Democratizing the Urbanization Process Inclusive and equitable forms of city-making.
Independent Project: Design Research PGDM5220-B Allie Mahler Parsons The New School of Design Strategic Design & Management MS Fall 2016 Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha N00544317
Content Introduction
3
Field of Inquiry
Field of Inquiry
Defining Research Variables
Defining Research Variables
Initial Research Questions
Initial Research Questions
Challenges
Challenges
For a better urban future
8
NYC context
13
How might we...
16
Experts
21
Insights
26
Opportunities
28
Ideation
31
Concept
34
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Democratizing the Urbanization Process Inclusive and equitable forms of city-making.
How might we redefine ownership and access to property by providing a framework of processes to open up the possibility of more inclusive and equitable forms of city-making.1
1
Foster, Sheila R. and Iaione, Christian (2016) “The City as a Commons,” Yale Law & Policy Review: Vol. 34: Iss. 2, Article 2.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
3
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha ¡ N00544317
Housing insecurity, displacement, and homelessness rising.2
Current housing policies and practices favor profit over people.
The number of homeless people in the NYC shelter system each night has risen to over 60,000, including over 25,000 children, levels higher than any time since the Great Depression.3
The tools used to develop affordable private housing are weak and misguided; weak, because they are primarily in the form of incentives for private developers; and misguided because they majorly miss the mark. The Area Median Income (AMI) for the New York City area includes the whole of New York City, NassauSuffolk County, and Rockland County.
One third of NYC renter households have severe rent burden, meaning they pay over 50% of their incomes on rent. Of these households, 359,187 pay over 80%. Eleven percent (or 241,199) NYC renter households live in overcrowded housing. Of these households, 90,009 are severely overcrowded. The City spends over $1 billion a year providing temporary shelter to homeless people, often at a cost of over $3,500 a month per person.
Income disparities across this area is extreme. Government subsidized housing in NYC is for households that make between between $34,360 and $150,325, which excludes and displaces the many households that make less. Furthermore, the planning processes behind this approach are fragmented and undemocratic, out of touch with neighborhood realities and out of reach from most of us.
https://nyccli.org/the-problem/ http://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/the-catastrophe-of-homelessness/facts-about-homelessness/
2 3
Independent Project: Design Research ¡ Fall 2016 ¡ Parsons The New School of Design
4
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Privately owned Public Spaces
Current structure of urban development.4
SURPLUS CAPITAL of Balanced Budget INVESTMENT
HUMAN ASSETS
To challenge the power imbalance of urban development. Public-private partnerships take place in creating privately owned public spaces, identifying a lack of representative participation in the production and operation of these so called ‘public’ spaces. Often these spaces, packaged with mixed use development, become amenities for the adjacent buildings. While many are generated through public subsidies, they do not consistently contribute to the public’s welfare.
Labor Force
PARC challenges the power imbalance of urban development, creating long term structural change to the process of public-private space production.
Knowledge Science Technology
http://www.insitecollaborative.com/new-public-spaces
Infrastructure
Built Form
Labor Force Restructuring
Land Speculation supply is not correlated with demand
Desinvested Industrial Neighborhoods + Vacant Lots
GROWTH MACHINE Media Real Estate Universities Arts & Culture
Growth for profit
Devalorization / Valorization
Class Restructuring
Class Identity Formation + Valorization
ACCUMULATION BY DISPOSSESSION
INTER URBAN COMPETITION Branding Marketing Strategies Indeces
GENTRIFICATION Authenticity and Displacement Aesthetics of Spaces Ethnic & Class Difference
Luxury City Production
Displacement of inhabitants
Homogenization
Government Policies `Race & Class
Citizens as Consumers
Incentives Tax Breaks Privatization Zoning
Space of Consumption
Privately owned
Fragmentation & Triangulation
Symbolic Capital
New Landscape for Production & Consumption
Privatization of Public Space BIDs LDCs Conservancies
Incentive Zoning
Public Space
AVAILABLE SPACE
Public Space as ammenity
Developers Tactics
Public - Private Partnerships
GOVERNMENT as ENTREPRENEUR ‘Third Way’ as nonpolitical
Mixed-Use Developments 421a J-51 ICAP
Review Board appointed by developers
Private Interests
To lure Capital
Public Space
Loss of Democratic Citizenship
These end up to contribute to rising land values and the upscaling of the city to the detriment of vulnerable communities displaced in the process. InSite Collaborative proposes a legislated body for the oversight and management of public space: Public
URBANIZATION
Transition from Industrial to Knowledge Economy
Action Review Collaborative (PARC). PARC is a participatory model that expands civic participation in local politics through built in mechanisms for a representative public including renters, owners, workers, organizations, unions, etc.
