-area-Nevada/Hotels/Bellagio/Gallery/Las-Vegas-Bella gio-Interior_1.jpg Figure 23 - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Shops_in_the_Bellagio_casino,_Las_Vegas.jpg Figure 24 - http://whereparty.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Bellagio-Hotel-Bank-Club.jpg Figure 25 - https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3012/2730507848_ab14abeef7_b.jpg Figure 26 -http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/bellagio-garden-wayne-sheeler.jpg Figure 27 - http://blog.visafirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Bellagio-Casino.jpg Figure 28 - http://lightingdesignalliance.com/project_images/hyde_bellagio_002.jpg Figure 29 -http://lightingdesignalliance.com/project_images/hyde_bellagio_001.jpg End Image - http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/nevada/las-vegas/images/s/bellagio-pools.jpg
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case study
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Crown Casino Where: Melbourne, Australia Size: 220,000 Square Feet Architects: Bates Smart / Perrott Lyon Client: MGM Mirage Completed: 1997
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Fig. 1 - Site Map
Fig. 2 - Location Map
context Melbourne’s Crown Casino & Entertainment Complex is situated along the banks of the Yarra River and is one of the most popular casinos in Melbourne, Australia. The facility is flooded by tourists from all over the world who are looking to have fun and win big1. Its overall design consists of three exciting entertainment plazas which acts as a whole and creates a hub for people
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to enjoy the unique Melbourne lifestyle2 (fig. 1). The entire complex is approximately 5,500,000 square feet which is equivalent to two city blocks, making it the largest casino complex in the Southern Hemisphere and one of the largest
in the world3. Originally Crown Casino opened its doors in 1994 at the World Trade Center on the north bank of the Yarra River. However, this location was only temporary while construction of the new complex occurred. The Casino complex opened in its proper planned location at Southbank in 1997. Today it operates on a 24 hours a day, 7 days a week schedule with the exception of a few holidays4.
environmental influences Melbourne has a reputation for its changeable
weather, but enjoys a temperate climate with warm to hot summers, mild and sometimes balmy springs and autumns, and cool winters5. As strange as it sounds, Melbourne is a place where visitors can experience all four seasons in one day. Temperatures average 77 degrees Fahrenheit in summer and 57 degrees Fahrenheit in winter, while Rainfall is highest from May to October. Unlike the casino capitals of the United States, Melbourne expiriences its seasons backwards. It generally heats up from December to February for the summer season and cools down from March to May which is considered autumn. The coldest climates occur from June to August, and it begins to warm up again between September and November6. Figure 3 demonstrates the range in climates.
entertainment complex7. Rectangular in plan, it presents its narrow dimensions elegantly to the city. Another interesting feature about this Australian casino is that it acts like a strip mall giving guests multiple points of access through the various cafes and lounges located around the perimeter of the building (fig. 5). Although Crown Casino was designed to be only a piece of the overall complex, its state of the art sound and laser light show, monumental entry atrium, coloured fountains, and eye catching ceiling
Fig. 4 - Dancing Fountain
Fig. 5 - Monumental Entry
design phase
Taking the shape of what seems to look like a fragmented rectangle, this 39-story, 600-room casino and hotel tower dominates the entire
Fig. 3 - Climate Chart
Fig. 6 - Glass Stalactites
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Fig. 7 - Main Floor Functions
Fig. 8 - Exterior Access
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Fig. 9 - Public Circulation
Fig. 10 - Main Floor Plan (N.T.S)
Color
Space
Percentage of Total Sq. Footage
Casino Gaming
30%
Dining/Bars/Lounges
40%
Lodging
10%
Nightclub
5%
Circulation
15%
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of glittering glass stalactites, creates the most memorable sensory expirience for guests7 (figs. 4-6).
consistently impressive to even the pickiest of guests. An impressive combination of Italian marble and oak finishes featuring luxuriously rich fabrics, modular Italian-influenced furniture and expensive bedding completes the interior of each room. Each suite has a separate living area, oversized Italian travertine marble bathroom with double vanities, jacuzzi tub and walk-in shower7.
Fig. 11 - Casino Floor
materials & decor The materials palette for Crown Casino is sophisticated and contemporary. As seen in figures 12-14, the use of materials and textures such as metal, wood, and various stones create interesting depth as a well as an upscale atmosphere. The experience begins from the moment guests step inside this beautifully finished masterpiece. While the view may change between the Melbourne City skyline or Port Phillip Bay, the attention to detail is 78
Fig. 12 - Main Lobby
lighting
The Lighting at Crown Casino is tied into their mission to be e sustainable and enviromnemtally friendly. Aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 3 million kg , Crown has replaced more than 9,000 lights with LED and fluro technology, optimised heating, cooling and ventilation control, and improved housekeeping and maintenance procedures, which amounts to a 22% reduction of overall engery consumption. To achieve this, Crown has consistently exceeded its target, as the project has achieved a 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions9. Types of lighting fixtures range from multi-pendant systems, to linear recessed lighting and elegant chadeliers.
Fig. 13 - Main Entry
evaluation
Overall Crown Casino is more successful as a hotel venue rather than a casino. While trying to conduct research on this building it was rather difficult to find adequate information about the casino portion of the overall entertainment complex. Although from what was found, this casino does not seem to differ much from casino found in the United States. The only differnce is that since it is part of an overall complex, the restaurants and cafes are able to have a completely removable facade which creates a continuous connection between the interior and exterior. This is a great oppertunity to create a connection the natural environment.
Fig. 14 - Baci Cafe
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works cited 1. “Crown Casino in Melbourne accused of trying to lure minors to gamble”, last modified July 9, 2015, http://news. worldcasinodirectory.com/crown-casino-in-melbourne-accused-of-trying-to-lure-minors-to-gamble-9606 2. “Melbourne Entertainment: Crown Casino and Southbank”, last modified 2012, http://www.melbourne.crowneplaza.com/ melbourne/casino/ 3. “Melbourne Crown Casino: Casino, Hotels, Shopping, Restaurants, Cafe’s and Bars”, last modified 2013, http://www.melbournehotels.redflag.info/crown-casino.htm 4. Ian Sutton, “New Game Revolutionises Roulette”, last modified 8 March 2013, Gamingfloor.com. 5. “Melbourne’s Weather and Climate.” City of Melbourne. December 14, 2015. Accessed December 14, 2015. https://www. melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/MelbourneProfile/Pages/Melbourneweatherandclimate.aspx.6. http://www.australia.com/ en/facts/weather/melbourne-weather.html 7. “Melbourne Casino.” ArchitectureAU. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://architectureau.com/articles/melbourne-casino/. 8. Crocker, Jodi. “Suites at Crown Casino “Fact Sheet”” Fact Sheet. December 13, 2015. Accessed December 13, 2015. https://www. crownmelbourne.com.au/getmedia/76b5ee1f-9ba7-4cf8-aac8-d6da37b643a6/2015_01_30-_Crown_Resorts_Crown-Towers-Suite_ Fact_Sheet_Version_1-0.pdf.aspx. 9. Crocker, Jodi. “Sustainability at Crown Casino “Fact Sheet”” Fact Sheet. December 13, 2015. Accessed December 13, 2015. https:// www.crownmelbourne.com.au/getmedia/76b5ee1f-9ba7-4cf8-aac8-d6da37b643a6/2015_01_30-_Crown_Resorts_Crown-TowersSuite_Fact_Sheet_Version_1-0.pdf.aspx.
