Building System Journal

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Gleydis Viqueira Guash IND5615 RVC 1218 Building System Professor: Marcia Lopes de Mello Fall 2021 FIU-Interior Architecture Master Program

Table of Content

Part 1 - The Building, the Environment, and Health and Safety Chapter 1 Environmental Conditions and the Site Chapter 2 Designing for the Environment Chapter 3 Designing for Human Health and Safety Part 2 – Building Components Chapter 4 Building Forms, Structures, and Elements Chapter 5 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, and Stairs Chapter 6 Windows and Doors Part 3 – Acoustics Chapter 7 Acoustic Design Principles Chapter 8 Architectural Acoustics Part 4 – Water and Waste Systems Chapter 9 Water Supply Systems Chapter 10 Waste and Reuse Systems Chapter 11 Fixtures and Appliances Part 5 – Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Systems Chapter 12 Principles of Thermal Comfort Chapter 13 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control Chapter 14 Heating and Cooling Part 6 – Electrical and Lighting Systems Chapter 15 Electrical System Basics Chapter 16 Electrical Distribution Chapter 17 Lighting Systems Part 7 – Fire Safety, Conveyance, Security, and Communications Chapter 18 Fire Safety Design Chapter 19 Conveyance Systems Chapter 20 Communications, Security, and Control Equipment References of Information and Images

Part 1 - The Building, theEnvironment, and Healthand Safety

Chapter 1 Environmental Conditions and the Site Chapter 2 Designing for the Environment Chapter 3 Designing for Human Health and Safety

The Building, the Environment, and Health and Safety

Climate change, energy sources, consumption, and site conditions affect the design.

Part 1

It investigates the building envelope and the role of insulation in heat flow. Energy-efficient design, the building design process, and sustainable design are introduced.

Addresses the human body's interaction with the built environment and how building codes protect us.

Chapter # 1

Introduction

Environmental Conditions and the Site

• A basic understanding of environmental and site conditions is necessary for interior designers.

• The building’s form and orientation are significant concerns of the building’s architect.

• The design of the building includes massing, configuration, and orientation, generating the relationship between the interior space and the environment.

Climate Change

Species extinction is anticipated. Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 continue to rise Global emissions have not yet peaked Current climate policies will reduce emissions, but not quickly enough to reach international targets

According to the EPA, US buildings account for 41 percent of total energy use and 65 percent of all electricity consumption.

“The Romans incorporated glass windows into their buildings around 50 BCE to bring in daylight and solar heat, and wealthier Romans often added sunrooms to their villas.”

“Palladio placed summer rooms on the north side and winter rooms on the south side of his buildings to take advantage of the sun.”

Sunlight contributes to the deterioration of paints, roofing, wood, and other building materials.

Fabric dyes may fade, and many plastics decompose when exposed to direct sun

Photovoltaic (PV) technology converts solar energy directly into electricity at a building’s site. PV collectors provide energy for heating water or for electrical power. PV cells are often made of silicon

The noise produced by small wind turbines is generally not objectionable to most people, and larger turbines are being engineered to reduce noise levels.

Global Climate Change

Greenhouse gases are pollutants that trap the earth’s heat, especially emissions of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels.

Interior designers can specify materials and equipment that avoid fuel combustion and environmentally damaging refrigerants, and select insulation, upholstery, and other products made with environmentally benign materials.

Thermally massive interior materials support passive solar design, which relies on the design of the building itself, rather then on fuel‐consuming mechanical equipment.

Buildings influence microclimates by redirecting rainwater to nourish plants, blocking or channeling wind, and moderating or maintaining hotter temperatures by storing heat in massive materials.

Building Placement

Elevating a structure on poles or piers minimizes disturbance of the natural terrain and existing vegetation. Setbacks provide access to daylight and fresh air.

Building structures depend on the condition of the soil and rocks on the site.

Reusing land that has already been impacted by human activities rather than undeveloped properties supports land conservation by bringing land back to productive use.

