Book of Abstracts by Hojka Kraigher

GDK/FDC 161.1:181.351:114(4)(063)=111 UDK/UDC 630*16:630*18:630*114(4)(063)=111

CIP:

CIP - Kataloţni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjiţnica, Ljubljana 630*114(082) MEETING Belowground Complexity (2 ; 2010 ; Ljubljana) Book of abstracts and programme / 2nd Meeting Belowground Complexity, Ljubljana, 01. 09.-04. 09. 2010 ; [Andrej Verlič, Boštjan Mali and Hojka Kraigher (editors)]. - Ljubljana : Silva Slovenica, Slovenian Forestry Institute, 2010 ISBN 978-961-6425-54-4 1. Belowground complexity 2. Verlič, Andrej, 1977252336640

Programme committee of the COST action FP 0803: Chair: Dr. Ivano BRUNNER Vice Chair: Prof. Dr. Douglas GODBOLD WG1: Fine root turnover WG1 Leader: Dr. Ivika OSTONEN WG1 Vice Leader: Dr. Helja-Sisko HELMISAARI WG2: Mycorrhizal mycelia biomass and turnover WG2 Leader: Prof. Dr. Alf EKBLAD WG2 Vice Leader: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbara KIELISZEWSKA-ROKICKA WG3: Soil C stocks and turnover WG3 Leader: Prof. Dr. Marcel HOOSBEEK WG3 Vice Leader: Dr. Eleonora BONIFACIO WG4: Biogeochemical modelling WG4 Leader: Dr. Gabrielle DECKMYN WG4 Vice Leader: Prof. Dr. Thomas HICKLER Slovenian programme and organizing committee: Prof. Dr. Hojka Kraigher (SFI) - chair of local programme and organizing committee Prof. Dr. Dominik Vodnik (Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana) – excursion programme Dr. Primoţ Simončič (SFI) – excursion programme Andrej Verlič (SFI) – organizing committee, executive organization assistant Sabina Kristan (SFI) – Chief Accountant, organizing committee Ines Štraus (SFI) – Front Desk and Poster Sesison Boštjan Mali (SFI) – Book of Abstracts and Programme With the help of: Dr. Tine Grebenc, Melita Hrenko, Marina Katanić, Milan Kobal, Nataša Milenkovič, Terezija Sinjur, Dr. Marjana Westergren, Daniel Ţlindra Excursion organized by: Prof. Dr. Dominik Vodnik (University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agricultural Department) Mitja Ferlan (SFI and University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agricultural Department) Dr. Primoţ Simončič (SFI) The Book of Abstracts and Programme compiled by: Andrej Verlič, Boštjan Mali and Hojka Kraigher (Editors) Published by Silva Slovenica, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, 2010, in 100 copies

The conference is co-financed by: &

The books on Protected areas of Slovenia and NATURA 2000 in Slovenia were kindly provided by the Slovenian Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning.

Sponsored by:

Foreword

The Slovenian Forestry Institute (SFI) has developed since its establishment in 1947 into the main national forest research institute in Slovenia. It is the only public research organization of national importance in Slovenia conducting research in the area of forests, forestry, forest ecosystems, forest landscapes and wildlife ecology. It also provides professional advisory service to the ministry, responsible for forestry, leading forest monitoring programmes, and is the state authority for approval of basic material, certification of forest reproductive material and forest health prognostic and diagnostic service. Its research work is organized within six departments and one research programme, supported by the infrastructural group including laboratories, collections and databases, permanent research plots and computing services. Still, the main infrastructure we work in and study are the Slovenian forests, which are both well preserved and which support high biodiversity, situating Slovenia into the European biodiversity hot belt. Belowground carbon allocation has been part of our research programme (RP) since its first approval by the Ministry, responsible for science in 1998. It is based on the long tradition of research projects run by the Forest ecology and the Forest physiology and genetics departments, the COST action E6 EUROSILVA Forest Tree Physiology Research, and the TEMPUS_MJEP_04467 which helped us to develop bioindication methods including belowground diversity and interactions in the mycorrhizosphere. We are proud to host the 2nd meeting of the COST action FP0803 Belowground carbon turnover in European forests, with 88 participants from 33 countries, including most prominent speakers from all parts of the globe. We hope to bring together during our meeting not only best science on BELOWGROUND COMPLEXITY, but also good spirit for collaboration, further advancement in the field and presentation of natural and cultural specifics of Slovenia and its natural beauties, as well as research approaches and results of 15 slovenian participants, among whom mainly young researchers are gaining with this meeting their opportunity to meet all principal scientists from their field of research. Hojka Kraigher Head of RP Forest Biology, Ecology and Technology & Department for Forest Physiology and Genetics at SFI

Information on Slovenian forests and geology Slovenian forests and forestry Slovenia, stretching out on 2.027Ă&#x2014;106 ha, and with about 60 % of its territory covered by forests, is the 3rd most forested country in Europe. Sustainable forest management has been a part of traditional forestry practices in Slovenia for centuries, resulting in well preserved forests, which are influenced by human intervention to a lesser extent than in most Central European countries. The first forest management plans date from 1836, while all forest area in Slovenia has been covered by forest management plans already since 1957 and is therefore subjected to traceable management history. Basic characteristics of forest management in Slovenia are small-scale flexible management, adapted easily to site characteristics and natural development of forests, active protection of natural populations of forest trees, protection and conservation of biological diversity, support of biological, ecological and economical stability of forests by improving the growing stock as well as tending of all developmental stages and all forest forms in support of vital and high-quality forest trees, which could optimally fulfil all functions of forests. Natural regeneration is supported in all forests; if seedlings are used, they have to derive from approved seed stands.

In 2008, forests covered 1 185 145 ha. Growing stock, revealed by National Forest Inventory in 2007, equaled to 327 m3/ha. For the inventory period 2000/2007, the stock of dead wood was on average 8.17 t/ha (18.46 m3/ha) taking into account all tree species. For the moment, lack of data prevents calculation of carbon pools for litter and soil. Table: Forest area in Slovenia and biomass expressed as C and CO 2 equivalents of greenhouse gases (adapted from Sloveniaâ&#x20AC;&#x;s national inventory report 2010). Area Year

Above ground biomass (ABG)

Below ground biomass (BGB)

Forest remaining forest ABG+BGB ABG+BGB

Dead wood

â&#x2C6;&#x2018;

Wildfire

[Gg CO2]

[ha] [Gg C] [Gg CO2] -8478.28 NA 1986 1 064 200 1806.29 418.91 2225.20 -8159.07 -319.21 -8580.25 71.83 1990 1 077 000 1828.01 423.95 2251.96 -8257.20 -323.05 -9880.02 43.07 2000 1 134 227 2083.26 489.66 2572.91 -9434.02 -446.01 -10323.56 14.28 2008 1 185 145 2176.78 511.64 2688.42 -9857.53 -466.03 Gg C = C equivalent of greenhouse gases, Gg CO2 = CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases; - = CO2 sink

Karst in Slovenia

Foto: N. Zupan Hajna and A. Mihevc, www.razvojkrasa.si (with permission of the Karst Research Institute, Postojna)

Karst is a special type of landscape formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks, including limestone and dolomite. The name derives from the Slovenian word kras, which originally means barren and rocky landscape, and was used for the first description of its typical topographical and hydrological phenomena by Valvasor in The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola in 1689 after the local name of the carbonate plateau in the background of the Trieste bay. Kras was translated into German word Karst and as such became the name for this type of landscape & phenomena. Karst covers 43 % of Slovenian surface; 35 % on limestone and 8 % on dolomite bedrock and is divided into Alpine, Dinaric, Pre-alpine and isolated karst of the intermediate area. Most common soil types on karst are chromic cambisols and chromic luvisols followed by rendzina and lithosol on limestone and dolomite. In the early Holocene, two distinct, though atypical, forest associations thrived on the carbonate plateau Kras: Abieti-Fagetum and Querco-Carpinetum with beech prevailing in the first and oak in the second association. Deforestation started around the year 1000 and reached its peak in 15th and 16th century; by the 18th century only barren landscape remained. Efforts of reforesting Kras were finally successful in the middle of the 19th century using Pinus nigra from Austrian sources. Today, the prevailing forest associations on Kras are Seslerio-Quercetum petreae, Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae and Ostryo carpinifoliae-Quercetum pubescentis.

Text by Marjana Westergren, Milan Kobal, Primož Simončič & Hojka Kraigher, SFI, Ljubljana.

Programme Wednesday, 1. September 2010: Arrivals 17:00-20:00

Registration of participants & Wellcome mixer (sponsored by Olympus Slovenija d.o.o.) at SFI

Thursday, 2. September 2010: Invited presentations and posters (SFI, Big Lecture Hall – Room A) 08:30-10:30:

MC meeting 1

10:30-11:00

Coffee Break

11:00-11:30 11:30-12:00 12:00-12:30

Opening (Ivano Brunner & Hojka Kraigher) & welcome by dr. Mirko Medved, Director, SFI MC/WG1 keynote: Seth Pritchard, USA WG1 keynote: Martin Lukač, UK

12:30-14:00

Lunch break

14:00-14:30 14:30-15:00 15:00-15:30

MC/WG2 keynote: Chris Andersen, USA WG2 keynote: Phil Ineson, UK WG3 keynote: Elena Vanguelova, UK

15:30-16:00

Coffee break

16:00-16:30 16:30-17:00 17:00-17:30

MC/WG3 keynote: Chiara Cerli, NL MC/WG4 keynote: Benjamin Houlton, USA WG4 keynote: Alex Komarov, RU

17:30-18:00

Technical presentation of portable instruments for plant measurement (CID, USA)

18:00-20:00

Posters & beer session (sponsored by CID Bio-Science, USA)

Friday, 3. September 2010: WG meetings and ‘speed-dating’ (SFI) 08:30-10:00

WG1-4 meetings, joint-publication discussions (Rooms A, B, C, D)

10:00-10:30

Coffee break

10:30-11:45 11:45-12:30

WG1-4 meetings, „speed-dating‟ preparations (Rooms A, B, C, D) „Speed-dating‟ 1: WG1+WG2 (Room A) WG3+WG4 (Room B)

12:30-14:00

Lunch break

14:00-14:45 14:45-15:30

„Speed-dating‟ 2: WG1+WG3 (Room A) „Speed-dating‟ 3: WG1+WG4 (Room A)

15:30-16:00

Coffee break

16:00-17:00 17:00-19:00

WG-Reports Posters session 2

19:30-23:00

Dinner at restaurant Sokol (location: Mestni trg in the old center of Ljubljana)

WG2+WG4 (Room B) WG2+WG3 (Room B)

Saturday, 4. September 2010: MC meeting 2 (SFI) and Excursion (Karst region, SW Slovenia) 08:30-10:00 10:00-11:00

WG-Outlook (if needed) MC meeting 2

11:00-12:00

Lunch break

12:00-20:00

Excursion to the C-dynamics research plot in the karst region (Podgorje): Dominik Vodnik, Primoţ Simončič et al

Sunday, 5. September 2010: Departures

Venue and accomodation addresses & map 1. Slovenian Forestry Institue – SFI Address: Večna pot 2 Ph.: +386 (0)1 200-7800 Fax: +386 (0)1 257 3589 www.gozdis.si

2. M Hotel Address: Derčeva ulica 4 Ph.: +386 (0)1 513-70-00 Fax: +386 (0)1 513-70-90 e-mail: info@m-hotel.si

3. Hotel Emonec Address: Wolfova 12 Ph.: +386 (0)1 200-15-20 Fax: +386 (0)1 200-15-21 e-mail: hotelemonec@siol.net

Left arrow: location of Hotel Emonec Right arrow: location of bus stop

Programme of excursion Carbon cycling at woody plants invaded calcareous pastures of Podgorski kras a joint excursion of the COST FP 0803: Belowground carbon turnover in European forests. 2nd meeting: BELOWGROUND COMPLEXITY, Ljubljana, September 1 – 4, 2010 and 5th SLOVENIAN SYMPOSIUM ON PLANT BIOLOGY with international participation, Ljubljana, September 6 – 9, 2010

Transition of grasslands to forests influences many processes of the ecosystem such as water and temperature regime and the cycling of nutrients. Different components of carbon biogeochemical cycle strongly respond to woody plants encroachment and as a consequence the carbon balance of the invaded grasslands can drastically change. In the frame of excursion we will present you research activities at Podgorski kras (SW Slovenia) where species-rich calcareous grasslands of the Scorzoneretalia order have been to a large extent invaded by shrubs of early succession stages and also tree species of midand late succession (e.g. Quercus pubescens). At these sites two research plots (»pasture«, »invaded site«) with two Eddy covariance towers were set up. Continous micrometeorological measurements have now been run for two years. Beside a direct estimations of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), we are performing other measurements addressing different stages of carbon cycle. The results on biomass estimations, decomposition, soil analyses (including soil air δ13C) and soil respiration will be presented. The contribution of biogenic and geogenic CO2 sources to CO2 efflux will be discussed.

Scientific part of excursion will be followed by dinner at the restaurant in nearby village Podgorje specialized in venison food. Bus transfer will be organized from Ljubljana.

