Subsidizing plunder korea by 그린피스 서울사무소

Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry 2013. 10

Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry Contents I. Introduction II. Overview of direct subsidy programmes III. Available data on subsidies to the Distant Water Fishing industry

1. Direct subsidies

2. Indirect subsidies

IV. Analysis of the support to the Korea’s Distant Water Fisheries

1. ‘Bad’ subsidies

2. A few companies get the lion's share

3. Subsidizing IUU fishing

4. Minor contribution to the national food security

V. Conclusions and Recommendations ※ Appendix 1 : Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy Status (2010-2012)

Author Jiehyun PARK, Ocean Campaigner

Contributors Congressman KIM Chun Jin, Democratic Party of Republic of Korea, Duncan Currie, Eleanor Partridge, Elsa Lee, Helene Bours, Sebastian Losada and Sari Tolvanen

Design Creative SAI

publish 2013 October Cover image ⓒ Greenpeace/ Paul Hilton / Bluefin Tuna Action in the Mediterranean

Ⅰ. Introduction

An in-depth audit of public subsidies to the fishing sector in Korea is urgently needed. This report analyzes public support programs provided to the Korean Distant Water Fishing (DWF) industry and makes recommendations in order to ensure public subsidy policies support sustainable fisheries. According to the research conducted by Greenpeace and Korean congressman Chun-jin Kim’s office based on data released by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF): Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

- from 2010 to 2012 direct and indirect subsidies to the DWF industry amounted to approximately 910 billion Korean Won (KRW 1) (an average of 303.1 billion KRW per year 2), if other indirect support not quantified by the MOF is added, public support to the Korean DWF industry would have increased more this three year period;

- just six major fishing companies out of the 46 companies that received support accounted for 80 % of the direct subsidies;

- Five of the six major companies referred above have been involved in illegal fishing activities.

Section 2 of the report provides basic information on seven direct subsidy programmes implemented by the Korean Government. Section 3 looks into the overall financial support to the DWF fleet, which is composed of direct subsidies, including low interest loan programs, as well as indirect subsidies. Tax exemptions on fuel for DWF vessels are the most common form of indirect subsidy in Korea. Section 4 discusses whether those subsidies should be characterized as positive or negative depending on whether they have the potential to contribute to a more sustainable fishing sector. Most of the support to the Korean Distant Water Fishing industry would be qualified as ‘bad’ subsidies and is highly concentrated towards a small number of very large fishing companies. Companies involved in or charged with illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing were found to have benefited from these programmes too, even after the IUU incidents took place. In addition the main justification for the support, which is the DWF industry’s contribution to national food security, is highly questionable, particularly by the tuna industry. Section 5 contains policy suggestions to reform the current support programmes.

Ⅱ. Overview of direct subsidy programmes What is a fisheries subsidy? Article 1 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures of the World Trade Organization defines the concept of fisheries subsidies, as “a financial contribution by the public sector that provides private benefits to the fisheries sector” 3. Direct subsidies involve the direct transfer of money from the public to the private sector, including through low interest rate loans. Indirect subsidies include several forms of support that reduce the costs of DWF operations, increasing the revenues of the companies. The following table summarizes the different direct subsidy programmes identified in the data disclosed by the Korean MOF for the period 2010-2012.

Table 1. Direct subsidy programmes benefiting the DWF industry in Korea Name

Description 4

DWF Industry Support Fund

This programme benefits companies operating purse seiners under the Ocean Industry Development Act. It provides low interest loans for the construction of new purse seine vessels. 70% of the cost is covered by the loan and 30% is paid by the company. The program offers a 4% interest rate under the condition of repayment in 7 years, with a 3 year grace period. The KOFA (Korea Overseas Fisheries Association)5 is in charge of this program.

Vessel Equipment Modernization

Supports the renewal of equipment on board vessels older than 21 years in the trawler and jigging sectors. 100% of the coast is covered by the loan, at a 3% interest rate under the condition of repayment in 7 years, with a 3 year grace period.

Assistance to Promote Exports

Aimed at fishing companies exporting processed seafood. This program provides low interest rate loans to purchase raw materials for export. 100% of loan and payment in 1 year term with the 3 % low rate.

Investment Support for Fishing Facilities Abroad

It supports companies involved in business abroad in the areas of aquaculture, distribution and processing. 80% of the costs are covered by the loan and 20% by the companies at a 2% interest rate. Repayment is expected in 7 years, with a 3 years grace-period.

Industry Promotion Subsidy – Exploratory fishing

This programme grants money to companies participating in exploratory fisheries abroad.

Foreign Market Development

This is a grant programme that aims to promote seafood exports. It supports promotion and marketing costs such as entry fees to Fisheries International Exhibitions or other expenses related to the promotion of Korean fish products abroad. The grant covers between 50% and 100% of the total cost depending on the content.

Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

Old Vessel Replacement (constuction)

Under the national ‘Ocean Industry Development Act’ , this programme provides loans at preferential rates. Although the smaller fishing companies or the newcomers are supposed to be the main beneficiaries, it also supports large DWF companies' activities aimed at developing new fisheries and fish exports. The funds available for this program amount to 143 billion KRW for fishing operations and 5 billion KRW to support the establishment of joint ventures abroad (including in the aquaculture sector). The support consists of loans at a low interest rate (3%) for 1 year of loan term. The credit ranges from 40% to 60% of the total cost depending on the amount granted.