image sources
First page image - http://lasvit.com/files/2012-the-crown-casino-melbourne-birdwings/crown-07-exterior-01@big.jpg Figure 1 - www.googlemaps.com FIgure 2 - www.googelmaps.com Figure 3 - http://www.australia.com/en/facts/weather/melbourne-weather.html Figure 4 - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Crown_Entertainment1.jpg Figure 5 - https://longwayabout.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/dsc01427.jpg Figure 6 - http://beforeitsnews.com/mediadrop/uploads/2013/38/f53f0b56ae1d64acff8ab47fbef5d86e611114b2.jpg Figure 7 - https://www.crownmelbourne.com.au/getmedia/07b4812d-5709-4870-b0d6-fa9ca07bbb8f/150825-CrownMelbourne-General-Map.pdf.aspx Figure 8 - Nancie Giardina 11/2/15 Figure 9 - Nancie Giardina 11/2/15 Figure 10 - Nancie Giardina 11/2/15 Figure 11 - http://www.pokerplayer365.com/wp-content/uploads/featured_image/33.jpg Figure 12 - http://www.crownhotels.com.au/d/tower/media/__thumbs_1600_900_crop/CT_Lobby_01-of5a411.jpg Figure 13 - http://theversatilegent.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CT_Driveway_01_1176fae.jpg Figure 14 - http://www.indesignlive.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/jimboandrex_mimdesign_crown_restaurant_bar.jpg End Image - http://www.venue.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/CLUB-23-WHOLE-ROOM_small.jpg
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overview
In order for any design to be successful, it is imperative for the designer to take ergonomics into consideration. Ergonomics is defined as the study of people’s efficiency to physically function in response to their environment1. Another area of study that has close relations with ergonomics is anthropometrics. Anthropometrics is considered to be the study of the human body and its movement, often involving research into measurements relating to people. It also involves collecting statistics or measurements relevant to the human body, called Anthropometric Data2. In a casino setting it is important to collect ergonomic and anthropometric data that addresses areas such as typical retail set ups for all boutique shops, typical restaurant and bar layouts, nightclub spatial arrangements, and any key data that applies to the casino floor itself.
Figure 2 - Roulette Table
furniture
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The furniture in a casino facility mainly consists of gaming equipment such as card tables, roulette tables, craps tables, and slot machines (figs 1-3). Due to the fact that the majority of casino activities take place while sitting down, the appropriate chairs must also be selected
Figure 1 - Slot Machine
ERG0NOMICS & TECHNICAL CRITERIA
to accommodate the function of the activity as well as provide comfort for the user (fig 4). Additional furniture will also be needed in other spaces depending upon its functions as mentioned in the overview of this section. These functions must accommodate users who plan on partaking in activities such as shopping, dining, and dancing that will be provided by each different venue type. On behalf of the main serve spaces such as workshops, storage closets, and offices, the adequate equipment including desks, task chairs, and in few cases, guest seating must be selected (fig. 5-6). In outdoor patio spaces, it will be important to choose furniture that can withstand the impact of the elements such as rain, wind, and snow.
Figure 4 - Functional Seating
Figure 5 - Bsck of House Work Stations
Figure 3 - Craps Table
Figure 6 - Executive Furniture
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ergonomics The following diagrams will address special anthropometric measurements and ergonomic concerns that are crucial to casino, retail, restaurant/bar, and nightclub design. Casino Ergonomics
Figure 7 - View Angles
Figure 9 - Slot Machine Egonomics
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Figure 8 - Human Dimensions
Important Notes3: 1. Slot machines shall be no higher than 50”-58” above floor level. 2. Slot stool shall be no lower than 24” above floor level 3. Slot machine button panels shall be no higher than 30”35” above floor level 4.Screen display shall be 50”-57” above floor level to prevent eye and neck straining
ERG0NOMICS & TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Retail Ergonomics
Restaurant/Nightclub Ergonomics
Figure 12 - Counter Reach
Figure 10 - Reach Distances
Figure 13 - Bar Dimensions
Figure 11 - Surface Heights
Figure 14 - Seating Dimensions
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Figure 15 - Innovative Lighting Example
materials
In order to accommodate the high volumes of traffic in a casino, the materials must be extremely durable. Considering that this is a commercial use building, all specified materials shall comply with the ACT performance guidelines3. All materials, especially textiles, shall pass all required testing that deals with the following areas: 1. Flame resistance 2. Colorfastness to wet and dry crocking 3. Colorfastness to light 4. Abrasion (all textiles shall be no lower than 50,000 double rubs) (Figure 15 provides ACT performance symbols)
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In addition, all materials should receive the proper finishes that will help improve the categories listed above. Areas that include any activities such as food preparation, food and beverage intake, or dancing will incorporate solid surfaces that can be easily maintained.
Material choices for this project should also address issues such as human health and sustainability factors. In order to do so, chosen materials must help improve areas such as indoor air quality and posses the appropriate properties to help lower the noise reduction coefficient of the overall space.
signage & way-finding
The design of a signage system for a casino begins with the space planning and interior design. Space planning, circulation path layout, entry and exit locations, visual clues and reference points are all critical to a successful way-ďŹ nding and signage system. Areas with a more complicated layout of rooms and corridors, and spaces will require a more extensive system of signage to help people ďŹ nd their way and make sense of a confusing organization of space. In the worst case, no amount of signage can completely overcome
ERG0NOMICS & TECHNICAL CRITERIA
a poorly planned layout. The three-dimensional form of a space and the colors, ďŹ nishes, and furnishings used in the space can also provide reference points and visual clues to help users orient themselves. A broad range of materials such as plastic, metal, and glass (figs. 16-18) can be used for interior signage because it does not have to resist extreme temperatures, weathering, moisture, and other abuse that exterior signage is subject to. In many cases specific materials are used more frequently because of their availability, ease of fabrication, and coordination with existing pre-manufactured signage systems. However, this casino will include indoor as well as outdoor spaces that will be utilized by the public so it will be important to examine interior and exterior signage materiality4. The following diagrams will address important issues such as mounting heights, mounting methods, and placement.
Figure 16 - Plastic
Figure 17 - Metal
Figure 18 - Glass
Figure 19 - Sign Mounting Methods
Figure 20 - Placement of Room Identification Signage
Fig. 21 - Preferred Locations for Corridor Signage
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security systems Security is required for any type of interior design project but since casinos are frequently occupied facilities a combination of physical and electronic surveillance, detection, and control systems will need to be implemented. Common security problems that occur in a casino include commercial burglary, theft, employee robbery, vandalism, sabotage or theft of company records. Full security analysis, design of systems, and speciďŹ cation of equipment often goes beyond the control of the interior designer but it is still important to for the designer to know the importance of security so all equipment can be placed correctly throughout the facility4.
