Spazi di riappropriazione e riconoscimento istituzionale by Ginevra Gyal Melazzi

Spazi di riappropriazione e riconoscimento istituzionale. Una riflessione a partire dai collettivi artistici di Macao (Milano) e La GĂŠnĂŠrale (Parigi)

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Spazi di riappropriazione e riconoscimento istituzionale. Una riflessione a partire dai collettivi artistici di Macao (Milano) e La GĂŠnĂŠrale (Parigi) ! ! "#!$#%&'()!*&+),,#! -(&+).(#/&0!1(23455)4!6()%/&5/)!728%&..#9! :2+#.&/%#/2!"#!*#+)%2!)4)4!;<=>?;<=@! !!

Indice

Abstract INTRODUZIONE

pagina 9

Primo caso studio 1. TAPPE DEL VOLO DI MACAO

pagina 26

2. LO SPAZIO DI MACAO pagina 38 2.1 Storia e progetto dello spazio pagina 39 2.2 Via Molise 68: nuovi inquilini pagina 44 2.2.1 Lavorare sullo spazio e su sé stessi pagina 46 2.2.2 Gestione e organizzazione nella destinazione degli spazi pagina 51 3. FISIONOMIA DEL COLLETTIVO / ATTORI pagina 55 3.1 Lavoratori dell’arte e dello spettacolo: la forza delle idee e non delle ideologie pagina 56 3.2 Tracciare i contorni di Macao: storia e percorso del collettivo pagina 60 ! ! 4. INTERAZIONI CON LA PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE pagina 66 !4.1 Un dialogo mancato pagina 67 ! Secondo caso studio 5. GLI ARTISTI DE LA GéNéRALE CERCANO CASA

pagina 75

6 GLI SPAZI DE LA GéNéRALE 6.1 Uno spazio di partenza 6:2 Un contesto allargato: spazio-progetto di Sevrès 6.3 Rimanere nel quartiere

pagina 78 pagina 79 pagina 83 pagina 86

7. IL MOVIMENTO ARTISTICO PARIGINO pagina 90 !7.1 Gli artisti quali iniziatori di politiche partecipative nel quartiere pagina 92 7.2 Volontari e collettivi partecipanti dell’associazione pagina 94 8. INTERAZIONI CON L’AMMINISTRAZIONE !8.1 Una pianificazione spinta dalle pratiche artistiche 8.2 Una scissione coesa

pagina 96 pagina 98 pagina 102

9. UN CONFRONTO pagina 105 9.1 Un contesto politico favorevole pagina 106 9.2 Modalità di interazione con il contesto politico e urbano: attori e strumenti a confronto pagina 108 CONCLUSIONI

pagina 111!

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Immagine 1 Torre GalFa , pia no direzionale, salotto di pa ssaggio con pareti e soffitto in noce e pa vimenti in moquette marrone

! Immagine 2 Torre GalFa , tra v ia Ga lvani e via Fa ra , vista sul gra tta cielo Pirelli

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Immagine 3 Di notte Macao si accende ed il grattacielo si illumina di blu. I neon erano giĂ lĂŹ, resti di una spettacolare campagna pubblicitaria che la Hyundai aveva lanciato nel 2011.

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Immagine 5

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BOX1. LUOGHI DELL’OCCUPAZIONE

TORRE GALFA: 10 giorni di permanenza e occupazione (dal 5 al 15 Maggio)

PALAZZO CITTERIO - 3 giorni di permanenza e occupazione (dal 16 al 19 Maggio)

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! EX BORSA DEL MACELLO - 650 giorni di permanenza e occupazione (dal 16 Giugno e in corso)

5 Maggio 2012 viene convocato in mattinata un raduno in piazzale Lagosta, Macao si dirige verso via Fara e occupa Torre Galfa. Qui vengono presentati i Tavoli di Lavoro e la programmazione delle attività 15 Maggio 2012( avviene lo sgombero di Torre Galfa ordinato dalla proprietà dell’edificio (Fondiaria SAI) che intende far rientrare l’edificio nella disponibilità del gruppo. Intanto scattano nove denunce per occupazione abusiva nei confronti del collettivo. Macao presidia via Galvani e durante un’assemblea pubblica il sindaco propone al collettivo di partecipare al bando per l’assegnazione degli spazi dell’exAnsaldo (Officine Creative Ansaldo). Dopo momenti di confronto interno la proposta viene declinata. 19 Maggio 2012 il collettivo e la cittadinanza lasciano il presidio in via Galvani e percorrono le vie del centro storico fino a Palazzo Citterio e lo aprono al pubblico. Le attività di Macao riprendono il loro corso tra i dissensi degli assessori che in origine si dichiaravano a sostegno delle iniziative. 22 Maggio 2012 viene nuovamente posta l’ordinanza di sgombero e Macao si ritrova di nuovo a traslocare. Seguono le assemblee pubbliche con presidio in via Brera. 16 Giugno 2012 Dopo una mattina di lavori ai Tavoli e di confronto segue un corteo itinerante attraverso gli spazi culturali lasciati in abbandono per poi arrivare alla Borsa dell’ex Macello in via Molise, ultima tappa del percorso. Lo spazio viene occupato e riaperto al pubblico.

