TESTFEST Parcel 5, Lowell MA USA Siwei Gou
GSD 6232 Spring 2015
Context
Character of Lowell Access Audience/Client
Analysis
Regulatory Regimes & Management Community Concerns Future Potential
Precedent
Working Landscapes Former Brownfields
Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
Sources
Reference Links
Context
Character of Lowell Access Audience/Client
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Lowell is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. With an estimated population of 108, 861, it is the fourth-largest city in Massachusetts, and the second-largest in what the U.S. Census Bureau defines as Boston’s metropolitan area.
companies. After World War II, the last textiles plant was closed.
The city was founded in 1820, mainly as the textile manufacturing center. As the population grew, the city acquired more land and developed into an urban center.
Parcel 5 is located right next door to the famous Silresim Chemical Corporation Site that has pervasive soil and groundwater contamination that extends to adjacent properties. The State began to clean up the Site in 1978 but this process is anticipated to continue for 500 years.
In the mid-nineteenth century, the city of Lowell had the largest industrial complex in the United States, and later became a major industrial center during the rest half of the nineteenth century. However, the city started to decline in the early twentieth century due to relocation of many
Starting from later twentieth century, the city was under redevelopment targeting at culture and de-industrialization.
Street Address: 86 TANNER ST Zip Code: 01853 Congressional District(s): 05 EPA ID #: MAD000192393 Site ID #: 0100326
Context
Character of Lowell Access Audience/Client
4
Access Re-imagining the site requires a strong community interface which means building an audience: Who will use the site, and in turn benefit from it? Who will create memories through visits and re-visits? Who will tell their friends about it? Who will pay for it?
In macro scale, the accessibility of this former industrial zone is comparatively good. Through the Lowell Connector, the industrial zone is connected to Blue Star Memorial Highway (Interstate 495) and Northwest Expressway (U.S. Route 3).
Based on Parcel 5’s unique proximity to downtown Lowell, surrounding neighborhoods, and transportation hubs, and the university, we’ve identified three target audiences as future clients:
However, in terms of micro scale, Parcel 5 can be accessed either through Tanner Street, which is the spine of the industrial area, or through Main Street, a short street connecting the adjacent neighborhood within the industrial area.
University of Massachusetts, Lowell Current Students and Alumni Donors Local Businesses Florists and Markets Local Citizens and Visitors
If the pedestrian connection could be built across the rails on the southwest side of the site, Parcel 5 could embrace more residents and contribute to larger area.
Industrial Zone Connector Access
Context
Character of Lowell Access Audience/Client
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UMASS Lowell Collaborations The first group of potential clients is the University of Massachusetts Lowell (also known as UMass Lowell). UMass Lowell is a public research university in the city of Lowell and also part of the University of Massachusetts system. In terms of scale, UMass has nearly 1,200 faculty members and more than 17,000 students. The campus is about a mile from the site, an 8 minute bike ride, 15 minute run, or 5 minute drive. Within the College of Health Sciences, there are six departments including clinical laboratory and nutritional science, community health and sustainability, school of nursing, pharmaceutical science, physical therapy, work environment. These departments are closely related to the living environment and parcel 5 could be a
potential research field for students from these programs. Moreover, according to a report on January 13, 2015, UMass Lowell received a gift of $4 million donation from Rob Manning, chairman and CEO of MFS Investment Management. He is a 1984 alumni of UMass Lowell and the university’s business school is named for him. This is definitely a great chance to boost the development of university as well as the impact of the university to the city of Lowell. Based on the university’s existing academic programs and recent donation, UMass will be interested in redevelopment of parcel 5 as a research lab as well as a gift back to the city.
UMASS Lowell Residents Industrial
Analysis
Character of Lowell Audience/Client
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Citizens, Tourists & Local Open Green Space Networks The second group of involves citizens and tourists. The Image below has marked existing public open space of Lowell. While the coverage rate is unsatisfying, and locations are not systematic, a great much can be done with such space for imagination. The three existing lawns are all companied with cemeteries, namely the Lowell Cemetery, the St. Patrick Cemetery and the St. Joseph’s Cemetery. As a result of poor design and management of the public lawns, the cemeteries, especially the Lowell Cemetery, have instead become public recreation spots for the locals. Geographically, the location of parcel 5 determines its crucial role in the activation of these public spaces. It connects the lawns without creating any duplication with existing ones on the coverage areas.
