A Sample On
SUSTAINBABLE TOURISM By
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 TASK 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 How stakeholders can benefit from planning of tourism developments .......................... 1 1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning partnerships .. 2 TASK 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Features of tourism development planning at different levels ......................................... 2 2.2 Significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourism development ..... 3 2.3 Different methods available to measure tourist impact .................................................... 4 TASK 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Concept of sustainability in tourism development ........................................................... 5 3.2 Factors that may prevent/hinder sustainable tourism development ................................. 6 3.3 Different stages in planning for sustainability ................................................................. 7 TASK 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Methods of resolving a conflict of interests to ensure the future wellbeing of a developing tourism destination .............................................................................................. 8 4.2 Implications of balancing supply and demand with reference to the Okavango Delta Botswana .............................................................................................................................. 10 4.3 Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in the Okavango Delta Botswana ............ 10 TASK 5 .................................................................................................................................... 11 5.1 Compare current issues associated with tourism development in a developing country and an emerging destination where the impacts of tourism are different ............................ 11 5.2 Evaluate, with recommendations, the future development of tourism in these destinations ........................................................................................................................... 12 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 13 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 14
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INTRODUCTION The below assignment aims to develop an understanding of developing sustainable tourism concept, its promotions and methods in which it can be attained. The particular concept is effectively explained through several tasks in the following paper. The major part is focusing on MAST project of Nepal and its implications on the locals of country. The content is also including tourism activities effects in the surroundings of Okavango Delta Botswana to understand the need of sustainable tourism development. The meaning of sustainable tourism is an execution of sustainability framework to reduce tourism activities environmental, economic and social impacts on the communities, culture and heritage of country. 1.1 How stakeholders can benefit from planning of tourism developments The MAST (The Marketing Assistance to Nepal for Sustainable Tourism Products) project can be a great development source for the local communities and tourism industry of Nepal. The particular project can attract many tourists around the globe to visit several attractions or destinations of country. Many project companies have their participation in this sustainable tourism development project of Nepal. Moreover, stakeholders like investors, owners, creditors, government, local communities and employees of the Neal are responsible the effective planning of MAST project (Aronsson, 2000). The selected project and various other activities related to sustainable tourism products development in the region are an adequate more of revenue generation for the government and developing opportunities of employment for the craftsmen, local people, tourist’s guides, tour operator, etc. Also, it has increased Nepal government revenues as well as developed thousands of job opportunities for local residents. Moreover, the MAST project lead to local companies of Nepal to market their products into European countries and attract tourists from there. This has resulted in several infrastructural developments in the Nepal including resorts, hotels, restaurants, bars, swimming pools, etc. to provide excellent facilities and satisfaction to foreigners. It has resulted in the increase of nation’s goodwill and reputation in the world. Furthermore, sustainable tourism development in Nepal would lead to domestic travel sector
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development, highways expansions plus increase in livelihoods of locals through changes in their activities and achieving new growth options (Baumgartner, 2008). 1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning partnerships The public/private sector partnership is very significant for the effective implementation of MAST project. The positive coordination in between the two can make overall project of marketing assistance of Nepal companies to European nations successful. There are both advantages and disadvantages of private/public sector partnership to Nepal economy and tourism industry, which are as follows:
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Advantages Cost reduction – Through PPPs, Nepal tourism sector would be able to perform cost economy in projects construction and in maintaining plus operating services. Risk share – The tourism industry through PPPs can share their potential risks with private partners. These risks might include failure of delivering service on time, excess costs, and problems in complying with regulations of environment or mitigating with risks related to insufficiency of paying capital and operational costs.