Rainwater falling on steeply pitched roofs with overhangs is usually collected by gutters and downspouts to be transported away as surface runoff or underground through a storm sewer. Drain leaders are pipes that run vertically within partitions to carry the water down through the structure to the storm drains.

Existing Buildings

Demolition by hand salvage, in which the building is taken apart and its constituent pieces are reused, is an alternative that is labor‐intensive (which may provide job training experience) but energy‐wise.

Chapter # 2

Designing for the Environment

Introduction

• The experience of the people who inhabit and use the building can be best enhanced by designs that are both visually pleasing and socially significant.

• Aiming to design an environment that nurtures human endeavor without imposing excessive external stress.

• Interior designers have a role in the design of passive systems and should care about energy use. Sustainable design and the use of environmentally responsible materials benefit from the skills of interior designers,

Building Envelopment

Sod houses

Walls two feet (0.6 meter) thick. The south side had a door and two or more windows, often with a window at each end, were warm in winter and very cool in summer. The tent was made of a light wood pole frame with a handmade textile covering. It was a lightweight, modular, and mobile.

Dynamic elements of the building envelope include operable windows, window shading devices, and insulating shutters

Smart Façade – Climate Walls

They have an additional glass skin that allows solar control and natural ventilation.

Heat Flow and the Building Envelope

• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

• The second law of thermodynamics states that as time goes by, energy will tend toward lower and lower quality.

• Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Fenestration is defined as the arrangement of windows and doors on the elevations of a building.

The surfaces of most insulating materials should not be exposed either indoors or outdoors.

Superinsulation uses extra insulation plus extra thermal mass, along with insulative window treatments.

Energy Efficient Design

Glass helps to filter UV radiation but with direct gain systems, enough is transmitted to bleach paints, interior furnishings, and other building materials. It is advisable to select colors and materials that resist fading.

Roof Pond

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Reducing materials use lowers environmental impact and minimizes waste from material handling and construction. Use durable materials made from renewable resources, and avoid non-renewable sources or materials. Use materials with recycled and recyclable content. Local building materials reduce the embodied energy due to transportation.

Net zero buildings are buildings that become self‐sufficient and operate entirely on renewable energy.

Chapter # 3

Introduction

Designing for Human Health and Safety

• Aspects of sustainable design such as indoor air quality and sustainable materials have direct impacts on human health.

• Designers deal with accessibility issues, ergonomics, lighting, acoustics and design solutions for those with special needs

Human Body and the Built Environment

Sedentary Metabolic Rates

Heat Generation Excersice Resting

Interior designers should avoid creating strong contrasts that can make vision difficult or painful, for example a very bright object against a very dark background or a dark object against light. Lighting levels and daylighting are important parts of interior design.

The metabolic rates of specific groups of people (children, older adults) may influence the thermal qualities of the spaces we design for them.

Hazardous Materials

Disturbing asbestos material by drilling holes, hanging materials on walls or ceilings, causing abrasion, or removing ceiling tiles below asbestos‐containing materials should be avoided.

Sign for it

Building Codes and Standards

The interior designer must check with the local jurisdiction for which codes to follow. Professional organizations and government agencies offer continuing education programs when major code changes are introduced.

Organizations

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Part 2 – BuildingComponents

Chapter 4 Building Forms, Structures, and Elements Chapter 5 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, and Stairs Chapter 6 Windows and Doors

ADA DRAWING VIEW

Part 3 – Acoustics

Chapter 7 Acoustic Design Principles Chapter 8 Architectural Acoustics

IntroductionTwo sound perceived at the same time cancel each other, but the combination of frequencies could fail creating sound distorsion.

Incessant exposure to noise levels as low as 75 dB can cause to headaches, digestive problems, tachycardia, high blood pressure, anxiety, and nervousness. Even lower levels can trigger sleeping problems.

Silencers deliver effective sound reduction for air or gas movement functions.

Acoustic Louvres offer sound attenuation and weatherproofing to an area of wall or aperture while allowing continuous air flow for ventilation.