Thanks to this location, the site will be able to radiate its influence to the neighborhood and existing open spaces. Socially, the site is surrounded by a lot of residential neighborhood within walking distance. Residents in those communities can all turned into potential clients after the transformation of parcel 5. Moreover, with post-industrial landscaping redevelopment, the community park will definitely become a tourist attraction in the future. The increase in the flowrate of citizens and tourists is essential to the success of the redevelopment, for it can lead to higher degree of concern, better economic benefits and more interaction between human and the nature.
Open Space
Context
Character of Lowell Audience/Client
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Local Florists & Markets The third group of potential clients is the local florists and markets. Many florists and markets are located around parcel 5. And there are a lot more around the neighborhood in Lowell. They are very important parts of local citizens’ daily life and the district economy as well.
On one hand, the research lab can bring in advanced theories and cutting-edge technologies at the forefront of the scientific research. Planting industry in this area can be positioned at the high-end, bringing sophisticated, high-tech and unique planting experience, high-quality products and satisfactory economic benefits.
The brownfield of parcel 5 can be transformed into planting beds for flowers and fruits. Parterres and orchards are great examples to combine nature with commercial activities. With proper design and arrangement, they themselves can be a visual feast and highlight the whole landscape.
On the other hand, parterres and orchards near the research lab can provide simultaneous feedbacks on the theories and planting methods. Theses feedbacks are of more significance to scientific researches. They allow the researchers to timely adjust and push forward their studies.
Furthermore, the planting business can be closely connected with the research lab. + o
Florists Markets
Site
Physical Description Land Use History to Today
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Parcel 5 Profile Parcel 5 is bounded by the Silresim site and its chain link fence to the north and northeast, Tanner St to the north west, Main St. and Canada St. to the south. The site area is composed by three parcels with 174678 sq ft and two warehouse buildings occupying 37213 sq ft. According to current zoning plan by the city of Lowell, the site is assigned to “general industry” which is intended for industrial uses of a larger scale or more intensive processing with large areas of unenclosed storage, which may generate substantially more impact on surrounding properties. Dating back to 1850, the site which was previously used as farmland began to be occupied by tanneries, in the scope of the “Ayer’s
City“. Following the great depression in 18731874, industrial rearrangement occurred and more types of industries were introduced into the neighborhood. In 1971 the Silresim Chemical Corporation’s plant was built next to parcel 5. It operated less than six years but created the most toxic wasteland in Lowell and EPA declared the five-acre property a Superfund site in 1983. Currently most of the area is used as car junk yard owned by Lowell Used Auto Sales, a company that dismantles used cars and sells used auto parts and automobiles. Currently, parcel 5 is cut off from its context, despite its proximity to down town. In terms of access to the site, there are two entrances: one from Tanner St. to the northwest and the other from Main St to the south, with fences and buildings enclosing the rest of the site.
Site
Physical Description Land Use History to Today
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History Just feet away at the superfund site, the following contaminants exist and pose potential threats to future uses at Parcel 5 : groundwater contaminants including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals. Soil contaminants including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), low levels of dioxin. Established in 1971 by John and Constantine Miserlis to reclaim petrochemical wastes, Silresim operated less than six years, but it created the most toxic wasteland in Lowell and EPA declared the five-acre property a Superfund site in 1983. According to the Preliminary Closeout Report by EPA, From 1978 to 1982, prior to its listing on the NPL, MassDWPC erected a fence, hired a 24-hour security guard, removed wastes in drums and aboveground storage tanks, and constructed berms and trenches to reduce the spread of waste through surface runoff. In 1984, EPA raised the height of the fence and covered contaminated areas with 9 inches of crushed gravel and an interim clay cap. In 1986, EPA identified additional contaminated areas and the fence was again reconstructed to prevent access by the public, and a gravel cover was placed over the contaminated soil to further prevent contact. Between 1985 and 1990, the Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RI/FS) was completed. Other types of contaminants identified included: semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals, herbicides, pesticides and dioxin. Numerous remedial alternatives were evaluated in the FS prior to EPA’s selection of a remedy. At Parcel 5, the contaminated soil was removed off site and included under the cap at the Silresim site in the mid 1980s. Currently, there is no known remediation occurring at Parcel 5 since the soil is safely capped next door and the ground water plumes are migrating northwest of the site.