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Maintain current levels of service or improve service levels – PPPs may innovate organization and performance of service delivery. Earnings improvement – PPPs might set rates of user that deliberate real costs for particular service. More effective execution – Effectiveness might be attained by several activities combination, like construction and creation, more flexible hiring plus acquisitions, fast sanction for more effective decision making and capital funding. Other economic advantages – Good involvement of Nepal tourism sector in PPPs can aid as well as stimulate the private industry plus contribute in economic growth plus improved employment (Bramwell and Lane, 2003). Disadvantages
The available resources are overused that would result in spoiling the nature;
The PPPs contract is for long term;
Every partner must know about the upcoming planning of business;
Making investment in destinations of tourism should have excellent quality standards for both local residents and tourists;
Expanding expenses and costs of exchanges;
Keeping social gaps in between two sectors;
Enhancing high capital expenses;
Issues are not solved for long time period;
Concentrating more on revenue rather than on service quality;
Decreasing destinations number;
Applying rules of anti-tourism;
Executing unnecessary regulations and rules making trouble for tourists (Cernat and Gourdon, 2007).
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2.1 Features of tourism development planning at different levels Arrangement of tourism can take place at distinct levels going from national, large scale and regional levels to distinct micro scale stages. As stated by Pearce (1995), plans developed for specific level should only concentrate on that level, but it must be developed in a way that can be coordinated with other stages also, as a particular level planning can influence the other level’s planning. For example, some nations like Spain and France intensely depend on the planning of tourism to supplement their nation’s plans (Gayle, 2002). The plan for MAST project of Nepal can be divided into following five levels: Period of unplanned tourism advancement – During the particular stage the overall planning of tourism is disagreeable, extraordinary and an undesirable thought and as a result tourism grows as an impulsive action.
SAMPLE ON SUSTAINBABLE TOURISM FOR ASSIGNMENT HELP KINDLY CONTACT AT: HELP@GLOBALASSIGNMENTHELP.COM Beginning of partially supply-oriented tourism stage – This level is portrayed by the fundamental foundation development. For instance, eateries, inns, transportation and many more. In this stage, all the infrastructural amenities are created (Kandari and Chandra, 2004). Stage of entirely supply-focused tourism – At this level, planning is coordinated towards facilities development that satisfy the request of expanded tourism, despite of the fact that it oversees most consequential problems.
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Interest or market oriented stage of tourism development – At this point, mainly the planning rotates around the tourists as well as their fulfilment. Stage of contemporary methodology – After the traveller entries quantity increment, the socio-cultural, ecological plus monetary issues increases that draws the developers and planners attention (Maiden, 2008). 2.2 Significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourism development Executing tourism product development projects like MAST is very complex procedure as it involve marketing of destinations to European countries that keep Nepal in a risk, as tourists from Europe can expect extraordinary facilities and arrangements. In such developments a great role is played by an interactive system of planning in the whole project successful execution. Interactive planning at this place can lessen the process complexity and plans can be systematically put in practice. Also, this planning is goals oriented, resource and market driven, interactive as well as systematic. Due to such features, the management can utilize this planning for determining associated risk with its alternatives and project (McCabe, 2005). Moreover, the tourists influence on the society, environment, culture, etc. can be controlled up to great level. The below are some significance of interactive planning procedure:
A system of market research development supports in stating tourists needs during their stay in Nepal;
By market structure investigation an effective segmentation of market can be done. Also, it is supportive in dividing groups and sub groups;
It helps in designing plus developing the adequate products and services for specific segment of market to secure the chosen objectives;
Communicating to possible tourists and customers regarding the services of tourism made available. Use of advertisements and several other promotional methods to remind and persuade about customers regarding services available;
To make services accessible and available, at a said value by ensuring effective program for distribution (McCool and Moisey, 2008).
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After the above given program execution, it must be regularly monitored and evaluated. It is done for checking its relevance plus accuracy for generating profits as well as success for the nation.