FIXED ASSETS
Private interest in Space
Uneven development of Public Space Rules & Regulations
Private Property as prerequisite for Management & Ownership
as a Result: DEPOLITIZATION + COMMODIFICATION + HOMOGENIZATION of PUBLIC SPACE
4
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
5
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Defining Research Variables Active citizenship means that urban inhabitants are able to participate not only in the public life of the city, but also in creating the city and in maintaining it for the collective welfare.
What would be the mechanisms required to set out democratic design principles to scale up to the city level polycentric forms of collaborative governance?
This can range from maintaining streets, to taking care of public squares and parks, to turning vacant lots and underutilized space or structures into useful resources for communities. The City’s use of its eminent domain power to support a community of active citizens making a claim to vacant land, then acting as a steward of the resource and collaboratively managing it for future generations, is an example of the State as an enabler in governance of the commons. 5
Foster, Sheila R. and Iaione, Christian (2016) “The City as a Commons,” Yale Law & Policy Review: Vol. 34: Iss. 2, Article 2.
5
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
6
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Initial Research Questions
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha ¡ N00544317
How might we put in place appropriate public policies that foster the activation and empowerment of citizens in managing and caring for shared resources? To take a look at the fine grain of social interactions and at the overarching big picture simultaneously in order to identify ways to attain a decentralization of power into a polycentric democratic urbanization process.
Independent Project: Design Research ¡ Fall 2016 ¡ Parsons The New School of Design
How might we effectively give the community democratic control over the deployment of the surpluses through the urbanization process?
How might we bring collaborative governance tools for shared decision making on how common goods are used?
Especially, by understanding that the challenge is to make a more efficient use of the scarcest resource within cities, which is not money but coordination.
Considering the interplay between the individual and the larger community and those who represent them in the representative positions of power where decisions are made.
7
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Challenges What are the community’s plans/ voice? What are the channels of participation for these plans to come across? How does the community work together to come up with these plans? How effective these channels of participation are? How does the community design something together for their own benefit? How does the community translate these proposals into an urban product with effective results?
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
8
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
UN HABITAT For a better Urban Future. Global Development Frameworks Growing recognition of urbanization reflected in global frameworks for sustainable global development. In Vancouver 1976, the UN began to recognize the need for sustainable human settlements and the consequences of rapid urbanization, especially in the developing world The world was starting to witness the greatest and fastest migration of people into cities in history, as well as rising urban population through natural growth resulting from advances in medicine.
37.9%
45.1%
54.5%
HABITAT I
HABITAT II
HABITAT III
1976
1996
2016
· Recognition that shelter and urbanization are global issues to be addressed collectively.
· Cities are the engines of global growth.
· Rights to participatory urban governance.
· Creation of the UN Center for Human Settlements (UNCHSHabitat).
· Urbanization is an opportunity. · Call for a stronger role of local authorities.
· Economic rights as a core component of the right to the city.
In 1996 World leaders adopted the Habitat Agenda as a global plan of action for adequate shelter for all, with the notion of sustainable human settlements driving development in an urbanising world.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
· Recognition of the power of participation.
· Allow cultural differences and promote localized systems of sustainable urban development. · Inclusive and sustainable urbanization.
9
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Habitat III
The New Urban Agenda
Policy Units The preparatory process of Habitat III required the mobilization of all expertise on sustainable urban development which represents various constituent groups and stakeholders, and whose selection is guided by geographical and gender balance, as well as qualitative criteria in terms of contribution to the Habitat III preparatory process.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
10
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
1. The Right to the City and Cities for 2. Socio Cultural Urban Framework all
6. Urban Spatial Strategies: Land Market and Segregation
7. Urban Economic Development Strategies
Urban governance: Rights to participatory urban governance and democratic self-management/selfgovernance.
Inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlements.
