Sample Report On BUSINESS DECISION MAKING
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................4 TASK 1 ............................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Planning for collection of data ...............................................................................................4 1.2 Stating the survey methodology and sampling frame used by the researcher .......................5 1.3 Designing of questionnaire ....................................................................................................6 TASK 2 ............................................................................................................................................7 2.1: Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................................7 2.2: Percentile ............................................................................................................................11 2.3: Correlation coefficient ........................................................................................................13 TASK 3 ..........................................................................................................................................13 3.1: Statistical Graph ..................................................................................................................13 3.2: Trend line for sales and operating profit variables .............................................................16 3.4: Formal business report ........................................................................................................16 ........................................................................................................................................................18 PART B..........................................................................................................................................19 Internal rate of return .................................................................................................................20 4.3. Calculating Internal rate of return by linear interpolation ..................................................21 IRR of Project A ...................................................................................................................21 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................22 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................23 Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
INTRODUCTION It is very important for any business to draft and implement different strategies. But for proper formulation and implementation of strategies, it is very important for all the business organizations to focus on decision making. Decision making plays very crucial role in business’s success. Through quick and accurate decision making, management of a company can devise proper strategies that can provide competitive edge to it as compared to its peer group (Hedgebeth, 2007). Decision can be related to any field; it can be financial, investment, diversification, growth, shut down, etc. But for good decision making, it is very important to have proper access to information. Without adequate information, it will be very difficult for the management to draw out any conclusion. There are various tools that help in effective decision making. Through these tools, available information can be analyzed in better manner and management can align the numerical data with its objectives. Further, amount of subjectivity is also reduced by the decision making tools (Hacklin and Wallnofer, 2012). The present report deals with Sainsbury and its decision making. This work will analyze various kinds of information available about the company which will help in decision making process and to draw certain conclusion.
TASK 1 Planning for collection of data Researcher undertakes both primary and secondary data collection methods to evaluate the effectiveness of product and services which are offered by Sainsbury. Both primary and secondary data collection methods provide assistance to the researcher in conducting the research in an effective manner. (Linderoth and et.al, 2006) Plan for the collection of primary data: Primary data refers to those which are collected by the researcher for the first time specifically for the research purpose. Observation, survey, Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
experimental research is the source through which one can gather primary data for the research study. In the present report, researcher undertakes survey technique to gather primary data. In order to assess to customer attitude towards the product or services which are offered by Sainsbury survey will be conducted by the researcher. For this, researcher firstly requires to select sample from the population. Thereafter, researcher frames appropriate questionnaire by including close and opened questions upon the services offered by Sainsbury. Through this, researcher is able to conduct study in an appropriate manner and thereby fulfills the objectives of the research.
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Plan for the collection of secondary data: Secondary data is the data which is earlier collected by some researcher or by an agency and not by the researcher himself (Gardner, 2004). Researcher can gather secondary data with the help of books, newspapers, business articles, journals, previous studies, magazines, etc. Library has the huge collection of books, journals and article etc. Thus, researcher can easily access secondary data to analyze the customer attitude towards the services offered by Sainsbury by approaching to the library. Besides this, researcher Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