SAMPLE ON SUSTAINBABLE TOURISM FOR ASSIGNMENT HELP KINDLY CONTACT AT: HELP@GLOBALASSIGNMENTHELP.COM 2.3 Different methods available to measure tourist impact The planning process is to assess whether targets are met by measuring natural, social and monetary effects during the implementation of MAST project. These are as follows: Environmental measure – When attempting to dispose natural expenses, varied nations have comprised in their enactment (EIA) Environmental Impact Assessment for all activities along with tourism. The idea is to predict ecological result of a proposed advancement act as well as to guarantee that possible risks are predicted plus fundamental measures are avoid or compensate for recognized natural damages (McKercher, 2003). The following can be examined by EIA: Limitation for natural assets; Systems of environment evaluation; Environmental clashes and issues that can influence the chosen project along with its practicality;
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Potential hindering influences on so local people, landscape, calmness, peace, social sites as well as on water and soil of Nepal. Economic measure – A tourism studies audit demonstrates that advancement is connected significantly with the monetary success. In this manner, the measures used mainly as a part of examining tourism have been considered with monetary effects (Perch, 2008). The financial potential of tourism can be seen as gross increase in the individual’s salary set in a region, basically measured in fiscal terms plus wages adjustments that can occur without the movement of tourism. Methods managing tourism immediate benefits includes business receipts, work income, occupations number and income from tax. The tourism financial examination centre is taking into account the monetary advantages estimation of tourism to locals. There are four different types of the application of tourism multipliers, such as results, sales, work and exchange. The level of multiplier relies upon the structure, assorted qualities plus size of nearby economy (Perić, Đurkin and Lamot, 2014). Social measures – According to Cooper (1998), the tourism social effects are very hard to evaluate and gauge, on the grounds that they are continuously very subjective and qualitative by nature. There are two main systems of collecting information for the estimation of social impacts: Important research by meetings or reviews comprising attitudinal overviews, member participation and Delphi system; The auxiliary sources investigation defined in open reports, daily papers and government records (Pigram and Wahab, 2005). 3.1 Concept of sustainability in tourism development
Sustainable tourism comprises strong commitment with social responsibility, nature and integration of local people in any tourism operation or development in MAST project of Nepal. The term sustainable tourism referred by World Trade Organization, World Tourism Council and Earth Council is that sustainable tourism products development satisfies the
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needs of tourists in present by protecting and enhancing opportunities for future. It is imagined as leading to management of all resources in a way that economic, aesthetics and social needs can be attained by preserving essential cultural integrity, ecological process, life support systems as well as biological diversity of Nepal (Reddy and Wilkes, 2012). Sustainable tourism products are comprised products that operate in harmony with local environment, culture and community for making these become beneficiaries and not victims for tourism development. Some same meaning words of sustainable tourism are alternative tourism, responsible tourism, minimum influence tourism and soft tourism. Moreover, there are some factors that can be known as “drivers”, pressuring industry towards the way of sustainable development approach, like:
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Increasing regulatory pressure; Cost saving improving awareness from sensible resource consumption; Realization by tourism professionals and operators that environment quality is important for competitive tourism product; Awareness of government and operators that the development of tourism can have negative influences on the environment; Rising awareness of communities for their likeliness to influence tourism policies (Richards and Hall, 2003).
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3.2 Factors that may prevent/hinder sustainable tourism development Through the marketing project of Nepal Tourism Company into Europe, many tourists will attract and visit the destinations of country. Still there are some aspects that prevent tourism development sustainability: Climate – Climate assumes an important part in the business of tourism. As many travellers look for mellow or warm temperatures along with less rain when on vacations, places that are inclined to frosty and wet climate don’t flourish in the economy of tourism. Cold and rainy seasons see visitors diminished measures. Moreover, frequencies of national disasters and compelling climate keep several explorers from visiting to particular territories as in these situations, safety turns into an important concern (RIEDER, 2012). Access to amenities – The reality is that every tourist has distinct expectations for comforts from their destination and the absence of particular conveniences can deter them to make visit. For instance, convenient availability of transportation is the main consideration for both luxury and budget tourists. If Nepal’s public transport is difficult to use and costly than budget explorer can cancel their trip. The similar thing runs for the luxury tourist’s private transportation as well. Safety – It is an important concern for different types of voyagers. Safety turns out to be imperative specifically when heading out to distinct nations and abroad. The political instability at specific nation can bring tourists to change their trip. Also, transferrable infections episode can impede industries of tourism, specifically in light of the fact that it can be troublesome to coming back to home states. For instance, H1N1 and swine influenza stopped many individuals to travel abroad. Locally, the rate of crime at visitor destination, specifically the frivolous robbery affects the business of tourism (Saftić, Težak and Luk, 2011). Cost – It is an important element influencing business of tourism. Due to rise in cost of gas, domestic travel can restrict. As the increment in gas cost can lead to rise in flights fare, contrarily influencing worldwide and long-distance travel. Moreover, global travel can be influenced adversely by poor exchange rates and high inflation of Nepal.