Excursion programme: 12:00

Bus departure from SFI

13:00

Arrival to parking at research plot 1

13:30-16:00 Dominik Vodnik, Primoţ Simončič, Klemen Eler, Mitja Ferlan, Gregor Plestenjak, Alessandro Peressotti and Giorgio Alberti (University of Udine): Information on the geology, soil characteristics, vegetation and land use history of Podgorski kras plain. Presentation on research activities (Eddy covariance, decpomposition, soil respiration, non biogoenic soil CO2 fluxes etc.) 16:30

Dinner at Gostilna pod Slavnikom, Podgorje

Impotant information: There will be 20 to 30 min walk from the bus to the first research plot and an equal walk from research plot 1 to research plot 2. The footpath is on stony grassland. The weather can be very cold and windy, or rainy, or very hot and sunny, therefore sun, rain and wind protectants and comfortable walking shoes are suggested

Table of Abstracts (alphabeticaly according to the First Authors in the Abstracs): Ozone Stress and Below-ground carbon dynamics: Where do we go from here? Andersen Christian Paul ........................................................................................................................ 15 The pools of soil organic carbon in Lithuanian Scots pine stands Armolaitis Kestutis ................................................................................................................................. 16 Growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi along a nitrogen deposition gradient and its effect on nitrogen leakage Bahr Adam ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Inferring phylogenies of ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibiting low similarities of their ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 sequences to respective fungal sequences deposited in molecular data bases Bajc Marko ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Hyphal growth in ingrowth mesh bags in Fagus, Quercus and Pinus stands in France Bakker Mark R ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Fine root turnover calculated by different methods based on sequential coring data of Quercus petraea stands in France Bakker Mark R. ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Microbial communities in forest soils: tracing the active cellulose decomposers Baldrian Petr .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Litter decomposition of beech leaves, spruce needles and their mixtures as a function of stand composition and soil type Berger Torsten W. ................................................................................................................................. 22 Obtaining well-defined soil organic matter fractions by density separation – a matter of dispersion and density cut-off Cerli Chiara ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Continuous measurement of isotope composition of root respiration Dannoura Masako ................................................................................................................................. 24 Influence of climate change on growth and carbon sequestration potential of different forest systems Greatorex Susanne Eich ....................................................................................................................... 25 Plant litter decomposition in two stages of succession of a dry calcareous grassland Eler Klemen ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Where does the nitrogen go? Ellström Magnus Torsten....................................................................................................................... 27 Seasonal variations of belowground carbon allocation assessed by in situ 13CO 2 pulse labelling of trees Epron Daniel .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Cellulose decomposition in different natural forest stands Grebenc Tine ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Fine root production in Cryptomeria japonica stands using root mesh method Hirano Yasuhiro ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Carbon-nutrient interactions and climate change: Towards an even warmer world? Houlton Benjamin Zind .......................................................................................................................... 31 Types of ectomycorrhiza on pines from two sites at the moutains Čvrsnica and Čabulja in Bosnia and Hercegovina Hrenko Melita ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Ectomycorrhizal types of beech forest at mountain Stara planina Katanić Marina ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Diversity, composition and abundance of below-ground ectomycorrhizal communities of adult Abies alba (Mill.) and seedlings regenerating under forest canopies in Tatra Mountains, Poland

Kieliszewska-Rokicka Barbara .............................................................................................................. 34 Organic carbon and bulk density estimation for forest soils – development of pedotransfer function Kobal Milan ............................................................................................................................................ 35 Above and bellow ground dendro biomass of Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) – case study Kobal Milan ............................................................................................................................................ 36 Different approaches in mathematical modelling of soil organic matter dynamics Komarov Alexander S............................................................................................................................ 37 The ectomycorrhizal communities in a forests chronosequence of European larch (Larix decidua) Leski Tomasz ........................................................................................................................................ 38 Climatic change and root turnover Lukac Martin .......................................................................................................................................... 39 Very fine roots respond to soil depth: biomass allocation, morphology and physiology in broad-leaved temperate forest Makita Naoki .......................................................................................................................................... 40 Root growth and soil properties in a gradient of disturbance at an alpine ski resort area Mali Boštjan ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Above and belowground biomass accumulation in the young stands of grey alder (Alnus incana [L.] Moench) Mudrite Daugaviete ............................................................................................................................... 42 Ectomycorrhizal derived soil respiration and dissolved organic carbon fluxes in a young Norway spruce stand Neumann Jonny .................................................................................................................................... 43 Soil carbon dynamics at different forest sites in Slovenia – A stable isotope approach Ogrinc Nives .......................................................................................................................................... 44 CO2 emissions and mass loss from decomposing woody litter in a managed Sitka spruce forest Olajuyigbe Samuel ................................................................................................................................ 45 Effect of several years old eucalyptus plant on total biomass and C content Ortas Ibrahim ......................................................................................................................................... 46 Fine root lifespan and soil carbon Pritchard Seth G. ................................................................................................................................... 47 Enzymatic Activities of Ectomycorrhizas in Tropical Rain Forest in Gabon Suvi Triin ................................................................................................................................................ 48 Types of Ectomycorrhiza on Beech Seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Rhizotrons Štraus Ines ............................................................................................................................................ 49 Forest management affects carbon and nitrogen concentrations of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) fine roots Terzaghi Mattia ...................................................................................................................................... 50 Evaluation of litter and soil C stocks and uncertainties in European forests Vanguelova Iordanova Elena ................................................................................................................ 51 Development and evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for characterization of water soluble soil organic carbon (SOC) in forest soil samples Villada Antia ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Soil CO2 fluxes of woody plants invaded dry calcareous grasslands Vodnik Dominik ...................................................................................................................................... 54 Novel equipment for minirhizotron isolation and measuring temperature profile Ţeleznik Peter ........................................................................................................................................ 55

ID: 126

Keynote

Topics: WP2 Keywords: Below-ground processes; ozone; C allocation; soil respiration; 13C stable isotope Ozone Stress and Below-ground carbon dynamics: Where do we go from here? Andersen Christian Paul Oregon State University, United States of America; andersen.christian@epa.gov Scientific recognition that O3 was affecting belowground processes has led to increased belowground research during the last several decades. During this period, researchers have increasingly recognized the importance of including an intact below-ground ecosystem in their studies. Recent results using intact soils have shown that O3 can influence a variety of belowground processes, however, responses have been highly variable and in some cases inconsistent with smaller scale studies. In order to better understand how long-term O3 exposure affects below-ground processes in a mature beech and spruce forest, experiments were conducted at the free-air exposure experiment in S. Germany (Werner and Fabian, 2002). Early experiments showed that O3 was found to increase beech fine root production and CO2 efflux during a year with moderate O3 levels, however, similar responses were not observed during other years (Nikolova et al., 2010). In 2006 after 7 yrs of O3 exposure, a new system was used to label trees with isotopically depleted 13CO2 in order to test the hypothesis that long-term O3 exposure alters allocation of recently fixed carbon below-ground (Andersen et al., 2010). The results showed that recently fixed carbon in beech is translocated to fine roots and released through respiration as soon as ca 50 hrs after labeling. In spruce, label was detected in fine root tissue but not detected in soil respiration even after 16 days of exposure, suggesting root respiration in spruce may use stored reserves to meet respiration demands in the late summer. During this moderate O 3 year, C allocation to fine roots and respiratory pools did not appear to be significantly affected by O 3 in beech or spruce. The presentation will include a discussion of inconsistencies observed across experimental scales, and some possible future directions for O3 research.

ID: 107

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: Forest soils, Pinus sylvestris, soil groups, soil organic carbon pools The pools of soil organic carbon in Lithuanian Scots pine stands Armolaitis Kestutis, Jurate Aleinikovien The Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Lithuania; k.armolaitis@mi.lt The data of Lithuanian forest soil monitoring on the pools of soil organic carbon (org.C) in 30-100-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands (n=54) on different soils (ISSSISRIC-FAO, 1998) is presented. The lowest mean pools of org. C was found in soil organic layer of Scots pine stands on Histosols and on Gleysols (1-3 tC ha–1). Such pools reache 5-10 tC ha–1 in Scots pine stands on Cambisols and on Fluvisols, while on Arenosols comprised – 12-16, on Luvisols – 19-25, and on Podzols – 25-35 tC ha–1. It was stated that the mean concentrations of org. C have comparative low variation (310 – 410 gC kg-1) in organic layer of mineral soils of normal moisture. Therefore mean org. C pools in organic layer of Arenosols, Luvisols and Podzols could be calculated using factor 0.38 (R=0.94) from the mean mass of organic layer. The highest mean org. C pools below the organic layer in up to 100 cm in depth was estimated in drained and not drained Histosols, - 640 and 740 tC ha–1, respectively. Mean org. C pools in 0-100 cm mineral layer comprised 241-289 tC ha–1 in Gleysols; 69-93 in Albeluvisols; 79-161 in Podzols; 62-91 in Luvisols; 44-128 in Fluvisols; 46-60 in Cambisols; and 38-42 tC ha–1 in Arenosols. Acknowledgement: the study was supported by Lithuanian Agency for Science, Innovation and Technology. ISSS–ISRIC–FAO, 1998. World Reference Base for Soil Resources. World Soil Resources Report No 84. FAO, Rome, 1998.

ID: 111

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: Ectomycorrhiza, nitrogen deposition, nitrogen leakage, boreal forest Growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi along a nitrogen deposition gradient and its effect on nitrogen leakage Bahr Adam, Magnus EllstrĂśm, HĂĽkan Wallander Lund University, Sweden; adam.bahr@mbioekol.lu.se Almost all boreal and temperate forest tree species live in symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. The trees transfer carbon (C) to the fungi in exchange for nutrients and water. N leakage from forest ecosystems has previously been explained by studying C/N quotas and N deposition, but the role of EM fungi has been unclear. When inorganic nitrogen (N) is added to the soil the EM symbiosis becomes repressed and EM fungal growth reduced since the fungal symbiont is no longer needed for the tree. This might lead to an increased N leakage as the efficient nutrient uptake by the fine EM mycelial network is reduced, and it has been observed that N leakage coincided with reduced EM growth in N fertilization experiments. We have analysed how EM mycelium growth correlates with N deposition and if it affects N leakage. The project was set up in south Sweden at 30 spruce forest locations monitored for deposition, soil water chemistry, needle chemistry and vegetation. Preliminary results, from the first year, show that EM growth was reduced by N deposition (spanning a gradient of 1.4 - 6.2 kg ha-1 ya-1) but it wasn't clear if EM growth affected N leakage (spanning a gradient of <0.01 - 4.83 mg l-1). The project will be continued with further soil sample analyses as well as EM mycelial growth measurements during year 2010.

ID: 117

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: ectomycorrhizae, PCR, sequencing, phylogeny Inferring phylogenies of ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibiting low similarities of their ITS15.8S rDNA-ITS2 sequences to respective fungal sequences deposited in molecular data bases Bajc Marko, Melita Hrenko, Tine Grebenc, Hojka Kraigher Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia; marko.bajc@yahoo.com In the course of DNA sequence-based molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi it is common to discover fungal sequences exhibiting low similarity to respective fungal sequences in nucleotide databases. In such cases, relatedness of sample sequence to sequences of taxonomically resolved and established fungal species is unclear. Basic database search tools (BlastN) can often only help assign such fungi to higher taxonomic unit levels (genus, family, order). More reliable and resolved results can be obtained by phylogenetic analysis. We collected 55 ectomycorrhizal samples of different tree species at three different locations in Slovenia. Identification of fungal symbionts was based on direct â&#x20AC;&#x153;single root tip-DNA isolation-PCR-sequencingâ&#x20AC;? approach. ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 sequences were compared to respective fungal sequences in GenBank using BlastN. Sequences yielding hits with low sequence identities (96% or lower) or best hits corresponding to sequences of fungi unclassifed at species level were submitted to phylogenetic analysis. Based on BlastN search results we retrieved sequences of different representatives of the target higher-level taxonomic units. Sequences were aligned with ClustalX and submitted to analysis with jModelTest v0.1.1 (jMT) to establish the best model of nucleotide substitution and corresponding parameter values. Phylogenies were reconstructed with PAUP v4.0b10 using BioNJ algorithm with genetic distances calculated according to Maximum Likelihood approach implementing results of jMT calculations. Robustness of nodes was tested by nonparametric Bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates. Of 48 successfully processed samples, 27 (56.25%) could not be positively identified at species level after BlastN search and exhibited highest similarity to sequences of unclassified members of genera Tomentella (16), Lactarius (1) and Protoventuria (1), and families Cortinariaceae (8) and Pyronemataceae (1). We present the results of phylogenetic analysis for unidentified Tomentella sequences.

ID: 103

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: Ectomyorrhizal hyphae, forest trees, hyphal length, growth dynamics, ingrowth bags Hyphal growth in ingrowth mesh bags in Fagus, Quercus and Pinus stands in France Bakker Mark R1,2, Frida Andreasson1,2, Jérôme Ngao3,4, Masako Dannoura5,6, Bernd Zeller7, Pierre Trichet5, Catherine Lambrot5, Daniel Epron8,9 1Enita de Bordeaux, UMR 1220 TCEM, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France; 2INRA, UMR 1220 TCEM, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France; 3Université Paris-Sud, UMR Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, F-91405 Orsay, France; 4CNRS, UMR Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, F-91405 Orsay, France; 5INRA, UR Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Physique de l'Environnement, Centre de Pierroton, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33612 Cestas, France; 6Kyoto University, Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; 7INRA, UR Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; 8Nancy Université, Université Henri Poincaré, UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France; 9INRA, UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; mbakker@bordeaux.inra.fr Our understanding on the dynamics of production, maintenance and turnover of mycorrhizal structures is limited, though they putatively play a primordial role in storage or fluxes of nutrients and water. Ingrowth mesh bags (30 µm mesh filled with 40 g quartz sand) were installed in the top soils of three different trench-plotted experimental sites in France, respectively with Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus pinaster. Our objective was to quantify the production of ectomycorrhizal hyphal structures throughout the growing season. Installations were done in 3 or 4 different growth stages at each site and mesh bags were retrieved from one to three months after installation. Line intersects were applied under magnification lenses to estimate hyphal length and specific hyphal length values were used to estimate hyphal biomass. Results showed in general more hyphal colonization after three months than after one month, regardless of season or species. Colonization was highest and comparable in Quercus and Fagus but very low in Pinus. Hyphal growth appeared to be higher at the end of spring or early summer than in autumn. This was unexpected, but presumably is the result of prolonged summer drought, affecting in particular the Pinus site

ID: 104

Poster

Topics: WP1 Keywords: calculation methods, fine root turnover, France, Quercus petraea, sequential coring Fine root turnover calculated by different methods based on sequential coring data of Quercus petraea stands in France Bakker Mark R.1,2, Frida Andreasson1,2 1Enita de Bordeaux, UMR 1220 TCEM, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France; 2INRA, UMR 1220 TCEM, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France; mbakker@bordeaux.inra.fr Fine root turnover can be studied by several methods such as ingrowth bags, minirhizotrons, radiocarbon or sequential coring. After one method has been chosen, further differences may occur that affect the outcome of the final result, i.e. fine root turnover. Here, we present data of a 1994-1996 sequential coring study in Quercus petraea in northern France in a liming / gypsum amendment trial. In total six experimental treatments were examined down to a soil depth of 55 cm (Bakker 1999). Calculations that were compared are 1) the max-min method; 2ab) only significant changes in live root length or weight; 3ab) all changes in live root length or weight; 4ab) all changes in live root and dead roots. The computations were carried out layer by layer as well as for the sum values for the entire studied profile and were calculated for two different growing seasons. Fine root production values ranged between 32 and 2119 kg ha-1 yr-1, fine root mortality between 196-4252 kg ha-1 yr-1 and decomposition between 400-5208 kg ha-1 yr-1. Turnover rates (times / yr) were estimated at 0.09 to 1.33 times per year.

