BER 23 - Chapter 4 Place

BIRMINGHAM E CO N O M I C REVIEW 2023 Chapter 4: Place Sustainable Communities and Pride in Place

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Introduction The annual Birmingham Economic Review is produced by the University of Birmingham’s City-REDI and the Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce. It is an in-depth exploration of the economy of England’s second city and a high-quality resource for informing research, policy, and investment decisions.

This year’s report provides comprehensive analysis and expert commentary on the state of the city’s economy as it emerges from disruption caused by the pandemic into a continuing period of high inflation and uncertainty. This Birmingham Economic Review highlights the global, national, and regional challenges that the city region is facing.

Alongside studying the growing opportunities available to the region and how the regions current strengths and assets can help develop these opportunities.

The most recently available datasets as of 30th September 2023 have been used. In many circumstances there is a significant lag between available data and the current period. Contributions from experts in academia, business and policy have been included to provide timely insight into the status of the Greater Birmingham economy.

Report Geography The report focuses on the ‘Greater Birmingham city-region’ defined by the boundaries of the following local authorities: Birmingham, Solihull, Bromsgrove, Cannock Chase, East Staffordshire, Lichfield, Redditch, Tamworth, Wyre Forest.

References to the ‘West Midlands region’, or ‘West Midlands (ITL1)’, are to the large-scale region at International Territorial Level 1 (ITL1). There are nine ITL1 regions in England: North East, North West, Yorkshire & The Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England, London, South East and South West in addition to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. Note that ITL recently replaced the EU’s Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics (NUTS).

Geographies of ITL and NUTS territories generally correspond except for minor differences at local authority level outside the Midlands.

References to the ‘West Midlands metropolitan area’ are to the West Midlands county comprising seven metropolitan districts (WM 7M): Birmingham, Solihull, Coventry and Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall, Wolverhampton.

References to the ‘West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA) area’ are to that administered by the Combined Authority.

Note that figures may not always total exactly due to rounding differences. Figures in some tables may be undisclosed due to statistical or confidentiality reasons.

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Index Foreword and Welcome

Chapter 1 Economy: Crises and Resilience

Chapter 2 Business: Disrupted Markets

Chapter 3 People: Challenging Times

Chapter 4 Place: Sustainable Communities and Pride in Place

Chapter 5 Challenges and Opportunities

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Place: Sustainable Communities and Pride in Place The Greater Birmingham city-region is one of the most well-connected areas of the country, both geographically and digitally. Significant investments have been made in recent years to improve the geographical and digital mobility of communities across the region, opening up access to opportunities. However, changes in working patterns following the pandemic may have reduced the full impact that these developments would have otherwise brought.

Greater detail has recently been released on the West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA)’s Deeper Devolution Deal, offering wide ranging new powers and an expected budget windfall of in excess of £1.5bn to level-up the region 1.

The deal includes greater retention powers of business rates, greater flexibility on brown field regeneration, funding to deliver affordable housing at pace and greater funding to retrofit housing, alongside other measures. This will provide greater capacity, flexibility and capital for local leaders to respond to local challenges and needs.

This chapter of the Birmingham Economic Review for 2023 provides an update on changes to transport mobility patterns and their impact on the city centre and the environment, alongside updates on transport connectivity, digital connectivity, housing delivery and the office market.

Mobility Whilst during the pandemic there were changes in modes of transportation used in the West Midlands (ITL), patterns in transportation use have largely returned to its previous status. Cars and vans continue to be the main mode of transport, even after falling during the pandemic period, with 69.9% of trips per person per year being via this mode in 2021. This is above the England (excluding London) percentage of 63.1%. For both the West Midlands and across the UK car usage continues to grow. As usage of this mode of transport increase, it will become increasingly important that we ensure a transition towards cleaner cars.

Transport use by selected mode West Midlands (ITL)

1 WMCA. (2023) New powers and £1.5 billion investment to level up West Midlands

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Source: DFT, Mode of travel: NTS9903, (2023) Walking remains the second most common mode of transport at 22.7% of trips per person per year. In 2021 this is down on the pre-pandemic (2019) rate by almost 3%, and far behind the current England (excluding London) 2021 rate of 29.7%. Active travel has been declining over time, even after briefly increasing during the pandemic. However, the WMCA and Travel for West Midlands (TFWM) are currently in the process of making improvements to active and sustainable transport infrastructure in the region, having won £1.05bn funding from the City Region Sustainable Transport Settlement (CRSTS), which is concentrated on sustainable modes including improvements for active and public transport 2. In addition to this, since 2020 the WMCA has secured grants totalling £34m to implement a wide range of safe cycle and walking schemes, including bike parking, safe cycle lanes and cycle training for communities2.

Bus travel is also a regular mode of transport; however, usage has been declining for more than a decade. Now only 2.7% of trips per person per year are using this mode in the region, the same as the England (excluding London) rate.

Rail travel in the region has fallen comparative to pre-pandemic levels, by around 0.5% between 2018/2019 and 2021.

This is below the fall in the England level of rail travel. Nevertheless, this trend might change in years to come with the development of HS2, now expected to run between Birmingham and Euston. Construction is already well underway in the region and it is anticipated that the first HS2 services will run between Birmingham Curzon Street and Old Oak Common in London between 2029 and 2033 3. On 4th October Prime Minister announced the cancellation of HS2 north of Birmingham, however redirected investment to a new programme of transport investments – including the West Midlands Metro extension to Brierley Hill and £1.75bn for the delivery of the Midlands Rail Hub 4- may also increase public transport usage across the region.

2 WMCA. (2023) Region’s growing cycle network secures a £12.6 million boost

3 4

HS2. (2023) London to West Midlands (Phase One) BBC. (2023) Metro extension will go to Brierley Hill High Street as funding confirmed BIRMING HAM EC ON OMIC RE VIEW 2023

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Dr Magda Cepeda Zorrilla, Research Fellow, City-REDI, University of Birmingham and Dr Sara Hassan, Research Fellow, City-REDI, University of Birmingham “According to WMCA5, by 2035, the population of the West Midlands is set to increase by up to 444,000 - that's According to WMCA 5, by 2035, the population of the West Midlands is set to increase by up to 444,000 - that's 100 100 people per day - and 215,000 new homes are set to be built by 2030. If every person drives a private vehicle the people per day - and 215,000 new homes are set to be built by 2030. If every person drives a private vehicle the travel travel time will increase severely due to traffic and congestion. Not to mention the negative externalities in the time will increase severely due to traffic and congestion. Not to mention the negative externalities in the environment. environment. Therefore, it is paramount to provide reliable and accessible public transport options for people.

Therefore, it is paramount to provide reliable and accessible public transport options for people.

To date, there are several options for public transport in Birmingham such as bus, train and tram. But also, there has To date, there are several options for public transport in Birmingham such as bus, train and tram. But also, there has been the introduction of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system which promises to reduce travel time for passengers. been the introduction of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system which promises to reduce travel time for passengers.

A BRT is a high-capacity bus-based transit system that provides dedicated lanes, with busways and shelter stations A BRT is a high-capacity bus-based transit system that provides dedicated lanes, with busways and shelter stations normally aligned to the centre of the road and off-board fare collection. It is argued6 that it delivers a fast and normally aligned to the centre of the road and off-board fare collection. It is argued 6 that it delivers a fast and comfortable service, and that this BRT is more reliable, convenient and faster than regular bus services. comfortable service, and that this BRT is more reliable, convenient and faster than regular bus services.

The BRT system in Birmingham consists of multiple phases that aim to connect various areas within the city. The The BRT system in Birmingham consists of multiple phases that aim to connect various areas within the city. The phase phase one of the Sprint BRT network in the West Midlands consists of a 20km link (20 stops) connecting Walsall one of the Sprint BRT network in the West Midlands consists of a 20km link (20 stops) connecting Walsall with with Birmingham city centre and Birmingham Airport. It will connect the A34 and the A45 to create one continuous Birmingham city centre and Birmingham Airport. It will connect the A34 and the A45 to create one continuous route, route, as well as to provide links to the two HS2 stations. In the West Midlands the Transport Authorities (TfWM) as well as to provide links to the two HS2 stations. In the West Midlands the Transport Authorities (TfWM) claim7 that claim that transport is being transformed and stated that these buses will reduce journey times by up to 22% on transport is being transformed and stated that these buses will reduce journey times by up to 22% 7 on key routes. key routes.

For example, the BRT route can benefit access to Birmingham Airport, the seventh largest airport in the UK. While For example, the BRT route can benefit access to Birmingham Airport, the seventh largest airport in the UK. While road access around the airport is usually smooth, there is very little resilience as the road network operates near road access around the airport is usually smooth, there is very little resilience as the road network operates near that public transport solutions capacity at peak commuter period. Birmingham Airport surface access strategy 8 states capacity at peak commuter period. Birmingham Airport surface access strategy8 states that public transport can further ensure that connectivity is enhanced. BRT can reduce the pressure on surrounding networks, but also solutions can further ensure that connectivity is enhanced. BRT can reduce the pressure on surrounding networks, improve the efficiency and capacity of the road while increasing the use of sustainable transport. This is vitally but also improve the efficiency and capacity of the road while increasing the use of sustainable transport. This is important, particularly if HS2 is to be delivered in 2026. vitally important, particularly if HS2 is to be delivered in 2026.

Sprint maps of the Walsall Road, Coventry Road and Sutton via Langley schemes Sprint maps of the Walsall Road, Coventry Road and Sutton via Langley schemes

Source: WMCA, Sprint Bus priority corridor map7 Source: WMCA, Sprint Bus priority corridor map7 5 WMCA. (2020) First cross-city bus route to be introduced in time for Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games 6 Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. (n.d.) What is BRT? 7 WMCA. (n.d.) Sprint bus priority corridor

8 Birmingham Airport. (n.d.) Airport Surface Access Strategy

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There are several advantages and disadvantages of the BRT system as researchers9 have stated. For instance, advantages provided by the BRT system are that at peak times, the system can carry more than 18,000 passengers per hour per 9 have stated. For instance, There areit several advantages and disadvantages of thethe BRT system as researchers direction; represents an intermediate solution between current system and a high-capacity model; they are of advantages by the BRT are they that have at peak times, thecommercial system canspeed carry of more than 18,000 passengers relatively low provided implementation cost; system safe since a maximum 25km/h; there are short time per hour per direction; it represents an intermediate solution between the current system and a high-capacity model;of intervals between vehicles and they are higher capacity vehicles, which can contribute in reducing the emission they are of relatively low implementation cost; safe since they have a maximum commercial speed of 25km/h; there pollutants. are short time intervals between vehicles and they are higher capacity vehicles, which can contribute in reducing the emission pollutants.