Cleanup History at Silresim 1983
1984
1986
EPA monitored the air and sampled soils, and found contamination both on and off the Silresim property. EPA raised the height of the fence and covered highly-contaminated areas with gravel and an interim clay cap EPA discovered dioxin; the fence was relocated to prevent public access, and a temporary gravel cover was placed over the soil.
1991
A final clean-up plan (the “remedy”) was selected in a September 1991 Record of Decision (ROD).
1994
Construction of the groundwater treatment facility began
1997
EPA completed an SVE pilot test groundwater treatment plant and its operation
1998-1999
The first phase of the SVE system was implemented over a portion of the Site and operated groundwater treatment plant and its operation
2002-2003
EPA conducted an electrical resistance heating (ERH) pilot test, groundwater treatment plant and its operation
2007
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) accepted transfer of the groundwater treatment plant
2008
EPA memorialized its decision in an ESD to implement a thermal treatment remedy (i.e., ERH) groundwater treatment plant and its operation
Analysis
Regulatory Regimes & Management Community Concerns Future Potential
The EPA conducted numerous investigations of the extent of contamination - the results of which were subsequently utilized in the preparation of a Remedial Investigation (RI) report. In general, the 1991 ROD describes a comprehensive remedy for the site, once in which both a Management of Migration remedy as well as Source Control remedy were selected. In regard to the Management of Migration, a groundwater pump and treat system was selected as the preferred technology. In regard to Source Control, soil-vapor extraction (SVE) was selected to treat VOC-contaminated soils. The ROD also specified that other nonVOC contaminants in soil be excavated, stabilized and disposed of on site under a low permeability cap.
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Considering regulatory regimes that would affect future development of the Silresim and parcels next to it, several laws could be taken into consideration: the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), Massachusetts Oil and Hazardous Material Release Prevention and Response Act, the Brownfields Act. Besides federal and state laws, there are also regulations as Massachusetts Contingency Plan, New and Revised Guidance, Policy & Documentation to Implement 2014 MCP Revisions, Massachusetts Oil & Hazardous Materials List, Oil Spill Regulations. Although existing laws and regulations build a rigorous system formalizing and standardizing the remediation and management of brownfields, how the parcels close to them could be developed lacks relevant guidance and standards.
Analysis
Regulatory Regimes & Management Community Concerns Future Potential
In order to understand the site in a wider range, in addition to the physical condition, it is important to see the opinions from the residents in the neighborhood. Below are the notes taken from Tanner St meeting held on January 21, 2012 by the city of Lowell to gather opinions from local residents, business owners, and interested Lowellians. Residents are concerned about the redevelopment of the Tanner St District, accessibility, visibility, commercial activities, attractiveness are major issues reflected in the discussion.
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People from the community not only show the urgent request for improvement of the physical condition, but also some of them cherish the last industrial parcel of the city and hope the redesign could reflect the past memory. Although these opinions gathered from the potentially responsible parties related to the Silresim site are not directly about Parcel 5’s future, they highlight an interest in reactivating the site according to green technologies or related programs that “turn a failure inside out�. They reveal a desire to re-invent the site.