Source: KOFA (Korea Overseas Fisheries Association) yearbook 2012 3

â&#x2026;˘. A vailable data on subsidies to the Distant Water Fishing industry

According to the data disclosed by the MOF, from 2010 to 2012, the DWF industry received both direct and indirect subsidies amounting to approximately 910 billion KRW, or an average of about 303.1 billion KRW per year. When other forms of indirect support not quantified in the data disclosed by the MOF are taken into account, the overall amount would increase more in this three year period

Table 2. Subsidies to the DWF industry of Korea according to the MOF Year

Direct subsidies

Indirect subsidies

(Unit: million KRW) Total

2010

247,634

34,692

282,326

2011

272,615

37,252

309,867

2012

280,883

36,253

317,136

Total (with rounding)

801,132

108,197

909,329

Refer to the Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy Status (2010-2012) in the Appendix 1 for detailed breakdown of direct subsidies Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

1. Direct subsidies From 2010 to 2012 a total 801.1 billion KRW were given as direct subsidies to 46 DWF companies. The total amount corresponding to the seven programmes described in the table 3 was 247.6 billion KRW in 2010, and has increased by about 33.2 billion KRW in 3 years. The biggest part of this corresponds to the DWF Industry Support Fund, which amounts to 699.2 billion KRW, followed by the Old Vessel Replacement programme, which received 68.7billion KRW. We note with concern that subsidies available under Old Vessel Replacement have increased significantly from 2010 to 2012 (74% in two years).

(Unit: Million KRW)

Table 3. Breakdown of direct subsidies to DWF industry of Korea

Year

DWF Industry Support Fund

Foreign Old Vessel Assistance Industry Market Replacement to Promote Promotion Development (construction) Exports Subsidy

Investment support Vessel for Fishing Equipment Facilities Modernization abroad

Total

2010 223,195

16,376

5,735

1,400

900

247,634

2011 236,387

23,904

10,087

506

700

1,000

272,615

2012 239,677

28,445

10,327

800

600

1,000

280,883

Total 699,259

68,725

26,149

2,706

1,300

2,900

801,131

2. Indirect subsidies Indirect subsidies correspond to government policies (such as tax benefits) or money paid to third parties on behalf of the fishing industry (such as access fees/ODA) that increase the revenue or reduce the costs incurred by fishing companies. A major form of indirect subsidy is fuel subsidies. The fuel tax exemption provided to the DWF industry is estimated at 170.2 billion KRW from 2008 to 2012 according to the official data, ‘Fuel tax exemption to the Distant Water Fishery 2008-2012’ provided by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. This fuel support includes exemptions from taxes such as the ‘Transport Energy Environment Tax’, ‘Education Tax’, ‘Transport Tax’ or VAT. Indirect subsidies include also assistance provided by the Korea Overseas Fisheries Association (KOFA) and the Official Development Assistance (ODA). KOFA is a special corporation that supports the DWF industry, including by providing statistics on DWF activities every year, analysis and research of foreign markets, etc. The ODA programme was established to provide development assistance to coastal States in Africa or the Pacific. However, rather than focusing on technology transfer or local investments to the benefit of the6 local fishing industry, the ODA programme has been extensively used to secure fishing access to developing countries' waters. From this point of view, this programme should be mostly considered an indirect subsidy. In addition, other indirect subsidies are still to be precisely quantified but if they were included, the amount of indirect support would certainly be larger. (Unit: Million KRW)

Table 4. Indirect subsidies to DWF industry of Korea Year

Fuel subsidy

KOFA assistance

ODA for DWF industry

SubTotal

32,062

400

32,462

2009

33,780

400

34,180

2010

34,192

500

34,692

2011

35,904

348

1,000

37,252

2012

34,294

359

1,600

36,253

2013

Not available

359

Not available yet

359

170,232

1,066

3,900

175,198

Total for years

Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

2008

Ⅳ. Analysis of the support to the Korea’s Distant Water Fisheries 1. ‘Bad’ subsidies Professor Rashid Sumaila at the University of British Colombia in Canada classifies fisheries subsidies as ‘good’, ‘bad’ and ‘ugly’ 7. Good subsidies are those that serve to maximize the benefits of fish resources for the society as a whole, including those used to support the implementation of conservation and management measures, fisheries science or monitoring, control and surveillance programmes, all of them pillars of sound fisheries management. Bad subsidies are all forms of subsidies that serve to reduce the costs of or increase the revenue from fishing operations, often allowing fishing companies to be profitable even when resources are overexploited. Ugly subsidies have the potential to act either way, although they often turn out to have negative effects. This system has been widely used worldwide when categorising fishery subsidies. Most subsidies included in the Korean programmes reported by MOF and described in section 2 and 3 above fall into the ‘bad’ subsidy category. The fact that the Korean government has also supported companies which were engaged in IUU fishing activities in recent years calls for even more scrutiny on how these public funds are used.