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Immagine 7 Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ex-Borsa del Macello in abbandono. Foto dallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;archivio di Macao scattata prima del loro ingresso

!!!!! Immagine 8 Interni della palazzina allo stato di fatto nel momento dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ingresso del collettivo negli spazi della ex Borsa del Macello

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BOX 2. ASSOCIAZIONISMO NEGLI SPAZI DELLA BORSA

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BV!

! Immagine 9 “Macao, nuovo Centro per le Arti, la Cultura e la Ricerca presenta il Summer Camp, progetto di riqualificazione e valorizzazione dello spazio dell’ex Borsa del Macello di Viale Molise 68, riaperto alla cittadinanza il 16 giugno scorso. Il progetto avrà luogo dal 1 agosto al 16 settembre 2012.Sono invitati cittadine e cittadini, studentesse, studenti, lavoratori e lavoratrici, artisti e artiste, performer, musicisti e musiciste, teatranti e teatrantesse, a passare con noi l’estate e a partecipare ad un progetto comune caratterizzato da momenti di autoformazione, workshop e laboratori, e che miri, in un contesto di condivisione e co-progettazione, alla ristrutturazione

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Immagine 13 Una foto dei giorni che hanno interessato Occupy Wall Street, a New York. “Noi siamo il 99%”è la frase popolarizzata dal movimento e di cui ne è diventato lo slogan

( Immagine 14 Cerimonia di inaugurazione e conferenza pubblica all’apertura del Teatro Valle a Roma

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Immagine 14 Il 3 dicembre 2011, i lavoratori e le lavoratrici dell’arte si occupano del PAC di Milano, ridefinito Padiglione d’Arte Comune, portando all’interno di uno spazio pubblico un’assemblea cittadina per discutere di arte e cultura come

! Immagine 15 Alle ore 15.00 Assemblea cittadina Arte Bene Comune. Sono invitati i cittadini, le maestranze, i lavoratori, tutti coloro che sono interessati a parlare di arte e cultura come bene comune, all’interno del PAC. All’assemblea ha partecipato anche Stefano Boeri, come si vede in foto sulla destra, accompagnato da Paolo Limonta

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! Immagine 16 Nel corso del pomeriggio, dopo lo sgombero, si sono susseguiti interventi da parte dell'assemblea (alla quale ha partecipato pure il sindaco di Milano Giuliano Pisapia.

! Immagine 17 Gli spazi dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ex Ansaldo prendono il nome di Officine Creative Ansaldo, OCA. Gli spazi della struttura che interessano il progetto sono in particolare i padiglioni 12,13,31,32, destinati alla sperimentazione gestionale degli stessi

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18 Giugno 2012 / Occupazione Ex Borsa del Macello

dell’abbandono

19 Maggio 2012/ Viene occupato Palazzo Citterio, in zona Brera

in quei giorni/ Anche l’assessore Majorino olleva la questione degli spazi in disuso

AMMINISTRAZIONE LOCALE

L’amministrazione locale cerca di assumere una posizione mediatrice nell’interesse di mantenere una posizione neutrale ma dichiaratamente aperta al confronto. Dopo un lungo periodo apre un tavolo di dibattito sugli spazi comune inaugurando un percorso partecipativo nella costruzione di una delibera con il collettivo (delibera che ha visto interrotto il suo percorso di costituzione).

nella giornata/ Il sindaco si presenta all’assemblea pubblica proponendo il bando

CITTADINI

La cittadinanza accoglie positivamente l’apertura di spazi artistici da parte del collettivo, sostenendone la causa. I cittadini partecipano attivamente alle attività e ai laboratori politici e artistici.

confronto

produzione

attività

incontro

riconoscmento

sostenitore

partecipatore

mediatore

partecipatore

tipo di relazione \hg e bgm^keh\nmhk^

Luglio 2014 / Tavolo di discussione sugli spazi in abbandono

COLLETTIVO ARTISTICO

15 maggio 2012 / L’edificio viene sgombe- rato nelle prime ore del mattino

coordinamento

Il collettivo di Macao nasce come rappresentanza autonoma dei Lavoratori dell’Arte, stimolanfo il dibattito su questioni di carattere politico e urbanistico (riuso urbano) sul territorio milanese. Lo spazio-progetto è il luogo della produzione e delle attività che coinvolgono la cittadinanza. Inoltre lo spazio è anche il luogo dell’incontro con la cittadinanza e laboratorio politico verso il riconoscimento da parte delle istituzioni delle pratiche di autogestione.