Analysis
Regulatory Regimes & Management Community Concerns Future Potential
Parcel 5 is cut off its context with limited internal accessibility while the commuter rail and high way provide full potential for external connectivity. Nearby scientific research institutions with related specialties afford possibility that the site could be transformed with experimental features. Situation in the region with limited amount of public green space but several local markets also inspires the redesign of Parcel 5. Next to Silresim that has been under cleanup for 30 years, the contaminated soil of Parcel 5 was removed off site and included under the cap at the Silresim site in the mid 1980s. Currently, there is no known remediation occurring at Parcel 5. Although the soil was previously removed and safely capped next door at Silresim, and the ground water plumes are migrating northwest of the site, there is an array of contamination caused by the car junk
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yard. Lead and other metals, car fluids, leaking batteries, and other hazardous debris permeate the site below and above ground. Based on our analysis, we are predominantly concerned with a dynamic approach that reframes Parcel 5 as much as it re-frames peoples attitudes towards it. In order to generate economic program for the long term, people living, studying, and visiting nearby need to become familiar with the site first and accept it as an appropriate site for daily activities. Our remediation strategy includes a layered soil and hard cap system, while focusing on a series of reactivation programs through landscape.
Precedent
Working Landscapes Former Brownfields
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Alewife Reservation Constructed Wetland, Cambridge, MA USA The recently completed Alewife Stormwater Wetland is a unique combination of water infrastructure that benefits and takes advantage of natural, sustainable techniques that also support environmental stewardship and community land use. The goal of the 3.4 acre wetland project was to store, attenuate and treat newly separated stormwater before discharging to the Little River, restore the area’s natural hydrology, protect and enhance wildlife habitat, and improve recreational, educational and other cultural opportunities. Overall, the goal was to integrate the project into the greater context.
Photo: http://cenews.com
The Department of Public Works and the engineering team collaborated with the Department of Conservation and Recreation to design features that would provide public benefit and ecological value, meeting Alewife Reservation Master Plan goals. Now successful, the project is a parkland gift to the community. Recreational amenities include a boardwalk and scenic overlooks, environmental education opportunities, an amphitheater designed with seating for classes, and links to the Alewife Greenway Extension’s bike and pedestrian paths.
Source: https://www.cambridgema.gov/ citynewsandpublications/news/2014/07/
Photo: http://mwh-projects.mwhglobal.com
Photo: http://www.mwra.com/01news/2013/101513-eea-wetland-cambridge.html
Precedent
Working Landscapes Former Brownfields
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Shenyang Architectural University Campus by Turenscape, China This three hectare suburban project on a small budget demonstrates “how agricultural landscapes can become part of the urbanized environment and how cultural identity can be created through an ordinary productive landscape”. The concept of the design seeks to use rice, native plants and crops to keep the landscape productive while also fulfilling its new role as an environment for learning. “It is designed to raise awareness of land and farming amongst college students who are leaving the land to become city dwellers.” In addition, the project demonstrates how inexpensive and productive agricultural landscape can be usable space as well - through careful design and management. The productive aspect of the landscape attracts both students and faculty into the dialogue of sustainable development and crop production.
Fields seen from inside a classroom. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Experience of walking through a working landscape. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Management and student participation become part of more transparent productive landscapes. The farming processes serve as laboratories for visitors, students and faculty as well. Lastly, in a cheeky way, plants became a university icon: the rice produced on the campus is harvested and distributed as “Golden Rice,” serving both as a keepsake for visitors of the school, and also as a source of identity for the newly established, suburban campus.
Pavilions or deck lounge areas are embedded. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Working landscapes are always changing. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Source: http://www.turenscape.com/ english/projects/project.php?id=324 Rice Harvest by students and facility operators. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Precedent
Working Landscapes Former Brownfields
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Shanghai Houtan Park by Turenscape, China Built in 2010, this 14-hectare park on a former brownfield demonstrates a living system where ecological infrastructure can provide multiple services for society and nature through ecological techniques. The post-industrial design demonstrates a unique productive landscape based on low maintenance and high performance. Since the project was located on a former industrial riverfront site littered with industrial and construction debris both below and on the surface, the design challenge was to transform this degraded landscape into a safe and pleasant public space. The park features a constructed wetland, ecological flood control, reclaimed industrial structures and materials, and urban agriculture as integral components to an overall restorative design strategy to “treat polluted river water and recover the degraded waterfront in an aesthetically pleasing way”.
Experience of walking through a flower farm. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Numerous platforms and enclosed “containers” are designed as destination nodes along the pedestrian network to create larger expanses where small groups can gather. Crops and wetland plants were selected and overlapped to create an “urban farm” allowing people to witness seasonal changes such as sunflowers in summer, fragrant ripe rice in fall, and green clover in winter. Overall, this project provides a premier educational opportunity for people to learn about agriculture and farming within the city.