1. Lay out spaces and circulation to provide a clear line of sight for electronic surveillance, such as cameras. 2. Plan for permanently stationed personnel to be in a central location with a clear line of sight to as many secure areas as possible. 3. For small installations, the security equipment can be installed at the guard’s desk or at a central control station. The following diagrams are details on how to properly construct and implement security partitions and glazing4.
During space planning, rooms, areas, and circulation paths should be designed to take advantage of proximity, line of sight, and location. Line of sight allows either human or electronic surveillance of a given area. Location refers to where secure areas are planned in relation to the building perimeter, services, and other rooms. Below are a few important points that relate to security systems that should be incorporated into a casino setting4. 90
Figure 22 - Glazing Partition
ERG0NOMICS & TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Figure 23 - Typical Security Partitions
Figure 24 - Insulation from Heat Loss
sustainable design One of the main focuses for this project specifically is to incorporate the idea of sustainability which most other casinos tend to neglect. One way to achieve this is to consider window treatments. Choosing the correct window treatments can lower the costs of heating and cooling and achieve various lighting effects with the use of natural day light (figs. 24-26). Strategic placement of windows can also improve airflow throughout the space5.
Figure 25 - Solar Heat Gain
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Although it will be introduced in further detail in the next section, artificial lighting can cut costs and should be able to reduce the connected lighting load by approximately 50% while maintaining a reasonably uniform illumination pattern. Also, exterior lights not intended for 24-hour use can be placed on automatic switches or time-clock controls6.
lighting
Both natural and artificial lighting will be welcomed within the space to promote a higher level of social interaction between users. In order to do so natural lighting will be utilized in areas such as restaurants, boutiques, as well as the casino floor. Artificial lighting will be implemented in order to make up for the lack of natural light during the later hours of the day and early hours of the morning. As mentioned above in the sustainability section, it is crucial to specify the proper window treatments in order to control natural lighting and achieve the desired effects. The following diagrams address the correct spacing and angles at which lights should be placed to achieve the proper levels of illumination within each specified space. 92
Fig. 26 - Appropriate Task Lighting
Figure 27 - Color Temperature Chart (Kelvins)
ERG0NOMICS & TECHNICAL CRITERIA
of a facility depending on its use and the sound sources within and adjacent to the room. The following charts address common sound intensity levels and proper sound isolation criteria for specific occupancy types4.
Figure 28 - Appropriate Light Spacing
acoustics
A room’s acoustical quality can affect how it is used and perceived. Since casinos are notorious for being loud spaces due to having to accommodate such large groups of people, rooms or spaces that are too noisy or reverberant are immensely distracting. Room shapes and sizes, space planning, finish materials, construction techniques, and even furniture can all influence the acoustic quality
Figure 29 - Common Sound Intensity Levels
Figure 30 - Changes in Intesity
Figure 31 - Addition of Decibels
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first assumption should be that all areas and all functions used by the public should be accessible. It is also reasonable to make the assumption that all employee areas should be accessible to people with disabilities, except for specific service areas that are not typically occupied by either the public or employees7. The diagrams in this section will address the following issues that fall under the topic of universal design.
Figure 32 - Sound Isolation Criteria
universal design
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The goal of universal design is to make facilities accessible to the widest possible range of people regardless of mobility, physical ability, or size. While designing, the designer should keep in mind all types of disabilities when creating accessible routes and changes in floor heights, because these decisions can create a massive impact on users who are physically impaired. When dealing with accessibility requirements, especially for new construction, the designer’s
1. Accessible Routes 2. Accessible Entrances 3. Parking and Passenger Loading Facilities 4. Assembly Areas 5. ADA Compliant Bathroom Design 6. Elevators and Lifts 7. ADA Compliant Signage Accessible Routes
Figure 33 - Mezzanine Access Routes
ERG0NOMICS & TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Parking and Passenger Loading Facilities
Fig. 32 - Access Routes
Accessible Entrances Fig. 34 - Accessible Public Parking
Assembly Areas
Fig. 33 - Accessible Entries
Fig. 35 - Accessible Assebly Spaces
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ADA Compliant Bathroom Design
Figure 38 - Grab Bar Dimension Requirements (Elevations)
Figure 36 - Bathroom Stall and Sink Regulations
Figure 39 -Toilet Height Requirements
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Figure 37 - Grab Bar Dimension Requirements
Figure 40 -ADA Toilet Stall Requirements
ERG0NOMICS & TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Elevators and Lifts
ADA Signage
Figure 41 - Elevators and Lifts
Figure 42 - ADA Signage
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works cited
1. “Definitions”, last modified 2015, www.dictionary.com 2”ANTHROPOMETRICS AND ERGONOMICS.” ANTHROPOMETRICS AND ERGONOMICS. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.technologystudent. com/despro_flsh/revise11.html. 3. “Slot Machine Ergonomics.” About.com Home. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://casinogambling.about.com/od/slots/a/Ergonomics.htm. 4. “Patent US6334612 - Ergonomically-designed Gaming Machine.” Google Books. Accessed December 13, 2015. https://www.google.com/patents/ US6334612. 5.Pile, John F. Interior Design. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1995. 6. Nussbaumer, Linda L. Human Factors in the Built Environment. 7. Ching, Francis D. K., and Steven R. Winkel. Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to Understanding the 2012 International Building Code.