Figure 1. Exploitation rate of world marine resource, FAO 2012 FAO State of the World's Fisheries 2006-2012 88

84 Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

80 78 76

x x

Fully and Overexploited

72 2006

2008

2010

2012

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in 20128 87% of fish stocks were overexploited, fully exploited or recovering. In this context fishing levels should not be increased any further and in most cases they should be reduced to ensure sustainability and long-term productivity. Bad subsidies received by the fishing industry are a major contributor to overfishing worldwide, with major implications for food security, biodiversity and income and employment in fishing communities throughout the world.9 Taking tuna for example, five of the major tuna species are listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List10 due to overfishing with a sixth species, Pacific Bluefin tuna, now known to be in a much worse state than it was when the Red List assessments were done). According to the recent study by Sumailaet al11, fishery subsidies provided to DWF in Korea was about 236 million US Dollars in 2009, which ranked second among the twenty nine countries fishing for tuna and tuna like species in Western and Central Pacific .

2. A few companies get the lion's share Over the last three years, government direct subsidies heavily concentrated on a few major companies such as Dongwon Industries, Sajo group12, Silla, Hansung Enterprise, In Sung Corporation with its two affiliates13 and Dongwon Fisheries. These six companies accounted for 641.1 billion KRW in direct subsidies, approximately 80 % of the total, while 40 other companies were supported with approximately 160 billion KRW for the last three years. Out of these top recipients, the largest portion of the pie, about 54.4 % of the direct support or 435 billion KRW, was directed to Dongwon Industries and the Sajo group as shown in table 5.

Table 5. Total direct subsidies received by the six largest recipients from 2010 to 2012 Name of the company

Amount

Dongwon Industries

Weight %

203,348

25.38

145,483

18.16

7,732

0.97

Sajo Seafood

30,441

3.8

Sajo Oyang

Sajo industries Sajo Daerim

Sajo Group

(Unit: Million KRW)

48,470

6.05

Silla

60,526

7.56

Hansung Enterprise

37,100

4.63

40,648

5.07

Insung Corporation Insung Group

Honjin Corporation

4,480

0.8

Insung Foods

2,240

0.28

60,644

7.57

641,112

Dongwon Fisheries Total

Sourced from the data sheet ‘Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy Status (2010-2012) in the Appendix 1 by MOF

to Promote Exports and Investment Support for Fishing Facilities Abroad, more than 50% of the total was given to Dongwon Industries alone. The entire amount under Vessel Equipment Modernization and 86% of Foreign Market Development was given to Dongwon Industries. More astounding is the fact that the MOF has supported large sums of taxpayers’ money to companies involved in well documented and known IUU fishing cases (see Section 4.3). The largest amount of grants was received by Dongwon Industries, a company involved in several IUU cases. This includes a total 663 million KRW over three years under the categories ‘Industry promotion subsidy’ and ‘Foreign Market Development’, making Dongwon Industries again the largest beneficiary. Support granted under these categories does not consist of loans, but grants, and therefore it doesn't have to be repaid by the companies. Also In Sung Corporation, which was involved in the main case which served as a basis for Korea being designated as an IUU country by the US, received grants worth 524 million KRW14 according to the data sheet submitted by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. (Refer to the Appendix 1 Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy Status (2010-2012)).

3. Subsidizing IUU fishing Fisheries subsidies continued to be provided to companies involved in IUU fishing activities. According to another official data, ‘Subsidies Status for IUU fishing industry 2010-2012’ released by the MOF15, seven companies involved in IUU fishing activities and sanctioned accordingly by the government received

Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

In the case of the subsidies for Vessel Equipment Modernization, Foreign Market Development, Assistance

direct subsidies between 2010 and 2012 amounting to 51.6 billion KRW. But when referred to the ‘Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy Status (2010-2012) in the Appendix 1, these seven companies involved in IUU fishing activities benefitted from about 60.1 billion KRW in last three years as seen in the table 6. 7

Table 6. IUU cases recognized by the Korean government and the subsidies Company

Insung Corp.

Daehyun Fisheries

Sajo Daerim

Poonglim Fishery

Rasa Trading Corp.

Sunmin Corp.

Seokyung

Total Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

2010

Direct subsidy data 116 5,090.6

Direct subsidy data 217 9,583

2011

5,091.5

13,413

Insung 7. Overcatch of toothfish in a subarea of Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean (2011).

2012

8,087.5

17,653

Kwangja overcatch in SPRFMO waters (2012 March)

Total

18,270

40,648

2010

6,028

2011

4,392

2012

5,892

2,396

Total

16,312

2,396

2010

2,689.6

2,690

2011

2,688.5

2,689

2012

2,353.5

2,354 7,732

Year

Total

7731.6

2010

993

2011

1,733

2012

1,580

IUU cases/ offences

Ocean 2 and Ocean 5. Illegal transhipment the in EEZ of Guinea-Bissau (2011 March) Ocean 3. Illegal fishing without license in Sierra Leone (2011 October)

Chungyong 81. Under-reporting of catches in the Russian EEZ (2008 September)

Poonglim 7. Illegal transhipment in the EEZ of Guinea-Bissau (2011 March)