can also make use of the findings of other researcher who make research on the similar kind of topic or issue. Thus, researcher can gather primary data by conducting survey with the help of questionnaire. Besides this, researcher also undertakes secondary data sources which are highly related to the research issue or purpose. 1.2 Stating the survey methodology and sampling frame used by the researcher Survey: Survey is the method employed by a researcher or an agency to collect primary data in order to find out solution to a certain problem. Sainsbury has used the survey method and by designing a structured questionnaire. The firm has included questions related to the different issues and services and tried to collect the views of its existing and potential customers. The questionnaire method is the best methods for collecting data as it ensure the validity and reliability of the data (Perry, 1998). Further, since the data is collected from respondents who are using its products and services, the company will be able to gather most accurate data. In order to conduct survey research will acquire the e-mail id of their existing as well as potential customers through online means. Thus, by sending the questionnaire on the mail id of the customers researcher is able to conduct survey in an effectual manner and thereby assess the attitude of customers in relation to product services of Sainsbury. Sampling: Sampling is a method of dividing the entire population into small numbers. Since the population size is very large. Thus, it is not possible for any researcher to survey entire population due to limitation of time and money. Therefore, researcher divides the entire population into small numbers and then selects an appropriate sample size from it (Jogulu and Pansiri, 2011). The sample size is selected in such a manner that it is neither too small that correct interpretation cannot be made from it, nor too large that it become very tedious for the researcher to collect the data from all the respondents. There are basically two methods of sample selection; probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Under probability sampling, all the respondents of the population have equal opportunity of being surveyed, while, Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
in the non-probability sampling, there is no equal opportunity with all the respondents. Among all the sampling techniques available, simple random sampling technique has been used by the company. It ensured that all the respondents had equal chances of being surveyed and has eliminated the chances of biasness. Further, the sample size for the given survey was 50. For the present investigation, researcher will send questionnaire to the 50 customers of Sainsbury which helps them in presenting the fair view of research issue. 1.3 Designing of questionnaire Q1: Are you satisfied with the current products and services delivered by the company? (Yes)
No
Q2: Has the company able to justify its aim “Best for food and Health�? (Yes)
No
Q3: Do you think company is able to add to the interest of all stakeholders? (Yes)
No
Q4: In your views, are our activities environmental friendly? (Yes)
No
Q5: Are our products priced at correct price or are overpriced or underpriced? Underpriced
(Correctly priced)
Overpriced
Q6: Do you think our operations results in less pollution? (Yes)
No
Q7: Are you satisfied with our corporate social responsibility services? (Yes)
No
Q8: How can we contribute more towards the society and greener environment? _________________________________________________________________ Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
Q9: Are you satisfied with our supporting staffs providing their services at various stores? (Yes)
No
Q10: How can we further improve our customer services?
TASK 2 2.1: Statistical Analysis Five data for which the descriptive statistics has been calculated are: Table 1: Various Parameters of the Company 2012 2011 2010 2009
2008
Sales (ÂŁ)
24511
22943
21421
20383
19287
Profit before
712
665
610
519
434
EPS (pence)
28.1
26.5
23.9
21.2
17.4
Number of
1012
934
872
792
823
92
68
89
29
35
Tax (ÂŁ)
Outlets New Stores
The measure of dispersion (spread, scatter or variability) determines how squeezed or stretched the distribution is. It measures various characteristics of the given data such as mean, standard deviation, Interquartile range, etc. Central tendency is contrasted with dispersion and together mean and standard deviation are the most widely used parameters. Sales: The below table represents the descriptive statistics of sales of Sainsbury: Table 2: Descriptive Statistical of Sales Sales Standard Error Median Mode
924.1553982 21421 #N/A Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com
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Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum
2066.474292 4270316 -1.044542489 0.34539911 5224 19287 24511 108545
Count
5
X
X
19,287
21,709
(X-X)2
(X-X) -2,422
5,866,084
20,383
21,709
-1326
1,758,276
21,421
21,709
-288
82,944
22,943
21,709
1,234
1,522,756
24,511
21,709
2,802
7,851,204
Σ(X- ) 2 =5,866,084 + 1,758,276 + 82,944 +1,522,756 + 7,851,204 = 17,081,264
S= √17,081,264
= √3,416,252.8 = 1,848.3
5 The mean value of the sales of the Sainsbury for the last five years, that is, from 2008 to 2012 is coming out to be £21709. The standard deviation of the sales of the Sainsbury is determined around £2066.5. This shows that there is sales deviation of around 10 per cent within these five Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
years which should be a reason for the company to worry. This shows that the company’s sales are not fluctuating very much reflecting the operational efficiency of the company (Dittenhofer, 2001). So, from this it can be concluded that the organization is able to understand the needs and wants of the consumer and is able to deliver them, thus maintaining its sales. Profit before tax: The below table represents the descriptive statistics of profit before tax of Sainsbury: Table 4: Descriptive Statistical of Profit before Tax Profit before Tax Mean 588 Standard Error 50.13282358 Median 610 Mode #N/A Standard Deviation 112.1004014 Sample Variance 12566.5 Kurtosis -1.216967838 Skewness -0.475307299 Range 278 Minimum 434 Maximum 712 Sum 2940 Count 5 The mean value of the profit before tax of the Sainsbury for the last five years, that is, from 2008 to 2012 is coming out to be £588. The standard deviation of the sales of the Sainsbury is determined around £112.10. This shows that profit before tax is deviating by around 19 per cent, which is not good for any company. Five to ten per cent variation range of any parameter for a big organization such as Sainsbury is acceptable. But in this case it is near about 20 per cent (Dittenhofer, 2001). Although, the variation in sales of Sainsbury is not much, but its profit after tax is widely distributed. So, from this it can be concluded that there has been significant rise or Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