image sources
First page image - http://top100-online-casinos.net/wp-content/ uploads/2014/09/How-to-earn-big-money-with-Online-Slots-Games.jpg Figure 1 - http://www.slotsmuscle.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ slot-machine20.jpg FIgure 2 - http://www.pharaohmfg.com/images/Roulette-table-ModernContemporary-Roulette-Table-Casino-Luxury-High-End-Custom-cleo.jpg Figure 3 - http://www.pharaohmfg.com/images/Craps-table-ModernContemporary-Craps-Table-Casino-Luxury-High-End-Custom-htypecraps. jpg Figure 4 - http://www.betrite.ca/canada/images/slider-garyplatt-3.jpg Figure 5 - http://www.cluster2.hostgator.co.in/files/writeable/uploads/ hostgator40800/image/office-workstation-interior-design-13.jpg Figure 6 - http://img.cadnav.com/allimg/140224/1-140224124525.jpg Figure 7 - http://www.humanics-es.com/iso-gamma.jpg Figure 8 - http://donsnotes.com/reference/images/size-human-reach.gif Figure 9 - https://www.google.com/patents/US6334612 Figure 10 - http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/5-02-07.gif Figure 11 - https://www.purdue.edu/ehps/rem/safety/ graphics/01benchheight.gif Figure 12 - http://content.statefundca.com/images/sftyRestaurant.gif Figure 13 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg. com/236x/84/62/9b/84629b5b4d193f7c8a3a5d5d06f62ce4.jpg Figure 14 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/53/ f3/97/53f3973a9bc9b9b3bafa2824f50ae8e8.jpg Figure 15 - http://thecultivatedhome.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/ contract-fabric101-390x273.jpg Figure 16 - http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41ArwR5L-FL._ SY355_.jpg Figure 17 - http://www.adaunlimited.com/images/ada_signs_t24_set1. jpg Figure 18 - http://www.customadasign.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/06/Floating-Glass-Restroom-Mens.jpg Figure 19 - Interior Construction & Detailing for Designers and Architects Figure 20 - Interior Construction & Detailing for Designers and Architects Figure 21 - Interior Construction & Detailing for Designers and Architects Figure 22 - Interior Construction & Detailing for Designers and Architects Figure 23 - Interior Construction & Detailing for Designers and Architects
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Figure 24 - Interior Graphics Standards Figure 25 - Interior Graphics Standards Figure 26 - http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/sites/default/ files/styles/large/public/core-page-inserted-images/glare_from_ lights-revised.jpg Figure 27 - http://www.bulborama.com/images/reference/color_ temp.gif Figure 28 - http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Table5-25.jpg Figure 29 - Interior Construction & Detailing for Designers and Architects Figure 30 - Interior Construction & Detailing for Designers and Architects Figure 31 - Interior Construction & Detailing for Designers and Architects Figure 32 - Building Codes Illustrated Figure 33 - Building Codes Illustrated Figure 34 -Building Codes Illustrated Figure 35 - Building Codes Illustrated Figure 36 - Building Codes Illustrated Figure 37 -Human Factors in the Built Environment Figure 38 - Human Factors in the Built Environment Figure 39 - Human Behaviors in the Built Environment Figure 40 - Human Behaviors in the Built Environment Figure 41 - Human Behavior in the Built Environment Figure 42 - Building Codes Illustrated End Image - http://www.mimoa.eu/images/35695_l.jpg
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topical explorations 101
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Figure 1 - 1940’s Saloon Aesthetic
Figure 2 - Hollywood Glamour Aesthetic
the perception of gambling
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Ever since gambling became relevant in the United States back in 1941, the casino aesthetic has evolved immensely. In 1941 with the opening of the first casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, the aesthetic was centered on mimicking the perception of western culture by recreating a saloon-like atmosphere. This style was relevant for the next three years but quickly shifted to “Hollywood Glamour” when Las Vegas saw a frenzy of organized crime arise with help from notorious mobster, Bugsy Seigel. This theme dictated casino design until the late 1980’s when millionaire casino developer, Steve
Wynn, demolished all previous recollection of casino design by constructing the first “Mega Resort.” Interior design aesthetic of this casino type takes cues from various locations in Europe such as France, Italy, and Greece to make the user feel as if they have stepped into another dimension. This type of design is known in the casino industry as the “Playground” approach1. Today, the Playground approach prevails as the dominate design aesthetic, but now designers are beginning to take a closer look at what exactly it is about this style that intrigues its clientele.
TOPICAL EXPLORATIONS
The typical Playground approach involves: 1. Wide open spaces with high ceilings 2. Design that is entertaining and immediately legible 3. A sense of comfort and relaxation 4. Re-creating elements from nature By achieving all of the elements listed, designers can appeal to all five of the human senses in unique ways and create restoration its users which in return makes them inclined to spend they’re money2. By achieving all of the elements listed, designers can appeal to all five of the human senses in unique ways and create connections with the natural environment
Figure 3 - Typical 1980’s “Mega Resort” Interior
Figure 4 - Modern Day Casino Interior
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that relaxes the users and makes them more inclined to spend they’re money3. Contact with nature has a significant impact on human behavior, especially in the average adult. Exposure to the natural environment, whether it is physical or mental, promotes pleasant moods, social interactions, and generosity. It also aids in the restoration of self control and awareness2. Recent studies conducted by the �-“ demonstrate that views of nature from interior settings create positive benefits for cognitive and emotional development while enhancing certain aspects that helps the human body recover from stress. The same study also found a correlation between the number of plants found in the typical office space and the attention span of the average office worker. As a result of the study, the spaces
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Figure 5 - Casino Baden-Baden (Germany)
with a higher number plant life also housed the office workers with the longest attention spans3. All human beings are wired with the desire to affiliate with other forms of life. Spending time in nature fulfills this need and promotes overall well-being2.
architectural symbolism
Another aspect of casino design that is worth exploring is why designers feel the need to mimic European destinations in their designs. European casinos are known to have a more refined take on gambling and the sights and sounds that surround them differ greatly from those in America4, also the design of an average European casino is much more modest than the comparably flashy gaming venues in
Figure 6 - Casino de Monte Carlo (Monaco)
TOPICAL EXPLORATIONS
Figure 7 - Casino Barriere de Deauville (France)
the U.S. Traditional casino design in the U.S. tends to be inward-facing, with little or no permeable space or windows and employs a variety of interior design techniques to prolong the amount of time spent inside5. Casino designers often stray away from penetrating the exterior facades with connections to the street or other facilities for fear of losing gamers and violating the sense of a complete, enclosed escapist entertainment environment. This approach has given rise to much of the criticism directed at traditional casino design. In Europe however, the opposite holds true. European casino venues such as the Casino De Monte Carlo (Monaco), Casino BadenBaden (Germany), and Casino Barrière de Deauville (France) all integrate connections to the natural environment through features such
as windows, balconies, and loggias6 (figs 5-7). These features allow natural elements such as daylight and invigorating vistas to consume users and create a more social environment.
color theory
Over time scientists have conducted studies on the effects of color and how they influence human behavior. Results have shown that color can cause real emotional and physical changes in cognitive thought patterns9. When wandering through a casino, it is common for the majority of the furniture, fixtures, and equipment to incorporate the color red. Red has been proven to stimulate people’s senses and raise blood pressure. Investigations also show that people will make riskier bets and
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gamble more when they’re seated in a room filled with red lights rather than blue lights. Other colors that also evoke the same feelings and are commonly used in a casino setting include yellow, orange, or any neon variation of a color. The color blue creates a calming feeling and physiological reaction which is exactly the opposite of how a casino wants customers to feel7. Other colors that are typically included in a casino color palette include black, purple, burgundy, and metallic. These colors are all associated with luxury and royalty which is a common feeling casinos like to promote among the clientele. The following list provides descriptions and images of popular colors used in a casino and its other venues such as night clubs, restaurants, and boutiques9.
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Figure 8 - Color Psychology Chart
Figure 9 - Color Psychology by Gender
TOPICAL EXPLORATIONS
Black The signature color of sophistication, it dominates the high-end packaging market and can even make inexpensive objects seem more upscale9.
Figure 10
Figure 11
Violet Represents royalty and consequently, a purple interior may help persuade the user that the space has special properties and the experience is worth a pricely sum9.
Figure 12
Figure 13
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Yellow Popular in restaurant design, yellow evokes energy and increases appetite9.
Figure 14
Figure 15
Red Stimulant to the senses, red raises blood pressure. When exposed to this color, gamblers will make riskier bets and gamble more when they’re seated in a room filled with red lights rather than blue lights9.