While BRTof can have several advantages, some potential challenges of BRT are to be expected and are often the dominant issues in public debate regarding transport options when compared to rail alternatives. However, these challenges need While BRT can and havefurther severalalternative advantages, potential of BRT are to inform be expected andand are to often the to be evaluated fairsome analysis shouldchallenges be conducted to better decisions mitigate dominant issues in debate regarding transport options when compared to rail alternatives. However, these 10 public 11. negative outcomes challenges need to be evaluated and further alternative fair analysis should be conducted to better inform decisions 10 11. and of to the mitigate negative outcomes One biggest challenges in implementing BRT systems is that they can be expensive12. This is significant as BRT

requires infrastructure changes, from dedicated bus lanes to sheltered stations and alternative ticketing systems. There 12. This is significant as BRT One of challenges the biggestassociated challengeswith in implementing BRTsystems systemswith is that they can be expensive are also integrating BRT existing transport networks, such as train services and requires changes, from and dedicated bus lanes planning to sheltered stations and alternative ticketing systems. other bus infrastructure routes. This can be complex requires careful to avoid challenges for operation and passenger There are also challenges associated integrating BRT systems existing transport convenience.

In addition, there might bewith competing transport prioritieswith or limited availability ofnetworks, funding. such as train services and other bus routes. This can be complex and requires careful planning to avoid challenges for operation and passenger addition, there might priorities or limited availability of funding.

While novel BRTconvenience. systems can In rely on alternative fuels,be it competing is importanttransport to mention that those still relying on diesel engines and traditional fuelling systems can have a negative environmental impact13. Fortunately, the BRT Sprint14 planned in While novelsupports BRT systems canair rely on alternative fuels, is important to mention that thoseclimate still relying onwith diesel Birmingham its clean policies and reflects theitregion's commitment to combatting change the 13 14 engines and traditional fuelling systems have a itnegative BRT Sprint new zero-emission and multi-door vehicles.can However, remains environmental to be seen howimpact efficient. Fortunately, the operationthe of such a system planned inits Birmingham supports journey its clean air policies and reflects the region's commitment to combatting climate can be and impact on reducing times and increasing comfort.

change with the new zero-emission and multi-door vehicles. However, it remains to be seen how efficient the operation of such a system canon befixed and its impact reducing rendering journey times and increasing comfort.

BRT systems operate routes andonschedules it less flexible than other modes of public transport such as bus and rail systems, causing inconvenience to some passengers with fewer options and travel routes. Some space BRT systems on fixed particularly routes and in schedules rendering it lessspace. flexible than other of public transport constraints are operate also challenging, urban areas with limited Acquiring themodes necessary right of way may suchbeasfaced bus and systems, from causing inconvenience to some passengers with fewer options and travel routes.

Some 15. In also withrail resistance stakeholders, leading to delays and compromises in designing the BRT system space constraints are also challenging, particularly areas with limited space.

Acquiring necessary rightwith of addition, there are claims that BRT systems can vary in in urban effectiveness depending on overall traffic the situations.

In areas way may also be faced resistance from stakeholders, leading tosystems delays and compromises in designing the BRT higher traffic volumes andwith inadequate enforcement of regulations, BRT can further exacerbate traffic congestion.

15 system can . Instill addition, theredelays are claims that BRT overall systems can vary in effectiveness depending on overall traffic Vehicles experience and thus reduce system efficiency. situations. In areas with higher traffic volumes and inadequate enforcement of regulations, BRT systems can further exacerbate traffic benefits congestion.

Vehicles can still delaysbe and thus reduce system efficiency.

Despite the many of BRT systems, theyexperience can sometimes perceived as aoverall less attractive mode of transport compared to rail-based systems such as trams and metros. In places where public transport has a negative stigma16 this Despite thelower manyridership benefits among of BRTcertain systems, they can sometimes be perceived as a less attractive mode of1 of transport can lead to demographic groups. There is an increased risk of gentrification the low16 compared towith rail-based as more tramswilling and metros.

In housing places where public transport has aBRT negative income areas middlesystems income such groups to have in close proximity to these routes.stigma This can 17 of the this can leadimpacts to loweron ridership among certain demographic groups.

There is anItincreased of gentrification have serious property values, particularly the poorest households. can also risk be perceived as less safe for

low-income areas with middle incomewe groups willing to have housing in close to these BRT routes.

17. Finally, vulnerable passenger groups arguemore that with proper planning, design, andproximity stakeholder engagement some candrawbacks have serious on property theTransit poorest canbe also be perceived as less ofThis these canimpacts be avoided and the values, benefitsparticularly of Bus Rapid inhouseholds.

BirminghamItcan maximised."

9 Federal University of Technology. (2021) URBAN MOBILITY IN SMART CITIES: A CASE STUDY IN THE CITY OF CURITIBA

10 Diaz, et.al. (2023) Understanding how individuals perceive changes in the built environment and the transport system after implementing a

BRT system. The case of Barranquilla, Colombia 11 Hidalgo, et.al. (2013) TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota, high performance and positive impact – Main results of an ex-post evaluation 12 Hidalgo and Gutierrez. (2013) BRT and BHLS around the world: Explosive growth, large positive impacts and many issues outstanding 13 Salehi, et.al. (2016) Environmental impact assessment of bus rapid transit (BRT) in Tehran Metropolitan City 14 WMCA. (2016) MOVEMENT FOR GROWTH: The West Midlands Strategic Transport Plan 15 Wright. (n.d.) Urban Transport in the Developing World: A Handbook of Policy and Practice (chapter 15) 16 Currie. (2006) Bus Transit Oriented Development—Strengths and Challenges Relative to Rail 17 Munoz-Raskin. (2010) Walking accessibility to bus rapid transit: Does it affect property values? The case of Bogotá, Colombia BIRMING HAM EC ON OMIC RE VIEW 2023

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Daljit Kalirai, Director of Partnerships, National Express

“Climate Crisis Climate Crisis Are going cool on climate change?

Haspandemic, the pandemic, austerity, high inflation and the cost-of-living crisis Are wewe going cool on climate change?

Has the austerity, high inflation and the cost-of-living crisis impacted impacted net zero ambitions? our net zeroour ambitions?

Weonly onlyneed needtotolook lookback backon onclimate climatedisasters disastersininnews news recently recently with with wild wild fires fires in in Greece Greece and We and flash flash floods floods in in Italy.

Italy.

Displacing thousands of people and costing billions across the globe.

Can we really afford to ignore the climate Displacing thousands of people and costing billions across the globe. Can we really afford to ignore the climate agenda, look the other way? agenda, look the other way?

We will never combat climate change if we don’t tackle congestion the of rise of single occupancy And to We will never combat climate change if we don’t tackle congestion and and the rise single occupancy cars. cars.

And to make makethe buses firstwe're choice we're to deliver have toadeliver service that the public must make buses more buses first the choice going togoing have to serviceathat the public want.

Wewant. mustWe make buses more frequent, frequent, more and affordable. more reliable andreliable affordable. save the planet, need planning now modal shift ofleast at least 20%+ the odd or two per ToTo save the planet, wewe need to to bebe planning now forfor modal shift of at 20%+ andand not not the odd one one or two per cent cent regarded as ‘success’ in the last couple of decades. regarded as ‘success’ in the last couple of decades.

Congestion Congestion Currentlevels levelsofofurban urbantraffic trafficare arenot notsustainable sustainableand and will will do do serious serious environmental environmental and Current and health health damage. damage. Significant Significant modal shift from theprivate privatecar cartotoactive activetravel traveland andmass masstransit transitisis an an imperative. imperative. The The only only way modal shift from the way that that will will be be achieved achieved in the required timescale is through major modal shift to bus and that requires major policy change by local in the required timescale is through major modal shift to bus and that requires major policy change by local and and national government. short; national government.

InIn short; Buses are stuck behind rows single occupancycars. cars.

• • Buses are stuck behind rows ofof single occupancy We need localtraffic/highways traffic/highwaysauthorities authoritiestotoprioritise prioritisemovement movementof ofpeople people&&clean cleanair air over over cars cars & & pollution pollution • • We need local We needbusinesses businessestotojoin joinus usininlobbying lobbyingstakeholders stakeholdersand and changing changing their their policies policies around • • We need around staff staff parking parking and and supporting staff transport into workplaces supporting staff transport into workplaces We need bold and state clearlythe thedamage damagecar-led car-ledcities citiesare aredoing doingand andthe thebenefits benefitstotocommunities. communities.

• • We need toto bebe bold and state clearly Busesare aresimply simplynot notallowed allowedtotodo dotheir theirjob joband, and, ifif they they were, were, they they would would be Buses be aa self-funding, self-funding, growing growing commercial commercial consumer product in our major cities.

Revenue from organic growth and modal shift trumps subsidy to cover costs consumer product in our major cities. Revenue from organic growth and modal shift trumps subsidy to cover costs of of sitting in traffic. sitting in traffic.

We shouldbebefocused focusedon onmanaging managingthe thesensible sensibleallocation allocationof ofroad road space space to to mass mass transit, We should transit, constraining constraining single single person person car commuting and creating modal shift, self-sustaining bus networks and saving lives from unacceptable levels car commuting and creating modal shift, self-sustaining bus networks and saving lives from unacceptable levels of of air air pollution. pollution.