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Besides above, few more factors that can stop tourists to visit Nepal are different comforts including reasonable food, clean water, simple visa process, lodging and reliable medical care accessibility (Sharpley, 2009). 4.1 Methods of resolving a conflict of interests to ensure the future wellbeing of a developing tourism destination Due to the development of tourism industry, the main livelihood activities of Botswana has been suffered a lot, such as livestock and crop farming, gathering and hunting. The household of region are no longer accumulate rangeland resources, like insects, berries and wildlife fruits for their diet supplement. Moreover, livestock farming and crop farming is now not a significant livelihood activity of Okavango Delta Botswana (Alvarez, 2014). Also, bigger crop fields of Botswana have been abandoned due to damage of wildlife crops as well as less interest of locals in farming activities, specifically by young generation due to increasing industrialization. However, approaches like CBNRM (Community-Based Natural Resource Management) and ecotourism are adopted by tourism industry of Botswana to attain conservation and rural development goal. It has been assumed by both CBNRM and ecotourism that once the local people derive advantages from their locality natural resources, their livelihoods will be enhanced and it will force them to promote conservation activities. Furthermore, through CBNRM tourism development operation, locals of Botswana can fulfil their routine household needs more effectively and creating no negative influence on them. This will also ensure about future wellbeing of particular destination as a tourism attraction (Budeanu, 2013). Besides above, the government must make sure that the region is not flooded with resorts and hotels in abundance. Also, it must be responsibility of hotelier to maintain Botswana decorum by initiating cleanliness drives and maintaining peace. The following things should be considered by tourism operators for the stakeholders and local people satisfaction (Buhalis, 2000). Stakeholder satisfaction – If tourists are not satisfied by the existing services of hospitality in Botswana than it would impact on tourism industry and lead to problematic condition for developing international stand.
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Stakeholder engagement – The industry should follow below process to engage stakeholders in tourism development activities at the destination:
Recognize the all tourism stakeholder’s goals and concerns for decision making, planning and creating mutual beneficial actions or strategies;
Engage stakeholders on the basis of their skills, expertise and interest for ensuring a complete knowledge basis for planning;
Communicate as well as understand the tourism value including environmental, social and economic to stakeholders is significant to attain their active participation plus support in management and planning of destination;
Forms a mutual understanding of tourism in an areas comprising destination ideals and values is essential for a decided focus of tourism;
Create an agreed vision for giving a focus for future development, management plus planning of tourism at the specific destination;
Determine clear responsibilities and roles of each stakeholder. It can be an informal procedure or by partnership agreements development (Byrd, 2007).
SAMPLE ON SUSTAINBABLE TOURISM FOR ASSIGNMENT HELP KINDLY CONTACT AT: HELP@GLOBALASSIGNMENTHELP.COM Responsibility – A sense of responsibility lies for resolving mentioned conflicts in Botswana and it can be possible in following manners:
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Develop an effective information architecture and user experience so tourists while their visit at Botswana can identify easily what they are viewing for;
Create an adequate experience of brand that develops a sense of pace for specific destination to represent accurately this to tourists;
Form content platforms for visitors to share content that would inspire them;
Aligning goals of visitors with the objectives of internal client;
Offering a responsive web experience for the usage of tablet, desktop and smartphone.