ID: 106

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: forest soil, bacteria, fungi, decomposition, cellulose Microbial communities in forest soils: tracing the active cellulose decomposers Baldrian Petr, Jana Voříšková, Martina Štursová, Lucia Zifčáková, Vendula Valášková, Jaroslav Šnajdr, Miroslav Kolařík Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Czech Republic; baldrian@biomed.cas.cz Fungal communities in forest soils differ along soil depth profiles. The aim of this research was (1) to compare the total fungal and bacterial community composition among soil horizons and during the process of litter decomposition; (2) to follow the distribution of functional genes active in cellulose decomposition and (3) to specifically identify cellulosedegrading microorganisms. Microbial community composition was analysed using 454pyrosequencing of rDNA and rRNA. SIP with 13C-cellulose/pyrosequencing was also used to identify microorganisms deriving their biomass from cellulose. There is a fast succession of fungal communities on decaying litter with many species appearing/disappearing within a few months. Most cellulase genes are present in litter only during a limited period, showing that cellulose decomposing community changes rapidly. At any time, the active microorganisms represent just a distinct part of the whole community. Analysis of microbes deriving their biomass from cellulose show a clear distinction of these species from the total community and the fact that cellulose degradation is performed by different microorganisms at different soil depths. Vertical stratification of the properties of forest soils is reflected in the fine stratification of soil fungal community. Although cellulose degradation is performed in different stages of litter decomposition and in different soil depths, there is not a universal group of cellulose degraders.

ID: 127

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: Fagus sylvatica, litter decomposition, mixed species effects, nutrient cycling, Picea abies Litter decomposition of beech leaves, spruce needles and their mixtures as a function of stand composition and soil type Berger Torsten W., Petra Berger BOKU-University, Vienna, Austria; torsten.berger@boku.ac.at Decomposition is an important process for cycling of nutrients in forest ecosystems. Decomposition processes are influenced by macro- and micro-climate, litter quality, activity of decomposing organisms and soil nutrient status. Replacement of beech by spruce is associated with changes in soil acidity, soil structure and humus form, which are commonly ascribed to the recalcitrance (e.g., high C/N ratios and lignin concentrations) of spruce. The formation of thick organic layers in monocultures of spruce is associated with reduced tree growth and therefore â&#x20AC;&#x153;hampers forest productivityâ&#x20AC;?. Hence, knowing how much beech must be admixed to pure spruce stands in order to increase litter decomposition, will be of practical relevance for forest management strategies, since conversion of secondary pure spruce stands to mixed species stands is a current issue in Europe. However, the target of increasing decomposition rates (i.e., mobilizing the forest floor) may be in conflict with the objective of C sequestration. In most cases, decay rates in species mixtures can not be predicted from known decay rates of the component litters decaying alone. Since these nonadditive effects of decomposing mixed litter are difficult to generalize, we performed this study on litter decomposition to evaluate our working hypothesis: Decomposition and nutrient release of foliage litter of beech and spruce is a function of litter quality and incubation site, indicating non-additive effects of litter mixtures. Related questions are i) Does beech litter decompose faster than spruce litter?, ii) Does litter decompose faster in beech or beechspruce forests than in spruce forests?, iii) Does mixing of beech and spruce litter hasten decomposition of spruce litter?, iv) Does decomposition (mass loss) correlate with nutrient release? Our goal was to find some generalizations for predicting non-additive litter decomposition, at least for beech-spruce mixtures at the given sites. Litter decomposition was measured in three adjacent stands of pure spruce (Picea abies), mixed spruce-beech and pure beech (Fagus sylvatica) on three nutrient rich sites (Flysch) and three nutrient poor sites (Molasse; yielding a total of 18 stands) over a three-years period using the litterbag method. Fresh beech and spruce litter of the pure stands was collected in fall at each site and deposited in litterbags of 1 mm mesh size on the forest floor. There were 3 different mixtures (beech; beech-spruce, 1:1; spruce) and 3 incubation stands per site (4 replications per stand per sampling date). In addition, we deposited litterbags filled with 5 different mixtures (pure beech; 0.75:0:25-, 1:1-, 0.25:0.75 beech-spruce; pure spruce) over a 2-years period at one site on Flysch and one site on Molasse (each site consists of 3 stands). The total number of litter bags amounted 1104: a) 3 different mixtures x 3 incubation stands x 4 replications per stand x 6 sites x 4 sampling dates = 864, plus b) 5 different mixtures x 3 incubation stands x 4 replications per stand x 2 sites x 2 sampling dates = 240.

ID: 115

Keynote

Topics: WP3 Keywords: aggregate disruption, density fractionation, dispersion, sodium polytungstate Obtaining well-defined soil organic matter fractions by density separation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a matter of dispersion and density cut-off Cerli Chiara1, Luisella Celi2, Georg Guggenberger3, Klaus Kaiser4 1Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Earth Surface Science (ESS), University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 2Di.Va.P.R.A.-Chimica Agraria e Pedologia, University of Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; 3Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz University Hannover, HerrenhĂ¤user Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; 4Soil Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; c.cerli@uva.nl Procedures to separate and quantify organic matter (OM) bound to minerals (chemically stabilized) or occluded within aggregates (physically stabilized) are not univocally defined. Density fractionation is a widely used method and the obtained fractions are operationally defined by density cut-off and sonication intensity, which define the nature of the separated material. Basically, three fractions can be obtained: (1) a free light fraction (F-LF), representing the OM floating after the addition a dense solution to the soil; (2) a occluded light fraction (O-LF), which is OM floating on the dense solution after the application of ultrasound; (3) a heavy fraction (HF), comprising all the OM associated with the non-floating, heavy mineral material. The density of organic debris is generally assumed to be <1.6 g cm-3, but some adhering mineral particles can easily make it heavier. Therefore, the use of an appropriate density solution is crucial to ensure that the floating material is dominantly organic debris and contains as little as possible mineral particles. The other crucial factor is the amount of energy used to disperse aggregates by sonication. Aggregate stability can be rather different, depending on the soil type and aggregating agents such as clay particles, oxides and OM itself. For this reason, the soil-specific energy input sufficient to ensure complete disruption of aggregates and recovery of the entire organic debris fractions should be determined. A low energy input bears the risk to underestimate O-LF and to overestimate HF, while too much energy may "contaminate" the O-LF with heavier, mineral-dominated material. This hampers the precise separation of physical and chemical stabilized fractions. We tried to find optimum density cut-offs and sonication intensities, giving a maximum of organic material with minimum contamination by minerals for different soils. Under the test conditions, a density of 1.6 g cm-3 gave best results for all test soils. The density cut-off at 1.6 g cm-3 is well in line with previous studies and theoretical considerations; therefore we propose the use of this density as most suitable for separation of light fraction OM. In contrast, the intensity of dispersion is strictly related to the type of soil, depending on the stability of contained aggregates. This means there is no single dispersion energy level that can be applied to all soils. Thus, obtaining a meaningful light fraction residing within aggregates (occluded OM) requires the assessment of the dispersion energy necessary to disrupt the entire aggregate system without excessive dispersion of organicâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; mineral associations for each soil individually. This can be easily done in pre-experiments where the same sample is fractionated at different sonication levels. The appropriate dispersion will be determined by the yields and organic carbon content of the obtained occluded fractions.

ID: 105

Poster

Topics: WP1, WP2 Keywords: Root respiration, Carbon stable Isotope, Pulse labelling Continuous measurement of isotope composition of root respiration Dannoura Masako1,2, Alexandre Bosc1, Christohe Chipeaux1, Pierre Trichet1, Catherine Lambrot1, Michel Sartore1, Mark Bakker3, Denis Loustau1, Daniel Epron4,5 1INRA, UR1263 EPHYSE, F-33612 Cestas, France.; 2Kyoto University, Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; 3Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1220 TCEM, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France; 4Nancy Université, Université Henri Poincaré, UMR 1137, EEF, Faculté des Sciences, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France; 5INRA, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; dannoura@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp Understanding soil carbon cycle in forest requires a better description of the partitioning of soil CO2 efflux between heterotrophic organisms and root. We used 13C pulse labeling at different phenological stages to study the fate of assimilated carbon by photosynthesis into the root on 12 year old pines (Pinus pinaster) growing in the INRA domain of Pierroton (South West of France). Soil and root CO 2 effluxes and their isotope composition were measured continuously about one month after labeling by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy with a trace gas analyzer (TGA 100A; Campbell Scientific) coupled to flow-through chambers. Root respiration was estimated from the chamber which the original sandy soil were replaced by an equal amount of sterilized sand. The isotope signal was detected in both root and soil CO2 effluxes 2 to 5 days after labeling. The ⊿13C of respired CO2 showed daily variations. Using two chambers at different position on the same root, the velocity of C transport through the coarse root was estimated to 0.05 to 0.12 m h-1.Both the time lag and the velocity of carbon transfer were related to seasonal changes in temperature. The amount of label allocated to root respiration also changed with the season.

ID: 113

Poster

Topics: WP4 Keywords: Modelling, carbon sequestration, Salix, Picea abies Influence of climate change on growth and carbon sequestration potential of different forest systems Greatorex Susanne Eich1, Lars Egil Haugen2, Trine A. Sogn1 1Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway; 2Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate; susanne.eich@umb.no Bioenergy has a large potential for reducing use of fossil fuels both worldwide and in Northern Europe. With increasing temperatures due to climate change it is predicted that Northern Europe will increase its importance for producing food crops and plants for energy use during the course of the 21st century. For Norway with its limited area available for plant production, it will be important to know which plant production systems are the most productive in terms of biomass yield per area while at the same time considering the different potential of these plants with respect to C sequestration. The main objective of the study is thus to predict the consequences of climate change on the yields and C sequestration potential of different plants for energy use in different climatic and geographical regions of Norway by use of mechanistic modelling. For the modelling work, the process-based COUP-model is used because of its versatility with respect to the plant systems that can be simulated. The core of the model is a simulation of heat and water flow in a soil profile, which in turn controls other parts of the model such as plant growth and N and C turnover. The model has been developed in Sweden and is thus applicable under Nordic conditions, taking into account, e.g., snow cover and frost depth of the soil. The plant systems to be presented here are short-rotation and traditional forests. Data from field experiments in Norway and Sweden with willow and Norway spruce are used for parameterisation and validation of the model. Simulations of these plant systems are undertaken for different regions in Norway and under different climate scenarios.

ID: 135

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: plant litter decomposition, grassland succession, litterbags Plant litter decomposition in two stages of succession of a dry calcareous grassland Eler Klemen1, Natalija KamenĹĄek2, Mitja Ferlan3, Franc BatiÄ?1, Dominik Vodnik1 1University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia; 2Pod topoli 87; 3Slovenian Forestry Institute; klemen.eler@bf.uni-lj.si Ecological succession of agricultural areas changes the pattern of plant litter decomposition by acting upon key factors that determine the decomposition rates. In succession trajectories there are changes in litter quality and quantity, disturbance regime and in environmental factors such as temperature and soil moisture regimes. To evaluate the cumulative influences of succession of a dry calcareous grassland of Slovenian Karst the litterbag experiment was set up in autumn 2008 on two sites similar in pedo-climatic factors but different in vegetation: one was extensively used grassland and the other was midsuccessional, Quercus pubescens (up to 7 m high) dominated stand with ca. 45% woody species cover. Within second site one plot under the trees and shrubs and one on the grassy gap was established. 665 litterbags, 105 for the grassland and 560 for the succession site, were filled with dry plant material characteristic for the site which included aboveground and belowground plant parts of main species (Quercus leaves, roots and twigs, Fraxinus ornus leaves, Cotinus coggygria leaves, herb aboveground biomass, herb roots). Additionally beech cellulose was used as a standard to compare decomposition rates between sites and plots. Decomposition rates (percentage of the remaining biomass) were related to soil temperature (0 cm and 10 cm depth) and soil water content, both measured continually. After 1.5 years of exposure the plant material proved the main factor of decomposition rates. Decomposition rates of woody plant leaves showed the following sequence: Cotinus > Fraxinus > Quercus which corresponds to leaf dry matter content (in mg g-1) of the species (455,8 < 462,4 < 528,2). The environmental conditions did not show marked influence on the decomposition rates of plant material with the exception of beech cellulose which decomposed almost completely (10% remaining mass) in the shrub understory but only modestly in grassy gaps (55%) and grassland (80%). This indicates that for the decomposition of plant material rich in secondary compounds the environment is not the main driver of decomposition or might become important only in most limiting conditions of severe drought or prolonged cold weather.