To generate more jobs and work opportunities in a city; to enhance existing jobs and livelihoods; and to ensure that all citizens (including low-income, low-skill, informal workers and in-migrants) have access to income earning opportunities.
Urban economy: Economic rights as a core component of the right to the city
Allow cultural differences and promote localized systems of sustainable urban development: in terms of city form, social interactions, land use (discussing spatial segregation and gentrification issues and land value), increased attention for the “commons”, preservation of cultural heritage, among other elements.
Economic development and the built form of cities should evolve simultaneously. The principal role of public policy is to support the development of human potential, while seeking to compensate for market failures and providing safeguards to facilitate human and business interactions.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
11
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
UN Sustainable Development Goals
How does this research project relate to the UN’s SDGs.
During the first decade of the 21st century population living in cities and towns exceeded 50 per cent of the global population.
Governance
Entitlement
Infrastructure
Urbanization is a transformative force that can be harnessed to enhance economic growth, productivity and development in general, including wealth and statebuilding. Readdressing the way cities are planned, financed, developed, governed and managed.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
12
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
“Focus on the interaction of the parts rather than behavior taken separately.” – Russel L. Ackoff, author of Methods of inquiry: an introduction to philosophy and scientific method.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
13
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
NYC Context
Persistency of Poverty6 Nearly half of all New Yorkers were in poverty for at least one year. Bronx households were more likely to experience poverty. New Yorkers who suffer from more persistent disadvantage experienced financial shocks.
http://povertytracker.robinhood.org/
6
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
14
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Public Assets: City Owned and Leased Properties
The ‘Sixth’ Borough7 The City of New York manages over 14,000 properties covering approximately 43,000 acres across the five boroughs. Collectively, these properties encompass an area comparable to the size of Brooklyn. City-owned and leased properties are underutilized. Twenty-two percent of city-owned and leased properties are classified as having no current use. Properties under this classification account for approximately 1,800 acres, an area more than double the size of Central Park.
http://www.mas.org/ourwork/colp/
7
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
15
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
“The problems that exist today cannot be solved at the same level of thinking that created them.” – Albert Einstein, author of the general theory of relativity.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
16
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha ¡ N00544317
How might we design collaborative processes to repurpose underutilized spaces to restore community life?
Independent Project: Design Research ¡ Fall 2016 ¡ Parsons The New School of Design
17
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Existing Platforms
Over more than 120 years of history, MAS has worked to inspire, educate, and empower New Yorkers to engage in the betterment of our city. Online mapping tool designed to provide decision makers, planning practitioners, and the public with the necessary information to identify opportunities for improving, protecting, and utilizing City-owned and leased property.
Catalyst is a long-term community development program, working in historically underserved NYC parks.
Builds tools to help neighbors see vacant lots as opportunities and create needed green spaces that become focal points for community Builds park communities, connecting organizing and civic engagement. people to NYC green spaces and waterfronts, increasing their capacity Original online map into a to sustain parks as a key component sophisticated interactive organizing of resilient neighborhoods. tool, which provides information and is supported by other print materials. Resources include: Ongoing organizing and advocacy work. Training for leadership development; Grants for projects and capacity building; Fiscal sponsorship; People Make Parks toolkit; Facilitation and group development; Government relations.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
A collective of organizers and academics who promote, connect, and support New York City’s solidarity economy. Utilize values of democracy and cooperation to meet community needs. Online map to make the strong solidarity economy practices that already exist in New York City visible.
18
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
http://livinglotsnyc.org/#11/40.7300/-73.9900
8
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
19
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
The Community Garden Movement A successful case study.
Green Guerrillas Gain Ground9 The severe fiscal crisis of the early 1970s paved the way for the Community Garden movement of the 1970s, which began in earnest on the Lower East Side with the Green Guerillas. Many parts of the city suffered, and vacant and abandoned lots—both public land and newly public land acquired by foreclosure— were endemic. Abandoned buildings, if they weren’t already torn down, dotted the landscape, especially in Manhattan neighborhoods, and underutilized land sat fallow amidst widespread urban neglect.