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Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
TOPICAL EXPLORATIONS
Neon Often to found in nightclubs, neon colors or objects that posses a neon glow make and keep people feeling energized for longer periods of time9.
Figure 19
Figure 20
Metallics Associated with abundance and prosperity, luxury and quality, prestige and sophistication, value and elegance, the psychology of these colors implies affluence, material wealth and extravagance9.
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 21
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works cited
1. “Psychological Aspects of Gambling Addiction.” Psychological Aspects of Gambling Addiction. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/gambling.html. 2. ”The Psychology Of Casinos.” Wired.com. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.wired.com/2012/03/the-psychology-ofcasinos/. 3. “Casino Psychology Tricks: How Casinos Manipulate Players.” Best Online Gambling RSS. Accessed December 13, 2015. http:// www.bestonlinegambling.com/psychological-tricks-casinos-use-to-manipulate-players/. 4. ”Casinos Europe.” Casinos Europe. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.casinoseurope.com/. 5. ”European Casino Association : Home.” European Casino Association : Home. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www. europeancasinoassociation.org/. 6. ”CASINO HISTORY | Information On The Casino History.” CASINO HISTORY. July 31, 2013. Accessed December 13, 2015. http:// casino-history.org/. 7. Hunter, Walter S. Human Behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1928. 8. Psychology, International Association of Applied. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Oxford: Elsevier Science, 2002. 9. Eiseman, Leatrice. Alive with Color: The Total Color System for Women & Men. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books, 1983.
image sources
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First Page Image - https://wikicasinogames.files.wordpress. com/2011/04/nav_casino.jpg Figure 1 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/3b/ c5/2f/3bc52f5966d436c6b6bca53bfd340ac8.jpg Figure 2 - http://i552.photobucket.com/albums/jj340/joeyaltruda/ VintageLasVegas5.jpg Figure 3 - http://www.idiinc.com/media/portfolio/Casino/Trump%20 Princess%20Casino/CASINO%203.jpg Figure 4 - http://empatheticadman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/20120112_macau_gambling_china_luxury09.jpg Figure 5 - http://www.casinoseurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/baden-baden-casino-casinoseurope.jpg Figure 6 - http://blogs-images.forbes.com/forbestravelguide/ files/2013/01/Forbes_MonteCarloExterior_CreditCasinodeMonte-Carlo.jpg Figure 7 - http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/8f/93/0b/casino-barriere-de-deauville.jpg Figure 8 - http://wp_media-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/app/uploads/2015/09/24112933/Infographic_Design_Example_Marketo.jpg Figure 9 - http://assets.entrepreneur.com/article/1400101835-psychology-color-marketing-branding-personality-men-women-shades-tints.jpg Figure 10 - https://vipaccessservice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Bank-at-Bellagio-Interior-View.jpg Figure 11 - http://lightgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ Alibi-Interiors-3.jpeg Figure 12 - http://delightfull.eu/blog/wp-content/uploads/digital.
jpg Figure 13 - http://www.papercitymag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Screen-Shot-2015-11-25-at-11.07.15-AM.png Figure 14 - http://www.newhouseofart.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/ultra-modern-arabic-interior-design.jpg Figure 15 - http://www.singaporecasinoinsider.com/images/ rws_open/6.jpg Figure 16 - http://www.hbginc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/2-Potawatomi.jpg Figure 17 - http://www.wdl-ia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/casino-red-3-from-balcony1.jpg Figure 18 - http://www.minnesotacasinoguide.com/mystic-lake-casino/images/casino-interior.png Figure 19 - http://cdn.freeyork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ozone-bar-1024x682.jpg Figure 20 - http://www.3dhousedownload.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/12/Nightclub-interior-decoration-view-night. jpgFigure 21 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x /5f/7e/2c/5f7e2cfb68e71f5dfe5fad129bcb9c95.jpg Figure 22 - https://media.restaurantandbardesign. com/2014/01/880-24_DSC6792__web.jpg Figure 23 - http://cdn.homedit.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Fratelli-Studios-bucharest8.jpg End Image - http://www.baden-baden.de/fileadmin/user_upload/sehenswuerdigkeiten/Baden-Baden_Casino-Florentinersaal_web.jpg
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Figure 1 - Ben Franklin Parkway
Figure 2 - Philadelphia City Hall
philadelphia
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Until the year 1830, Philadelphia was known as the largest city in America1. Today it serves as America’s sixth largest city and is home to some of the world’s most famous symbols, history, and traditions. Philadelphia is a melting pot to all races and cultures and provides numerous one-of-a-kind ammenities2. Attractions such as the Benjamin Franklin Parkway (fig. 1), City Hall (fig. 2), The Philadelphia Museum of Art (fig. 3), and the Franklin Institute, bring this city to life while offering insight into its rich historical value. In it’s earlier years William Penn, the founder of Philadelphia, built the city on a grid system
Figure 3 - Philadelphia Museum of Art
making it rather easy to navigate. Many of the historic attraction have also been restored in order to preserve the city’s historic value so it can be experienced by many generations to come2.
demographics The city of Philadelphia is the largest city in the state of Pennsylvania, and the sixth largest populated city in America3. It also serves as the United State’s fourth largest consumer media market and places 49th in the category of most populated cities in the world4. With nearly
CONTEXT, SITE, CLIMATE, AND ZONING
1.5 million people living in the city, its cultural diversity can be broken down into multiple parts as seen in figure 3.
attractions Over the years Philly has preserved it’s attractions giving them a modern twist. It features top-ofthe-line venues including restaurants, hotels, shopping, and historical attractions, making it an ideal location for a luxury casino. Other popular geographical locations within the city are it’s four famous squares. Franklin, Login, Rittenhouse, and Washington Square which all serve as welcoming havens to travelers and Philadelphia locals5.