Total

4,306

2010

1,000

Baekyang 29 and Baekyang 37. Illegal fishing in the EEZ of Guinea-Bissau (2010 August)

2011

1,000

Baekyang 29 and Baekyang 37. Illegal transhipment (2011 March)

2012

1,000

Total

3,000

2010

290

2011

770

2012

270

Total

1,330

2010

500

2011

100

2012

100

Total

700

51,649.2

60,114

Eunhe 9. Illegal fishing in the Russian EEZ (2008 August)

Twostar, Fivestar, Ninestar and Jupiter. Illegal transhipment in the EEZ of GuineaBissau (2011 March)

It is a major flaw in the Korean governments' obligations towards the management of fishing activities that the government continued to grant support to companies involved in IUU fishing and even human rights abuses of foreign crew on board their vessels after such cases were documented. These subsidies lessen the consequences of financial penalties imposed on them to combat IUU. The Insung 7, owned by Insung Corporation, was caught catching 35.5 tons of toothfish (almost four times more than its allowed quota) in a subarea of the Southern Ocean in 2011. The illegal catch was estimated to be worth 710,000 USD18. As a result the EU proposed the blacklisting of the Insung 7 by CCAMLR in 2011. Even though Korea admitted the IUU allegations the Korean delegation at CCAMLR blocked the blacklisting. However, based on this case, Korea was designated as an IUU fishing country by the US in 2013. As seen in the table above, the Korean government continued to subsidize Insung Corp. after the incident â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the company received at maximum 17.6 billion KRW in direct subsidies in 2012 - and to our knowledge it has made no attempt to recover any of the public money granted to the company. The Chungyong 81, a bottom longliner belonging to Sajo Daerim, has recently been released after being arrested by the French Navy for entering the French EEZ adjacent to CCAMLR waters19. Another subsidiary of Sajo Group, Sajo Oyang was involved in human right abuses of foreign crew in New Zealand Waters in 201120. Besides these well established cases, there are numerous IUU allegations involving other major fishing companies such as Dongwon Industries, Silla, and Dongwon Fisheries.

Table 7. Other IUU fishing cases involving major companies Company

IUU cases/offences

Dongwon Industries Co., Ltd

Premier, Solevant. Fishing with a forged fishing license in Liberia (2011-2012).21

Silla

Panofi (joint-venture owned by Silla). Illegal transshipment in Ghana22 (2011). Dongwon 629(ex Melilla 103, Dongwon 630(ex Melilla 101) ICCAT blacklisted

Dongwon Fisheries

for illegal fishing23

4. Minor contribution to the national food security The direct and indirect public support to the DWF industry is often justified on the grounds of securing the countries' food supply through the activity of its DWF fleet. In 2012, DWF fleet catches of tuna, pollock, saury and squid amounted to 510,624 tonnes caught by 334 vessels24. According to a KOFA report presented at a National Assembly workshop held by Greenpeace on May 2013 in Korea, the DWF industry provided 37% of the domestic supply of seafood in 2012. However these figures require closer scrutiny. Tuna being mainly an export fishery item, its contribution to meet local demand for seafood is low. As the table below shows, tuna represents 49% of total fish production of Korea’s DWF industry but about 86% of this tuna is exported. Amongst the six major companies receiving most of the support, five-Dongwon Industries, Sajo group,Silla, Hansung Enterprise, and Dongwon Fisheries, are focused on tuna fishing.

Table 8. Total Catch and Exports of the Distant Water Fishing fleet 2012 Total catch (M/T) (a)

Longline Tuna

41,011

Purse Seine Tuna

212,628

Saury Stick held dip net

18,068

North Pacific Ocean Trawl

49,976

Squid Jigging

34,992

Overseas Trawl

143,223

Bottom Longline

7,782

Mother Ship Type Pole and line

2,235

Total

510,624

Sub total (tuna vs non-tuna) (M/T) (b)

Total Exports (M/T) (c)

% of total catch that is exported (d = c/b*100)

253,639

217,815

86%

256,276

119,145

46%

336,960

66%

Sourced from Distant Water Fishery statistics 2012, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries

The contribution of DWF catch to domestic supply is assumed to be that portion that is not exported. Based on the official statistics from the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, the contribution of tuna and non-tuna (all other species) DWF to domestic supply is therefore estimated as follows.

Table 9. Contribution of DWF to domestic supply (assumption) Domestic supply (M/T) (e = b-c)

Contribution to DWF’s portion of domestic supply (f = e/172,955*100))

Contribution to total domestic supply (f*37)

Tuna (DWF)

35,824

21%

7.77%

Non-tuna (DWF)

137,131

79%

29.2%

Total

172,955

100%

In summary, we can assume that DWF for tuna contribute less than 10 % of the domestic fish supply while the major companies engaged primarily in these fisheries receive 80% of the direct subsidies analyzed in this report. Harmful subsidies policies are maintaining overcapacity and fueling overfishing which in the long-term

Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

Fishery

are the real threat to Korea’s food security as stocks decline. Therefore, it can be argued that “bad” subsidies are in fact doing the opposite of what the Government says it stands for, and are threatening Korea's long-term food security through resource depletion in the name of private profit. 9