Pavilions or deck lounge areas are embedded. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Color is a consistent theme throughout the park. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Source: http://www.archdaily.com/131747/ shanghai-houtan-park-turenscape/ Seasonal change of crops. Photo: Kongjian Yu, Chao Yang
Precedent
Working Landscapes Former Brownfields
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Tanner Street Initiative by Stoss Landscape Urbanism, Lowell MA USA In 2001, with funds from the EPA, Lowell’s city planning department comprehensively the Tanner Street industrial district. A concept plan created by Chris Reed and his associates at Stoss Landscape Urbanism called for a mixed commercial and industrial corridor and recommended zones for heavy industry, light industry, commercial, and office use. As part of that, the “Tanner Street Initiative” as it was called was a redevelopment study that would specifically address the Silresim Chemical Co. Superfund site adjacent to Parcel 5. Stoss argued that “Current methods of remediation close off the site, disconnecting the public and adding to the stigma of dark and dirty superfund sites”. They aimed to address this issue by putting into place “innovative ecological technologies that can solve infrastructural needs while improving image, environmental health, social/recreational opportunities, and economic potential”.
Photo: Stoss
The approach was based on a coalition of public, private, community and special interest organizations to lessen the pressure on the city to single-handedly move the project forward. Design elements included moveable walkways to allow limited public access but change over time to respond to clean up efforts; Solar panels to generate energy for water treatment facility and a “clean energy” image; and Phytoremediating plants planted along “Remediation Trail” to clean soils outside the hotspot of contamination and to increase public awareness through education. “Bioremediation Terraces” located at the adjacent East Pond would address storm water mitigation while providing recreation areas. Overall, the vision was for a “hybrid landscape-habitatinfrastructure-sports park”.
Photo: Stoss
Sources: http://courses.umass.edu/greenurb/2006/ bfenstermacher/projects.html http://www.lowellma.gov/search/Pages/ Results.aspx?k=stoss&s=All%20Sites
Photo: Stoss
Precedent
Working Landscapes Former Brownfields
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Sustainable Technology Industrial Park, Cape Charles VA, USA In Cape Charles, Virginia, high unemployment and a rough economy sparked an innovative development plan. Its purpose was to balance economic growth with environmental protection. It is a precedent for how environmental adversity can lead to economic opportunity. This 50 acre project was a former junkyard that transformed into an Eco-industrial park - the first of its kind in the nation. Half of the land was set aside as natural habitat with boardwalks and trails open to the public, the other to a multitenant building designed with the flexibility to accommodate a range of light manufacturing firms. The building included solar panels, maximum energy efficiency, and skylights for natural daylighting of workspaces as well as other tenant and community spaces. A public-private management partnership provided “a set of codes, covenants, and restrictions to encourage and reward both environmentally sound practices and involvement with the local communities”. As Andrew Barbour, the county supervisor, said, “We saw nature-based development as an asset and key differentiator in doing business.” This innovative approach to economic development “set Cape Charles apart from its neighbors, provided uniqueness to the community and gave industries a reason to explore the town”. In 2006, when the park was struggling to maintain occupancy, the local Chamber of Commerce partnered with the area community college and the Nature Conservancy to develop a certification course in ecotourism, which has since then been extremely successful for both the town government and local business owners. Sources: http://www.iog.unc.edu/programs/ cednc/stbi/cases/pdf/cape_charles.
Photo: http://www.iog.unc.edu/programs/cednc/stbi/cases/pdf/cape_charles
Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
We propose an evolving twopart phasing strategy from the ground up. The site is poised to thrive as an active landscape in the short term, followed by a mixed-use development that marries socioeconomic and environmental programming in the long term.
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Vision: Testfest TEST (v): take measures to check the quality, performance, or reliability of (something), especially before putting it into widespread use or practice
Ta n
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In line with the site’s industrial context, this proposal focuses on production and experimentation in the form of high quality, multi-functional open spaces - landscapes that do work.