variation in the expenses of the organization. In order to bring its variation level of profit after tax in acceptable range, the firm will have to curtail some of its expenses. Earnings per share (EPS): The below table represents the descriptive statistics of Earnings per share (EPS) of Sainsbury: Table 3: Descriptive Statistical of EPS Earnings Per Share Mean Standard Error Median Mode Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count
23.42 1.907721154 23.9 #N/A 4.265794182 18.197 -0.799613998 -0.522151101 10.7 17.4 28.1 117.1 5
The above table shows the descriptive statistics of earnings per share of the Sainsbury. The mean of earnings per share is coming out to be 23.42 for the last five years, that is, from 2008 to 2012. Moreover, its standard deviation is determined to be 4.27, showing the deviation of around 18 per cent from its mean value (McMenamin, 2002). The main reason behind the huge variation is the exceptional performance by the company in the recent years because of which the organization is able to deliver such high earnings per share in the last few years. Higher earnings per share delivered by the company are good for it as it will create a good image of the firm in the minds of its existing and potential stakeholders. Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
Number of outlets: The below table represents the descriptive statistics of number of outlets of Sainsbury: Table 4: Descriptive Statistical of Numbers of Outlets Number of outlets Mean Standard Error Median Mode Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count
886.6 39.48366751 872 #N/A 88.28816455 7794.8 -0.823620276 0.588180201 220 792 1012 4433 5
The mean value of the number of stores for the last five years is coming out to be 886.6, while its standard variation for the values from 2008 to 2012 is calculated as 88.29 per cent. This shows that, with the every passing year, the company is able to increase it number of store by at least 10 per cent (Shim and Siegel, 2008). This is good for the organization as from this it can be assumed that the company is growing with a fast pace is it is easily able to capture the market amid stiff competition. New stores: The below table represents the descriptive statistics of new stores of Sainsbury: Table 5: Descriptive Statistical of New Stores New stores Mean
62.6 Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com
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Standard Error Median Mode Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count
13.19318006 68 #N/A 29.50084745 870.3 -2.902857375 -0.243240519 63 29 92 313 5
The above figure shows the mean and standard deviation value of the number of new stores of the Sainsbury between 2008 and 2012. The mean of new stores is coming out to be 62.6 while its standard deviation is calculated as 29.5. This shows that there is wide variation in the number of new stores opened by the company during the last five years (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2011). From the data it can be concluded that there is neither constant increase nor constant decrease in the number of new stores every year, rather in some years the company has opened higher number of stores as compared to last year and vice versa. 2.2: Percentile The below table ranks the sales and profit of the Sainsbury: S. No.
Sales (ÂŁ)
1
18518
2
Table 6: Ranking Rank
Profit (ÂŁ)
Rank
1
854
1
18198
2
755
2
3
17414
3
667
3
4
17317
4
610
4
5
16940
5
580
5
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6
16378
6
571
6
7
16364
7
477
7
8
15517
8
437
8
9
15496
9
104
9
10
15147
10
15
10
Formula for calculating percentile:
Sales 25 Percentile =
3
Thus the 25th Percentile of sales is third number in the table that is 17414. 50 Percentile =
5.5 taken as 6
Thus the 50th Percentile of sales is sixth number in the table that is 16378. 75 Percentile =
8
Thus the 75th Percentile of sales is eighth number in the table that is 15517. Operating profit 25 Percentile =
3
Thus the 25th Percentile of profit is third number in the table that is 667. 50 Percentile = 5.5 taken as 6 Thus the 50th Percentile of profit is sixth number in the table that is 571. 75 Percentile = 8 Thus the 75th Percentile of profit is eighth number in the table that is 437.
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2.3: Correlation coefficient To determine the relation between two variables, the method is to find out the correlation coefficient between them. In the case, the sales and the profit of Sainsbury has been given from year 1998 to 2012. The below table shows the sales and profit figures of the company for the last 15 years: Year
Table 7: Sales and Profit Sales (ÂŁ m)
Profit (ÂŁ m)
1998
15496
854
1999
16378
755
2000
17414
580
2001
16940
437
2002
18198
571
2003
15147
667
2004
15517
610
2005
16364
15
2006
17317
104
2007
18518
477
2008
19287
434
2009
20383
519
2010
21421
610
2011
22943
665
2012
24511
712
The formula for calculating correlation coefficient is: On the basis of the above formula and the calculation in excel the value of correlation coefficient between sales and profit coming out to be 0.837423. The value of correlation coefficient shows that there exist positive correlation between sales and the profit of the Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
Sainsbury (Tektas and et. al., 2005). This means with the increase in the sales, the profit value will also increase but not with the same rate. The rate of increase will be slightly lower.