Figure 4 - The Franklin Institute
Race
Percentage of Population
African America
41.6%
Caucasian
36.4%
Asian
2.2%
Biracial
.2%
Native American
.2%
Native Hawaiian
.05%
Other
.05%
Figure 3 - Philadelphia Demographics Chart
Figure 5 - Penn’s Landing Visitor Center
115
SECTION 6
existing site The site for this project is Pier 9, located along the Delaware river in Penn’s Landing. A good portion of the buildings located along this part of the Delaware were destroyed when I-95 crashed through the Historic waterfront wards. In other regions of Penn’s Landing such as Old City and Society Hill, warehouses, factories and historical residencies are still present6. Old City, Philadelphia is commonly known as America’s most historic region and is bound by Florist and N. Walnut Street. Within these boundries lies a waterfront that spreads along Delaware Avenue from Race Street to Walnut Street. The other neighborhood which makes up a portion of Penn’s Landing is Society Hill. This sector is contained within the boundries of Walnut to Lombard Street and is home to some of America’s most historic architecture. It features original Georgian style row homes built during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Georgian style architecture mixed with cobble stone streets is what makes the district charming and pulls in visitors. Over the years, Penn’s Landing has tranformed itself into one of Philadelphia’s biggest tourist attractions. With numerous attractions to see, navigating is made fun easy7. 116
Figure 6 - Penn’s Landing at Night
Figure 7 - Old City
Figure 8 - Society Hill
CONTEXT, SITE, CLIMATE, AND ZONING
Ideal Views
Solar Path
Existing Building
Green Space
Wind Direction
Bus Route
Major Road
Sidewalk 117
SECTION 6
climate temperature types
percipitation fraction of time with wind direction
percipitation types
118
wind direction
CONTEXT, SITE, CLIMATE, AND ZONING
zoning
philadelphia zoning map
ICMX, Industrial Use I-2, Medium Industrial Residential, Multi-family CMX-3, Community Commercial CMX-4, Center City SP-PO-A, Parks, Open Space Residential - Single
penn’s landing zoning map
PIER 9
Pier 9 119
works cited
1. “History of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.” Ushistory.org. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/. 2. “A Brief History of Philadelphia.” Ushistory.org. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia. html. 3. “Philadelphia,” Information About USA, City of Pennsylvania, Holidays and Travel Info. 4. “About Philadelphia - Drexel University,” Web, 20 Nov. 2015. 5. “A Guide To Philadelphia’s ‘Squares’” CBS Philly. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/02/04/aguide-to-philadelphias-squares/. 6. “Philadelphia,” Information About USA, City of Pennsylvania, Holidays and Travel Info. 7. “Society Hill.” Philadelphia. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.visitphilly.com/philadelphia-neighborhoods/society-hill/.
image sources
First Page Image - http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/1-philadelphia-skyline-at-night-black-and-white-bw- jon-holiday.jpg Figure 1 - http://www.planetware.com/photos-tiles/pennsylvania-philadelphia-skyline-and-bridge.jpg Figure 2 - http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1049/558060011_ba66e66851.jpg Figure 3- http://www.aegispg.com/uploads/properties/philaArtMuseum4.jpg Figure 4 - http://photos.uwishunu.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/franklin-institute-exterior-680uw.jpg Figure 5 - http://www.phlvisitorcenter.com/sites/default/files/styles/632x434/public/images/attraction/109%20Penn’s%20Landing%20 (2).jpg?itok=JDdUazn_ Figure 6 - http://www.mynextvictim.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/WaterfrontWinterfest-01_M.-Edlow-680uw.jpg Figure 7 - http://gfisher.blogspot.com/uploaded_images/elthreths%20alley-703736.jpeg Figure 8 - http://southstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/hdr-society-hill.jpg End Image - http://www.phlvisitorcenter.com/sites/default/files/images/event/062%20SugarHouse%20Casino%20(2).jpg
120
121
122
7
progamming development and documentation 123
SECTION 7
programmatic breakdown gaming functions
NAME
QTY.
S.F EACH
TOTAL S.F
ADJACENCIES
PRIVACY
Casino: Table Games
2
4,000
8,000
Slots, High Limit
Public
Casino: Slot Machine
1
4,000
4,000
Table Games, High Limit
Public
High Limit
1
1,000
1,000
Table Games, Slots
Public
Players Club
1
2,000
2,000
Restaurant, V.I.P
Private
Cashiers
3
300
900
All Casino Functions
Private
LIGHT
FF+E
Natural & Artificial Natural & Artificial Natural & Artificial Natural & Artificial
Table Games and Stools Slot Machines & Stools Table Games, Slots, and Stools Table Games, Slots, and Stools Cash Registers, Desks, Task Seats
Artificial
ACOUTSTICS Loud Loud Loud Loud Quiet 16,000 Sq. Ft.
Total Sq Ft.
restaurants, bars, and lounges NAME
QTY.
S.F EACH
TOTAL S.F
ADJACENCIES
PRIVACY
Restaurant
1
3,000
3,000
Bathroom, Players Club, Restaurant Prep, Storage
Public
Restaurant Prep.
1
750
750
Restaurant, Storage
Private
Bars
2
800
1,600
Casino, Bathroom, V.I.P
Public/ Private
Main Lounge
1
1,000
1,000
Entry, Casino, Bar
Public
V.I.P Lounge
5
500
2,500
Players Club, Bar
Private
Total Sq Ft.
124
LIGHT
FF+E
Natural & Dining Tables/Chairs, Artificial Service Equipment Fidge, Stove, Oven, Artificial Freezer, Dish Washer Natural & Bar Stools, LED TV’s Artificial Natural & Lounge Furniture, Artificial LED TV’s Natural & Lounge Furiture, LED Artificial TV’s
ACOUSTICS Loud Loud Loud Loud Quiet 8,000 Sq. Ft.
PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT & DOCUMENTATION
retail and entertainment venues NAME
QTY.
S.F EACH
TOTAL S.F
ADJACENCIES
PRIVACY
LIGHT
FF+E
ACOUSTICS
Retail Shops
6
800
4,800
Bathrooms, Casino
Public
Natural & Artificial
Displays, Cash Registers
Quiet
Retail Storage
6
500
3,000
Retail Shops
Private
Artificial
N/A
Quiet
Nightclub
1
1,000
1,000
Bathrooms, Casino
Public
Artificial
Lounge Furniture
Loud 9,500 Sq. Ft.
Total Sq Ft.
administrative spaces NAME
QTY.
S.F EACH
TOTAL S.F
ADJACENCIES
PRIVACY
Executive Office
2
200
400
Human Resources
Private
Human Resource Office
1
300
300
Executive Offices
Private
Security Office
1
150
150
Surveillance Office
Private
Surveillance
1
150
150
Security Office
Private
Marketing Office
1
400
400
Human Resources
Private
Entertainment Office
1
250
250
Human Resources, Marketing
Private
Employee Dining
1
2,000
2,000
Employee Lounge
Private
Employee Lounge
1
500
500
Employee Dining
Private
IT Office
1
150
150
Computer Room
Private
Dressing Room
2
150
300
Bathrooms
Private
Uniform Room
1
800
800
Dressing Room
2
250
500
1
500
1
250
Small Conference Room Large Conference Room Fire Command Control Total Sq Ft.
LIGHT
FF+E
Natural & Artificial Natural & Artificial
Desk, Task Seating, Storage, Seating Systems Funiture, Storage Systems Furniture, Storage Computers, Desks, Task Seating Systems Furniture, Storage
Natural Artificial Natural & Artificial Natural & Artificial Natural & Artificial Natural & Artificial Natural & Artificial
ACOUSTICS Quiet Quiet Quiet Quiet Quiet
Systems Furniture
Quiet
Dining Chairs/Tables
Loud
Lounge Furniture
Loud
Systems Furniture
Quiet
Artificial
Vanity
Quiet
Private
Atrificial
Washer/Dryer, Storage
Quiet
Executive Offices
Private
Artificial
500
Executive Offices
Private
Artificial
250
Security Office
Private
Artificial
Conference Table, Task Seeting LED TV, Conference Table, Task Seating Systems Furniture
Quiet Quiet Quiet 7,000 Sq. Ft.
125
SECTION 7
service spaces NAME
QTY.