Role of Business Role of Business Time to wake up and get serious, if we want significant modal shift, the business community plays a major part in helping create environment thatsignificant supports the contribution of bus commuting reducing their own Time to wake upthe andtype get of serious, if we want modal shift, the business communitytoplays a major part in carbon footprint and lobby for a much improved urban bus operating environment to not only allow their staff to helping create the type of environment that supports the contribution of bus commuting to reducing their own carbon travel toand work in a sustainable but also quickly efficiently. footprint lobby for a much way improved urban bus and operating environment to not only allow their staff to travel to work in a sustainable way but also quickly and efficiently.

The bus industry needs heavyweight allies to support the case for bus priority over cars.

The bus industry needs heavyweight allies to support the case for bus priority over cars.

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National Express has been working with the NHS across the trusts in the West Midlands. Facing limited car parking National Express has been Birmingham working withwere the eager NHS across the trusts in to the West Midlands.

Facing limited car parking on-site University Hospital to encourage staff use other modes of transport championing on-site University Hospital Birmingham to encourage staff In to addition use othertomodes of transport championing bus travel as a convenient, affordable were and eager sustainable proposition. their 10% staff discounts we bus travel new as a convenient, affordablethe andfirst sustainable proposition.

In addition their 10% staff discounts we targeted targeted starters recognising few weeks of employment aretocrucial in forming new habits.

Our new starters recognising the first few weeks of employment are crucial in forming new habits.

Our recommendation recommendation was to offer a free week’s travel as part of the new starter induction programme so they could try was to offer a freeby week’s as part of the new starter induction they could benefited try traveling tofree work traveling to work bus. Intravel the first few months of the scheme going programme live over 190so new starters from by In the first few months of the scheme going overthan 190 travel new starters from bussotravel leading busbus. travel leading to 57% continuing to use the buslive rather by car. benefited The scheme hasfree been successful to 57% continuing to use bus rather than travel by car. scheme has been sotosuccessful that it has been rolled outthe across a further seven trusts andThe is going from strength strength. that it has been rolled out across a further seven trusts and is going from strength to strength.

More than 60% of the NHS carbon footprint is based within the NHS supply chain including its workforce, More thanand 60% of the NHS carbon footprint is based within the NHS supply chain including its workforce, patients patients visitors. and visitors.

The scheme makes use of discount codes redeemed within the National Express Bus App, allowing organisations The scheme makes of discount codes redeemed within Nationaldiscounted Express Bus App,when allowing organisations across the region to use partner with National Express to offer theirthe employees tickets purchased using across the region to partner with National Express to offer their employees discounted tickets when purchased using the app. We offer a range of sustainable options as an alternative to traditional bus services to help people continue the app.

Weflexible offer aand range of sustainable as commute. an alternative to traditional bus services to help people continue their more sustainable publicoptions transport their more flexible and sustainable public transport commute.

Scarce public money Scarce public money A clear message, developing bus networks can be enhanced by creative commercial partnerships rather than a A clear message, developing bus networks can be enhancedand by creativity creative commercial partnerships than a begging bowl for government funding.

Innovation, partnership are a core part of growingrather patronage begging for government funding.modal Innovation, and are a core part ofquality growing patronage on vital bowl bus services and achieving shift.partnership Growth has tocreativity be generated by better bus services,on vital bus services and achievingfaster modal shift. Growth has to be generated by better quality bus services, dramatically dramatically higher frequency, journeys and better value fares. higher frequency, faster journeys and better value fares.

In conclusion, focusing on reducing congestion, transitioning away from single-occupancy cars, and aligning with In conclusion, focusing congestion, transitioning away from single-occupancy cars, and with the the net-zero agenda is on notreducing just an environmental necessity but a strategic move to reinvigorate the aligning local economy net-zero agenda is not Itjust an environmental necessity but the a strategic move tofrom reinvigorate local economy in the in the West Midlands. creates a win-win situation where region benefits reducedthe congestion, improved West Midlands.

It creates a win-win situation where the regionall benefits from reducedto congestion, quality, air quality, enhanced sustainability, and economic growth, while contributing the globalimproved effort to air combat enhanced sustainability, andthese economic growth, all while contributing global to combat change. climate change.

Embracing changes positions the West Midlandsto asthe a leader in effort sustainable urbanclimate development Embracing these changes Westfacing Midlands aschallenges. a leader in sustainable urban development and sets a and sets a positive examplepositions for other the regions similar positive example for other regions facing similar challenges.

It is time to call a halt to our major towns and cities being dominated by cars, highways, car parks and all the other Itparaphernalia is time to call a halt to our townsused and excessively cities beingand dominated by cars, highways, caremphasis parks and allon the other associated withmajor cars being much greater investment and put good paraphernalia with cars being on used excessively and much greater investment and emphasis put on good old-fashioned associated walking, cycling and riding a zero-emission bus.” old-fashioned walking, cycling and riding on a zero-emission bus.

Adam Harrison, Principal Policy and Transport Strategy Officer, Transport for West Midlands

“Challenge

Challenge

After decades of underinvestment, our region is beginning to turn our transport system around.

After decades of underinvestment, our region is beginning to turn our transport system around.

But significant challenges still remain such as constrained accessibility for our residents and communities. Currently, But significant challenges still remain such as constrained accessibility for our residents and communities. Currently, 25% of households in the West Midlands don’t have access to a car and people from ethnic minority communities are 25% of households in the West Midlands don’t have access to a car and people from ethnic minority communities are 2x more likely to have no access to a car (Race Forward 2023). 1.3 million people living in the WMCA met area do not 2x more likely to have no access to a car (Race Forward 2023). 1.3 million people living in the WMCA met area do not identify as being from a White British background. identify as being from a White British background.

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The impacted of the pandemic and the cost-of-living impacts have had negative impacts on accessibility. Public The impacted of the pandemic and the cost-of-living impacts have had negative impacts on accessibility. Public transport operating costs have gone up whilst demand to travel has dropped, which has put levels of service at risk. transport operating costs have gone up whilst demand to travel has dropped, which has put levels of service at risk.

Public transport usage remains below pre-pandemic levels. The bus industry, in particular, is facing acute challenges.

Public transport usage remains below pre-pandemic levels. The bus industry, in particular, is facing acute challenges.

The West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA) has set out a clear regional strategy for delivering inclusive The West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA) has set out a clear regional strategy for delivering inclusive economic growth, and improving people’s access to opportunities is a fundamental way of achieving the economic growth, and improving people’s access to opportunities is a fundamental way of achieving the organisational vision. Improved accessibility enables businesses to reach customers more effectively, links employers organisational vision. Improved accessibility enables businesses to reach customers more effectively, links employers to a wider pool of potential employees and encourages business development. to a wider pool of potential employees and encourages business development.

So delivering inclusive economic growth, rising to our post-pandemic challenges for public transport and ensuring So delivering inclusive economic growth, rising to our post-pandemic challenges for public transport and ensuring those 25% of household are able to participate in our economy is critical for the continued success of the region. those 25% of household are able to participate in our economy is critical for the continued success of the region.

What we’re doing to address the challenges What we’re doing to address the challenges Working with partners in councils, universities and the private sector, Transport for West Midlands (TfWM) has made Working with partners in councils, universities and the private sector, Transport for West Midlands (TfWM) has made solid progress to strengthen our transport system – which has been boosted by two devolution deals with national solid progress to strengthen our transport system – which has been boosted by two devolution deals with national government. The devolution process has helped TfWM secure the City Region Sustainable Transport Settlement government. The devolution process has helped TfWM secure the City Region Sustainable Transport Settlement (CRSTS) £1bn capital investment programme up to 2027.

(CRSTS) £1bn capital investment programme up to 2027.

TfWM, alongside national government, has provided additional funding to protect valued bus services for the TfWM, alongside national government, has provided additional funding to protect valued bus services for the Commonwealth Games and beyond. Our bus network has the highest percentage for network mileage protected of Commonwealth Games and beyond. Our bus network has the highest percentage for network mileage protected of any large urban conurbation outside of London. any large urban conurbation outside of London.

These long-term commitments are helping the West Midlands create an integrated transport system based on the These long-term commitments are helping the West Midlands create an integrated transport system based on the principles of London’s provision for the high density capital, as well as investing in high quality cycle infrastructure principles of London’s provision for the high density capital, as well as investing in high quality cycle infrastructure and improved conditions for walking and wheeling. Since becoming the UK’s first Future Transport Zone four years and improved conditions for walking and wheeling. Since becoming the UK’s first Future Transport Zone four years ago, the West Midlands has rightly earned a reputation for creative thinking around the future of transport. TfWM is ago, the West Midlands has rightly earned a reputation for creative thinking around the future of transport. TfWM is working with SME’s and businesses to develop and provide real world testing of pioneering technology and exciting working with SME’s and businesses to develop and provide real world testing of pioneering technology and exciting new ideas around the way we move. new ideas around the way we move.

A Deeper Devolution Deal agreed between the Combined Authority and Government in March 2023, builds on earlier A Deeper Devolution Deal agreed between the Combined Authority and Government in March 2023, builds on earlier deals to transfer further powers and funding streams from Whitehall to the West Midlands. This includes offering deals to transfer further powers and funding streams from Whitehall to the West Midlands. This includes offering further autonomy for TfWM to establish itself as a leader in transport innovation in the UK and improve the transport further autonomy for TfWM to establish itself as a leader in transport innovation in the UK and improve the transport offer to its citizens. offer to its citizens.

The recent deal gives the region a greater set of tools to face these challenges and create an integrated transport The recent deal gives the region a greater set of tools to face these challenges and create an integrated transport system that is fit for the future. In line with the new West Midlands Local Transport Plan (LTP), we will use the system that is fit for the future. In line with the new West Midlands Local Transport Plan (LTP), we will use the provisions of the deal to deliver a network with improved accessibility, reduced traffic and decarbonised public provisions of the deal to deliver a network with improved accessibility, reduced traffic and decarbonised public transport.” transport.