TASK 3 3.1: Statistical Graph Data analysis of the primary results is enumerated below: Theme 1: Large number of the customers are satisfied with the products or services delivered by Sainsbury Responses
No. of respondents
% of respondents
Yes
35
70.00%
No
15
30.00%
Total
50
100
On the basis of the outcomes of questionnaire it has been analyzing that 70% customers are satisfied with the services offered by Sainsbury. One of the customer claimed that Sainsbury offer quality or unique products to their customers at reasonable price. On other hand, 15% customers are not satisfied with the products of Sainsbury to the large extent. Theme 2: Company able to justify its aim “Best for food and Health� Responses
No. of respondents
% of respondents
Yes
30
60.00%
No
20
40.00%
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Total
50
100
The above mentioned figures clearly reflects that company have attained success in justifying its aim namely “Best for food and Health�. Approximately 60% customers said that Sainsbury offers quality products to their customers at reasonable prices. In contrary to this, 40% respondents do support this aspect because they associate price with the quality of food products or services.
3.2: Trend line for sales and operating profit variables
Figure 1: Trend Line The x axis is representing sales while the y axis is representing profit. The regression coefficient is used to identify the relationship between tow various, that is whether they are related or not.
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Or change in one variable will have any impact on the other variable or not. From the above graph, it can be determined that the R2 is coming out to be 1. This shows that with the change in the sales, the profit will also change with the same proportion (Tektas and et. al., 2005).
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Kindly Contact us at: help@globalassignmenthelp.com 3.4: Formal business report There has been constant increase in the sales of the company from the last five years. This shows that the company is able to produce those products and services which are demanded by the customers (Altman, 2012). Further, higher sales mean higher profit margins and increase in the number of customers. Below graphs show the performance of the company:
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Figure 2: Sales and Profit The above graph shows that there is consistent increase in the sales and profit of the company. Therefore, it can be concluded that the company is performing well.
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Figure 3: Number of Stores and New Stores The graph about the number of stores and new stores shows that expect in 2009, every year there has been rise in the number of stores and new stores of the company. This also proves that the organization is doing well.
TASK 4 PART A 4.1 Network diagram
Activity
Activity
Number
Name
1
A
Activity
Duration
Immediate
(Days)
predecessors
Conducting research to assess the 14
-
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consumer preference and attitude 2
B
Planning for collection of data
8
1
3
C
Collection of primary data
18
2
4
D
Collection of secondary data
10
2
5
E
Analysis of data
18
3,4
6
F
Forecasting of budget
7
2,5
7
G
Planning
in
relation
to
the 12
6,5
introduction of the fresh juice drink 8
H
Resource planning
8
6,7,5
9
I
Resource allocation
10
8
10
J
Project implementation
16
7
11
K
Introducing the fresh juice drink 40
7,10
in the 12
L
Reviewing performance
24
7,11
13
M
Managing change
10
10,12
14
N
Execution of the plan
18
13
15
O
Closure of the project
7
14
220 Days
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Critical path= A+B+C+E+F+G+J+K+L+M+N+O =14+8+18+18+7+12+16+40+24+10+18+7 = 192 days On the basis of above mentioned analysis it has been identifying that company will take 192 days to accomplish the research activity. Thus, researcher will analyze the attitude of customers’ attitude within 192 days and there by present the outcome of the investigation to the researcher.
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PART B 4.2. Calculation of NPV It is one of the best methods of capital budgeting as it considers the time value of money. Table 8: NPV of Project A P.V. factor@ Present Value 10% (£) at 10%
Year
Cash flow (£)
P.V. factor@ 60%
Present Value (£) at 60%
1
35000
0.909
31,815
0.625
21875
2
30000
0.826
24,780
0.39
11700
3
25000
0.751
18,775
0.244
6100
4
20000
0.683
13,660
0.152
3040
Resale value
10000
0.683
6,830
0.152
1520
Total value
Present
Initial investment Net value
Present
95,860
44,235
(50,000)
(50,000)
45,860
(5765)
Table 9: NPV of Project B P.V. factor@ Present Value 10% (£)
Year
Cash flow (£)
1
20000
0.909
2
20000
0.826
P.V. factor@ 60%
Present Value (£)
18,180
0.625
12500
16,520
0.39
7800
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3
24000
0.751
18,024
0.244
5856
4
36000
0.683
24,588
0.152
5472
Resale value
10000
.683
6,830
0.152
1520
Total value
Present
Initial investment Net value
Present
84,142
33,148
(50,000)
(50,000)
34,142
(16852)
Internal rate of return It is another method of analyzing the attractiveness of the project and also considers time value of money.