ID: 110

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: Ectomycorrhiza, nitrogen, protein storage, C/N ratio Where does the nitrogen go? Ellström Magnus Torsten Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden; magnus.ellstrom@mbioekol.lu.se Ectomycorrhizal fungi live in symbioses with forest trees. The fungus receives precious photo-assimilated carbon, needed for growth, while the tree gets most of its supply of nitrogen from the EM fungus. EM fungi are very effective assimilators of N, since they easily can proliferate the soil environment with their minute hyphal mycelia. What happens when the forest soil get saturated with N? Many studies show that trees reduce their distribution of C to the fungal hosts at elevated N levels, since they easily can obtain it themselves. There should be a mechanism in EM fungi preventing the host trees to acquire N without fungal assistance. One such mechanism could be the extremely effective N uptake found in EM fungi. Paxillus involutus mycelium was cultivated in liquid cultures (MMN, Modified Melin-Norkrans media, pH 4) at different C/N ratios, adjusted with NH4Cl. The mycelia were grown on a bed of glass beads to avoid submerging (but still in contact with the liquid growth media). The liquid growth media were removed after 5 days of growth, and analysed for total C, total N and total NH4+. There was a noticeable difference in total NH4+ uptake between C/N ratio 3 and C/N ratio 20. More than twice the amount of NH4+ had disappeared from the C/N ratio 3 treatment than from the C/N ratio 20 treatment (1200 ± 45 µg vs. 480 ± 5 µg, (stdv)), while there was a very small difference in mycelial growth between the treatments. No differences were found between total N and total NH4+ within the treatments. This suggests that the fungi do not release excess ammonia back into the liquid growth media after internal transformation into other compounds. Thus, the fungus must incorporate the excess NH4+ into some storage compound, most likely a protein. To find out I will hydrolyse the mycelia from the treatments in the described experiment (to break the protein bonds) and run that on a gas chromatograph after amino acid purification. This will hopefully show different amino acid patterns between the treatments. Furthermore it might be possible to verify what kind of protein/s that produce any differences in amino acid compositions.

ID: 102

Poster

Topics: WP1, WP2 Keywords: carbon allocation, isotope, labelling, root, mycorrhiza Seasonal variations of belowground carbon allocation assessed by in situ 13CO2 pulse labelling of trees Epron Daniel1,2, Jérôme Ngao3, Masako Dannoura4,5, Mark Bakker6, Bernd Zeller7, Pierrick Priault1,2, Caroline Plain1,2, Daniel Berviller3, Jean Christophe Lata3, Alexandre Bosc4, Denis Loustau4, Claire Damesin3 1Nancy Université, Université Henri Poincaré, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France; 2INRA, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; 3Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Orsay, F-75231 Paris, France; 4INRA, UR1263 Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Physique de l'Environnement, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France; 5Kyoto University, Laboratory of Forest Utilization, Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; 6ENITA de Bordeaux, UMR 1220 TCEM, F-33883 Villenave d ‟Ornon, France; 7INRA, UR BEF, Centre de Nancy, Champenoux, France; depron@uhp-nancy.fr A lack of understanding of carbon allocation limits the capacity of models to reproduce forest carbon budget and to accurately predict the effects of global change on carbon cycling. Soil respiration is the main source of CO2 from forest ecosystem and it is tightly coupled to the transfer of recent photosynthetic assimilates belowground and their metabolism in root, mycorrhiza and rhizosphere microbes feeding of root-derived exudates. This study, aiming at understanding patterns of belowground carbon allocation among species and seasons, consisted in pure 13CO2 labelling of the entire crown of three different tree species (beech, oak and pine) at distinct phenological stages. 13C was then tracked in soil CO 2 efflux and in the microbial biomass which was partitioned between mycorrhiza and other root microbes using fine mesh cores. Recovery of 13C in soil CO2 efflux was observed a few couple of hours after the beginning of the labelling in oak and beech. There is a rapid transfer of 13C belowground with a maximum occurring within 2 to 4 days after labelling and it was observed both in roots and microbial biomass. Maximum recovery occurred earlier in beech and oak, while it happened later in Pine.

ID: 114

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: litter, cellulose, decomposition rates, forest soils, carbon turnover Cellulose decomposition in different natural forest stands Grebenc Tine, Melita Hrenko, Barbara Ĺ tupar, Hojka Kraigher Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia; tine.grebenc@gozdis.si Decomposition of plant litter is a complex process taking place in forest soils. It is an important factor controlling nutrient cycling and is closely related to soil microorganisms. Litter decomposition involves processes controlled by abiotic and biotic factors. The present study aimed to follow the decomposition of uniform reference material (unbleached beech cellulose) in different forest stands (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus ilex, Q. petrea, Sorbus domestica and Fraxinus angustifolia) and climate condition gradient. The litter bag approach was used to follow the reduction of cellulose biomass firstly in two consecutive and independent years of measurements followed by another year of freshly installed cellulose. Results, expressed as cellulose decomposition rate constant and litter half-life time, indicated high decomposition rates in wet conditions and warmer climates (e.g. wet stand of F. angustifolia in the Dragonja valley). Major difference among sites is more pronounced winter decomposition in warmer area (Sub Mediterranean). From continental sites the fastest decomposition of cellulose was observed in naturally regenerating beech stand. The decomposition in sites with undeveloped soils (fresh substrate) without any vegetation cover was among the slowest measured. The decomposition rates of litter bags installed next to the root system of trees from three different provenances in a beech provenance trial differentiated among provenances. Each cellulose leaf was also sampled for microbial (fungi and bacteria) community biodiversity analysis using DGGE approach for future comparisons. The contribution of decomposition rates to the organic carbon cycling in different forest ecosystems will be estimated.

ID: 118

Poster

Topics: WP1 Keywords: fine root turnover, in-growth core, root net Fine root production in Cryptomeria japonica stands using root mesh method Hirano Yasuhiro1, Kyotaro Noguchi2, Takuo Hishi3, Naoki Makita4, Mizue Ohashi5 1Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; 2Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, Japan; 3Ashoro Research Forest, Kyushu University Forest, Ashoro 089-3705, Japan; 4Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; 5School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji 670-0092, Japan; yhirano@nagoya-u.jp Estimates of fine root production are needed to calculate root turnover, which is one of the least un-derstood aspects of the global carbon cycle. In Cryptomeia japonica which is one of the main planta-tion tree species in Japan, but only a few data of fine root production have been reported. The root mesh method has been proposed as an alternative technique that overcomes the methodological diffi-culties for estimating fine root production with minimum soil disturbance. However, very few studies have applied with this technique and both advantage and disadvantage have not been well considered under the field conditions yet. We assessed the fine root (< 2 mm) production of 10 C. japonica stands using both ingrowth core and root mesh method for one year. We used the nylon nets with 1 mm opening for both methods. The detailed protocols of root mesh method (Hirano et al. 2009 Plant Root 3: 26-31) can be referred on the journal free web site of Plant Root (www.plantroot.org). As a preliminary result, fine root (< 2 mm) pro-duction by in-growth core method tended to be higher than root mesh method, but the difference was not significant between the two methods. We have also calculated the production of very fine roots (< 0.5 mm), but the values by in-growth core method were significantly higher than those of root mesh method. These results suggest that most of the very fine roots could not be counted and the opening size of nylon net can affect the values of very fine root production by root mesh method.

ID: 136

Keynote

Topics: WP4 Keywords: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Global Change, Biosphere Carbon-nutrient interactions and climate change: Towards an even warmer world? Houlton Benjamin Zind University of California, Davis, United States of America; bzhoulton@ucdavis.edu One of the main uncertainties in climate change research deals with nutrient limitations of carbon dioxide uptake and storage on land. Decades of field-based studies have shown that net carbon uptake by land ecosystems is increased by nutrient additions, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus additions. However, such controls of ecosystem C storage are yet to be considered in most of the global models that are used to forecast Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x;s climate. Although sparse, simple mass-balance and more complicated numerical simulation models have shown that nutrient limitations may impose significant constraints to land carbon uptake in the future, resulting in more rapid climate warming than originally anticipated. In this talk, I will examine the effect of global nutrient (both nitrogen and phosphorus) limitation on the productivity of the land biosphere. Specifically, I will discuss a framework that considers carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus interactions in a global context â&#x20AC;&#x201C; emphasizing processes such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation and extra-cellular enzymes involved in phosphorus acquisition. This framework reveals that the land biosphere is restricted in its capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide, resulting in, on average, ~1 degree C of additional warming by 2100 when compared to models without carbon-nutrient interactions.

ID: 121

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: genus Pinus, ectomycorrhiza, Bosnia and Herzegovina Types of ectomycorrhiza on pines from two sites at the moutains Čvrsnica and Čabulja in Bosnia and Hercegovina Hrenko Melita1, Dalibor Ballian2, Hojka Kraigher1 1Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia; 2Forestry Faculty, University of Sarajevo; melita.hrenko@gozdis.si Background and aims The genus Pinus on the Čvrsnica and Čabulja mountain range in Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises four species: Pinus heldreichii, Pinus mugo, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra. We present a study of the ectomycorrhizal community of genus Pinus from two sites on Čvrsnica and Čabulja. Methods The study sites were located in the mountains Čvrsnica and Čabulja at Rosne Poljane 13801390 m a.s.l (Pinus mugo and Pinus heldreichii), and in Masna luka 1180 m a.s.l (Pinus mugo, Pinus heldreichii, Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris). The sites were chosen at a stony/rocky alpine grassland, where grazing by sheep has been largely reduced in the past decades and is now being overgrown by pines (Rosne poljane), and at a natural young pine forest site on deeper brown soils (Masna luka). At each site soil cores were taken quantitatively to reach 270 ml. After washing all roots were differentiated into non-woodyplant roots, non-ectomycorrhizal, non-turgescent and different vital ectomycorrhizal morphotypes and counted. Morphotypes were briefly morphologically and anatomically characterized and prepared for identification after sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA. Key results In total,13632 root tips were analysed in two sites, 10448 in samples from Rosne poljane and 3184 from Masna luka. The non-turgescent types represented 51,40 % of all roots from Rosne poljane and 83,80 % from Masna luka. Among vital types of ectomycorrhiza, 6 were found on Rosne poljane and 4 on roots from Masna luka. All identifications yet need to be confirmed by molecular methods. Conclusions 10 different ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were differentiated on four different pine species from two sites in the Čvrsnica and Čabulja mountains in B&H. All identifications yet need to be confirmed by molecular methods.

ID: 122

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: ectomycorrhiza diversity, ectomycorrhiza identification, beech, rDNA ITS sequencing, Russula veternosa Fr. Ectomycorrhizal types of beech forest at mountain Stara planina Katanić Marina1,2, Saša Orlović1, Tine Grebenc2, Zoran Galić1, SrĎan Stojnović1, Hojka Kraigher2 11 Institute of lowland forestry and environment, Antona Čehova 13d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; 2Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; marinakatanic44@gmail.com Beech forests make almost one half of forestry fond in Serbia and have important function in biomass production and influence on environmental status (Vučićević, 2004). The mycelium of ectomycorrrhizal (ECM) fungi represents a crucial link between forest vegetation and biotic and abiotic sources of nutrients. Our objective was to describe and identify types of ectomycorrhiza in a beech forest at the national park Stara planina (E Serbia), and compare ECM diversity with analysed beech sites in the region. Distinct types of ECM were observed, described and documented. Identification of the fungal partner was performed by combining morphological and anatomical characterization (Agerer 1987-2008) with molecular methods (Kraigher 1996). Identification with molecular methods was based on sequencing of the ITS region in nrRNA genes (Gardes and Bruns, 1993; Katanić et al. 2008). Eighteen ECM types were found. Cenococcum geophilum, Genea hispidula, Fagirhiza setifera, Lactarius blennius, Russula veternosa, R. densifolia, and Xerocomus chrysenteron were identified to the species level, six types were determined to the genus level (Cortinarius sp. 1, Cortinarius sp. 2, Lactarius sp., Russula sp., Tomentella sp., Tuber sp.), and five remained unidentified. In the beech forest at Stara planina the overall diversity of mycorrhizal fungi was high. Most of the determined species are commonly found on beech in Europe (Agerer 1987-2008; Grebenc et al. 2009). In addition to the published species, we identified and briefly described ECM of Russula veternosa Fr. on beech. Acknowledgements This study was cofinanced with Scholarship Ad futura (OMEGA D.O.O., for MK) and the research programmme P4-0107 in Slovenia, project Analysis of sensitivity of forest ecosystems on the climate changes in Republic of Serbia supported by the Directorate of Forests and project III43002 Agerer R. (Ed.) (1987-2008): Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae 1st-14th Edition. EinhornVerlag Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany Gardes M., Bruns T. D. (1993). Molecular ecology 2: 113-118 Katanić M., Grebenc T., Hrenko M., Štupar B., Galić Z., Orlović S., Kraigher H. (2008):. Topola 181/182, 49-59 Kraigher H. (1996). Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva, 49: 33-66 Vučićević S. (2004):. Šumarstvo br. 3, str. 149-158. Grebenc T., Christensen M., Vilhar U., Čater M., Martin M.P., Simončič, P ., Kraigher H. (2009). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39(7): 1375-1386.

ID: 112

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: Abies alba, root tips, ectomycorrhizal community, morphotypes, ITS-sequencing Diversity, composition and abundance of below-ground ectomycorrhizal communities of adult Abies alba (Mill.) and seedlings regenerating under forest canopies in Tatra Mountains, Poland Kieliszewska-Rokicka Barbara, Ewa Worwa, Jolanta Tyburska Kazimierz Wielki University, Institute of Environmental Biology, Poland; bkiel@man.poznan.pl European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is one of the most important components of forest ecosystems in up-lands and mountains in Poland. As a shade-demanding species it regenerates under tree canopies. The study was carried out in the Tatra Mountains, the highest chain in the Carpathians. The aim was to compare the ECM fungal communities of A. alba, adult trees and naturally regenerated 3-6-year-old seedling, in two forest sites characterized by different soil type and pH, vegetation and history. One of the sites is a natural mixed forest, situated at 1050 m a.s.l., dominated by common beech, relatively unchanged, soil pH=7. The second site, located at 940 m a.s.l., is a planted forest, with a high contribution of Norway spruce, soil pH=5.6. Root samples were collected under canopies of A. alba using a soil corer from the upper 5 cm twice a year (July, October) in three consecutive years. Sixty soil samples and 15 seedlings were collected at each of the sites in each of the sampling time. The abundance of ectomycorrhizal root tips varied significantly with the sampling time, indicating a strong influence of weather conditions on ECM status. In total, 25 ECM morphotypes were distinguished based on morphological, anatomical and biochemical traits: 12-19 in the root samples of adult trees and 10-14 in the root systems of seedlings, depending of the sampling time. The richness of ECM morphotypes was similar at the both sites, however the composition of ECM communities and the frequency of ECM morphotypes differed between the sites. Forty five percent of the ECM morphotypes were found both, at the roots of adult trees and in the seedling root systems. Seven ECM morphotypes were present exclusively in roots of the adult trees. Using molecular methods the most frequent and abundant ECM fungal taxa were identified: Lactarius tabidus, Lactarius sp. Russula ochroleuca, Cenococcum geophilum, Piloderma fallax, Clavulina sp., Amanita sp., Tricholoma sp.