18 Giugno 2012 / percorso itinerante dei luoghi

SOGGETTI CHE INTERAGISCONO CON LO SPAZIO: natura e relazioni reciproche

NETWORK

SOGGETTO

tipo di relazione \hg e bgm^keh\nmhk^

CROMOSTORIA

5 Maggio 2012 / Occupazione del grattacielo all’angolo tra via Fara e via Galvani

Il network dei Lavoratori dell’Arte si costituisce quale riferimento per soggetti interessati ad esplicitare le condizioni di precarietà in cui si ritrovano molti artisti e operatori culturali. Essi attraversano le lotte reali, aperte anche su terreni diversi (spettacolo, conoscenza, studenti, beni comuni) con l’intento di costruire un mezzo di autorappresentazione per influenzare ed essere più forti nel confronto con le istituzioni.

network collettivo artistico cittadini amministrazione locale

Il percorso che ha portato alla redazione di una bozza di delibera si apre con un incontro pubblico organizzato nel luglio 2014 dal Comune di Milano, alla quale parteciparono anche diverse realtà del movimento milanese. Da questo incontro vennero presentate delle proposte e recepite alcune delle richieste e la necessità di novi spazi di gestione del patrimonio in abbandono. Nei f^lb ln\\^llbob l^`nbkhgh Zemkb ZiingmZf^gmb \hgoh\Zmb ZmmkZo^klh be lbmh ]b fbeZghliZsbh\hfng^ ^ seguirono le prime redazione di un documento di delibera ispirato a quello delle esperienze bmZebZg^ ]b GZiheb i^k e Zlbeh ^q ?beZg`^kb h ]b ;heh`gZ :< K^Ze^

ANNUALMENTE CON PROCEDURA DI EVIDENZA PUBBLICA E CON POSSIBI-‐ LITà DI SEGNALAZIONE DA PARTE DELLA CITTADINANZA, IL COMUNE STILA UNA LISTA DI SPAZI ‘DISPONIBI-‐

tali spazi sono: -‐ spazi pubblici abbandonati -‐ spazi privati abbandonati ridestinati a uso pubblico ai sensi del regolamento edilizio. -‐ spazi , di proprietà comunale , che , pur non essendo abbandonati si rendono , per vari motivi (scadenze di assegnazioni etc) disponibili.

MECCANISMI DEGLI DEGLI MECCANISMI SPAZI DESTINATI DESTINATI ALLA ALLA FIFISPAZI NALITÀ DELLA DELLA DELIBERA DELIBERA NALITÀ 2

VIENE REDATTA E PUBBLICATA, UN'UNICA LISTA DI SPAZI CHE POSSONO, CONSEGUENTE-‐ MENTE, ESSERE MESSI IN ATTIVITÀ SIA TRAMI-‐ TE BANDO CHE TRAMITE LE MODALITÀ PREVI-‐ STE DALLA DELIBERA (MODALITÀ ANCORA DA INDIVIDUARE MA CHE , IN OGNI CASO, PREVE-‐ DONO L'ATTIVAZIONE DIRETTA DA PARTE DI GRUPPI DI CITTADINE/I)

IN ATTESA DI DEFINIRE LE MODALITÀ DI APPLICAZIONE DI UNO SPAZIO DA PARTE DELLA CITTADINANZA, SI È DEFINITO CHE IL COMUNE PUÒ OPZIONARE UNO SPAZIO DICHIARANDO L'APERTURA DELL'ISTRUTTORIA AMMINISTRATIVA DEL BANDO E CHE, DAL MOMENTO DELL'OPZIONE, A DA UNO A TRE MESI DI TEMPO (A SECONDA DELLE CARATTERISTICHE DELLO SPAZIO) PER PUBBLICARE IL BANDO. SCADUTO TALE TEMPO , IN ASSENZO DI UN BANDO PUBBLICATO, LO SPAZIO TORNA NELLE DISPONIBILITÀ DELLA LISTA E TORNA OPZIONABILE DALLA CITTADINANZA

ALCUNE CIFRE ...