S.F EACH
TOTAL S.F
ADJACENCIES
PRIVACY
LIGHT
FF+E
ACOUSTICS
Entrance
1
1,000
1,000
Bathroom, Lounge, Casino
Public
Natural & Artificial
Security Equipment
Loud
Bathrooms
6
450
2,700
Restaurant, Storage
Private
Artificial
Fidge, Stove, Oven, Freezer, Dish Washer
Loud
Loading Dock
1
2,000
2,000
Restaurant
Private
Natural
N/A
Loud
Janitor’s Closet
3
50
150
Mechanical, Storage
Private
Artificial
N/A
Quiet
Storage (Objects)
2
400
800
Janitor’s Closet, Mechanical
Private
Artificial
N/A
Quiet
Storage (Paper)
1
150
150
Admin Offices
Private
Artificial
Filing Cabinets
Quiet
Mechanical Room
1
800
800
Janitor’s Closet, Storage
Private
Artificial
N/A
Quiet
Data Closet
4
70
280
N/A
Private
Artificial
N/A
Quiet
Computer Room
1
150
150
I.T Office
Private
Artificial
Tables for Computers
Quiet
Vault / Cashier
1
600
600
Security
9,000 Sq. Ft.
Total Sq Ft.
circulation TYPE
126
TOTAL S.F
Casino
16,000
Restaurant, Bars, and Louges
9,000
Retail and Entertainment Venues
9,500
Administrative
7,000
Service
9,000
Circulation
16.000 - 21,000
Grand Total
65,000 - 80,000
NOTES *Current square footage is subject to change due to additional square footage from the addition of a mezzanine. *Circulation shall be 30-40% of the total estimated square footage. *All square footages are estimates and are subject to change throughout the duration of the project.
PROGRAMMATIC DEVELOPMENT & DOCUMENTATION
adjacency diagrams
MAIN FLOOR
PROPOSED MEZZANINE
127
image sources
First Page Image - https://wikicasinogames.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/nav_casino.jpg Figure 1 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/3b/c5/2f/3bc52f5966d436c6b6bca53bfd340ac8.jpg Figure 2 - http://i552.photobucket.com/albums/jj340/joeyaltruda/VintageLasVegas5.jpg Figure 3 - http://www.idiinc.com/media/portfolio/Casino/Trump%20Princess%20Casino/CASINO%203.jpg Figure 4 - http://empatheticadman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/20120112_macau_gambling_china_luxury09.jpg Figure 5 - http://www.casinoseurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/baden-baden-casino-casinoseurope.jpg Figure 6 - http://blogs-images.forbes.com/forbestravelguide/files/2013/01/Forbes_MonteCarloExterior_CreditCasinodeMonte-Carlo. jpg Figure 7 - http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/8f/93/0b/casino-barriere-de-deauville.jpg Figure 8 - http://wp_media-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/app/uploads/2015/09/24112933/Infographic_Design_Example_Marketo.jpg Figure 9 - http://assets.entrepreneur.com/article/1400101835-psychology-color-marketing-branding-personality-men-women-shades-tints.jpg End Image - http://www.baden-baden.de/fileadmin/user_upload/sehenswuerdigkeiten/Baden-Baden_Casino-Florentinersaal_web. jpg
128
129
130
8
building analysis & building codes 131
SECTION 8
existing drawings
132
BUILDING ANALYSIS & BUILDING CODES
133
SECTION 8
structure and materials
134
BUILDING ANALYSIS & BUILDING CODES
135
SECTION 8
136
BUILDING ANALYSIS & BUILDING CODES
code review and guidelines project data
sanitation
Project Name: Luxury Casino Project Type: Casino Address: Pier 9, North Columbus Boulevard, Between Delaware Avenue and Vine Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 Year of Completion: 1916 Number of Stories: 1 Total Gross Square Feet: 47,000
WC Women: 11 WC Men: 6 Lavatories Male: 4 Lavatories Women: 5 Drinking Fountains: 2 Service Sinks: 1
applicable building code information Zoning Ordinance: C3 General Commercial District Fire Code: 2009 IFC Building Code: 2012 IBC Energy Code: 2009 IEC
use & occupancy classifications Classification: A-3 Assembly Type: Casino Gross Square Feet: 15,000 s.f Square Feet per Occupant: 11 Gross Number of Occupants: 1,363 Sprinkler: Automatic Sprinkler System Exit Access Travel: 250 ft. Dead End Limit: 50 ft. Egress Width per Occupant: 44” Number of Exits: 4
means of egress Exit Access Travel: 250 ft. Dead End Limit: 50 ft. Egress Width per Occupant: 44” Number of Exits: 4
fire protection requirements Exterior Walls Load Bearing: 1 Hour Fire Exits and Enclosures: 2 Hours Shafts and Elevator Hoistways: 2 Hours Exit Access Corridors: 2 Hours Tenant Space Seperations: 2 Hours Smoke Barriers: 30 Mins.
building limitations National Historic Registry - Old City Historic District Urban Development Requirements - Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority - Required to Submit a Proposal
137
works cited
1. “Delaware River WATERFRONT.� DRWC. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.delawareriverwaterfront.com/places/pier-9.
image sources
First Page Image - https://wikicasinogames.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/nav_casino.jpg Figure 1 - https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/3b/c5/2f/3bc52f5966d436c6b6bca53bfd340ac8.jpg Figure 2 - http://i552.photobucket.com/albums/jj340/joeyaltruda/VintageLasVegas5.jpg Figure 3 - http://www.idiinc.com/media/portfolio/Casino/Trump%20Princess%20Casino/CASINO%203.jpg Figure 4 - http://empatheticadman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/20120112_macau_gambling_china_luxury09.jpg Figure 5 - http://www.casinoseurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/baden-baden-casino-casinoseurope.jpg Figure 6 - http://blogs-images.forbes.com/forbestravelguide/files/2013/01/Forbes_MonteCarloExterior_CreditCasinodeMonte-Carlo. jpg Figure 7 - http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/8f/93/0b/casino-barriere-de-deauville.jpg Figure 8 - http://wp_media-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/app/uploads/2015/09/24112933/Infographic_Design_Example_Marketo.jpg Figure 9 - http://assets.entrepreneur.com/article/1400101835-psychology-color-marketing-branding-personality-men-women-shades-tints.jpg End Image - http://www.baden-baden.de/fileadmin/user_upload/sehenswuerdigkeiten/Baden-Baden_Casino-Florentinersaal_web. jpg
138
139
140
9
final project research summary 141
SECTION 9
executive summary The ultimate goal of the past several months has been to conduct the appropriate research in order to create a luxury casino that appeals to a new generation. In the past, casinos in America have been labeled as evil and corrupt due to lack of social and environment interaction which finds user’s mindlessly pressing buttons as the hours pass. Since casinos outside of the United States do not share this problem, I have examined what makes them so successful. A look back through history reveals that a strong connection with nature as well as creating the appropriate balance between public and private spaces is imperative to the success of a luxury casino. This venue will be the second casino to be placed in Philadelphia, but by implementing these new ideas along with a mixture of modern materials and lighting, this facility will be set apart from its competition not only locally, but globally. Guests will be greeted with views from every direction showcasing the beauty that Penn’s Landing has to offer. Natural lighting will penetrate the through building on multiple occasions in order to make gamers feel at ease while promoting positive social interaction. This particular venue is intended to set the stage for other casino’s throughout the country.