ID: 142

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: pedotransfer function PTF, organic carbon OC, segmented regression, forest soil, carbon stock Cpool Organic carbon and bulk density estimation for forest soils – development of pedotransfer function Kobal Milan1, Mihej Urbančič1, Nenad Potočić2, Bruno De Vos3, Primoţ Simončič1 1Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Slovenia; 2Croatian Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko, Croatia; 3Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, Belgium; milan.kobal@gozdis si The data of 45 soil profiles from a 16 × 16 km grid across Slovenia was analysed to develop a local pedotransfer function (PTF) for bulk density (ρb) estimation. In total, 106 soil horizons were considered. Concentration of organic carbon (OC) was found to be well correlated (r = 0.861, p < 0.001) with ρb. Two separate line segments were fitted to the data, which was partitioned into two intervals, based on OC concentration (below 3.6 % and above 3.6 %). Nearly 80 % of the variability in ρb is explained with segmented regression. Prediction of carbon stocks could be substantially improved by calibration of the models coefficients with data stratified according to each unique soil type.

ID: 143

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: above and belowground dendro biomass, roots, branches, ratios, silver fir, Slovenia Above and bellow ground dendro biomass of Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) – case study Kobal Milan1, Alvaro Montesinos Valera2, Igor Pridigar4, Marko Udovič4, Primoţ Simončič1, Mitja Piškur1, Urša Vilhar1, Franc Batič3 1Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Slovenia; 2University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Slovenia; 3University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronmomy department, Slovenia; 4Slovenian Forest Service, OE Postojna, Postojna; milan.kobal@gozdis si Silver fir trees (n=15) were pulled out by the roots due to the wind throw in October 2008 in SE Slovenia in the Sneţnik area. Biometric field measurements of whole trees were carrying out in May and June 2009. Above and belowground dendro biomass were assessed by weighting total mass of the roots (stumps and roots) and branches. Methodological approaches of the procedure and field measurements were tested. First assessments of the branches, roots, stem wood ratios and calculated total tree dendro biomass are presented. The root system in relation to the whole tree dendro biomass represents 17 to 25 % of the total tree biomass and branches 6-15 %.

ID: 140

Keynote

Topics: WP4 Keywords: mathematical model, soil nutrients dynamics, ROMUL, plant functional types, soil biota Different approaches in mathematical modelling of soil organic matter dynamics Komarov Alexander S.1, Julia S. Khoraskina1, Sergei S. Bykhovets1, Maria G. Bezrukova1, Oleg G. Chertov2 1Institute 0f Physico-chemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation; 25St Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy, St Petersburg, Russian Federation; as_komarov@rambler.ru New expansion of the ROMUL model of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics is suggested. Description of dynamics of new pools of SOM is added to the main model, some coefficients are improved on the base of new experimental data. The dynamics of SOM pools in the ROMUL model developed earlier is described by a system of ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. Rates of transformations are dependent on temperature, moisture, nitrogen and ash contents, lignin, pH etc. The dynamics of nitrogen and other elements (calcium, for example) described using the main equations of SOM transformations but with inserting of additional constants or functions as multipliers for rates of transformation. The corresponding rates of transformation are evaluated and tested against experimental data. Some problems in the modeling of SOM dynamics are formulated: incorporating of mycorrhiza dynamics and corresponding dynamics of flows of organic nitrogen, account of coarse and fine roots biomasses, problems of the modelsâ&#x20AC;&#x; initialization. New version shows realistic results at modeling climate change scenarios and can be applied for prognosis of cuttings, forest fires, climate impacts and nitrogen deposition on the dynamics of soil nutrition elements.

ID: 130

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: ectomycorrhizal fungi, chronosequence, larch The ectomycorrhizal communities in a forests chronosequence of European larch (Larix decidua) Leski Tomasz, Maria Rudawska Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland; tleski@man.poznan.pl Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities of Larix decidua subsp. polonica and L. decidua subsp. decidua var. sudetica were studied along a chronosequence of forest development (10-150 years) in two regions of Poland (Świętokrzyskie Mountains and Opawskie Mountains respectively). ECM community was characterized by combination techniques of morphotyping and molecular methods (sequencing of fungal ITS r DNA region). In total 27 mycorrhizal fungi were identified (22 species for L. decidua subsp. polonica and 17 species for L. decidua subsp. decidua var. sudetica). Species richness on stands with particular age classes was higher in Świętokrzyskie Mountains than in Opawskie Mountains. Tomentella sublilacina and Russula ochroleuca were the most common and dominant ECM species for L. decidua subsp. polonica from Świętokrzyskie Mountains while Suillus grevillei and T. sublilacina constituted the largest part of mycorrhizas of L. decidua subsp. decidua var. sudetica from Opawskie Mountains. There were no significant differences in ECM species richness and composition between forest age classes, however in both regions relative abundance of mycorrhizas from Russulaceae family revealed tendency to increase with stand age. The possible reasons of differences between observed ECM communities are discussed.

ID: 131

Keynote

Topics: WP1 Keywords: Climatic change, root turnover Climatic change and root turnover Lukac Martin University of Reading, United Kingdom; martin@casu-lukac.co.uk Root turnover constitutes a major component of forest carbon and nutrient cycles. Defined as the ratio between annual root production and existing root stock, root turnover accounts for a significant proportion of net primary productivity. There are several physiological factors controlling the rate of root turnover; notably tree species, root functional type (often approximated by root diameter), presence of mycorrhizas and tree health status. Environmental conditions, most importantly temperature and precipitation, also affect the rate of root turnover. Since climatic change is expected to alter some, if not all, of these parameters in forest ecosystems, it is likely that root turnover will change in response to new conditions. The rate of root turnover decreases from tropical to high-latitude ecosystems, predicted global warming therefore should increase root turnover. Forest ecosystems are responsive to elevated atmospheric CO2, future atmospheric composition will increase carbon allocation to root systems and may thus alter root turnover. As well as increasing root turnover, climatic change might invoke processes with unproven or unknown effects on root turnover. These mostly involve indirect and feedback mechanisms, such as tree species change, alterations of mycorrhizal assemblage composition, increasing resource availability resulting from higher decomposition and deposition, increases in summer drought. The most responsive fraction of tree root systems are likely to be fine roots, chiefly due to their activity and continuous growth and dieback. This presentation will review current knowledge on the link between climatic change and root turnover and indicate gaps which merit future research.

ID: 120

Poster

Topics: WP1 Keywords: Nitrogen, Root distribution, Soil nutrients, Soil layer, Species-specific trait, Specific root length Very fine roots respond to soil depth: biomass allocation, morphology and physiology in broad-leaved temperate forest Makita Naoki1, Yasuhiro Hirano2, Takeo Mizoguchi2, Yuji Kominami2, Masako Dannoura1, Leena Finér3, Yoishi Kanazawa4 1Kyoto University, Japan; 2Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan; 3Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Unit, Finland; 4Kobe University, Japan; naokimakita@affrc.go.jp Very fine roots (<0.5 mm in diameter) of forest trees may serve as better indicators of root function than the traditional category of <2 mm, but how these roots will exhibit the plasticity of species-specific traits in response to heterogeneous soil nutrients is unknown. Here, we examined the vertical distribution of biomass and morphological and physiological traits of fine roots across three narrow diameter classes (<0.5, 0.5–1.0, and 1.0–2.0 mm) of Quercus serrata and Ilex pedunculosa at five soil depths down to 50 cm in a broad-leaved temperate forest. In both species, biomass and the allocation of very fine roots were higher in the surface soil but lower below 10 cm soil depth compared to values for larger roots (0.5–2.0 mm). When we applied these diameter classes, only very fine roots of Q. serrata exhibited significant changes in specific root length (SRL; m g-1) and root nitrogen (N) concentrations with soil depth, whereas the N concentrations only changed significantly in I. pedunculosa. The SRL and root N concentrations of larger roots in the two species did not significantly differ among soil depths. Thus, very fine roots may exhibit species-specific foraging strategies and change their potential for nutrient and water uptake in response to soil depth by plasticity in root length and N in response to available resources. We conclude that integrated approaches for examining biomass allocation and the morphological and physiological traits of very fine roots may provide valuable insight into the pattern and controls of species-specific functions and life span of the fine roots of trees.

ID: 125

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: disturbance, ski slope, roots, soil, alpine grassland Root growth and soil properties in a gradient of disturbance at an alpine ski resort area Mali Boštjan, Primoţ Simončič, Hojka Kraigher Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Slovenia; bostjanmali@hotmail.com Land use patterns affect the quantity of belowground root biomass as well as soil physical and chemical properties. In Slovenia few studies have been done to assess the influence of different land use on soil properties and belowground processes in alpine grasslands. In order to understand the effect of ski slope management, we examined physico-chemical properties of soil and root growth characteristics along a gradient of disturbance intensity across five differently impacted slopes including a secondary spruce forest remnant, a ski slope on an old pasture, a cleared ski slope, and two ski slopes that had been leveled or leveled and graded by machines. The results showed significant differences in pH, soil texture, soil aggregate stability, C/N ratio and soil moisture along the gradient of disturbance intensity. In general, pH, sand content and C/N ratio increased from forest remnant to the most meliorated (machine-graded) ski slope, while soil aggregate stability decreased by more than 50% through the same gradient. Such a disturbed soil profile implies also more or less unfavorable soil conditions for root growth in terms of soil texture and structure, indirectly affecting also soil water holding capacity. Root growth characteristics, expressed by total root length density (RLD) and total root mass density (RMD), were ranging from 18.0 to 31.0 cm/cm3 and from 2.4 to 9.0 kg/m3, both numbers being higher on undisturbed ski slopes compared to meliorated ski slopes. RLD was lowest in the forest remnant, but RMD was similar to the one on the cleared ski slope. Thus it could be concluded that ski slope management such as soil melioration practices, which are sometimes necessary to smooth ski slopes, have a significant influence on soil properties and growth of fine roots. Machinegrading, leveling and other disruptive meliorations should be avoided on sites, which already naturally have poor soil condition for plant growth.

ID: 132

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: grey alder, above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, average height, number of trees per ha, tree weight, coarse root biomass, fine roots biomass Above and belowground biomass accumulation in the young stands of grey alder (Alnus incana [L.] Moench) Mudrite Daugaviete, A. Bardulis, A. Bardule Latvian Forestry Research institute "Silava", Latvia; mudrite.daugaviete@silava.lv The aim of investigations was to develop the method for valuation the naturally-moist leafless above-ground, as well as below-ground biomass of one-to-five-year-old untended young stands of grey alder. For valuation of biomass of young grey alder stands were selected 15 grey alder winter time clearings of years 2003/2004-2008/2009. The tree sampling plots with a radius 1 m (3.14 m²) was established by transect method in each clearing area. The 145 sample plots was established and diameter of root collar (cm) at 10 cm above ground surface, a height of tree (m) and a weight of tree (kg) was measured for 1500 grey alder trees. For valuation of roots biomass in the each age group 5 trees with different DBH (1 -max, 3medium, and 1-min) was diged out and measured a stump weight (kg) and a coarse roots weight (kg). The biomass 0f fine roots for each sample tree was evaluated by taking soil samples at the depth of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm with an Eijkelkamp soil drill and analyzing them by using the software Win RHIZO 2002 C (Regent instrumentR). The obtained results show the possibilities to value naturally-humid leafless above-ground biomass of one-to-five-year old grey alder stands by using two easily measurable characteristics of young stands- the average height of trees and the number of trees per unit area. An equation for valuation of biomass has been developed: M = 0.0536·Hv2.2516 N, Were M- above-ground biomass, kg·ha-1; Hv-average height of trees, m; N-number of trees per ha. This interrelation has a close positive correlation R²=0.9051. The investigation covered the areas with average tree height from 0.8 m (one-year old stands) to 5 m (five-year-old stands), and with number of trees per ha from 10,000 to100,000. The calculations show that, with the average height of one-to-five-year-old grey alder stands changing by only 0.1 m, the volume of the above-ground biomass increases by an average of 30% if the number of trees per ha remains the same, but if the number of trees is increased by 10,000, there is an increase of 40%. The biomass of one-year-old untended grey alder stands fluctuates within a very wide range – from 0.9 t·ha-1 to 7.7 t·ha-1; for two-year-old stands – from 2.2 t ha-1 to 23.6 t·ha-1; for three-year-old stands – from 5.2 t·ha-1 to 28.9 t·ha-1; for four-year-old stands – from 7.3 t·ha-1 to 57.4 t·ha-1; and for five-year-old stands – from 15.2 t·ha-1 to 64.43 t·ha-1 at various densities of the young stands. The calculated biomass can differ by ±5–10% in practice. Study results and calculations show that total biomass of one-to five-years old grey alder stands on average draw up: stem biomass – 42.5%, branches – 15.1%, foliage – 13.3% t ha-1, stump-7.9%, and roots-21.2%. The mean above ground and root biomass ratio of grey alder trees share 3:1. From total root biomass- 72.8% are accumulated in coarse and fine rots, but 27.2%- in the stumps. Estimation of carbon accumulation in above (average carbon content- 50.1% of DM) and below-ground biomass ( average carbon content-47.7% of DM) of one-to-five-year-old young stands of grey alder show that this amount fluctuated from 0.5 t·ha-1 for one year-old grey alder stands to 16.1 t·ha-1 for five-year-old stands for above ground biomass and from 0.3 t·ha-1 for one-year-old to 4.8 t·ha-1 for below-ground biomass.