Where A = Lower trial rate B = Higher trial rate C = Initial investment or Original Investment PVA = Present Value of cash inflow with lower trial rate PVB = Present Value of cash inflow with higher trial rate 4.3. Calculating internal rate of return by linear interpolation
IRR of Project A A = 10 % PVA = £ 95860 PVB = £ 44235 C = £ 50000 Toll Free No. +44 203 3555 345 Mail Us: help@globalassignmenthelp.com Get top quality Business Decision Making Assignment help by experts of Global Assignment Help and score A+ grade in your exam.
B = 60 % (Mao, J.C.T., 2012).
For project B A = 10 % C = £ 50000 B = 60 % PVA = £ 84142 PVB = £ 33148 (Chandra, 2008)
4.4. Calculating IRR using Microsoft Excel Memorandum report to the company When the cost of capital is 10%, at that time, the NPV of project A is £45860 while that of B is £34142. Therefore, on the basis of NPV, the firm should go for project A as its NPV is more (Bennouna, 2010). On the other hand, when the cost of capital is 60%, the company must not invest on any of the project as both the projects are yielding negative NPV.
Table 10: IRR of Project A Cash Inflow
Year Initial investment
(50000)
1
35000
2
30000
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3
25000
4
20000
IRR
47%
IRR for Project A is 47% Table 11: IRR of Project B
Year
Cash Inflow
Initial investment
(50000)
1
20000
2
20000
3
24000
4
36000
IRR
31%
CONCLUSION After analyzing the different information provided in the case, it can be concluded that Sainsbury is performing well on all the parameters and is on the growth trajectory. Further, by applying many financial tools and techniques on the data provided, information is gathered which will help the organization in quick and accurate decision making.
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REFERENCES Altman, E., 2012. Financial ratios, discriminate analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance. 23(4). pp.589-609. Bennouna, K., 2010. Improved capital budgeting decision making: evidence from Canada. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 48(2). pp.225-247. Brigham, F. E., and Ehrhardt, C. M., 2011. Financial Management: Theory and Practice. 13th ed. Cengage Learning. Chandra, P., 2008. Investment Analysis. 3rd ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Dittenhofer, A. M., 2001. Behavioral aspects of government financial management. Managerial Journal Auditing, 16(8). Gardner, B., 2004. Combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies in logistics research. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 34(7). pp.565 – 578. Hacklin, F., and Wallnofer, M., 2012. The business model in the practice of strategic decision making: insights from a case study. Management Decision, 50(2). Hedgebeth, D., 2007. Data-driven decision making for the enterprise: an overview of business intelligence applications. VINE, 37(4). Janes, J. 1999. Descriptive statistics: where they sit and how they fall. Library Hi Tech. 17(4). pp.402-409. Jogulu, U.D. and Pansiri, J., 2011. Mixed methods: a research design for management doctoral dissertations. Management Research Review. 34(6). pp.687 – 701. Linderoth, J. and et.al., 2006. The empirical behavior of sampling methods for stochastic programming. Annals of Operations Research. 142(1). pp.215-241. Mao, J.C.T., 2012. Survey Of Capital Budgeting: Theory And Practice. The Journal of Finance. 25(2). pp.349-360. McMenamin, J., 2002. Financial Management: An Introduction. Routledge. Perry, C., 1998. Processes of a case study methodology for post graduate research in marketing. European Journal of marketing, 32(9/10), pp.785-802.
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Scandura, T.A. and Williams, E.A., 2000. Research methodology in management: current practices, trends, and implications for future research. Academy of Management Journal. 43(6). pp.1248-1264. Shim, K. J., and Siegel. G. J., 2008. Financial Management. 3rd ed. Barron's Educational Series. Tektas, A., and et. al., 2005. Asset and liability management in financial crisis. Journal of Risk Finance, 6(2).
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