142
Final Project Research Summary
“If you invest in beauty, it will remain with you all the days of your life.” -Frank LLoyd Wright
143
144
145
146
10
appendix & capstone committee 147
SECTION 10
a
“A Brief History of Philadelphia.” Ushistory.org. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/ philadelphia.html. “A Guide To Philadelphia’s ‘Squares’” CBS Philly. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://philadelphia.cbslocal. com/2011/02/04/a-guide-to-philadelphias-squares/. “About Philadelphia - Drexel University,” Web, 20 Nov. 2015.
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b “Bellagio,” last modified 2015, http://www.lasvegas.com/listing/bellagio/16/ “Bellagio Las Vegas”, last modified 2015, http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3388 “Bensalem, PA Climate and Temperature,” last modified 2015, http://www.bensalempa.climatemps.com/ “Borgata Atlantic City,” last modified 2015, http://www.atlanticcitynj.com/explore/casinos/borgata/. Burns, Malinda. “Urban Renewal’s Records Show it Wasn’t all Bad.”www.psmag.com. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. Accessed: 30 Aug. 2015. http://www.psmag.com/business-economics/urban-renewals-record-shows-it-wasnt-all-bad-39154. 1-3. “Building in Desert Climates,” last modified 2014, http://www.greenbuildermedia.com/building-in-desert-climates
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148
Appendix
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Cornett, Kaylia. “The Psychology Behind Casino Design.” www.timeout.com. Web. 23 Aug. 2011. Accessed: 10 Jul, 2015. http://www.timeout.com/chicago/things-to-do/the-psychology-behind-casino-design “Crown Casino in Melbourne accused of trying to lure minors to gamble”, last modified July 9, 2015, http://news. worldcasinodirectory.com/crown-casino-in-melbourne-accused-of-trying-to-lure-minors-to-gamble-9606 Crocker, Jodi. “Suites at Crown Casino “Fact Sheet”” Fact Sheet. December 13, 2015. Accessed December 13, 2015. https://www.crownmelbourne.com.au/getmedia/76b5ee1f-9ba7-4cf8-aac8-d6da37b643a6/2015_01_30-_ Crown_Resorts_Crown-Towers-Suite_Fact_Sheet_Version_1-0.pdf.aspx.
d
David Shwartz, Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling (New York: Gothic Books 2006), “Definitions”, last modified 2015, www.dictionary.com “Delaware River WATERFRONT.” DRWC. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.delawareriverwaterfront.com/places/pier-9.
149
e
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f
“Fact Sheet on Stress.” National Institute of Mental Health. www.usa.gov. Web. 29 Aug. 2015. http://www.nimh.nih. gov/hea lth/publications/stress/ index. shtml. “Fishtown-Demographics.” Point Homes. 2015. Web. Aug. 28. 2015
g
“Gambling Addiction Facts and Stats,” last modified July 23, 2015, http://www.livestrong.com/article/119442-gambling- addiction-stats/ “Gambling Through the Ages: The History of Gambling,” last modified 2015. http://www.gambling.net/history/.
h “History of the Casino de Monte-Carlo,” last modified 2015, http://www.casinodemonaco.com/History-of-the-Casino- de-Monte.html “History of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.” Ushistory.org. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.ushistory.org/ philadelphia/. “Hunger and Poverty Fact Sheet.” Feeding America. Web. Aug. 2015. Accessed:30 Aug. 2015. http://www. feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/impact-of-hunger/hunger-and-poverty/hunger-and-poverty-fact sheet. html?referrer =https://www.google.com/.
150
Hunter, Walter S. Human Behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1928.
i l
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m
“Melbourne Casino.” ArchitectureAU. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://architectureau.com/articles/melbourne- casino/. “Melbourne Crown Casino: Casino, Hotels, Shopping, Restaurants, Cafe’s and Bars”, last modified 2013, http://www. melbourne-hotels.redflag.info/crown-casino.htm “Melbourne Entertainment: Crown Casino and Southbank”, last modified 2012, http://www.melbourne.crowneplaza. com/melbourne/casino/ “Melbourne’s Weather and Climate.” City of Melbourne. December 14, 2015. Accessed December 14, 2015. https:// www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/MelbourneProfile/Pages/Melbourneweatherandclimate.aspx.
n p
Nussbaumer, Linda L. Human Factors in the Built Environment.
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151
“Parx Casino,” last modified 2015, http://www.parxcasino.com/. “Philadelphia,” Information About USA, City of Pennsylvania, Holidays and Travel Info. Pile, John F. Interior Design. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1995. “Psychological Aspects of Gambling Addiction.” Psychological Aspects of Gambling Addiction. Accessed December 13, 2015.http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/gambling.html. Psychology, International Association of Applied. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Oxford: Elsevier Science, 2002. “Psychology Of Casinos.” Wired.com. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.wired.com/2012/03/the-psychology- of-casinos/.
q s
“Royal Flush,” last modified March 26, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/03/26/royal-flush-2
“Site Evaluation and Casino Design: Section 2.” The Philadelphia Gaming Advisory Task Force. Web. 25 Jul. 2015. (4284). “Slot Machine Ergonomics.” About.com Home. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://casinogambling.about.com/od/ slots/a/Ergonomics.htm. Snyder, Michael. “40 Statistics About the Fall of the U.S Economy that are Almost too Crazy to Believe.” Theeconomic collapseblog.com. Web. 26 May 2013. Accessed: 30 Aug. 2015. 1-2. “Society Hill.” Philadelphia. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.visitphilly.com/philadelphia-neighborhoods/ soci ety-hill/. “Study Reveals Positive Economical and Social Benefits of Casino Gambling in New Jurisdictions.” American Gaming Association.www.americangaming.org. Web. 7 May 1997. Accessed: 30 Aug 2015. 1-2.
152
t capstone committee
“The Bellagio,� last modified 2015, http://www.bellagio.com
Capstone Research + Programming Professor: Alexander A. Messinger, Principle AAM Architects & Associates 2522 Bryn Mwar Avenue Ardmore, PA 19003 Phone: 610.613.2959 Email: aamarchitects@verizon.net Capstone Design Professor: Lauren K. Baumbach Director of Interior Design Program Philadelphia University 4201 Henry Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19144 Phone: 215.951.2806 Email: Baumbachl@philau.edu Mentors: Michael Mangini Director of Interior Design SOSH Architects in Atlantic City 1020 Atlantic Avenue Atlantic City, NJ 08401 Arley Sochocky Senior Interior Designer SOSH Architects in Atlantic City 1020 Atlantic Avenue Atlantic City, NJ 08401
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CONTACT INFO: Nancie Giardina Email: ngiardina601@gmail.com Phone: 201.925.0225 Connect with me on Linkedin
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