ID: 133

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: ectomycorrhizal fungi, Ectomycorrhiza, soil respiration, dissolved organic carbon, DOC, Norway spruce, Picea abies Ectomycorrhizal derived soil respiration and dissolved organic carbon fluxes in a young Norway spruce stand Neumann Jonny, Egbert Matzner University Bayreuth, Germany; jonny.neumann@uni-bayreuth.de Ectomycorrhizal mycelium (ECM) plays an important role for belowground C allocation in forest soils. Due to methodological difficulties in root separation and sampling under field conditions, the influence of ECM to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes remains uncertain. Furthermore, there are many contradictory findings about the contribution of ECM to soil respiration (Rs) in literature, ranging from 8 % to 50 %. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between biomass production, soil respiration and DOC production of ECM. ECM and roots were separated by in-growth mesh bags. Bags with 2 mm mesh size allow in-growth of roots with their fungal partners. Mesh bags with 45 Âľm mesh size prevent the ingrowth of plant roots, but allow fungal hyphae to grow inside. Controls are tubes without any potential of in-growth and represents heterotrophic respiration and background DOC-fluxes. The mesh bags and controls have a volume of 2.4 L (surface area 0.018 mÂ˛, 12 cm deep in the soil) and are filled with quartz sand or A-horizon material. The quartz sand avoids an ingrowth of saprophytic fungi and the A-horizon material represents a natural low carbon substrate. The mesh bags and tubes are placed in the densely rooted soil near the stem of young spruces. Rs was measured with an infrared gas analyser in a dynamic closed chamber procedure. A ceramic suction device was installed inside every mesh bag to collect soil solution for DOC analyses. Preliminary results from 2009 and early 2010 indicate that ECM contributes mainly to Rs (Table 1). In summer and autumn 2010, the mesh bags will be harvested to determine the biomass of roots and hyphae.

ID: 138

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: carbon dynamics, forest soils, SOM, isotopes 13C and 15N, Slovenia Soil carbon dynamics at different forest sites in Slovenia – A stable isotope approach Ogrinc Nives1, Matjaţ Čater2, Urša Vilhar2, Primoţ Simončič2, Tjaša Kanduč1 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Joţef Stefan Institute, Slovenia; 2Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia; nives.ogrinc@ijs.si The carbon forest soil dynamics was performed at four forest stands at Kladje (KL) in Pohorje on silicate bedrock and carbonate bedrock in karstic-dinaric area in Sneţna jama (SJ), Rajhenav (RA) and Brdo (BR) during period 2005-2007. Spatial and temporal variability of soil respiration is presented together with stable carbon isotope data on soil CO2 to determine abiotic and biotic sources of carbon effluxes. Decomposition of SOM controlled by climate is the most probable explanation for 13C and 15N enrichment in SOM at locations RA, SJ and BR, while the soil microbial biomass could contribute to SOM at location KL. The isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (13CDIC) in soil water was locally and seasonally variable. At location KL (with silicate weathering) soil CO2 was the major source of soil water DIC, and the atmospheric CO2 contribution was insignificant. The higher 13CDIC values of 19.4‰ in the shallow soil water observed during the summer were the consequence of isotopic fractionation induced by molecular diffusion of soil CO2. In contrast, higher 13CDIC values found in winter at BR could be explained by diffusion of CO2 from the atmosphere to the soil. The isotopic mass balance indicated that ~ 45% of DIC originated from carbonate dissolution dominated by calcite in the deeper soil water at RA and SJ, while in the shallow soil waters the soil CO2 was the major source of DIC reaching up to 73% of DIC in the summer.

ID: 119

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: CO2 emissions, woody litter, decomposition, mass loss CO2 emissions and mass loss from decomposing woody litter in a managed Sitka spruce forest Olajuyigbe Samuel1, Matthew Saunders2, Brian Tobin1, Armand Tene1, Paul Gardiner1, Maarten Nieuwenhuis1 1School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; 2School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; samuel.olajuyigbe@ucd.ie Woody litter (brash) is a conspicuous element of the forest floor, where it serves various functions, e.g. a protective road-bed for extraction equipment, increasing habitat diversity, enhancing seedling survival and functioning as a significant reservoir for nutrients. Thinning and timber harvesting produce a pulse of brash input consisting of tree tops, dead trees, branches and twigs. Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) from brash is an important component of forest Rh, especially immediately following disturbances such as thinning and harvesting. Brash decomposition results in CO2 emission, fragmentation and leaching of organic matter to the soil. Studies isolating respiratory losses and rate of decomposition of woody litter are few; however, it is essential for accurate estimates of forest carbon budgets. In a COFORD funded project, the CO2 flux and mass loss of woody litter is being examined in a thinned Sitka spruce forest, using static chambers and litter bags. Ten collars were inserted into the soil under the forest canopy and in the brash lanes (5 in each). Measurements of CO2 concentration were carried out using an Infra Red Gas Analyser before and after the thinning event. Fresh brash of known weight was placed in mesh bags (1.5m by 1m) and left in the brash lanes to monitor the mass loss of the material. Six litter bags were collected after 3, 6, 12 and 18 month intervals and assessed for mass loss. Preliminary results observed 38% of mass loss from brash bags due to decomposition and a slowing down of the rate of decay after 12 months. The CO 2 flux from the brash lane was increased by over 200% due to the initial pulse caused by the thinning event and remained high for 2-3 weeks. Total respiratory carbon loss from the forest floor was calculated as 0.19 kg C m-2 year-1.

ID: 139

Poster

Topics: WP4 Keywords: eucalyptus, biomass, c content, carbon sequestration, forest ecosystem Effect of several years old eucalyptus plant on total biomass and C content Ortas Ibrahim1, Sedat Tufekci2, Cengiz Darici3, Cagdas Akpinar1, Ahu Kutlay3, Sahin Cenkseven3, Murat Simsek1 1Universitey of Cukurova, Turkey; 2Eastern Mediterranean Forestry Research Institute, Tarsus, Turkey; 3University of Cukurova, Department of Biology, Adana, Turkey; iortas@cu.edu.tr Recently because of atmospheric CO2 concentration increased the carbon sequestrations become a key point for terrestrial ecosystems. Transfer of atmospheric CO 2 through the photosynthesis and storage of CO2 in live and dead organic matter or into biotic and soil C pools is called terrestrial C sequestration. Plants use the energy of sunlight to convert CO 2 from the atmosphere to carbohydrates for their growth. So at the moment the biggest C sink and C sequestration sources in terrestrial ecosystems are soil and this is mainly coming from forestry area. Forest ecosystems store C as lignin and other relatively resistant C compounds. The forest C is sequestered not only in the harvestable timber and other branched. It is important to keep the atmospheric CO2 in the plant tissue for long term sequestration. Recently fiber forest farming and agro forestry also getting more used. One of the fiber forestry is eucalyptus. They grow fast and produce more biomass. Also they have both endo and ectomycorrhizae. It is sound to calculate effect of several years old tree plant on total biomass and total C sequestration. The experiment have been carried out on three each group eucalyptus plantations in the Regional Forestry and Forestry Management area which is located in Mersin-Tarsus Southern of Turkey. The eucalyptus (E.camaldulensis) tree in the experiment plan for each age group was harvested from soil surface with motorized saws. There were three different treatments such as (SI) shaved the three plants from soil surface and plowed, (SII) Shaved without plowing, (SIII) Control without shaved the tree plants. Research areas that are connected to three different age groups 5, 7 and 10 years old which have different stem diameters of the plant, length and mass of the weights. At harvest, the plants height and fresh and dry weights of branch, leaves, and stem were determined. Branch and leaf fresh and dry weight of the total moisture content was also determined by calculating the total amount of biomass. Also one hectare designated area has been shaved for the biomass calculation of the total mass of trees. Sub-samples for dry matter of wood (leaves, branches and wood mass) was determined in an oven at 105 0C until the weight reach dry and not change the weight. For each age group all the trees diameters and height taken into consideration with the E.camaldulensis of double-entry volume tables by utilizing a single tree volume calculating on hectare. Regular spacing of trees in the experimental area was 3.25 m x 3:25 m for every parcel. Finally total mass in the biomass was calculated by converting to hectares. Research findings in 5 years old eucalyptus total biomass weighting for SI, shaved was 82 tons/haâ&#x20AC;&#x; and shaved and plowed (SII) was 105 ton/ ha respectively. In the age group of 7 SI was 107 tons of biomass/ ha, and the SII was 125 tons /ha biomass produced. In the age group of 10 years old plants in SI was 151 tons/ha and SII was 150 tones/ha bio-mass production was obtained. Also one group of three plant for each group was harvested for total calculation was for the five years old plant 85 tons / ha, seven years old 125 tons / ha and 10 years for the 159 tons / ha biomass production was made. After root weight of each unit was determined total shoot and root biomass C and N content of plant was determined for total C storage in biomass.

ID: 109

Keynote

Topics: WP1 Keywords: fine roots, minirhizotron, soil coring, root turnover Fine root lifespan and soil carbon Pritchard Seth G., Allan E Strand College of Charleston, United States of America; pritchards@cofc.edu Estimates of fine root lifespans are needed to determine if forest soils will be a C source or sink in the future as the global environmental changes. Unfortunately, estimates of fine root lifespans range from <1 year to >10 yrs depending on the method used, and turnover of individual fine roots is often conflated with turnover of the fine root C pool. Minirhizotrons overestimate the turnover rate of the fine root C pool and to a lesser extent the rate of turnover of individual roots. Isotopic tracer approaches underestimate the rate of turnover of individual fine roots and to a lesser extent the rate of turnover of the fine root C pool. Bias from destructive soil coring approaches including compartment flow, max-min, and ingrowth cores also exist. Much of the confusion regarding fine root turnover is linked to soil heterogeneity in addition to heterogeneity in structure and function of the fine root population. Much of the heterogeneity among fine roots may be attributed to root order, soil depth, season of birth, and soil abiotic factors. Cross-talk between roots and other soil organisms are known to influence many root processes but little is known about potential effects on longevity. Understanding the relative contribution of genetic vs. environmental constraints to survivorship/senescence for roots of different orders and for fine roots occupying different soil microsites is needed along with new methodologies for measuring root lifespan.

ID: 108

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: ectomycorrhizal fungi, fungal enzymes, tropical fungi Enzymatic Activities of Ectomycorrhizas in Tropical Rain Forest in Gabon Suvi Triin1, Leho Tedersoo1, Karin Pritsch2, Urmas K천ljalg1 1University of Tartu, Estonia; 2Helmholtz Zentrum M체nchen, Germany; triin.suvi@gmail.com Mycorrhizal fungi play a key role in nutrition of their host plants. In case of ectomycorrhiza, root tip is completely isolated from soil by a dense fungal mantel, leaving the nutrient and water uptake almost solely to fungus. Measuring fungal enzymes that are involved in carbon, nitrogen and phosphate cycle enables us to get a hint about the ability of fungi to acquire nutrients and carbon from the soil. We collected root tips from various ectomycorrhizal plants in Mount Crystal nature reserve in Gabon. Aims of the work were to determine ectomycorrhizal fungal species associated with different ectomycorrhizal trees and measure their enzymatic activities to find out the potential role of fungi in nutrient cycle. We also aimed to find out the effect of host species and soil parameters on the enzymatic activities of the fungi. Sequencing of ITS region of ectomycorrhizal fungi was used to determine fungal species from the root tips. Enzymatic activities were measured using excised root tips that were placed in different substrates followed by measurement of the amount of substrate that was used by a root tip. Results of this research will be presented at the meeting.