4.2 Implications of balancing supply and demand with reference to the Okavango Delta Botswana It is very essential to maintain a balance in between tourism supply and demand. The fun would gone when supply is surpassed by demand because of more visitors or delayed flights and overbooked hotels. Similarly, at times supply is more than demand it would lead to less generation of profits. It means tourists supply and demand must be managed by techniques of marketing. Here, the team of marketing refers to sales or product development and price setting. Specifically, the balancing is significant for preserving natural activities at Botswana delta, as soft and green tourism is rapidly growing and demand is also improving without any promotions by suppliers. Thus, automatically demand is reacting for enhancing the supply. The tourism growth to delta region is arose due to the fact that wildlife and fisheries are attracting many tourists to the place (Clifton and Benson, 2006). There are range of strategies that can be applied to manage balance in between supply and demand. Supply can be affected by the development of new products through targeting locations or themes, by enhancing quality and making effective planning that accounts many segments of the market. On the contrary, at demand side there should be some effective promotions and changes in prices by utilizing marketing management methods (Cortez, 2010). 4.3 Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in the Okavango Delta Botswana One main problem with the tourism growth in Okavango Delta has been an enclave tourism or internal colonialism. The enclave tourism is tourism concentrate in remote places where facilities types and physical locations fail to consider the desires and needs of surround
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localities. This tourists facilities are categorized by foreign owners as well as developed for meeting interests and needs of tourists from foreign countries. In the Okavango Delta, the tourism type that has been developed so far is characterized by facilities of tourism, like camps, lodges and hotels that are also controlled owned by foreigners (Dávid, 2011). It has been also found in several researches that 95% of total transport sectors and accommodation in Botswana have involvement of foreigners. The foreign investor’s dominance in the industry and non-local investment can lessen the control of local communities over their natural resources. Furthermore, the loss of autonomy by locals is the most negative influences of tourism in long run. Also, the mistrusts and suspicions in between tour operators and local communities in the region developed another issue related to racism among two groups (Du Cros, 2001). Additionally, the following are some ethical and moral issues of enclave tourism at Okavango Delta: Political unrest plus tourists threat of contracting diseases like, AIDS; The heritage and cultural value suffered due to transitional culture and influence of tourist’s evasion; Increase of prostitution cases along with high crime rate and drug trafficking; Serious environmental problems related to disposal of waste water (Verbeek, Bargeman and Mommaas, 2011).
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5.1 Compare current issues associated with tourism development in a developing country and an emerging destination where the impacts of tourism are different The tourism sector is impacted by different factors which influence the tourism development in developing countries differently as compared to emerging destinations. A comparison of Nepal as developing tourist destination and Bulgaria as emerging tourist destination reveals many similarities and differences on account of problems associated with development of tourism. Both countries are facing economic issues in the global economic breakdown which hit them negatively as number of tourists have decreased due to reduction in disposable income. Financial crises left people with decreasing wealth so worry about their livelihood and they are of course avoiding to spend the money on sightseeing at Nepal or Bulgaria (Dwyer and et.al., 2009). Tourism is very climate-sensitive sector where effects of climate can be directly realized on the other hand tourism also contribute to the climate change through greenhouse gases emissions. Nepal is closely linked with Himalayas and shrinking glaciers and snowcapped areas due to global warming present a cause to worry. The melting Himalayas issues is more terribly felt at Nepal as compared to other emerging destinations located at coastal regions like Bulgaria where water, forests and biodiversity are richer (Harrill, 2004). Poorly developed infrastructure hampers the development of tourism as many a times tourist faces problems in reaching at tourist destinations. Although infrastructure is well developed in Bulgaria, it presents different kind of issues like affordability due to expensive accommodation. Language is also an issue for people not compatible with Bulgarian. Policy implementation is another issue affecting Nepal lack of institutional capacity is the prominent factor for poorly implemented policies; this holds true for not only the public policies but also for tourism policies. In contrast there is no such issue in Bulgaria regarding policy implementation, however the tourism industry is mainly affected due to not enough advertisement of their tourism products. This is mainly due to non-seriousness of their government is establishing administrative structure for tourism development (Hassan, 2000).