Application

Ceiling baffles are an efficient and inexpensive acoustic treatment that suspends down vertically to increase speech fluency and sound precision.

Application

Part 4 – Water andWaste Systems

Chapter 9 Water Supply Systems Chapter 10 Waste and Reuse Systems Chapter 11 Fixtures and Appliances

Residential Bathroom Examples and Technological Advances

ADA BATHROOM

Part 5 – Heating,Cooling, and VentilationSystems

Chapter 12 Principles of Thermal Comfort Chapter 13 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control Chapter 14 Heating and Cooling

HVAC Extra Information

3D image of a negative pressure patient isolation room with HVAC Controls pop outs.

Every HVAC system has an air filter. This filter works to trap unwanted allergens and debris from the air in your home.

Ductless systems are inherently zoned. So instead of ductwork distributing heating and air, indoor heads in each room perform this function under the control of their thermostat. Some can even be controlled from the smartphone.

Part 6 – Electrical andLighting Systems

Chapter 15 Electrical System Basics Chapter 16 Electrical Distribution Chapter 17 Lighting Systems

Introduction

Principles of electricity

Electricity and Safesty

Wireless services

Electrical Design

Wire Devices

Depending on the effect required choosing the right luminaire becomes of the upmost importance.

It is also important to take into consideration the setting and the height of the structure.

Part 7 – Fire Safety,Conveyance, Security,and Communications

Chapter 18 Fire Safety Design Chapter 19 Conveyance Systems Chapter 20 Communications, Security, and Control Equipment

Part 7

Fire Safety, Conveyance, Security, and Communications

• How building interiors are designed to prevent fires and help people escape.

• Building systems that move people and materials, including elevators, escalators, and materials handling equipment.

• The future of evolving building systems

Chapter # 18

Introduction

Fire Safety Design

• Consider the overall concept of fire safety rather than just looking at individual systems.

• Topics of fire protection design include design of means of egress, early detection and alarm systems, compartmentation, smoke control and its relationship to material choice and building design, fire suppression systems, and emergency power.

Design for Fire Safety

Basic Principles

Fire triangle

Fire suppression systems that cover the fuel or that displace the oxygen with another gas limit the supply of oxygen. High temperatures can be controlled by cold water from sprinkler system.

Fire Safety Codes

Fuel

Mean of Egress

Always verify means of egress requirements with current editions of the codes recognized by the authorities having jurisdiction for a specific project

Exit Access

This two particular aspect affect the design process a lot.

Note that the occupant load is not the same as an occupancy classification. An occupancy classification indicates the use of the space, rather than the number of people occupying it

Materials and Fire Protection

Smoke causes around 80 percent of all fire casualties, and often originates from burning or smoldering plastic materials

Fire Detection System

Fire Suppression System

Splinker

Chapter # 19Conveyance Systems

Introduction

• Conveyance systems include both horizontal and vertical transportation (elevators, escalators, and dumbwaiters).

• Vertical transportation is a defining factor in a building’s shape, main layout, and lobby design.

• Vertical transportation comprises 10 to 15 % of the construction budget for tall buildings, plus operating costs.

Elevators

Hydraulic Elevator

ADA ELEVATOR DRAWINGS

Escalators and Moving Walks

Materials Handling

Conveyors

Use in fabrics and Airport to transport heavy cargo. It is also known as a production line.

Chapter # 20

Introduction

Communications, Security, and Control Equipment

• Signal equipment encompasses all communication and control equipment, the function of which is to assist in ensuring proper building operation.

Signal systems send and receive electronically coded information. They include all communication and control equipment, security, music and sound, intercom, clock and program, paging, and building automation systems.

A remote-control system, as opposed to an automated system, employs a technique by which an action can be performed manually at the device being controlled from a remote location by some intermediate means, such as low‐voltage wiring or a wireless signal.

It is important for interior designers to consider the location of data and phone receptacles when laying out desks. Receptacles should be located on walls where desks will be placed, rather than in locations that would require running extension cords.

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