ID: 123

Poster

Topics: WP2 Keywords: Types of ectomycorrhiza, PCR-rDNK, sequencing, phylogram, different temperature regime Types of Ectomycorrhiza on Beech Seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Rhizotrons Štraus Ines, Marko Bajc, Hojka Kraigher Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia; ines.straus@gozdis.si Fungi represent the key biotic link between the sources of food and symbiotic tree partners – ectomycorrhiza in forest ecosystems. Changes in the environment caused by natural changes or human influence are reflected in ectomycorrhiza. We have therefore monitored the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungi on beech seedlings growing in rhizotrons at four different temperature regimes (15-25° C, 15-25° C and cooling of roots, 30-50° C, outside air temperature in Ljubljana). Combination of morphological and anatomical characteristics, identification of types of ectomycorrhiza by comparing sequences of the ITS1-5.8S rDNKITS2 ribosomal region with the ones obtained from publicly available databases GenBank and construction of phylogenetic trees were used to achieve best possible identification of ectomycorrhizal types. We identified seven types of ectomycorrhiza on beech seedlings. The results have shown that diversity of ectomycorrhizal types varied according to the temperatures in the environment, where the seedlings were grown. Acknowledgements: The study was financed by the Slovenian Research Agency and the Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry and Food through the project L4-2265, in the context of the graduate work, supervised by prof. dr. Hojka Kraigher. We would like to thank Boštjan Mali for establishment and maintenance of rhizotrons and the forestry nursery Omorika Muta for seedlings. References : Agerer R. 1991. Characterisation of ectomycorrhiza. In: Techniques for the study of mycorrhiza. J.R. Norris, D.J. Read, A.K. Varma (Eds.): Methods in Microbiology, 23: 25-27. Arnone III J. A., Verburg P. S. J., Johnson D. W., Larsen J. D., Jasoni R. L., Lucchesi A. J., Batts C. M., Christopher von Nagy, Coulombe W. G., Schorran D. E., Buck P. E., Braswell B. H., Coleman J. S., Sherry R. A., Wallace L. L., Luo Y., Schimel D. S. 2008. Prolonged suppression of ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake after an anomalously warm year. Nature, 455: 383-386 Kraigher H., Batič F. in Agerer R. 1996. Types of Ectomycorrhizae and Mycobioindication of Forest Site Pollution. Phyton. Vol.36. 115-120

ID: 116

Poster

Topics: WP1 Keywords: Fine root nitrogen concentration, fine root carbon concentration, forest management, Fagus sylvatica L. Forest management affects carbon and nitrogen concentrations of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Fine roots Terzaghi Mattia1, Antonio Montagnoli1, Antonino Di Iorio1, Gabriella Stefania Scippa2, Donato Chiatante1 1University of Insubria, Italy; 2University of Molise, Italy; mattia.terzaghi@uninsubria.it Fine root (d < 2mm) traits are affected by many variables as soil characteristics (1), temperatures (2), root functions (3), ageing (4). The aim of this study was to understand if forest management might affect fine root nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) concentrations in beech stands in the Lombardy Prealps. For this purpose we considered a 40 years old coppiced stand, and two stands converted from coppice to high forest in the 1994 and 2004 respectively. Fine roots were collected in each stand at different soil depth (three soil layers 10 cm thick) during the 2008 growing season by 6 collecting dates. Live roots were divided in three diameter class (0-0.5; 0.5-1; 1-2 mm), scanned, analyzed by WinRHIZO software, and then dried. Fine roots were ground in liquid N2 with mortar and pestle and analyzed for N and C concentrations by CHN-analyzer. Independently by stands, N and C concentrations were higher in thinner and more superficial Fine roots than in thicker and deeper ones. Depending on forest management fine root N concentration showed higher values in highforest conversion stands than in coppiced stand. On the contrary, fine root C concentration showed higher values in coppiced stand than in high-forest conversion stands. Our results suggest that fine root N and C concentrations are affected by forest management which seemed to increase Fine roots metabolic activity. References: Posada D. 2008. jModelTest: Phylogenetic Model Averaging. Mol Bio Evol 25: 1253-1256. Swofford D. L. 2003. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Ass., Sunderland, MA. Gascuel O. 1997. BIONJ: an improved version of the NJ algorithm based on a simple model of sequence data. Mol Bio Evol 14: 685-695.

ID: 134

Keynote

Topics: WP3 Keywords: litter, soil, carbon, carbon stocks, European forests Evaluation of litter and soil C stocks and uncertainties in European forests Vanguelova Iordanova Elena1, Kestutis Armolaitis2, Ricardas Beniusis3, Torsten Berger4, Eleonora Bonifacio5, Rannveig Anna Guicharnaud6, Alexandre Heim7, Ă&#x153;lle PĂźttsepp8, Brian Tobin9, Lorenz Walthert7, Oktay Yildiz10, Miglena Zhiyanski11, Stefan Zimmermann7, Marcel R. Hoosbeek12 1Forest Research, United Kingdom; 2Department of Forest Soils, Typology and Hydrology, Lithuanian Forest Research Institute; 3State Forest Survey Service, Lithuania; 4Institute of Forest Ecology, BOKU-University; 5Department of Improvement and Protection of Agriculture and Forestry Resources (DIVAPRA), University of Torino; 6Agricultural University of Iceland; 7Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL); 8Estonian University of Life Sciences; 9Department of Crop Science, Horticulture and Forestry, University College Dublin; 10Faculty of Forestry, Duzce University, Konuralp, Duzce, Turkey; 11Forest Research Institute, Bulgaria; Wageningen University, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Earth System Science - Climate Change, Wageningen, The Netherlands; elena.vanguelova@forestry.gsi.gov.uk Globally, more than twice the amount of carbon is held in soils as in vegetation or the atmosphere, and thus changes in soil carbon content may hugely influence global carbon flux. Forest soils represent a major carbon store with carbon stocks exceeding those under most other land uses. Forest management practices that disturb the soil can promote carbon loss, while climate change can have both positive and negative impacts. It is recognised that global warming and rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere can enhance forest growth, which in turn could increase soil organic matter through greater litter input. Conversely, increasing soil temperatures are predicted to promote microbial activity and therefore decomposition and loss of soil organic matter. The stability of soil C store is of primary importance to climate change mitigation and therefore there is a need for an accurate inventory and monitoring programme, so changes in soil C can be assessed. Presently, uncertainties in soil C measurements and inventories of soil C limit the detection of soil C change with time. This review reports the forest litter and soil carbon stocks in European forests and the uncertainties associated with their measurement, calculations, and upscaling. The literature reviewed so far show that estimates of averaged C content in forest soils can vary between 24 and 700 t C ha-1. This variability depends on the soil depth through which these stocks are measured and calculated, the soil type, tree species and stand age. The organic layer itself in organo-mineral soils (e.g. peaty gleys, peaty podzols) contains between 65 and 120 t C ha-1 in the horizons between 5-20 cm depth. However, this total can reach a C stock of between 170-400 t C ha-1 depending on the age of the stand and the depth of the organic horizon. Peat soils have been shown to contain up to 480 t C ha-1 between 0 and 40-50 cm. A considerable amount of carbon could accumulate and store in litter which depends on its quality, quantity and decomposition rate, which are all influenced by tree species, tree age, nitrogen deposition, acidity, climatic variables and forest management. The forest floor (L+F layers) can store between 7 and 78 t C ha-1 of C. Case studies will be presented which demonstrate the variability and uncertainties in soil C stocks estimations at stand/plot, regional to national scale. In addition, relationships between soil C stocks and environmental control parameters will be presented. Associated errors with measured and modelled parameters used for soil C calculations, such as soil depth, bulk density, soil C concentration (%), fragment content and area will be illustrated from a few case studies based on national datasets. 51

ID: 144

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: soil carbon, forest soils, water soluble organic carbon, hot-water extractable C, labile C Development and evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for characterization of water soluble soil organic carbon (SOC) in forest soil samples Villada Antia1*, Elena Vanguelova Iordanova2, Anne Verhoef1, Liz Shaw1 1Department of Soil Science. University of Reading. Whiteknights, P. O. Box 233, Reading RG6 6DW, UK, 2Environmental and Human Sciences Division, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Taking both soil and vegetation C pools together, forests present the highest total C stocks per hectare when compared with other ecosystems. However, whereas the rate of C uptake by tree biomass is relatively easy to estimate, there are still big uncertainties in predicting soil C sequestration. The identification of biotic and abiotic factors driving the fate of forest SOC is of critical importance in determining the consequences of a future climate change. A threeyear project has been designed with the aim of studying the soil carbon sequestration potential in UK forest soils. A complete characterization of the different SOC pools will be done during the first year of the project in order to compare the quality and the quantity of the SOC in the main tree-soil systems in the UK. Soluble C is considered as one of the most reactive components of soil C and the interaction between this labile pool with more stable SOC pools and the role of both abiotic and biotic factors in this interaction is unclear and needs to be defined. In order to do this, it is necessary to obtain reliable measurements of the different SOC components. Thus, a preliminary study was carried out in order to determine how a pre-treatment of drying can affect the nature of the water soluble SOC. Soil samples from three different horizons (O, A and B) were collected from three types of forests at Alice Holt site (Surrey, England): Pine (Pinus contorta; cambisol), Beech (Fagus sylvatica; cambisol) and Oak (Quercus robur; gleysol). The sequential extraction procedure shown in Figure 1 was used to characterize the soluble organic carbon from air dry and fresh soil samples using cold- (WEC) and hot-water (HWEC) extractions. There were no significant differences in HWEC contents between dry and fresh samples. However, significant differences were found for WEC, with dry samples presenting up to 2 times more soluble organic carbon than fresh samples. An increase in WEC upon air-drying has been commonly reported in the literature and attributed to release of soluble carbon on lysis of microbial cells. Both WEC and HWEC decreased with depth where soluble organic compounds may be more strongly adsorbed to oxides and clay minerals. The relative proportion of phenols in the soil solution also decreased with depth for both extractions. In agreement with the phenol data, deeper horizons also showed lower amounts of aromatic compounds (absorbance 280nm). Not surprisingly, the biodegradability increased with depth due to the higher relative proportion of less recalcitrant compounds. As a conclusion, the hot water extraction seems to be a more reliable extraction if working with dry or rewetted soils because a pre-treatment process of drying could change the readily soluble species of soil organic carbon (WEC). Accordingly, the hot water extraction can be 52

safely used to estimate the extent of the labile carbon pool in dry soil samples, thus allowing the use of soil archives. 4-3 g of oven dry soil + 40-30mL of ultrapurewater (solid:liquid ratio of 10)

TOC

Biodegradability

3 hours of extraction. Centrifugation at 16000rpm. Filtering supernatant (0.45um)

WATER EXTRACTABLE CARBON (WEC)

Phenols Determination

C13 -NMR and H1 -NMR Add again water to the soil (1:10) 16h extraction at 80 oC. Centrifugation (16.000rpm) Filtering supernatant (0.45Âľm)

HOT WATER EXTRACTABLE (HWEC)

TOC

and

Phenols Determination

and

C13 -NMR and H1 -NMR

Aromatic Content (UV Absorbance)

Figure 1. Diagram of the chemical extractions and analysis.

ID: 137

Poster

Topics: WP3 Keywords: soil respiration, succession, karst, non-biogenic soil CO2 sources Soil CO2 fluxes of woody plants invaded dry calcareous grasslands Vodnik Dominik1, Klemen Eler1, Mitja Ferlan2, Gregor Plestenjak1, Matjaţ Čater2, Nives Ogrinc3, Tjaša Kanduč3, Primoţ Simončič2 1University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Slovenian Forestry Institute, Slovenia; 3Institute Joţef Stefan, Slovenia; dominik.vodnik@bf.uni-lj.si Transition of grasslands to forests influences many processes of the ecosystem such as water and temperature regime and the cycling of nutrients. Different components of carbon biogeochemical cycle strongly respond to woody plants encroachment and as a consequence the carbon balance of the invaded grasslands can drastically change. In our research we studied the response of soil respiration (Rs) to natural succession at the plain of Podgorski kras (SW Slovenia) where species-rich calcareous grasslands of the Scorzoneretalia order have been to a large extent invaded by shrubs of early succession stages and also tree species of mid- and late succession (e.g. Quercus pubescens). We established two research plots, »Pasture« and »Invaded site«, each within the footprint area of one of two towers for Eddy flux measurement. Within these plots triplicated subplots were fenced for soil flux measurements. At »invaded site« where Q. pubescens (up to 7 m high) dominated stand with ca. 45% woody species cover, subplots were set for forest fragments and gaps separately. Soil CO2 fluxes were strongly dependent on temperature and reached 8-12 μmol CO2 m-2 s1 in mid-summer, when they were higher at pasture than at invaded site. The isotopic composition of soil CO2 exhibits similar seasonal variations at all three sampling sites. Lower δ13CCO2 values ranging between -24.8 and -16.1‰ occured during warm periods and higher values reaching up to -11.5‰ were typical for cold winter periods December-March. We estimate that biogenic sources represent between 67 to 80% of total CO 2 efflux during warmer periods from May until October in 2008 and 2009. However during the winter this contribution is lower, ranging between 46 and 60%. It is to conclude that the cycling through the inorganic pool (dissolution of limestone or dolomite, weathering and carbonate precipitation) importantly contribute to the Rs.

ID: 141

Poster

Topics: WP1 Keywords: minirhizotron, temperature, soil temperature profile, temperature, minirhizotrons Novel equipment for minirhizotron isolation and measuring temperature profile ลขeleznik Peter, Mitja Ferlan, Hojka Kraigher SFI, Slovenia; peter.zeleznik@gozdis.si Minirhizotrons are used as a nondestructive tool for investigating root system dynamics and usually consists of a picture taking device inserted in clear tubes which have been installed into the soil (Hendrick and Pregitzer, 1996). Plant root development in forest ecosystems is influenced by a number of environmental variables including soil temperature which is one of the most important factors for seed germination and root growth in forestry (Van Rees, 1998). A portion of minirhizotron tube, installed in soil, is exposed a few cm above the soil, and can be influenced by aboveground microclimate and direct sun light. Additionally, a minirhizotron tube is hollow, filled with air, which is a different heat conductor than soil, which made us wonder about temperature profile in minirhizotrons and a potential cooling or heating influence of minirhizotron tubes on soil at different depths. Influence of the minirhizotron lighting systems and picture taking sessions on soil temperatures adjacent to minirhizotron tubes were ascertained as not significant (Van Rees, 1998). For the purpose of monitoring temperature profiles in minirhizotron tubes and tubes protection against influence of aboveground microclimate, a filling for tubes was constructed with a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of a minirhizotron tube. Each tube was equipped with seven temperature sensors (DS18B20) arranged in a profile (5cm, 0cm, 5cm, -10cm, -20cm,-40cm) and a data logger. For the purpose of attaining preliminary results of filling the tubes, we installed them at the international beech provenance trial on Kamenski hrib. We installed the isolated filling in 3 tubes and also monitored temperature profile in 3 hollow tubes. The reference temperature was measured with Thermobuttons, installed in standard radiation shields at 2 meters, 5 cm above ground and in the soil at depth of 5 cm. Preliminary results were attained during 3 consecutive days in July 2009. The first day was sunny, the second cloudy and the last one partially cloudy. The comparison of results from Thermobuttons and our sensors has shown no differences on the cloudy and partially cloudy day. On the sunny day we observed differences between Thermobuttons and our sensors, especially at maximum protection. We assume that this is a consequence of different thermal conductivity of tubes (isolated filling tubes and hollow tubes) and undisturbed soil. For further measurements, new test plot will be constructed with intensive global radiation and temperature measurements (above and belowground). On new plot we will try to measure and evaluate the effect of several consecutive sunny days.