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Human resource management is another pertinent issue in the tourism development in these countries which affect in a different manner due to different issues. For example, Nepal is impacted due to shortage of skilled manpower and lower quality of human resources. On the other hand Bulgaria is facing issues of retention due to lower salaries. Tourism evidently plays a major role in economic development of both emerging and developing countries however present many challenges which needs to be properly addressed (Kaul and Gupta, 2009). 5.2 Evaluate, with recommendations, the future development of tourism in these destinations Despite of current issues, the future of tourism business is bright on account of recovery potential of European and American economies. Encouragement of domestic tourism helped Bulgaria to mitigate against global issues and Nepal is recommended to explore new tourist attractions to reap benefits during the low season. The increased competition leads to price wars in competing destinations by introducing various discount packages. However, value for money is the important aspect to decide on a destination for tourist and these destinations should consider to realize that advantage in highly competitive market (Mella and Zahra, 2012).
SAMPLE ON SUSTAINBABLE TOURISM FOR ASSIGNMENT HELP KINDLY CONTACT AT: HELP@GLOBALASSIGNMENTHELP.COM Nepal should also put more efforts in engaging local citizens and provide greater economic benefits for improving livelihood and comfort of community. Easy access to
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tourism business and advancement in operational strategy would be of great help for the same. For Bulgaria, the travel hubs like resorts areas should be developed in a planned way and presence of plans, policies and a proper administrative set up for tourism would definitely help in increasing footfalls. Better security provisions are recommended for both destinations as apart from regular pickpocketing, other serious crimes are common in these destinations (Ruhanen, 2012). The issue of climate change has not yet obtained due focus by the other world community and Nepal has to do a lot for bringing the issue in international forums. Integrated tourism management is the need where a new tourism policy should give due importance to climate change due to global warming. Development of infrastructure is also essential for Nepal as neighboring countries like China and India are way ahead in this area therefore are sustainable in economic growth of tourism business (Simpson, 2001). The last and important thing for Bulgaria is to raise salary to raise the living standard of people working in tourism industry a little higher. Which would in turn help to keep the staff motivated and attract more qualified people towards the employment opportunities in the sector. Similarly, for Nepal permanent labor agreements and requalification of staff is needed to tackle human resource issues. The surplus revenue generated by the tourism industry should be invested back in community for improving educational infrastructure of the country thus producing more qualified staff in future (Sinclair and Jayawardena, 2003).
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CONCLUSION The above report concludes that there is a great need of sustainability in tourist sector. This is because it is a duty of local people and government of the country to monitor the environment as well as maintain balance in regular activities of locals. Even the population of Nepal and Botswana must be remain aware about things happening in their surroundings and make some effective rules and regulations to preserve their natural resources plus livelihood activities. The motive of country’s government and tour operators should be to keep ecological balance together with the development of tourism activities, as it adds to the economic growth of region.
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REFERENCES Online and Books Aronsson, L., 2000. The development of sustainable tourism. Continuum. Baumgartner, C., 2008. What is Sustainable Tourism. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.nfi.at/dmdocuments/NachhaltigerTourismus_EN.pdf>. [Accessed on 18 January 2016]. Bramwell, B. and Lane, B., 2003. Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships: Politics, Practice and Sustainability. Channel View Publications. Cernat, L. and Gourdon, J., 2007. IS THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM SUSTAINABLE. [Online]. Available through: <http://unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd20065_en.pdf>. [Accessed on 16 January 2016]. Gayle, D.J., 2002. Island tourism and sustainable development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean experiences. Greenwood Publishing Group. Kandari, P. O. and Chandra, A., 2004. Tourism, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development: Tourism and sustainability. Gyan Publishing House.
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