Ruth Todd, Chief Commercial Officer, HS2 Limited “We’re forging ahead with the construction of HS2 in the West Midlands with thousands of local people, workers and We’re forging ahead with the construction of HS2 in the West Midlands with thousands of local people, workers and businesses, helping us to deliver the UK’s new, zero carbon, high speed railway. Running up to speeds of 225 miles per businesses, helping us to deliver the UK’s new, zero carbon, high speed railway. Running up to speeds of 225 miles per hour, our state-of-the-art, British-made bullet trains will transform the passenger experience and slash journey times hour, our state-of-the-art, British-made bullet trains will transform the passenger experience and slash journey times between London and Birmingham to just 49 minutes. What’s more, this promise of better connectivity is already between London and Birmingham to just 49 minutes. What’s more, this promise of better connectivity is already BIRMING HAM EC ON OMIC RE VIEW 2023

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changing our city’s skyline, with a swathe of residential and commercial development taking shape as investors changing our city’s skyline, with a swathe of residential and commercial development taking shape as investors prepare prepare for HS2’s arrival. for HS2’s arrival.

Despite the first high-speed services being a few years from departure, HS2’s benefits are already being realised in Despite the first high-speed services being a few years from departure, HS2’s benefits are already being realised in construction. Local firms have been awarded over £2billion worth of work on the project and are playing a pivotal role construction. Local firms have been awarded over £2billion worth of work on the project and are playing a pivotal role as we continue work on 300 plus active sites along the line of route. Nearly 600 businesses have partnered with us so as we continue work on 300 plus active sites along the line of route. Nearly 600 businesses have partnered with us so far, and over three quarters of suppliers are SMEs – many tell us that the certainty of working on such a large-scale, far, and over three quarters of suppliers are SMEs – many tell us that the certainty of working on such a large-scale, longlong-term project has led to a lift in recruitment, investment and financial stability. term project has led to a lift in recruitment, investment and financial stability.

To build a world-leading railway, we need a world-class workforce. HS2 is supporting almost 30,000 jobs, nearly 9,000 To build a world-leading railway, we need a world-class workforce. HS2 is supporting almost 30,000 jobs, nearly 9,000 of which are based in the West Midlands, while 500 of the 1,300 apprenticeships started so far have been secured by of which are based in the West Midlands, while 500 of the 1,300 apprenticeships started so far have been secured by local people. local people.

Our construction progress is now visible across the region, with new bridges, viaducts and embankments being Our construction progress is now visible across the region, with new bridges, viaducts and embankments being installed installed as the railway begins to take shape. At Birmingham Curzon Street, work is underway to install the concrete as the railway begins to take shape. At Birmingham Curzon Street, work is underway to install the concrete structures structures that will carry high speed trains into the city centre, with many of our iconic V-shaped piers now visible to that will carry high speed trains into the city centre, with many of our iconic V-shaped piers now visible to passers by. passers by.

HS2’s Interchange Station in Solihull will be a super-connected transport hub and construction planning is progressing HS2’s Interchange Station in Solihull will be a super-connected transport hub and construction planning is progressing well. This year saw us start the search for a contractor to design and supply a transport system, as well as a 25-year well. This year saw us start the search for a contractor to design and supply a transport system, as well as a 25-year transport operation and asset maintenance contract for the Project’s Automated People Mover (APM). The APM will transport operation and asset maintenance contract for the Project’s Automated People Mover (APM). The APM will efficiently move passengers and visitors between HS2’s Interchange Station, the NEC Birmingham International rail efficiently move passengers and visitors between HS2’s Interchange Station, the NEC Birmingham International rail station and Birmingham Airport in an accessible and sustainable way. Shortlisted companies will be invited to tender station and Birmingham Airport in an accessible and sustainable way. Shortlisted companies will be invited to tender early next year, with the contract due to be awarded towards the end of 2024. early next year, with the contract due to be awarded towards the end of 2024.

July to August saw HS2’s ‘Summer of Bridges’ in the West Midlands with major construction milestones delivered by HS2 July to August saw HS2’s ‘Summer of Bridges’ in the West Midlands with major construction milestones delivered by and Balfour Beatty Vinci (BBV) over four weeks. In July the Project successfully carried out the UK’s heaviest drive to HS2 and Balfour Beatty Vinci (BBV) over four weeks. In July the Project successfully carried out the UK’s heaviest install a 6,200-tonne concrete intersection bridge structure beneath the West Coast Main Line at Fulfen Wood near drive to install a 6,200-tonne concrete intersection bridge structure beneath the West Coast Main Line at Fulfen Wood Lichfield. near Lichfield.

At the beginning of August 250 people delivered the 5,600-tonne bridge move under the Coventry to Leamington At the beginning of August 250 people delivered the 5,600-tonne bridge move under the Coventry to Leamington railway 27 hours ahead of schedule. Later in the month, the project completed a marathon bridge construction under railway 27 hours ahead of schedule. Later in the month, the project completed a marathon bridge construction under the South Staffordshire rail near Lichfield. The huge construction operation to build and move a 2,600-tonne bridge the South Staffordshire rail near Lichfield. The huge construction operation to build and move a 2,600-tonne bridge under the South Staffordshire railway saw over 150 people and 18 different supply chain companies deliver the complex under the South Staffordshire railway saw over 150 people and 18 different supply chain companies deliver the structure, excavating 14,000 tonnes of earth and utilising the latest low carbon design. complex structure, excavating 14,000 tonnes of earth and utilising the latest low carbon design.

HS2 is building for a greener future. This is reflected by us operating 19 diesel-free sites across the route so far, utilising HS2 is building for a greener future. This is reflected by us operating 19 diesel-free sites across the route so far, utilising electric cranes, cleaner generators and hydrogen power to reduce emissions. Our estimates suggest that the total carbon electric cranes, cleaner generators and hydrogen power to reduce emissions. Our estimates suggest that the total footprint of building HS2 from London to Birmingham, and operating it for 120 years, is equivalent to just one month’s carbon footprint of building HS2 from London to Birmingham, and operating it for 120 years, is equivalent to just one worth of emissions generated by the UK road network. month’s worth of emissions generated by the UK road network.

Government has stated its commitment to linking London and Birmingham by high-speed rail. This new, segregated line Government has stated its commitment to linking London and Birmingham by high-speed rail. This new, segregated will relieve capacity constraints on the congested southern end of the West Coast Main Line, nearly doubling capacity to line will relieve capacity constraints on the congested southern end of the West Coast Main Line, nearly doubling 250,000 seats per day across the route and freeing up space on the conventional railway for more local services. capacity to 250,000 seats per day across the route and freeing up space on the conventional railway for more local services.

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As progress continues on the UK’s new high-speed railway, we must redouble our efforts to bring benefits to the West As progress continues on the UK’s new high-speed railway, we must redouble our efforts to bring benefits to the Midlands sooner, to have an impact today and to leave a legacy of innovation, regeneration and sustainability. We are West Midlands sooner, to have an impact today and to leave a legacy of innovation, regeneration and sustainability. grateful for the support of the West Midlands business community, its workers and wider stakeholders as we reimagine We are grateful for the support of the West Midlands business community, its workers and wider stakeholders as we the railway for the next generation. reimagine the railway for the next generation.”

Shilpi Akbar, Head of Stakeholder and Communities at Balfour Beatty VINCI

“Balfour Beatty VINCI (BBV) is a joint venture between Balfour Beatty and VINCI, responsible for delivering a Balfour Beatty VINCI (BBV) is a joint venture between Balfour Beatty and VINCI, responsible for delivering a significant significant stretch of HS2. It is building the West Midlands section of HS2’s Phase One route, spanning approximately stretch of HS2. It is building the West Midlands section of HS2’s Phase One route, spanning approximately 90km from 90km from Long Itchington in Warwickshire to the centre of Birmingham and on to Handsacre in Staffordshire.

Long Itchington in Warwickshire to the centre of Birmingham and on to Handsacre in Staffordshire.

HS2 is a real game changer for the Midlands, providing a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for businesses and HS2 is a real game changer for the Midlands, providing a once-a-lifetime opportunity for businesses and communities communities right across the region. right across the region.

As HS2’s construction partner, Balfour Beatty VINCI’s responsibility extends far beyond delivering 90km of railway.

As HS2’s construction partner, Balfour Beatty VINCI’s responsibility extends far beyond delivering 90km of railway.

We’re uniquely placed to leave a lasting legacy, by helping the wider region become a more equal place to live and We’re uniquely placed to leave a lasting legacy, by helping the wider region become a more equal place to live and work, whilst closing the skills gap which the sector so desperately needs. work, whilst closing the skills gap which the sector so desperately needs.

The West Midlands is a vibrant and diverse regional capital, possessing the key ingredients for economic growth and The West Midlands is a vibrant and diverse regional capital, possessing the key ingredients for economic growth and success. In partnership with our supply chain, our Skills, Employment and Education programme is seeking to reach success. In partnership with our supply chain, our Skills, Employment and Education programme is seeking to reach underrepresented groups, helping to expand the construction talent pool and invest in careers to boost the sector’s underrepresented groups, helping to expand the construction talent pool and invest in careers to boost the sector’s future workforce. future workforce.

During our peak years of construction, we’re forecast to create more than 7,000 jobs, becoming one of the largest During our peak years of construction, we’re forecast to create more than 7,000 jobs, becoming one of the largest recruiters in the region. We’ve also committed to deliver 7,000 pre-employment training days, as well as creating recruiters in the region. We’ve also committed to deliver 7,000 pre-employment training days, as well as creating and and maintaining a five per cent apprenticeship employment rate across our total workforce. maintaining a five per cent apprenticeship employment rate across our total workforce.

To achieve this, we’ve established a dedicated training academy based within South and City College’s Bordesley To achieve this, we’ve established a dedicated training academy based within South and City College’s Bordesley Green campus, which will upskill local people who are either out of work or looking for a career change.

Green campus, which will upskill local people who are either out of work or looking for a career change.

We’re partnering with regional stakeholders and providing access to jobs through targeted and tailored preWe’re partnering with regional stakeholders and providing access to jobs through targeted and tailored preemployment training pathways for unemployed job seekers. We’re also engaging directly with young people employment training pathways for unemployed job seekers. We’re also engaging directly with young people currently currently at school, college or university. at school, college or university.