Index of Authors: Akpinar .................................................................................................................................46 Aleinikovien ..........................................................................................................................16 Andersen ..............................................................................................................................15 Andreasson .................................................................................................................... 19, 20 Armolaitis ....................................................................................................................... 16, 51 Bahr .....................................................................................................................................17 Bajc ................................................................................................................................ 18, 49 Bakker ................................................................................................................ 19, 20, 24, 28 Baldrian ................................................................................................................................21 Ballian ..................................................................................................................................32 Bardule .................................................................................................................................42 Bardulis ................................................................................................................................42 Batič ............................................................................................................................... 26, 36 Beniusis ...............................................................................................................................51 Berger P ...............................................................................................................................22 Berger T ......................................................................................................................... 22, 51 Berviller ................................................................................................................................28 Bezrukova ............................................................................................................................37 Bonifacio ..............................................................................................................................51 Bosc ............................................................................................................................... 24, 28 Bykhovets.............................................................................................................................37 Čater .............................................................................................................................. 44, 54 Celi .......................................................................................................................................23 Cenkseven ...........................................................................................................................46 Cerli......................................................................................................................................23 Chertov ................................................................................................................................37 Chiatante ..............................................................................................................................50 Chipeaux ..............................................................................................................................24 Damesin ...............................................................................................................................28 Dannoura ........................................................................................................... 19, 24, 28, 40 Darici ....................................................................................................................................46 De Vos .................................................................................................................................35 Di Iorio..................................................................................................................................50 Eler................................................................................................................................. 26, 54 Ellström .......................................................................................................................... 17, 27 Epron ....................................................................................................................... 19, 24, 28 Ferlan ....................................................................................................................... 26, 54, 55 Finér .....................................................................................................................................40 Galić .....................................................................................................................................33 Gardiner ...............................................................................................................................45 Greatorex .............................................................................................................................25 Grebenc ................................................................................................................... 18, 29, 33 Guggenberger ......................................................................................................................23 Guicharnaud.........................................................................................................................51 Haugen ................................................................................................................................25 Heim.....................................................................................................................................51 56

Hirano ............................................................................................................................ 30, 40 Hishi .....................................................................................................................................30 Hoosbeek .............................................................................................................................51 Houlton .................................................................................................................................31 Hrenko ..................................................................................................................... 18, 29, 32 Kaiser ...................................................................................................................................23 Kamenšek ............................................................................................................................26 Kanazawa ............................................................................................................................40 Kanduč ........................................................................................................................... 44, 54 Katanić .................................................................................................................................33 Khoraskina ...........................................................................................................................37 Kieliszewska-Rokicka ...........................................................................................................34 Kobal .............................................................................................................................. 35, 36 Kolařík ..................................................................................................................................21 Kõljalg ..................................................................................................................................48 Komarov ...............................................................................................................................37 Kominami .............................................................................................................................40 Kraigher ........................................................................................... 18, 29, 32, 33, 41, 49, 55 Kutlay ...................................................................................................................................46 Lambrot .......................................................................................................................... 19, 24 Lata ......................................................................................................................................28 Leski.....................................................................................................................................38 Loustau .......................................................................................................................... 24, 28 Lukac ...................................................................................................................................39 Makita ............................................................................................................................ 30, 40 Mali ......................................................................................................................................41 Matzner ................................................................................................................................43 Mizoguchi .............................................................................................................................40 Montagnoli............................................................................................................................50 Montesinos Valera................................................................................................................36 Mudrite .................................................................................................................................42 Neumann..............................................................................................................................43 Ngao .............................................................................................................................. 19, 28 Nieuwenhuis .........................................................................................................................45 Noguchi ................................................................................................................................30 Ogrinc ............................................................................................................................ 44, 54 Ohashi..................................................................................................................................30 Olajuyigbe ............................................................................................................................45 Orlović ..................................................................................................................................33 Ortas ....................................................................................................................................46 Piškur ...................................................................................................................................36 Plain .....................................................................................................................................28 Plestenjak.............................................................................................................................54 Potočić .................................................................................................................................35 Priault ...................................................................................................................................28 Pridigar.................................................................................................................................36 Pritchard ...............................................................................................................................47 Pritsch ..................................................................................................................................48 57

Püttsepp ...............................................................................................................................51 Rudawska ............................................................................................................................38 Sartore .................................................................................................................................24 Saunders ..............................................................................................................................45 Scippa ..................................................................................................................................50 Shaw ....................................................................................................................................52 Simončič .................................................................................................................. 41, 44, 54 Simsek .................................................................................................................................46 Šnajdr...................................................................................................................................21 Sogn.....................................................................................................................................25 Stojnović ..............................................................................................................................33 Strand ..................................................................................................................................47 Štraus...................................................................................................................................49 Štupar ..................................................................................................................................29 Štursová ...............................................................................................................................21 Suvi ......................................................................................................................................48 Tedersoo ..............................................................................................................................48 Tene .....................................................................................................................................45 Terzaghi ...............................................................................................................................50 Tobin .............................................................................................................................. 45, 51 Torsten .................................................................................................................................27 Trichet ..................................................................................................................................24 Tufekci .................................................................................................................................46 Tyburska ..............................................................................................................................34 Udovič ..................................................................................................................................36 Urbančič ...............................................................................................................................35 Valášková.............................................................................................................................21 Vanguelova Iordanova.................................................................................................... 51, 52 Verhoef ................................................................................................................................52 Vilhar ....................................................................................................................................44 Villada ..................................................................................................................................52 Vodnik ............................................................................................................................ 26, 54 Voříšková .............................................................................................................................21 Wallander .............................................................................................................................17 Walthert ................................................................................................................................51 Worwa ..................................................................................................................................34 Yildiz ....................................................................................................................................51 Zeller .............................................................................................................................. 19, 28 Zhiyanski ..............................................................................................................................51 Zifčáková ..............................................................................................................................21 Zimmermann ........................................................................................................................51 Ţeleznik ................................................................................................................................55

List of Participants

Aleinikoviene Andersen

Jurate Christian Paul

Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Lithuania Oregon State University United States

Andreasson

Frida

INRA

Kestutis

The Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Lithuania

k.armolaitis@mi.lt

Augustin Bahr

Sabine Adam

Federal Office for the Environment Lund University

Switzerland Sweden

sabine.augustin@bafu.admin.ch adam.bahr@mbioekol.lu.se

Bajc

Marko

Slovenian Forestry Institute

Slovenia

marko.bajc@yahoo.com

Bakker

Mark R

Enita de Bordeaux

France

mbakker@bordeaux.inra.fr

Baldrian

Petr

Institute of Microbiology ASCR

Czech Republic baldrian@biomed.cas.cz

Ballian Berger

Dalibor Torsten W.

Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo BOKU-University, Vienna

Bosnia and Herzegovina Austria

ballian_dalibor@hotmail.com torsten.berger@boku.ac.at

Biel Björk Bonifacio Brunner Cerli Colpaert

Carmen Robert G. Eleonora Ivano Chiara Jan V.

Agrofood Research Institut (IRTA) University of Gothenburg Università di Torino WSL University of Amsterdam Hasselt University

Spain Sweden Italy Switzerland Netherlands Belgium

carmen.biel@irta.cat robert.bjork@dpes.gu.se eleonora.bonifacio@unito.it ivano.brunner@wsl.ch c.cerli@uva.nl jan.colpaert@uhasselt.be

Cruz

Cristina

Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa

Portugal

cmhoughton@fc.ul.pt

Cudlín

Pavel

Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, AS CR

Czech Republic pavelcu@usbe.cas.cz

Dalsgaard

Lise

Norwegian Forest and Landscape Inst.

Norway

lise.dalsgaard@skogoglandskap.no

Dannoura Deckmyn Di Iorio

Masako Gaby Antonino

INRA-Cestas/Kyoto University UA University of Insubria

Japan Belgium Italy

dannoura@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp gaby.deckmyn@ua.ac.be antonino.diiorio@uninsubria.it

Dinca

Lucian

Forest Research and Management Institute

Romania

ecologie@rdsbv.ro

EichGreatorex Ekblad

Susanne Alf

Norwegian University of Life Sciences Norway Örebro University Sweden

susanne.eich@umb.no alf.ekblad@oru.se

Eldhuset

Toril Drabløs

Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute

Norway

toril.eldhuset@skogoglandskap.no

Eler

Klemen

University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty

Slovenia

klemen.eler@bf.uni-lj.si

Armolaitis

France

j.aleinikoviene@mi.lt andersen.christian@epa.gov andreasson_frida@hotmail.com

Ellström Epron

Magnus Torsten Daniel

Lund University Nancy University

Sweden France

magnus.ellstrom@mbioekol.lu.se depron@uhp-nancy.fr

Eshel

Amram

Tel-Aviv University

Israel

amrame@ex.tau.ac.il

Ferlan Godbold

Mitja Douglas

Slovenian Forestry Institute Bangor University

Slovenia United Kingdom

mitja.ferlan@gozdis.si d.l.godbold@bangor.ac.uk

Grebenc Gundersen Hansson Helmisaari Hirano

Slovenian Forestry Institute Univ. of Copenhagen SLU University of Helsinki Nagoya University

Slovenia Denmark Sweden Finland Japan

tinegrebenc@hotmail.com pgu@life.ku.dk karna.hansson@ekol.slu.se helja-sisko.helmisaari@helsinki.fi yhirano@nagoya-u.jp

Wageningen University

Netherlands

marcel.hoosbeek@wur.nl

Houlton Ineson Jelaska Johnson

Tine Per Karna Heljä-Sisko Yasuhiro Marcel Ronald Benjamin Zind Philip Sven David

University of California University of York Faculty of Science University of Aberdeen

United States United Kingdom Croatia United Kingdom

bzhoulton@ucdavis.edu pi2@york.ac.uk sven@botanic.hr d.johnson@abdn.ac.uk

Katanić

Marina

Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije

Slovenia

marinakatanic44@gmail.com

Barbara

Kazimierz Wielki University, Institute of Environmental Biology

Poland

bkiel@man.poznan.pl

Milan

Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije

Slovenia

milan.kobal@gozdis.si

Komarov Konopka

Alexander S. Bohdan

Institute 0f Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of Russian Academy of Sciences Russia National Forest Centre Slovakia

as_komarov@rambler.ru bohdan.konopka@nlcsk.org

Kraigher

Hojka

Gozdarski Inštitut Slovenije

Slovenia

hojkak@gozdis.si

Larman LeppälammiKujansuu

Michael

CID Bio-Science, Inc.

United States

Jaana

Finland

Leski

Tomasz

University of Helsinki Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences

mlarman@cid-inc.com jaana.leppalammikujansuu@helsinki.fi

Poland

tleski@man.poznan.pl

Likar Lukac

Matevţ Martin

Biotechnical Faculty, University in Ljubljana University of Reading

Slovenia United Kingdom

matevz.likar@bf.uni-lj.si martin@casu-lukac.co.uk

Makita

Naoki

Kyoto University

Japan

naokimakita@affrc.go.jp

Mali

Boštjan

Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije

Slovenia

bostjanmali@hotmail.com

Marjanovic

Hrvoje

Croatian Forest Research Institute

Croatia

hrvojem@sumins.hr

Hoosbeek

KieliszewskaRokicka Kobal

Matzner

Mudrite Neumann Oddsdottir

Olajuyigbe Orfanoudakis Ortas Ostonen Pacheco Pavlenda

Egbert

University of Bayreuth Latvian Forestry Research institute Daugaviete "Silava" Jonny University Bayreuth Icelandic Forest Edda Sigurdis Research

Germany

egbert.matzner@uni-bayreuth.de

Latvia Germany

mudrite.daugaviete@silava.lv jonny.neumann@uni-bayreuth.de

Iceland

edda@skogur.is

University College Dublin DUTH Universitey of Cukurova University of Tartu ISA National forest centre

Ireland Greece Turkey Estonia Portugal Slovakia

samuel.olajuyigbe@ucd.ie morfan@fmenr.duth.gr iortas@cu.edu.tr ivika.ostonen@ut.ee capacheco@isa.utl.pt pavlenda@nlcsk.org

Landcare Research

New Zealand

phillipsc@landcareresearch.co.nz

Phillips

Samuel Michail Ibrahim Ivika Carlos Pavel Christopher John

Pritchard

Seth Greeley

College of Charleston

United States

pritchards@cofc.edu

Püttsepp

Ülle

Estonian University of Life Sciences

Estonia

ulle.puttsepp@emu.ee

Israel

rshimon@bgu.ac.il

Ireland

brian.reidy@ucd.ie

Reidy

Brian James

Schmidt

Inger Kappel

Ben Gurion University of the Negev University College Dublin Forest&Landscape, University of Copenhagen

Denmark

iks@life.ku.dk

Simončič Suvi

Primoţ Triin

Slovenian Forestry Institute University of Tartu

Slovenia Estonia

primoz.simoncic@gozdis.si triin.suvi@gmail.com

Štraus Terzaghi

Ines Mattia

Slovenian Forestry Institute Università dell'Insubria

Slovenia Italy

ines.straus@gozdis.si mattia.terzaghi@uninsubria.it

Tobin

Brian

Ireland

brian.tobin@ucd.ie

Tufekci

Turkey

tufekci@yahoo.com

Vanguelova

Sedat Elena Iordanova

Forest Research

United Kingdom

elena.vanguelova@forestry.gsi.gov.uk

Verlič

Andrej

Slovenian Forestry Institute

Slovenia

andrej.verlic@gozdis.si

Vilhar Vodnik Wallander

Urša Dominik Håkan

Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije University of Ljubljana Lund University

Slovenia Slovenia Sweden

ursa.vilhar@gozdis.si dominik.vodnik@bf.uni-lj.si hakan.wallander@mbioekol.lu.se

Zhiyanski Ţeleznik

Miglena Peter

Forest Research Institute - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences SFI

Bulgaria Slovenia

zhiyanski@abv.bg peter.zeleznik@gozdis.si

Ţlindra

Daniel

Slovenian FOrestry Institute

Slovenia

daniel.zlindra@gozdis.si

Rachmilevitch Shimon

University College Dublin Eastern Mediterranean Forestry Research Institute