Ⅴ. Conclusions and Recommendations

The Korean fishing fleet operates all over the world and it is therefore of the highest importance that the Korean Government's fisheries policies contribute to the sustainability of fish resources. A certain level of public support to the fishing sector is expected, however it is crucial that taxpayers money is used in a way that ensures that both fish stocks and the environment they rely upon are preserved in the long term and that the benefits for the Korean society at large are maximized. The size of the Korean DWF fleet has been decreasing recently, partly due to diminishing fishing opportunities25. Even though the DWF fleet makes an important part of the Korean fishing sector, the level of support offered by the Government seems excessive. The data released by the Korean MOF that Greenpeace has compiled in this report shows that public money has been allocated to support programmes which are widely acknowledged to fuel overcapacity and overfishing (grouped under the term “bad subsidies”). In addition, the majority of this money has been allocated to a few large operators. The fact that most of these operators have been repeatedly involved in IUU fishing operations adds even more urgency to an urgent, open and public debate about how Korean taxpayers money is used to support the fishing industry. Some indirect subsidies remain to be quantified. Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

In summary, Korean taxpayers' money in support of fishing activities has been recently allocated to the wrong types of programmes; it has been concentrating in a few hands; support has not been made conditional upon compliance with the rules; and to our knowledge there is no in-depth costbenefit analysis to inform the policy. Greenpeace therefore calls on the Korean Government to ensure the following measures are taken in order to ensure public money goes to the right types of support:

1. Immediately abandon subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, in particular any financial support given to companies to build new fishing vessels.

2. Urgently include strong conditionalities in national legislation to ensure any company involved in IUU fishing activities is excluded from public support programmes.

Recently, the Korean National Assembly has revised the “Ocean Industry Development Act” including a new provision to stop the support to the fishing industry in cases of IUU fishing activities. But this needs to be specified in detail. Korean subsidies regulations should include the immediate suspension of payments in cases of reasoned allegations of IUU fishing as well as obligations for the companies to return the money in cases of demonstrated non-compliance with fisheries laws.Korea's international reputation is being compromised by the irresponsible behaviour of some of its fishing companies that currently receive subsidies, as can be seen by Korea's recent designation as an IUU fishing nation by the US.

3. Ensure through Korea's public support programmes adequate funding for data collection, fisheries research, monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS), as well as other programmes and actions which contribute to ensure a participatory and sustainable management of fisheries.

4. Grant preferential access to public financial aid to those fishermen whose activity brings the higher benefits to the Korean society and fish with the lowest environmental impact.

Rather than concentrating public support in a few large companies, the Korean government should establish clear criteria in order to fairly allocate those funds to those contributing the most to the Korean society as a whole. These criteria should include environmental and social criteria. In general, small-scale low-impact fisheries have the highest potential to fulfill these criteria and should be given adequate access to public funding.

5. Investigate an in-depth audit on the use of public money in support of the distant water fishing industry over the last 5 years by the National Assembly of Korea

Such audit should look at all forms of direct and indirect subsidies allocated by the Government, as well as to the results of current subsidies policies, including an assessment of whether these have contributed to a more sustainable fishing sector and of whether all segments of the fleet, the artisanal sector in particular, have had an adequate access to funds.

A concerted effort to eradicate bad subsidies is clearly needed and increased support for fisheries management and conservation of fish stocks and the marine environment would go a long way to demonstrate Korea is serious about ensuring sustainable as well as economically viable fisheries by its fishing industry, including its DWF fleet. Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

■ Appendix 1. Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy Status (2010-2012) Financial Status No Beneficiary

Dongwon Industries

Sajo Industries

Silla

Sajo Daerim

Sajo Seafood

Hansung Enterprise

Sajo Oyang In Sung

Corporation

Dongwon Fisheries

Agnes Fisheries

InterBurgo

12 Dongnam

Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

TongY13

oung Industries Keum-

woong Fisheries

297 476 4,064 4,981 5,829 14,874

Amount Weight 19 67.86 29 93.55 32 94.12 80 86.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 5.71 0.5 1.61 0.5 1.47 3 2.83 6 21.43 0.00 0.00 6 6.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 1.79 1 1.94 1 1.47 2 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Co., Ltd

Total

122,968

7,372

8,502

1.22

0.00

2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total

20,286 23,175 28,182 71,643 25,738 34,863 25,733 86,334 19,659 20,436 25,678 65,773 42,163 33,345 21,022 96,530 8,701 23,307 20,702 52,710 26,279 23,387 19,998 69,664 14,125 20,672 16,424 51,221 6,195 12,142 14,294 32,631

67 -394

2,728 2,649 2,254 7,631

100 100 100 300

0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.95 0.93 0.64 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.43 2.36 2.23 1.63 2.07 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.27 2.24 2.11 2.46 2.27 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.11 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.16

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Corpora-

Trading Co., LTD

Fisheries Co., Ltd Taejin Fisheries Co., Ltd Daehae Fisheries Co., Ltd

Haejung

Fisheries Co., Ltd

-327 84 3,620 2,394 6,098 168 457 117 742 4,102 307 5,372 9,781 -2,017 998 156 -863 2,745 2,208 335 5,288 342 -751 -409 -1,146 363 -783