We’re delivering these benefits now. To date, over 1000 previously unemployed adults have successfully gained and We’re delivering these benefits now. To date, over 1000 previously unemployed adults have successfully gained and sustained employment with BBV. We’ve also delivered over 5,000 hours of school engagement and spent over 2,000 sustained employment with BBV. We’ve also delivered over 5,000 hours of school engagement and spent over 2,000 hours supporting local colleges. hours supporting local colleges.

We’re particularly proud of the success we’ve achieved through our support for the relatively new Construction, We’re particularly proud of the success we’ve achieved through our support for the relatively new Construction, Design, Surveying and Planning T-Level qualification. By providing a 45-day industry placement, which accounts for Design, Surveying and Planning T-Level qualification. By providing a 45-day industry placement, which accounts for 20 per cent of a student’s overall grade, we were one of the very first construction companies to support this 20 per cent of a student’s overall grade, we were one of the very first construction companies to support this qualification, recognising the vital role it can play in attracting more young people into the sector. qualification, recognising the vital role it can play in attracting more young people into the sector.

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We formed formed aa partnership partnership with We with Walsall Walsall College College back back in in 2020 2020when whenT-Levels T-Levelswere werefirst firstintroduced, introduced,which whichhas hasnow now expanded to include Solihull College, Thomas Telford UTC, Dudley College, and Warwickshire College Group, expanded to include Solihull College, Thomas Telford UTC, Dudley College, and Warwickshire College Group, ensuring ensuring more in students in the West Midlands the opportunity secure placements industry placements more students the West Midlands are given are the given opportunity to secureto industry on HS2. on HS2.

To date, date,13 13students studentshave havegone goneonontoto secure higher and degree-level apprenticeships with BBV after completing To secure higher and degree-level apprenticeships with BBV after completing their their T-Levels, helping HS2 to achieve its mission of upskilling the next generation.

Despite these successes, we’re T-Levels, helping HS2 to achieve its mission of upskilling the next generation. Despite these successes, we’re not not resting up - set we’re set tonew begin new partnerships with University College Birmingham, Aston Engineering University resting up - we’re to begin partnerships with University College Birmingham, Aston University Engineering and Metropolitan Birmingham Metropolitan College in Autumn 2023.

Academy andAcademy Birmingham College in Autumn 2023.

This iconic iconic infrastructure infrastructure project afford toto miss.

This project is is being being built built right right here hereon onour ourdoorstep doorstep––an anopportunity opportunitywe wecan’t can’t afford miss.

Our focus on skills, employment and education means Balfour Beatty VINCI will transform the lives for thousands ofof Our focus on skills, employment and education means Balfour Beatty VINCI will transform the lives for thousands people, and and leave leave aa positive positive legacy legacy for for the the region region which which will will be be felt felt for for generations generations to people, to come.” come.

Tourism Birmingham was the fourth most visited city in the UK in 2022 (with 803,444 visits), after London (16,117,939 visits), Edinburgh (1,796,354 visits) and Manchester (1,230,133 visits) 18. As a region the West Midlands was the 7th most visited, with 1.6 million visits 19.

In total between 2019 and 2022, tourism visits to the West Midlands have fallen by 32.3%, from 2.4m visits to 1.6m.

Comparatively there was an overall fall in visitor number across England of 23.1%. As seen in the graph below, the largest fall in visits by type, has been for holidays, falling 52.2% when compared to pre-pandemic levels. This fall was significantly larger than compared to the England, with the number of holiday visits falling 30.4%. The second largest fall in visitors by type, was for study, which saw a drop of 46.6%, similar to that of England at 42.7%. Business visits saw the third largest fall, reducing 39% between 2019 and 2022, slightly above the reduction across England at 37.7%.

Finally, visiting friends and relatives (VFR) fell 12.9% in the region, compared to just 4.6% across England. Whilst visitor numbers are still below pre-pandemic levels, between 2021 and 2022, visitor number did increase by 293.7%, so visitors are returning to the region, though at a slower rate than the England average of a 381.1% increase in visitor numbers over the same period.

Change inbound international tourism visitor numbers between 2019 and 2022, by purpose of visit

18 Visit Britain. (2023) Inbound trends by UK town

19 Visit Britain. (2023) Inbound trends by UK nation, region & county

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Source: Visit Britain, Subregional data by purpose and country Statistics taken from the International Passenger Survey which was suspended on 16 March 2020.

Spend is also still below pre-pandemic levels, with spend from international visitors in the West Midlands being 17.2% below 2019 levels in 2022. Comparatively England saw a 8.6% fall in spend. The largest reduction in spend by purposes in the West Midlands was student spending, falling by 45.4%, higher than the England fall of 29.8%. This was followed by holiday spending which fell by 39.5% (17.8% across England). Business spend in the region fell by 32% between 2019 and 2022, as seen in the graph below (12.9% across England).

The only area where there was an increase in spending in 2022 was spending by tourists visiting friends and relatives (VFR), which increased by 20.7%, above the England increase of 18.4%. This spend likely increased as people stayed for longer visits when visiting friends and relatives, with the number of overnight visits increasing by 27.3% between 2019 and 2022. There were 9.7m overnight stays in the West Midlands in 2022, this was the highest number of overnight stays since 2009 when records on this data was first collected 20. The increase in overnights visits from 2019 to 2022 was also higher than the England increase of overnight visits (which increased by 17.3%) over the same period20. The likely reason for such significant increase is the pandemic having kept international tourists from visiting friends and relatives in the last couple of years. Therefore, when they were able to visit again they stayed for longer than usual. Additionally, the Commonwealth Games likely contributed to the significant increase in overnight stays, as competitors from around the globe will have stayed, potentially bringing their own family and friends.

Change inbound international tourism visitor spend between 2019 and 2022, by purpose of visit

20 Visit Britain. (2023) Subregional data by purpose and country

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Source: Visit Britain, Subregional data by purpose and country Statistics taken from the International Passenger Survey which was suspended on 16 March 2020.

Air Travel Air travel was very heavily impacted by the pandemic, with passenger numbers through Birmingham Airport dropping to virtually zero in the second quarter of 2020. Whilst there was some recovery in 2021, numbers were still below half the passenger numbers seen in 2019. 2022 saw much greater recovery. Though figures remained 24.1% below the 2019 baseline over the year, they demonstrate a clear return to international travel. 2023 has seen even greater recovery so far, though passenger figures for Birmingham Airport are still around 15% lower than the 2019 baseline. It could be that the cost-of-living crisis is impacting the affordability of holidays abroad, particularly as foreign holidays are around 70% more expensive comparative to last year 21.

Birmingham Airport passenger numbers by month

21 Which?. (2023) Holidays up to 70% more expensive amid cost of living crisis

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Source: UK Civil Aviation Authority, UK airport data by month.

The shaded area represents the 2019 baseline for passenger numbers by month

Office Space Changes in working practices have had major implications for the office market. This is as a result of the pandemic dramatically impacting the way we work, with hybrid working and remote working playing a much greater role in our lives than before the pandemic. When surveyed in January of this year, 44% of adults reported that they were home or hybrid working, with 16% reporting working from home only and 28% reporting hybrid working 22. This trend is set to remain, as 47% of workers prefer a hybrid approach of working from home 23. Whilst there has been a lot of talk in the news around employers wanting employees to return to the office, when surveyed by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development in 2929, 78% of employers offered hybrid working 24. It looks like hybrid working is set to remain going forward, particularly as it has been found to improve both productivity and work-life balance 25.

This will likely impact city centres and their usage. It is likely that office spaces will reduce, and hot desking might become the new normal, as employers will no longer need the same volume of space. Comparative to pre-pandemic levels, office space take-up has reduced from 0.78m sqft in 2019 to 0.69m sqft in 2022 26. This is an 11.2% reduction in office space take-up in the city region.

Deloitte 27 has found that office space construction is picking back up with a 40% increase in 2022, comparative to 2021, however, it has not yet returned to the heights before the pandemic. There has been a definite drop in the average office space take-up as hybrid working becomes the new norm, with many employers now looking for more

22 ONS. (2023) Characteristics of homeworkers, Great Britain

23 People Management. (2023) Majority of employees ready to walk if companies do not embrace hybrid working, report reveals 24 CIPD. (2022) Three-quarters of employers now offer hybrid working but employers are split over whether it will last 25 Gallup. (2022) The Advantages and Challenges of Hybrid Work 26 Birmingham. (2023) Building on the Legacy

27 Deloitte. (2023) Birmingham Crane Survey 2023

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flexible and collaborative working spaces than before. The Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games also appear to have had a positive impact on the city’s profile, with an increase in new organisations taking up space within the city.

Dominic Savolainen, Senior Economic Consultant, ARUP “Inclusiveness, sustainability, and connectivity are central to the city centre’s ambitious development plans, Inclusiveness, sustainability, and connectivity are central to the city centre’s ambitious development plans, culminating culminating in opportunities for bold economic development beyond the traditional inner ring road. in opportunities for bold economic development beyond the traditional inner ring road.

Notably, the 2022 Commonwealth Games provided initial investments of £778m across the city region, whereby Notably, the 2022 Commonwealth Games provided initial investments of £778m across the city region, whereby central government provided £3 for every £1 spent by the city council. Alongside fiscal injections, private sector central government provided £3 for every £1 spent by the city council. Alongside fiscal injections, private sector investments across the wider West Midlands region remain strong. Similarly, the wider region has retained its status investments across the wider West Midlands region remain strong. Similarly, the wider region has retained its status as the UK’s leading hotspot for foreign investments outside of London, with over 8,000 resultant new jobs created in as the UK’s leading hotspot for foreign investments outside of London, with over 8,000 resultant new jobs created in 2022.

2022.

Socially, the city-centre, and surrounding communities, have felt uplifts of civic pride since the Games, aiding postSocially, the city-centre, and surrounding communities, have felt uplifts of civic pride since the Games, aiding postcovid recovery by encouraging a faster return in public confidence to social spaces and venues. This can enable covid recovery by encouraging a faster return in public confidence to social spaces and venues. This can enable catalytic opportunities for enhanced inclusion and economic growth, further developing the economic landscape. catalytic opportunities for enhanced inclusion and economic growth, further developing the economic landscape.