gardens, the Green Guerillas, started in 1973 by lobbing “seed bombs” packed with fertilizer, seed, and water over fences around vacant lots where access was otherwise limited in an attempt to beautify some of these eyesores with greenery. This move not only beautified formerly vacant lots but soon became a grassroots program that fostered neighborhood participation. The group shared that which was grown on site and donated plants with other gardens across the city. 1975 image of Liz Christy in one of her Lower East Side gardens. Courtesy of Donald Loggins
A nonprofit environmental group dedicated to preserving urban
https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/movement
9
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
20
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Cultivating a City Program9 Wanting to encourage grassroots neighborhood revitalization efforts, the City initiated the GreenThumb program in 1978 to provide assistance and coordination. Whether through vegetable plots or lush flower or herb gardens, residents transformed unattractive and sometimes unsafe spaces into green havens, providing open space in especially underserved areas. “Tending a plot in a crowded part of the city provides a sense of ownership that is sometimes absent for those who rent.”
Although the gardens were strictly temporary, and the city reserved the right to develop vacant lots, the community gardens became important institutions, and many of the sites remained as gardens despite the pressure to build housing or other infrastructure. Today GreenThumb is the nation’s largest urban gardening program, providing assistance and support to over 600 gardens and nearly 20,000 garden members throughout the city.
Community gardens account for over 32 acres of parkland in the city, larger than the Battery and Washington As the GreenThumb program became Square combined. more established and partnerships between the city and community groups strengthened, this arrangement shifted to a licensing agreement.
Gardeners at the Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden.
https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/movement
9
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
21
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Experts
Nidhi Srinivas Associate Professor - Nonprofit Management at Milano The New School of International Affairs, Management, and Urban Policy
“NYC is a city that values private property without valuing human life to the same extent. The city designed as an antiresilience system. We don’t have a sense of community, nor control of community. Encourage redefinition of the use of property. It may be interesting to analyze things to do within public spaces that are free, that require no monetary exchange.”
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
22
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Larissa Begault InSite Collaborative, Founding Partner
“The Public Space is the realm where dialogue and engagement can happen. What does this development mean? How is the public space created? How can you get involved? Why is it important to have a say? Transparency: a communication campaign on the ways people can participate. Participation exists but the information is never clear. Future of that space, how is it going to be managed and how does it operate? An organizational structure to bring difference into the conversation.”
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
23
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Braden Crooks Designing the We, Founding Partner
“Some kind of spatial infrastructure is needed to facilitate a co-creation process as part of a lifestyle and community well-being. How do we value people? Who gets to be included? Facilitate real moments of shared decision making. Ownership is not in the hands of the people of the community. Key activity: networks and social fabric that gets generated. A community owned process. Every space is always a contested space. Within the community there’s competing interest. To build a space for conflict resolution.”
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
24
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Outi Kuittinen Demos Helsinki, Head of CoCreation
“People are happy when they act together to influence their own and other people’s lives. To foster the notion of citizenship. Not all the people want to participate. What are the Shared Motivations/ Goals: what’s in it for you, what’s in it for us? We need to move away from participatory design towards Design for Participation. Space, program, for people to come together and continue those discussions. Forcing them to mix with each other. We’re not only designing a thing, but enabling a larger change to happen.”
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
25
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Nelesi Rodriguez Beyond Green, Founding Partner
“Decisions end up being made in private spaces. To take ownership of spaces that are not being used. Build-Connect-Sustain. Who are the actors and the stakeholders involved around a park (public space). Human interaction having uncomfortable conversations.”
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
26
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Insights
Underutilized Public Spaces How might we help neighbors see vacant lots as opportunities to become focal points for community organizing and civic engagement?
· Community social fabric happens in the Public Space. · Underutilized Public Spaces are contested spaces within the Community. · Social Resilience can be attained through the redefinition of the use of property and ownership of land.
Citizenship How might we help neighbors · Human interaction fosters understand who are the engagement. stakeholders involved and how their · Different stakeholders have shared interests can be supported? motivations and goals. · People are happy acting together. · There’s competing interest between stakeholders.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
27
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
City-Making How might we help citizens shape the politics of their neighborhoods?
· Participation is the key to shape the politics of your neighborhood. · People don’t know what are the existing mechanisms for participation. · Participation is effective when it’s site specific. · Participation as an organization organic participation.
Community Well-Being How might we help neighbors to act · Participation is a form of social together to influence their own and exchange for conflict resolution. other people’s lives? · Shared decision making builds a sense of community.