11,648 12,863 15,727 40,238

3,761 10,747 11,985 26,493 20,702 20,020 15,938 56,660 2,512 2,728 5,974 11,214

41 41

Industry Promotion Subsidy

Investment grant for Fishing Facilities abroad

Vessel Modernization

Amount Weight Amount Weight Amount Weight Amount Weight Amount Weight 0.00 5,000 87.18 478 34.14 0.00 900 100.00 0.00 5,000 49.57 106 20.95 700 100.00 1,000 100.00 13,764 48.39 5,000 48.42 0.00 0.00 1,000 100.00 13,764 20.03 15,000 57.36 584 21.58 700 53.85 2,900 100.00 2,230 13.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13,250 55.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7,373 25.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22,853 33.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3,528 21.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10,654 44.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14,182 20.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10,618 64.84 735 12.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 735 7.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 735 7.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 10,618 15.45 2,205 8.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7,308 25.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7,308 10.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 522 37.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 4,352 43.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4,592 44.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8,944 34.20 522 19.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 600 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 600 46.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Seokyung

kyung Fisheries

Dongbu

5,112 525 191 -1,105

Weight 24.79 24.32 23.99 24.36 18.53 16.89 17.25 17.54 6.92 6.54 6.45 6.63 1.20 1.14 0.98 1.11 2.33 2.62 2.59 2.52 3.52 4.64 4.57 4.26 6.62 7.13 7.03 6.93 4.06 3.83 5.45 4.46 8.31 8.48 9.20 8.67 2.63 2.70 2.62 2.65 0.56 0.53 0.52 0.54 1.93 3.10 3.12 2.73 2.30 3.05 3.00 2.79 1.01 0.95 0.94

-389

Keukdong

3,347 3,347 2,421 4,615 3,980 11,016 19,950 31,934 26,377 78,261 179

Amount 55,320 57,500 57,500 170,320 41,352 39,926 41,352 122,630 15,448 15,448 15,448 46,344 2,688 2,688 2,353 7,729 5,204 6,204 6,204 17,612 7,864 10,964 10,964 29,792 14,772 16,849 16,849 48,470 9,060 9,060 13,060 31,180 18,548 20,048 22,048 60,644 5,876 6,376 6,282 18,534 1,250 1,250 1,250 3,750 4,305 7,320 7,470 19,095 5,129 7,200 7,200 19,529 2,254 2,254 2,254

4,628 3,604 -860

Rasa

216,009 182,213 222,611 620,833 58,636 55,188 41,195 155,019 60,734 49,550 93,601 203,885 3,498 7,960 1,451 12,909 5,082 110,389 104,123 219,594 3,936 3,738 9,523 17,197 21,505 21,224 10,600 53,329 38,089 57,505 57,131 152,725 42,657 39,067 33,083 114,807

Assistance to Promote Exports

87,232

tion

95,900 77,629 100,363 273,892 37,395 21,463 17,002 75,860 42,938 27,240 68,346 138,524 19,023 6,896 -3,556 22,363 13,088 17,627 6,760 37,475 4,938 6,785 3,717 15,440 17,955 6,522 576 25,053 2,913 32 -4,575 -1,630 4,407 3,987 2,426 10,820 1,823 5,677 2,141 9,641 589 306 1,733 2,628 3,112 3,476 2,138 8,726 977 4,135

& Management

49,364 42,743 30,861

tion

572,024 628,948 779,756 1,980,728 376,296 412,536 443,279 1,232,111 310,237 321,270 437,960 1,069,467 308,422 371,466 378,399 1,058,287 219,576 280,805 281,986 782,367 253,611 268,378 272,904 794,893 126,404 137,323 127,186 390,913 120,632 123,715 126,731 371,078 104,685 113,892 110,931 329,508 51,903 61,970 45,820 159,693 21,862 22,175 29,076 73,113 107,091 143,700 121,852 372,643 23,821 42,414 35,897 102,132 24,981 29,454 32,797

Export Sales

Old Fishing Vessel Replacement

Total

Hongjin 17

2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 Total 2010 2011 2012 소계 2010 2011 2012

Overall Sales Net Profit

Foreign Market Development

2010 2011 2012

Co., Ltd Seong15

Year

Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy (2010-2012) Assistance to Fishery

Total Amount Weight 61,717 24.92 64,335 23.60 77,296 27.52 203,348 25.38 43,582 17.60 53,176 19.51 48,725 17.35 145,483 18.16 18,976 7.66 26,102 9.57 15,448 5.50 60,526 7.56 2,690 1.09 2,689 0.99 2,354 0.84 7,732 0.97 16,563 6.69 6,939 2.55 6,939 2.47 30,441 3.80 7,864 3.18 10,964 4.02 18,272 6.51 37,100 4.63 14,772 5.97 16,849 6.18 16,849 6.00 48,470 6.05 9,583 3.87 13,413 4.92 17,653 6.28 40,648 5.07 18,548 7.49 20,048 7.35 22,048 7.85 60,644 7.57 5,876 2.37 6,376 2.34 6,282 2.24 18,534 2.31 1,250 0.50 1,250 0.46 1,250 0.45 3,750 0.47 4,305 1.74 7,320 2.69 8,070 2.87 19,695 2.46 5,129 2.07 7,200 2.64 7,200 2.56 19,529 2.44 2,254 0.91 2,254 0.83 2,254 0.80