That initial impact surrounding the Games has been felt. An independent interim evaluation report concludes that the That initial impact surrounding the Games has been felt. An independent interim evaluation report concludes that the Games generated at least £870m of initial economic benefits in Gross Value Add (GVA) up to 2022/23, with over half Games generated at least £870m of initial economic benefits in Gross Value Add (GVA) up to 2022/23, with over half of the impact generated in the West Midlands and almost a quarter in Birmingham. This highlights the city’s ability to of the impact generated in the West Midlands and almost a quarter in Birmingham. This highlights the city’s ability to plan, mobilise and embrace change to realise direct, indirect, and induced economic benefits. As Birmingham City plan, mobilise and embrace change to realise direct, indirect, and induced economic benefits. As Birmingham City Council’s 2022 Commonwealth Games Delivery Partner, Arup experienced this first hand. Subsequent employment Council’s 2022 Commonwealth Games Delivery Partner, Arup experienced this first hand. Subsequent employment was also supported by the planning and delivery of the Games, with the same report highlighting that around 7,440 was also supported by the planning and delivery of the Games, with the same report highlighting that around 7,440 additional full-time jobs were created during the peak, with over half of this employment based in the West Midlands, additional full-time jobs were created during the peak, with over half of this employment based in the West Midlands, and approximately a quarter in Birmingham. Supporting Games based employment, the Jobs and Skills Academy and approximately a quarter in Birmingham. Supporting Games based employment, the Jobs and Skills Academy trained and supported 472 West Midlands residents into roles relating to the delivery of Games events, of which 84% trained and supported 472 West Midlands residents into roles relating to the delivery of Games events, of which 84% were previously unemployed. were previously unemployed.

Therefore, it is paramount that we do not lose sight of these positive developments. While challenges remain on Therefore, it is paramount that we do not lose sight of these positive developments. While challenges remain on equality both locally and nationally, we must continue to champion, and escalate our commitment as a business equality both locally and nationally, we must continue to champion, and escalate our commitment as a business community to economic and social inclusion. community to economic and social inclusion.

Beyond the legacy of the Games, social welfare represents an integral part of Birmingham’s cultural heritage. By Beyond the legacy of the Games, social welfare represents an integral part of Birmingham’s cultural heritage. By sustainably increasing the effective density between businesses and people through transport, further economic sustainably increasing the effective density between businesses and people through transport, further economic activity will lead to wider agglomeration benefits from effective clustering and increased connectivity. Hence, we at activity will lead to wider agglomeration benefits from effective clustering and increased connectivity. Hence, we at Arup remain committed to our work on sustainable transport infrastructure developments to extend opportunities by Arup remain committed to our work on sustainable transport infrastructure developments to extend opportunities by increasing the geographic accessibility of economic activity. Curzon Street Station, a key enabler of HS2, will improve increasing the geographic accessibility of economic activity. Curzon Street Station, a key enabler of HS2, will improve connectivity with the capital and boost economic growth in the region through reduced journey times and increased connectivity with the capital and boost economic growth in the region through reduced journey times and increased productivity. Simultaneous Midland Metro extensions and wider Birmingham based multi-modal transport projects, productivity. Simultaneous Midland Metro extensions and wider Birmingham based multi-modal transport projects, shows how the city is concurrently planning with national policies to realise wider economic benefits. shows how the city is concurrently planning with national policies to realise wider economic benefits.

Birmingham’s unique built environment recognises the need to preserve our cultural heritage in key development Birmingham’s unique built environment recognises the need to preserve our cultural heritage in key development areas, while investing in transformational projects to curate and deliver long-term benefits. We at Arup have designed areas, while investing in transformational projects to curate and deliver long-term benefits. We at Arup have designed and delivered key projects across Birmingham’s city centre region balancing economic, social, environmental, and and delivered key projects across Birmingham’s city centre region balancing economic, social, environmental, and historical considerations to create legacy and induce transformational growth. historical considerations to create legacy and induce transformational growth.

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The new Paradise development, a key project of ours and our new home, has already attracted market leaders into The new Paradise development, a key project of ours and our new home, has already attracted market leaders into the city centre. Our choice to occupy One Centenary Way was influenced by convincing MEPC to make it the first in the city centre. Our choice to occupy One Centenary Way was influenced by convincing MEPC to make it the first in the development to have a large space Arup could use to engage charities, third sector organisations, and local the development to have a large space Arup could use to engage charities, third sector organisations, and local communities. This sits alongside our collaborative work and event spaces for our partners and clients to use communities. This sits alongside our collaborative work and event spaces for our partners and clients to use alongside alongside our members. Our new office underpins our commitment to social usefulness as well as our dedication to our members. Our new office underpins our commitment to social usefulness as well as our dedication to interesting interesting and rewarding work as we collaborate with our clients and partners on complex local and global projects. and rewarding work as we collaborate with our clients and partners on complex local and global projects.

We have helped shape Birmingham’s city centre landscape for well over 60 years, with transformational projects We have helped shape Birmingham’s city centre landscape for well over 60 years, with transformational projects like like Paradise estate, Brindley Place, the International Convention Centre and Eastside - all having a sizeable impact Paradise estate, Brindley Place, the International Convention Centre and Eastside - all having a sizeable impact on the on the local economy while developing new social hubs for residents and visitors. local economy while developing new social hubs for residents and visitors.

Despite the behavioural impacts of Covid-19 affecting the return of office workers to city centres globally, for Despite the behavioural impacts of Covid-19 affecting the return of office workers to city centres globally, for Birmingham, big commitments continue to be made by businesses like Arup to relocate opportunities and bring Birmingham, big commitments continue to be made by businesses like Arup to relocate opportunities and bring footfall towards the city centre. footfall towards the city centre.

Birmingham’s ambition to attract international investment and continual growth hangs on its capability and Birmingham’s ambition to attract international investment and continual growth hangs on its capability and commitment to be on the forefront of inclusive and sustainable development. Businesses also have a part to play in commitment to be on the forefront of inclusive and sustainable development. Businesses also have a part to play in this through a commitment to sustainable investment and collaboration with each other and the city while ensuring this through a commitment to sustainable investment and collaboration with each other and the city while ensuring social usefulness for its people. social usefulness for its people.

Our move to the city centre will make our expertise and services more accessible and allow our members to do their Our move to the city centre will make our expertise and services more accessible and allow our members to do their part in ensuring Birmingham city centre will flourish as we continue to work on transformational global projects in part in ensuring Birmingham city centre will flourish as we continue to work on transformational global projects in the the city, which we will now call home.” city, which we will now call home.

Charles Toogood, Principal and Managing Director, National Offices and Lease Advisory Team, Avison Young “Occupier demand quicklyrecovered recoveredpost postpandemic, pandemic,with withthe theWest WestMidlands Midlandsand and Birmingham Birmingham showing showing encouraging Occupier demand quickly levelsofofdemand demandfor foroffice officespace. space.Average Averageannual annualtake take up up in in Birmingham Birmingham post post pandemic pandemic totals totals some some 670,000 670,000 sq ft, levels 20%lower lowerthan thanthe thepre pre2020 2020five-year five-yearaverage. average. This This fall fall isis aa direct direct consequence consequence of of agile agile or or remote remote working, working, with 20% occupiersdownsizing downsizingand andtypically typicallytaking taking20 20to to30% 30%less lessspace spacethan thanpreviously. previously.However, However, return return to to office office is continuing occupiers trendupwards upwardswith withmany manyoccupiers occupiersmandating mandatingaa22or or33days daysaaweek weekminimum minimumreturn. return. tototrend thedrive driveto toencourage encouragestaff staffback backto tooffice officefor for corporate corporate culture, culture, staff staff engagement, engagement, serendipity serendipity and and productivity, productivity, InInthe occupierdemand demandcontinues continues focus on best in class accommodation, well served by on-site amenities including occupier to to focus on best in class accommodation, well served by on-site amenities including health health and well-being coffee shops and concierge services akin to market. the hotelWell-connected market. Well-connected and well-being facilities,facilities, coffee shops and concierge services more akinmore to the hotel buildings buildings close to transport modes demonstrate the highest demand, through continuation urbanisation and close to transport modes demonstrate the highest demand, through the the continuation ofofurbanisation centralisationaway awayfrom fromsuburban suburbanoffice officecentres. centres. centralisation Inwardinvestor investor occupier occupier activity subdued post-pandemic, with the the regional citiescities suffering as a as a Inward activity has hasbeen beenmore more subdued post-pandemic, with regional suffering consequence. Larger Larger SE may have sought locational resilience through partial consequence.

SE based basedoccupiers occupiersthat thathistorically historically may have sought locational resilience through partial regionalrelocations relocationshave have in in part been constrained are also unsure around their special regional constrained by bylegacy legacylease leaseevents eventsbut but are also unsure around their special requirementsgiven given workforce workforce desire to work part of of thethe week.

With the the exception of limited requirements work from fromhome homeatatleast least part week.

With exception of limited examplesincluding includingGoldman GoldmanSachs, Sachs,who whorecently recently committed committed to to Birmingham Birmingham ahead of Manchester for examples for their their software software division,demand demandremains remainssubdued subduedand anditit remains remains to to be be seen when a recovery division, recovery will will occur. occur. Automation, Automation,particularly particularlyinin

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the with remote remote working workinghas hasalso alsoseen seenmany many larger banks downsize their regional thebanking bankingsector, sector, coupled coupled with ofof thethe larger banks downsize their regional operations and this trend is set to continue. operations and this trend is set to continue.