40 i futuri recuperi con bandi aperti o progetti in avvio +300gli spazi recuperati a Milano attraverso progetti 12 progetti di riuso

PIANO TERRA Superficie : 11x7 m Altezza Soffitto: 6,50 m

Questo è lo spazio del CineMacel- lo, una sala cinema/teatro polifun- zionale; infatti può ospitare riunioni del collettivo, sala concerto, e backstage/sala prove durante i concerti o le rappresen- tazioni che hanno luogo nell’adi- acente salone centrale Qui si trovano i servizi lavanderia ad uso degli appartenenti al collettivo con una lavatrice e il servizio infermieria

CUCINA Il salone centrale, dotato di servizio bar, è lo spazio della condivisione con i cittadini di esposizioni, iniziative ed eventi musicali, ma soprattutto il luogo delle assemblee pubbliche

SALONE

INFOPOINT

LAVANDERIA /INFERMIERIA

Questi sono servizi specifici ad uso deposito destinato ai diversi materiali dei tavoli specifici. Qui viene tenuta tutta l’attrezzatura video, audio, luci e cartoleria

PIANO SUPERIORE

FORESTERIA e ZONA NOTTE

ARCHIVIO STORICO

RIVISTA E STAMPA

<:??> E>MM>K:KBH

[circa 600 metri quadri di superficie [11 metri di altezza massima

La zona Foresteria è costituita da sei stanze entro le quali soggior- nano alcuni degli occupanti, specialmente quando si tratta di chiudere i locali dopo un evento. Qui in futuro dovrebbero realiz- zarsi le residenze artistiche

CINEMACELLO

DEPOSITO

SALA PROVE /REGIA

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Immagine 18 Il centro di Parigi con segnata l’area in cui si trova il quartiere Belleville

Immagine 19 Un particolare della locazione de la Générale quando si trova in Rue Generale Lasalle

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Immagine 20 Un momento di rela x sul tetto della ex scuola di Sevrès

Immagine 21 Una delle mostre ospitate a ll’interno dello spa zio de La Généra le en Ma nufa cture – 24 ottobre 2013

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Immagine 22 Vista fuori dai locali di Rue Parmantier, dal 2009 nuova sede di una parte de La Générale

! Immagine 22 Vista all’interno dei locali de La Générale in Rue Parmantier. Vista dal Mezzanino

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Immagine 24 Una delle strade del quartiere Belville che costeggiano alcuni squat artistici preesistenti

! Immagine 25 Una delle aree chill out aperte al pubblico all’interno de La Générale Nord-Est

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2007/ I firmatari della convenzione si trasferiscono negli spazi di Sevrès, gli altri rifiutano

AMMINISTRAZIONE LOCALE

L’amministrazione locale ha da sempre interagito quale facilitatore delle pratiche artistiche, spesso considerandole un bene storico e profondamente legato alla cultura della città. Nel 2008 la municipalità ha raccolto anche un dossier sugli spazi creativi di Parigi, dimostrando grande attenzione e cura per il proseguo delle attività artistiche da parte dei collettivi e non.

2006 / Il Dipartimento Regionale per gli Affari Culturali propone il trasferimento

CITTADINI

La cittadinanza accoglie positivamente l’apertura di spazi artistici da parte dei collettivi, sostenendone la causa. In particolare i residenti di Belleville sono prevalentemente artisti o proprietari di atelier locati nel quartiere.

2006 /Il Ministero perde processo: il collettivo ottiene una proroga di 18 mesi

2005 /Costituzione in associazione per facilitare il dialogo con le istituzioni

COLLETTIVO ARTISTICO

coordinamento

influenza

produzione

esposizione

incontro

mediazione

sostenitore

bene cittadino

facilitatore

tipo di relazione \hg e bgm^keh\nmhk^

2009 / Il resto del collettivo firma una diversa COP rimanendo nel quartiere

Il collettivo de La Générale nasce come laboratorio artistico e politico, profondamente legato al contesto di riferimento, ovvero il quartiere di Belleville. Lo spazio-progetto assume dunque una duplice funzione: da una parte gli spazi produttivi ed espositivi aperti al pubblico, dall’altra luogo dell’incontro e della mediazione con i cittadini.