6,762

0.97

0.00

6,762

0.84

3,280 3,220 2,002

1.47 1.36 0.84

0.00 0.00 0.00

3,280 3,220 2,002

1.32 1.18 0.71

2,240 2,240 4,480 1,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 5,270 5,270 3,910 14,450 644 624 624 1,892 4,992 4,992 5,892 15,876

800 800 400 400 322 1,122

400

0.00

8,502

1.06

28.57 0.00 0.00 14.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

500 100 100 700 0 2,240 2,240 4,480 1,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 5,270 5,270 3,910 14,450 644 624 624 1,892 4,992 4,992 5,892 15,876 0 0 800 800 400 400 322 1,122

0.20 0.04 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.82 0.80 0.56 0.40 0.37 0.36 0.37 2.13 1.93 1.39 1.80 0.26 0.23 0.22 0.24 2.02 1.83 2.10 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.10 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.14

2010 2011 2012 Total KNambuk 2010 2011 25 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total Dongyang 2010 2011 26 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 Kosac 2011 27 Trading 2012 Co., Ltd Total Poonglim 2010 2011 28 Fishery 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 Sunmin 2011 29 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 Haena In2011 30 ternational 2012 Co., Ltd Total Sunwoo 2010 Corpora- 2011 31 tion Co., 2012 Ltd Total 2010 Kyungtae 2011 32 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 G.O.M 2011 33 Industries 2012 Co., Ltd Total Samyoung 2010 2011 34 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 Dongbang 2011 35 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total Seungjin 2010 2011 36 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total PAN 2010 WORLD 2011 37 AND 2012 BUSAN Total Co., Ltd 24

Kueumpyeong Fisheries Co., Ltd

11,560 11,560 12,911 11,163 10,851 34,925 13,855 14,763 10,566 39,184 13,874 18,258 10,343 42,475 10,346 15,839 9,439 35,624 8,885 8,523 8,448 25,856 7,637 10,272 7,911 25,820 5,041 5,748 6,269 17,058 3,615 5,032 5,865 14,512

2,960 2,960

-284 532 461 709 3,032 123 -1,723 1,432 1,386 37 1,423

109 470 43 622 1,484 2,002 728 4,214 442 1,395 1,168 3,005

2,043 2,043 567 -1,444 -129 -1,006 174 67 241 96 958 22 1,076 -618 300 294 -24

5,659 1,083 1,436 8,178

1,688 2,238 1,876 5,802

2,066 1,266 974 4,306 593

593 671 1,882 905 3,458 7,543 12,555 4,274 24,372

372 372 5,645 7,602 5,135 18,382 414 1,235 1,649 490 177 955 1,622

682 466 466 1,614 1,000 2,000 2,000 5,000 3,212 3,212 6,424

0 993 1,733 1,580 4,306 290 770 270 1,330 680 680 680 2,040

0 2,360 2,360 2,360 7,080

740 740 1,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 638 638 638 1,914

2,783 2,783

2,461 2,962 2,481 7,904 3,667 5,760 2,292 11,719 2,203 2,201 1,805 6,209 235 154 126 515 3,147 1,948 65 5,160

133 127 56 316 -128 -355 -483 70 63 1 134 -31 -82 -178 -291

15 15

500 500 750 1,750 943 943 1,843 9,060 100 100 100 300 71 71 71 213 285 285 570 700 696 55 1,451 2,396

2,396 349

349 2,240

2,240 223,195 236,387 239,677 699,259 16,649

0.31 0.20 0.19 0.23 0.45 0.85 0.83 0.72 1.44 1.36 0.00 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.73 0.66 0.62 0.13 0.33 0.11 0.19 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.06 1.00 0.98 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.11 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 1.61 1.47 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00

0.22 0.21 0.31 0.25 0.42 0.40 0.77 1.30 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.13 0.12 0.00 0.08 0.31 0.29 0.02 0.21 1.07 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 100.00 100.00 100.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 100 100

1 1 1 2

28 31 34 92 18

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16,376 100.00 5,735 100.00 23,904 100.00 10,087 100.00 28,445 100.00 10,327 100.00 68,725 26,149 13,745 8,716

400

14.78

0.00

400

0.05

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 100 100

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 100

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 100 100

500 500 750 1,750 943 943 1,843 9,060 100 100 100 300 71 71 71 213 285 285 0 570 700 696 55 1,451 2,396 0 0 2,396 349 0 0 349 2,240 0 0 2,240 247,634 272,615 280,883 801,131 17,416

0.20 0.18 0.27 0.22 0.38 0.35 0.66 1.13 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.10 0.00 0.07 0.28 0.26 0.02 0.18 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.28 100 100 100

400 400 800

1,400 506 800 2,706 541

700 600 1,300 650

900 1,000 1,000 2,900 2,900

682 466 466 1,614 1,000 2,000 2,000 5,000 3,212 3,212 0 6,424 1 1 1 2 993 1,733 1,580 4,306 290 770 270 1,330 680 680 680 2,040 0 0 0 0 2,360 2,360 2,360 7,080 0 0 740 740 1,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 638 638 638 1,914 0 400 400 800 0 0 400