Active sectors have been typically represented by the public sector, financial and professional services looking for Active sectors have been typically represented by the public sector, financial and professional services looking for best in class accommodation, and educational users alongside business services. Across the UK, the flex office sector best in class accommodation, and educational users alongside business services. Across the UK, the flex office sector has been a significant driver of demand for office space since 2019. Birmingham and the Midlands are no exception has been a significant driver of demand for office space since 2019. Birmingham and the Midlands are no exception and the countercyclical nature of the market, shows strong performance in subdued economic conditions, through and the countercyclical nature of the market, shows strong performance in subdued economic conditions, through occupiers’ reluctance to sign up to longer lease commitments. Smaller occupiers requiring typically less than 5,000 occupiers’ reluctance to sign up to longer lease commitments. Smaller occupiers requiring typically less than 5,000 sq ft continue to be attracted to the lifestyle offer and on-site amenity provision, without the need to fund expensive sq ft continue to be attracted to the lifestyle offer and on-site amenity provision, without the need to fund expensive office fit out. This trend towards flex space is forecast to continue, with many corporate occupiers predicted to have office fit out. This trend towards flex space is forecast to continue, with many corporate occupiers predicted to have a third of their space in flex offices by 2030. a third of their space in flex offices by 2030.

Demand for office space is also focused on sustainable buildings, that offer low carbon in construction and operation, Demand for office space is also focused on sustainable buildings, that offer low carbon in construction and operation, with low energy and running costs. Sustainability is now in the top three search criteria for occupiers when looking for with low energy and running costs. Sustainability is now in the top three search criteria for occupiers when looking office. for office.

Build cost inflation has continued at significant pace and whilst rental growth has been robust, it is not kept pace with Build cost inflation has continued at significant pace and whilst rental growth has been robust, it is not kept pace build cost inflation. Market bifurcation has emerged, with strong demand for best in class space driving rental growth, with build cost inflation. Market bifurcation has emerged, with strong demand for best in class space driving rental with Birmingham seeing 20% growth in headline rents over the last 4 years, whereas less prime accommodation has growth, with Birmingham seeing 20% growth in headline rents over the last 4 years, whereas less prime seen nominal growth over the same period. This emergence of a two tier market is likely to continue, until brand-new accommodation has seen nominal growth over the same period. This emergence of a two tier market is likely to grade A ‘super prime’ accommodation declines in availability. At the time of writing, peak headline rents for central continue, until brand-new grade A ‘super prime’ accommodation declines in availability. At the time of writing, peak Birmingham are £41 per sq ft, with further growth anticipated over the course of the next three years, with Avison headline rents for central Birmingham are £41 per sq ft, with further growth anticipated over the course of the next Young forecasting peak rents at £45 per sq ft by 2027. three years, with Avison Young forecasting peak rents at £45 per sq ft by 2027.

In the property investment market, given the persistent inflationary indicators and interest rate rises over recent In the property investment market, given the persistent inflationary indicators and interest rate rises over recent months, with higher borrowing costs and debt maturity on the horizon, capital values are continuing to fall with prime months, with higher borrowing costs and debt maturity on the horizon, capital values are continuing to fall with yields in Birmingham having moved out from 5% to 6% over the last 12 months. As interest rate rises stabilise, the prime yields in Birmingham having moved out from 5% to 6% over the last 12 months. As interest rate rises stabilise, bottom of the market and price transparency will emerge. Softening yields and higher borrowing costs is also the bottom of the market and price transparency will emerge. Softening yields and higher borrowing costs is also impacting on the scheme viability, with many development projects whether new or refurbishments being shelved impacting on the scheme viability, with many development projects whether new or refurbishments being shelved until such time as the metrics including the flattening of build cost inflation start to improve. However, the current until such time as the metrics including the flattening of build cost inflation start to improve. However, the current paralysis in activity will likely see an improvement in Q2 2024. paralysis in activity will likely see an improvement in Q2 2024.”

Housing Affordability For the first time since 2012 there was a drop in the house price ratio in the Greater Birmingham area. In 2022 the house price ratio in the region was 7.06, which means that house prices were just over seven times the median annual residential earnings. However, there was significant variance in house price ratios by local authority within the Greater Birmingham area. Bromsgrove, Redditch and Solihull all had a house price ratio above eight, whilst three other local authorities had a ratio below seven, these being East Staffordshire, Tamworth and Birmingham. For perspective, in 1997, 89% of local authorities had an affordability ratio of less than five times workers’ earnings, whereas only 7% had this level of affordability in 2022 28.

28 ONS. (2023) Housing affordability in England and Wales: 2022

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Median house prices and median house price ratio

Source:

MHCLG,

Live

tables

on

dwelling

stock;

ONS,

House

price

to

residence-based

earnings

ratio.

Affordability ratio is based on median house price to median gross annual residence-based earnings.

The reason for the drop in the house price ratio is mostly due to an increase in median earnings between 2021 and 2022, with median earnings rising by 9.8% from £28,884 to £31,721. Median earnings have risen as a result of wage rises in the cost of living crisis and current labour supply shortage. There was also a small drop in house prices from £225,000 to £224,000, the first drop in house prices since 2012. This fall was found to be due to the hit the housing market took following the ‘mini-budget’ in October 2022, as prices reduced following a significant rise in interest rates 29.

Part of the reason that house prices have risen so high over the last decade is an undersupply in housing, particularly affordable housing. Whilst there has been a 127.4% increase in the number of new homes built between 2010/11 and 2021/22 in the region, it is still not enough to meet current demand 30.

Additionally, whilst net housing has been increasing since 2010, the number of affordable houses has decreased. In 2010/11, 3,086 net additional houses were completed in the region, with 39.6% being affordable housing. By 2021/22 only 5.4% of the net additional homes were affordable housing, as seen in the figure below. In the long run, there will need to be a greater number of houses built, with a larger proportion of these being affordable.

Net additional dwellings in the Greater Birmingham area

29 BBC. (2022) House prices fall after mini-budget, says Nationwide

30 Centre for Cities. (2023) The housebuilding crisis: The UK’s 4 million missing homes

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Source: MHCLG, Live tables on dwelling stock; ONS.

Broadband Ofcom’s Connected Nations data shows that broadband performance and coverage vary across Greater Birmingham.

Tamworth has the best superfast broadband coverage with this being available to 99.2% of all premises, with East Staffordshire having the lowest coverage at 95.4%. Coverage differs significantly between the local authority areas in regard to ultra-fast broadband (from 90.7% in Solihull to 42.4% in East Staffordshire), full-fibre coverage (60.7% in Cannock Chase, 6.3% in Tamworth) and gigabit availability (90.1% in Solihull, 40.0% in East Staffordshire).

Broadband coverage and performance across Greater Birmingham Performance

Coverage (all premises)

Median

SFBB

download speed

availability

(Mbit/s)

premises)

premises)

premises)

premises)

Birmingham

100

95.8

90.3

42.9

88.9

Bromsgrove

66.7

97.2

76.6

56.6

76.4

55.9

98.3

81

60.7

80.9

e

55

95.4

42.4

38.4

40

Lichfield

72

96.2

73.5

42.3

71.3

Redditch

73.7

98.3

82.4

8.7

81.7

Solihull

79.7

98.1

90.7

53.5

90.1

Tamworth

77.1

99.2

83

6.3

80.5

Wyre Forest

56.3

97.3

55.7

10.3

55.4

UFBB (%

availability

Full (%

availability

Fibre (%

Gigabit availability

(%

Cannock Chase East Staffordshir

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Source: Ofcom, Connected Nations data 2022.

Reds denote lower than the median value for the given indicator and greens represent higher than the median.

In terms of performance, Birmingham has the best downloads speeds at 100 Mbit/s, whilst East Staffordshire has the worst at 55 Mbit/s.

Improving connectivity and performance in the long run, across the city region, is imperative to unlock the potential of the digital economy, improve reachability and boost productivity.

Kasam Hussain, Regional Director Midlands, Openreach “Working from home, interacting with customers, or learning online – we know that Greater Birmingham needs fast Working from home, interacting with customers, or learning online – we know that Greater Birmingham needs fast reliable internet more than ever. reliable internet more than ever.

Our Full Fibre network offers lightning-fast speeds, improved reliability, and gets homes and businesses ready for Our Full Fibre network offers lightning-fast speeds, improved reliability, and gets homes and businesses ready for wherever the digital world goes next. wherever the digital world goes next.

Think download speeds 10 times faster than the average current home broadband connection - better for gaming, Think download speeds 10 times faster than the average current home broadband connection - better for gaming, live live sports and everyone being online together. sports and everyone being online together.

Openreach - and our 3,200 engineers who call the region home - is at the heart of this digital transformation.

Openreach - and our 3,200 engineers who call the region home - is at the heart of this digital transformation.

Our network now reaches more than 1 million homes and businesses across the West Midlands – place such as Our network now reaches more than 1 million homes and businesses across the West Midlands – place such as Bilston, Bilston, Castle Bromwich (West Midlands), Dudley, Kingswinford, Northfield and Tamworth are recently included.

Castle Bromwich (West Midlands), Dudley, Kingswinford, Northfield and Tamworth are recently included.

This new fibre network will help Openreach and its customers to dramatically cut emissions, with research suggesting This new fibre network will help Openreach and its customers to dramatically cut emissions, with research suggesting nationwide Full Fibre broadband could save 300 million commuter trips every year. nationwide Full Fibre broadband could save 300 million commuter trips every year.

There’s more to do, but you might be surprised to hear that upgrading the network is not without its challenges.

There’s more to do, but you might be surprised to hear that upgrading the network is not without its challenges.

Slowing our progress in urban areas

Slowing our progress in urban areas All too often, the ingenuity of our talented engineers is thwarted or delayed by entirely man-made obstructions.

All too often, the ingenuity of our talented engineers is thwarted or delayed by entirely man-made obstructions.

We’re experts in what we do, so we’ll take on the most complicated engineering challenges and overcome them.

We’re experts in what we do, so we’ll take on the most complicated engineering challenges and overcome them.

Negotiating historic areas, crossing railway lines or taking fibre across rivers and canals – we can do all of that!

Negotiating historic areas, crossing railway lines or taking fibre across rivers and canals – we can do all of that!

Sadly, the reality of what actually slows us down is much more mundane.

Sadly, the reality of what actually slows us down is much more mundane.