2007 /La DRAC e la municipalità propongono la Convenzione d’Occupazione

SOGGETTI CHE INTERAGISCONO CON LO SPAZIO: natura e relazioni reciproche

NETWORK

SOGGETTO

tipo di relazione \hg e bgm^keh\nmhk^

CROMOSTORIA

8 Febbraio 2005 / Occupazione civici 10-12 in rue du Generale Lasalle

il network artistico di Parigi è senza dubbio una delle realtà più vivaci e attive della città, e svolge attività di coordinamento e diffusione del sapere creativo. Questo network, particolarmente attivo, già famoso negli anni 90, ha dato vita a molti squat artistici storici. Già negli anni ‘70 il loro percorso si incrocia con la politica locale influenzandola significativamente (vedi creazione dei CAES e COOP nel 2006) .

network collettivo artistico cittadini amministrazione locale

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DOVE? LOCALIZZAZIONE

COME?

il collettivo deve corrispondere un pagamento di affitto simbolico: il canone modico (regolato dalla Cass.civ3° del febbraio 2000).

il collettivo deve costituirsi quale associazione, nominando due rappresentanti legali scelti tra i partecipanti al gruppo.

l’impegno di manutenzione e gestione dello spazio senza fini di lucro ma attraverso l’autofinanziamento.

LE CONDIZIONI

QUANTO?

Lo strumento adottato con delibera, può essere adottato prima o durante l’occupazione degli spazi verso cui il collettivo o gruppo artistico abbia espresso interesse.

La durata della permanenza dipende da una motivazione legittima e non fraudolenta da riferire al Comune.

La permanenza rimane comunque precaria e revocabile, considerato il suo carattere temporaneo.

ALCUNE CIFRE ...

TEMPORALITA’

FORTE DISCREZIONALITA’ DA PARTE DELLA MUNICIPALITA’ NELLA LOCALIZZAZIONE DEI LUOGHI ARTISTICI POSSIBILITA’ DI REGOLAMENTAZIONE DI SPAZI GIA’ OCCUPATI PERDITA DEL CARATTERE INFORMALE DEL COLLETTIVO CHE DIVENTA SOGGETTO GIURIDICO OGNI PROVENTE VIENE REIMPIEGATO PER SOSTENERE LE OPERE DI MANUTENZIONE E GLI IMPEGNI AFFITUARI LO SPAZIO E LA PERMANENZA IN ESSO SONO STRETTAMENTE TEMPORANEI E PRECARI

1.067il numero di atelier artistici municipali 410 gli artisti che beneficiano di una sovvenzione individuale +38%di immobili destinati ad accogliere artisti 80 le associazioni artistiche sviluppano e preservano le attività artistiche sovvenzionate dal Comune

EFFETTI E CONSEGUENZE

Il Comune guida l’attivazione di questi spazi in ragione in una localizzazione‘migliore’ per motivi di coerenza o di inserimento entro contesti urbani di rigenerazione , come ad esempio le periferie e alcuni siti afferenti al sistema ferroviario.

ATELIER

In questo spazio sono disponibili attrezzi di prima mano (cacciavi- ti, scotch, viti, collan- ti, etc) ed eventuale altra attrezzatura disponibile previa specifica richiesta di utilizzo.

PIANO TERRA

Superficie : 9x9 m Altezza Soffitto: 5,50 m Superficie : 110 mq Altezza Soffitto: 1O m

PIANO SUPERIORE

La pavimentazione in parquet è reversibile a seconda dei diversi usi (moquette, tappetino da ballo nero). La ‘scatola’ ha un soffitto in panno che copre l’attrezzatura luci e unaplatea della capienza di 75 persone

PALCOSCENICO

Il luogo della convivialità e dell’incontro per i residenti, ma anche atelier culinario ttrezzato per accogliere le possibili iniziative legate alla cucina offrendo microonde, cucina elettrica e un frigo

CUCINA

SALONE

E’ lo spazio pubblico d’eccelle- nza, il luogo dell’incontro con la cittadinanza e luogo delle riunioni assembleari pubbliche. Il servizio bar e i servizi igenici sono anch’essi di uso pubblico

Superficie : 12x5m Altezza Soffitto: 2,80 m

Superficie : 11x7 m Altezza Soffitto: 6,50 m

I due locali più grandi offrono una postazione lavoro, una mensola e un telefono ciascuno destinati agli artisti designati all’uso dei due spazi.

I TRE UFFICI Il locale più piccolo invece è destinato a cabina montaggio con una postazione computer (Mac 27 pollici) ad uso del collettivo e degli artisti presenti

[5OO metri quadri di superficie [1O metri di altezza massima

Superficie : 2 locali di 5x3 m + 1 locale di 3x2,5m

MEZZANINO

Questo è il luogo degli operatori tecnici del suono e delle luci . Il mezzanino si affaccia diretta- mente sulla Scatola Nera (il palcoscenico) su uno spazio dove possono lavorare agilmente 20 persone contemporaneamente

EH LI:SBH3 =BF>GLBHGB > ?NGSBHG:EBM:

Superficie : 12x5m Altezza Soffitto: 2,80 m

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