0.28 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.40 0.73 0.71 0.62 1.30 1.18 0.00 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.64 0.56 0.54 0.12 0.28 0.10 0.17 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.87 0.84 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.09 0.40 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.00 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.14

100

Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

2010 2011 Company 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 U&C Co., 2011 2012 Ltd Total 2010 Seorim 2011 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 Donghui 2011 Industry 2012 Total 2010 Shinji 2011 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 2011 Kim In Soo 2012 Total Daehyun 2010 2011 Fisheries 2012 Co., Ltd Total 2010 Sangji 2011 Fisheries 2012 Total 2010 In Sung 2011 2012 Foods Total 2010 2011 Total 2012 소계 Average Yeram

15,364 16,519 13,727 45,610 17,345 13,467 16,175 46,987 11,490 11,146 12,947 35,583

※ Average is calculated by the total amount divided by the number of beneficiaries.

Reference 1 More than $850 million US 2 More than $ 283 million US 3 Article 1 of Part 1 in WTO agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, http://www.wto.org/english/ docs_e/legal_e/24-scm_01_e.htm 4 The National Legislative Information Center of Korea. http://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?menuId=0&p1=&subMe nu=1&nwYn=1&query=%EC%9B%90%EC%96%91%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0 %84%EB%B2%95&x=-1006&y=-208#liBgcolor1 5 KOFA(Korea Overseas Fisheries Association) is a ‘special corporation’ which means that the corporation is an industry association with members comprise of DWF companies, but with special mandates entrusted from Korean relevant law that the Association need to prefer some public tasks 6 Press release of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Republic of Korea, 17th February 2013 http://www.mifaff.go.kr/list.jsp?newsid=155444451&section_id=b_sec_1&pageNo=1&year= &month=&listcnt=5&board_kind=C&board_skin_id=C3&depth=1&division=B&group_id=3&menu_ id=1125&reference=2&parent_code=3&popup_yn=N&tab_yn=N 7 Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Daniel Pauly, Catching More Bait: A Bottom-Up Re-Estimation of Global Fisheries Subsidies, Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2006 Volume 14 Number 6, University of British Columbia 8 F AO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2012. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e00. htm 9 UNEP, ‘Fisheries, Investing in Natural Capital’ 2011; World Bank, Milazzo M. Subsidies in World fisheries a reexamination, 1998 10 IUCN Red list. http://discover.iucnredlist.org/search?key=tuna http://www.ofis.or.kr/rb/?c=Information/news&cat=%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98&p=8&uid=5421 11 U. Rashid Sumila, Subsidies to tuna fisheries in the Western Central Pacific Ocean 2013 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13001383 U.Rashid Sumaila, Subsidies to tuna fisheries in the Western Central Pacific Ocean 2013 12 Sajo group: Sajo Industries, Sajo Daerim, Sajo Seafood, Sajo Oyang 13 Hongjin Corporation, In Sung Foods Subsidising plunder Korean Government's support to its distant water fishing industry

14 This figure is taken from the data summary sheet ‘Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy Status (2010-2012)’, provided to Greenpeace by the Ministry of Fisheries, but there appears to be a discrepancy between this figure and that shown on the other official document, ‘Subsidies Status for IUU fishing industry 2010-2012’ also provided by the government, which suggest that the total grants to In Sung Corporation amounted to 536 million KRW. 15 Official document submitted by the MOF to the Parliamentarian Mr.KIM Chunjin office 16 Subsidies Status for IUU fishing industry 2010-2012, official document submitted by the MOF 17 Distant Water Fisheries Subsidy Status (2010-2012), Appendix 1, official data sheet provided by the MOF 18 CCAMLR 30th SCIC report, 2013 Biennial IUU fishing report by NOAA 19 CCAMLR-XXXII/21 Information on IUU fishing in Statistical Area 58. France http://english.khan.co.kr/khan_art_view.html?artid=201304112038357&code=710100 20 New Zealand Asia Institute of the University of Auckland, Not in New Zealand Waters, . 11 Sep 2011. http:// docs.business.auckland.ac.nz/Doc/11-01-Not-in-New-Zealand-waters-surely-NZAI-Working-Paper-Sept-2011. pdf 21 F/V Premier - another IUU vessel involved in illegal fishing and fraud in Liberia http://www. stopillegalfishing.com/sifnews_article.php?ID=102 http://liberiafisheries.net/sites/default/files/pdf/Warning_Lib._Gov_Doc.pdf 22 Environmenal Justice Foundation(EJF). Pirate Fishing Exposed. page 35, 2011. http://www.ejfoundation.org/ oceans/media/pirate-fishing-exposed A brief report on IUU workshop held by KOFA, 2013.3.13, Korea 23 Refer to International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, ICCAT IUU vessel list. http://iccat. int/iuu.htm 24 KOFA yearbook 2012 25 Korea Maritime Institute(KMI), Research on check-off fund for the Distant Water Fishing Industry, June 2012

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