Superfund Site
Parcel 5
Existing Buildings
Urban Forest
Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecological Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
Three Goals SOCIAL Harmonize program with remediation ECONOMIC Generate life with economic development ECOLOGICAL Re-connect the site into its surroundings
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Short Term Landscape Reactivation 1-10 years to prepare for long-term use
Long Term Mixed-Use Reactivation 10 years +
Through a combination of physical and temporal design techniques, Parcel 5 can become a functional and beautiful part of Lowell again and simultaneously experience a rebirth in public consciousness. This includes making the process of remediation visible and acceptable to the public. It is an educational opportunity made possible through landscape.
Site Boundary Urban Forest Superfund Site
Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
Short Term Land Reactivation Programs
Renewable Energy (Wind or Solar) Urban Park Test Plots Flowers Recreation Path
Environmental Yields
Habitat for Insects Recreation Space Research/ UMASS Lowell Academic Programs
Economic Yields
Marketplace, Maintenance and Harvest Jobs
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Existing Site
Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
Long Term Mixed-Use After people have changed their attitudes towards the brownfield, there is potential to bring new types of development.
Program
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Economic Yields Maintenance Jobs Service Jobs Retail Jobs Market Jobs Housing
Urban Park Test Plots Recreation Pavilions and Path Commercial Pavilions
Environmental Yields
Habitat for Insects and Birds Recreation Space UMASS Lowell Academic Programs
Building Development inside Landscape
Building Development outside Landscape
New Buildings
Existing Buildings
New Buildings
Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
Design of Urban Flower Field Test Plots
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Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
Raised Path Circulation for Safety & Views
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Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
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Experiential, Non-edible Plants with Aesthetic and Economic Value
Ferns
Sun Flowers
Lavender
Tulips
Baby’s Breath
Mums
Calla Lilies
Roses
Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
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Site Activation in Section: Layers of Soil, Remediation, Program & Time
Harvested Day Lilies
Proposal
Implementation Strategy Goals: Social, Economic, Ecologic Design Scenarios: Plans & Program of Uses
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Brownfield to Mixed-Use Park Through a combination of physical and temporal design techniques, Parcel 5 can become a functional and beautiful part of Lowell again and simultaneously experience a rebirth in public consciousness. This includes making the process of remediation visible and acceptable to the public. It is an educational opportunity made possible through landscape. Due to its proximity to the Silresim site and long industrial land use history,
the site is by definition a transition zone. To make it a full public development project immediately would be too forceful and may jeopardize its reintegration into Lowell yet again. Re-imagining the site with an experimental approach as half test, half public good is a fun, thorough, engaging, and thoughtful way to explore its future identity while including a diversity of stakeholders in the process.
Sources
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Reference Links
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http://www.leftinlowell.com/2012/01/24/tanner-st-meeting-notes/ http://courses.umass.edu/greenurb/2006/bfenstermacher/projects.html http://www.cssboston.com/portfolio/tanner-street/k http://yosemite.epa.gov/r1/npl_pad.nsf/f52fa5c31fa8f5c885256adc0050b631/8115F9851E28AB768525691F0063F6F6?OpenDocument http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2015/01/13/umass-lowell-is-set-to-announce-a-major-donation.html http://www.uml.edu/Academics/colleges.aspx www.lowellma.gov/ http://www.lowelllandtrust.org/sites/default/files/PDF-files/Changing_Course_A_History_of_River_Meadow_Brook_Final.pdf http://www.lowellma.gov/dpd/devservices/Documents/Land%20Board%20Regulations/Zoning%20Code.pdf http://www.leftinlowell.com/2012/01/24/tanner-st-meeting-notes/ http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/recycle/regulations/ https://www.cambridgema.gov/citynewsandpublications/news/2014/07/ http://www.turenscape.com/english/projects/project.php?id=324 http://www.archdaily.com/131747/shanghai-houtan-park-turenscape/ http://courses.umass.edu/greenurb/2006/bfenstermacher/projects.html http://www.lowellma.gov/search/Pages/Results.aspx?k=stoss&s=All%20Sites http://www.iog.unc.edu/programs/cednc/stbi/cases/pdf/cape_charles.