OWNERSHIP
· Co-creation is a community lifestyle. · Site specific enabling mechanisms for participation should be inclusive. Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
28
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Opportunity Mapping
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
29
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Opportunity Areas
Communication & Awareness
Urban Participation
To design a communication campaign for neighbors to be aware of the resources & tools available to repurpose underutilized spaces for community organizing and civic engagement.
To design a framework for neighbors to use public spaces as a platform for conflict resolution and shared decision making.
“There’s lack of transparency, participation exists but the information is never clear. A communication campaign is needed to explain the future of each space and show the ways people can participate.”
“Nowadays there’s no spatial infrastructure – nothing like a library, or a school – to facilitate a co-creation process as part of a lifestyle and community well-being.”
– Larissa Begault, InSite Collaborative, Founding Partner
– Braden Crooks, Designing the We, Founding Partner
Opportunities:
Opportunities:
· Social Media Campaign · Shared Resources Platform · Interactive Tool · Education Platform · Online Courses · Transparency
· Co-Creation Workshops · Policy Toolkit · Open Data · Virtual Forums · Visibility · Land Access Advocacy
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
30
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
“As citizens, we all have an obligation to intervene and become involved - it’s the citizen who changes things.” – José Saramago, Author of Blindness
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
31
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Ideation
Civic Innovation.
Spatial + Social Infrastructure: shared decision making in the public space.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
32
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Organizing & Advocacy
Activate Imagination
Come together, right now!
Community Lifestyle
Make use of existing resources.
Spatial Infrastructure.
Social Infrastructure.
Co-creation.
Get neighbors to know about the existing resoures & tools available online to identify vacant lots as opportunities to become focal points for community organizing and civic engagement.
Invite neighbors to co-design a new public site-specific space to encourage ownership. To be done by harnessing technology and policy expertise to re-wire existing enabling mechanisms.
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
To use the co-designed space for Out of repetition comes variation on community shared decision making: the verge of some kind of change. inclusive human interaction for conflict resolution to strengthen local campaigns that transform cities.
33
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Organizing & Advocacy is the most balanced idea, this leads to the development of a concept on communication transparency to facilitate inclusive, dynamic and equitable city-making participation.
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Ease of Implementation
Cost of implementation / Resistance to change
Citizen demand
Offering differentiation Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
My passion
Scalability 34
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
Concept
Communication transparency to facilitate inclusive, dynamic and equitable city-making participation. Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
· Pool of resources
· Online access
· Visibility
· Bureacracy
· Inclusive
· Legibility
· Shared decision making
· Misinformation
· Interactive
· Implementation
· Digital bullies
· Novelty
· Reach
· Co-creation as a community lifestyle.
· Implementation
· Human Interaction
· Site-specific
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
· Transparency
· Frustration
· Trust
35
Democratizing the Urbanization Process
Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha · N00544317
How can I improve my park?
A successful case study by The Center for Urban Pedagogy (CUP).
Projects in Public Policy10 Whether you need a bench repaired or want a basketball court, improving your local park is a confusing process to navigate. If you aren’t familiar with the many layers of New York City Government, it’s hard to know where to even begin. CUP teamed up with New Yorkers for Parks, Partnerships for Parks, designer Elana Schlenker, and illustrator Leslie Wood to create a poster that makes it easier for people of all backgrounds and all of the city’s neighborhoods to advocate for improvements in their local park
to talk to them to build support and raise funds for your park project. New Yorkers for Parks, CUP, and Partnerships for Parks will distribute “How Can I Improve My Park” at a free Partnerships Academy launch event for advocates at the Parks Department’s Arsenal headquarters. A Spanish version of the MPP was launched in 2015. You can get your Spanish copy here.
The poster lays out the different agencies and officials involved in the process — from neighborhood park maintenance staff all the way to the mayor — and tells you when and how
The CUP How can I improve my park? booklet.
http://welcometocup.org/Projects/MakingPolicyPublic/HowCanIImproveMyPark
10
Independent Project: Design Research · Fall 2016 · Parsons The New School of Design
36
Independent Project: Design Research PGDM5220-B Allie Mahler Parsons The New School of Design Strategic Design & Management MS Fall 2016 Gonzalo Rovegno Rocha N00544317