Access denied

Access denied Surprising as it may seem, just getting permission to carry out a digital upgrade can be a nightmare.

Surprising as it may seem, just getting permission to carry out a digital upgrade can be a nightmare.

Openreach engineers can enter a building to repair the old copper lines that are already there, but we’re not allowed Openreach engineers can enter a building to repair the old copper lines that are already there, but we’re not allowed to upgrade them to full fibre without obtaining a whole separate batch of permissions. to upgrade them to full fibre without obtaining a whole separate batch of permissions.

We think that’s madness.

We think that’s madness.

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With many landlords living elsewhere and often not responsive, it means that Greater Birmingham’s flats, and homes With many landlords living elsewhere and often not responsive, it means that Greater Birmingham’s flats, and homes that have been divided into flats, are at a real risk of missing out on full fibre. that have been divided into flats, are at a real risk of missing out on full fibre.

Surely most reasonable people would agree that companies should be able to use their existing access rights to Surely most reasonable people would agree that companies should be able to use their existing access rights to improve people's connectivity without delay? improve people's connectivity without delay?

Connecting a block of flats, crossing a road, or putting up a new pole. Even putting new equipment on an existing Connecting a block of flats, crossing a road, or putting up a new pole. Even putting new equipment on an existing pole. It can all, so easily, be derailed by red tape. pole. It can all, so easily, be derailed by red tape.

Nobody likes roadworks

Nobody likes roadworks

We know that few things are more frustrating than temporary traffic lights, so we only use them when they’re essential We know that few things are more frustrating than temporary traffic lights, so we only use them when they’re to keep our engineers safe. essential to keep our engineers safe.

But did you know that when we’re working in an area, we currently have to apply for lots of individual street permits.

But did you know that when we’re working in an area, we currently have to apply for lots of individual street permits.

It takes us time, and it creates unnecessary work for local councils to review essentially the same application for It takes us time, and it creates unnecessary work for local councils to review essentially the same application for multiple locations. multiple locations.

This could so easily be solved by a ‘flexi permitting approach’ that gives us permission to work across a wider area.

This could so easily be solved by a ‘flexi permitting approach’ that gives us permission to work across a wider area.

We think this would cut processing times for councils by up to two thirds, and would mean we can react quickly and We think this would cut processing times for councils by up to two thirds, and would mean we can react quickly and change plans if a certain road isn’t ready or viable. change plans if a certain road isn’t ready or viable.

And it’ll reduce time, money and also frustration for local people.

And it’ll reduce time, money and also frustration for local people.

We’re pleased the Government has already committed to trialling this approach, but faster action is needed.

We’re pleased the Government has already committed to trialling this approach, but faster action is needed.

Thousands missing out on faster broadband

Thousands missing out on faster broadband

Around one in five homes and businesses who can upgrade to Ultrafast Full Fibre broadband across Greater Around one in five homes and businesses who can upgrade to Ultrafast Full Fibre broadband across Greater Birmingham have done so – but thousands are still missing out on faster, more reliable services.

Birmingham have done so – but thousands are still missing out on faster, more reliable services.

There are a couple of things to remember: There are a couple of things to remember: 1. It doesn’t happen automatically – in areas where full fibre is available, upgrades don’t happen automatically.

1. It doesn’t happen automatically – in areas where full fibre is available, upgrades don’t happen automatically.

Speak to your broadband provider to make it happen!

Speak to your broadband provider to make it happen!

2. It doesn’t have to cost more – There’s a wide choice of full fibre broadband providers now, including BT, Sky, 2. It doesn’t have to cost more – There’s a wide choice of full fibre broadband providers now, including BT, TalkTalk, Vodafone and Zen. This means it’s well worth shopping around to get the best deal.

Sky, TalkTalk, Vodafone and Zen. This means it’s well worth shopping around to get the best deal.”

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Sustainability Connectivity and place are hugely important in the effort to decarbonise the UK. In total the estimated greenhouse gases emitted in the city region in 2021 was 9,454.2 KtCO₂e. The largest share of emissions in the city region derives from the transport sector, which accounts for 32.1% of emissions. The domestic sector, which is emissions largely generated by households, accounted for 29.4%. Industrial emissions then accounted for 18.6% of total emissions. All other sectors accounted for less than 6% of total emissions.

There has been significant progress in the region, in the effort to reduce emissions. Between 2005 and 2021, there has been a 34.3% reduction in total emissions, against the average the England reduction of 39.2%. By sector between 2005 and 2021, the largest reduction in emissions has been in commercial emissions (75.7%), as seen in the figure below. The second largest reduction has been domestic emissions (38.8%), closely followed by the public sector which has reduced emissions by 37.8%. Industry has reduced emissions by almost a quarter (24.4%) and transport by over a fifth (23.6%).

Greenhouse gas emissions by sector Greater Birmingham, 2005 to 2021

Source: BEIS, UK local authority and regional greenhouse gas emissions, 2005-2021.

Per capita greenhouse gas emissions in 2021 were 4.6 tCO₂e. Population adjusted greenhouse gas emissions have been falling since at least 2005 across the city region. However, there was an increase between 2020 and 2021 in per capita emissions from 4.3 to 4.6 tCO₂e. This is unsurprising given the lockdowns during the pandemic in 2020, which will have reduced transport and industry emissions. Once the economy then started to re-open, intermittently, throughout 2021, these emissions will have climbed back up. Between 2005 and 2021, per capita emissions have fallen 40.7%, though this is below the England fall of 45.6% over the same period.

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In the long run emissions are expected to continue to fall, particularly as sustainability policies come into place including: the ban on new gas boilers 31, the ban on the sale of new fossil fuel-based cars 32, and the reduction in tax on energy efficiency installation 33. As these policies begin to take effect, the rate at which emissions fall should increase, dependent on how fast the population increases over this period.

Dr Annum Rafique, Research Fellow, City-REDI, University of Birmingham.

Birmingham, being a large metropolitan centre with a population of 1.14 million 34 people living in 423,460 residential “Birmingham, being a large metropolitan centre with a population of 1.14 million34 people living in 423,460 residential homes 35 spread throughout 10 parliamentary constituencies, has a notable variance in energy use. This variation is homes35 spread throughout 10 parliamentary constituencies, has a notable variance in energy use. This variation is caused by a variety of factors, including building energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy generation, the tenure caused by a variety of factors, including building energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy generation, the of the houses (whether owned, rented, or social housing), and the predominant property types (detached, semitenure of the houses (whether owned, rented, or social housing), and the predominant property types (detached, detached, terraced houses, flats, and so on). Understanding these elements is critical for understanding the semi-detached, terraced houses, flats, and so on). Understanding these elements is critical for understanding the complexities of energy consumption patterns in Birmingham's different neighbourhoods and providing critical insights complexities of energy consumption patterns in Birmingham's different neighbourhoods and providing critical for developing sustainable energy practices in the city. insights for developing sustainable energy practices in the city.

Average Energy Consumption Average Energy Consumption Over time, the average energy consumption per metre (kWh) has decreased by 15% from 4,041kWh/meter in 2010 to Over time, the average energy consumption per metre (kWh) has decreased by 15% from 4,041kWh/meter in 2010 3,435kWh/meter in 2021, possibly due to increased energy efficiency and a shift in consumer behaviour. Although to 3,435kWh/meter in 2021, possibly due to increased energy efficiency and a shift in consumer behaviour. Although there is a general decreasing tendency, there are times when the levels are quite stable and fluctuate. For example, there is a general decreasing tendency, there are times when the levels are quite stable and fluctuate. For example, between 2013 and 2014, consumption remains relatively stable. Similarly, there is a slight increase in consumption from between 2013 and 2014, consumption remains relatively stable. Similarly, there is a slight increase in consumption 2019 to 2020 before it decreases again in 2021. The rate of decline in mean electricity consumption per meter appears from 2019 to 2020 before it decreases again in 2021. The rate of decline in mean electricity consumption per meter to be steeper in the earlier years (2010-2014) compared to the later years (2014-2021). This suggests that initial efforts appears to be steeper in the earlier years (2010-2014) compared to the later years (2014-2021). This suggests that or factors driving energy conservation may have impacted more significantly during that period. initial efforts or factors driving energy conservation may have impacted more significantly during that period.

Moreover, in the last few years (2019-2021), there have been fluctuations in the mean electricity consumption per Moreover, in the last few years (2019-2021), there have been fluctuations in the mean electricity consumption per meter. After a steady decrease, there was a slight increase in 2020 due to the COVID-19 restriction. Overall, the trend meter. After a steady decrease, there was a slight increase in 2020 due to the COVID-19 restriction. Overall, the indicates a decreasing mean electricity consumption per meter, which could be attributed to increased energy trend indicates a decreasing mean electricity consumption per meter, which could be attributed to increased energy conservation awareness, improved energy efficiency, adopting renewable energy sources, and changes in consumer conservation awareness, improved energy efficiency, adopting renewable energy sources, and changes in consumer behaviour. behaviour.

Birmingham's Electricity Consumption- kWh per meter (2010-2021) Birmingham's Electricity Consumption- kWh per meter (2010-2021)

British Gas. (2022) What does the gas boiler ban mean for me and my home?

DFT. (2020) Government takes historic step towards net-zero with end of sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030 33 Federation of Master Builders. (2022) 0% VAT measures on energy efficiency installation – what this all means 34 Birmingham City Council. (n.d.) Population and Census 35 ONS. (2023) Tenure of household 31 32

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Source: BEIS, Domestic Electricity Consumption by lower layer supper output area (LSOA), (2022) Source: BEIS, Domestic Electricity Consumption by lower layer supper output area (LSOA), (2022) Solar Energy Generation

Solar Energy Generation

Solar PV installation has increased over the years due to the introduction of Feed in Tariff (FiT) in 2010 to promote Solar PV installation has increased over the years due to the introduction of Feed in Tariff (FiT) in 2010 to promote the uptake of renewable and low-carbon electricity generation. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of solar PV the uptake of renewable and low-carbon electricity generation. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of solar PV installations rose 7`%. Approximately 97% of all solar PV installations from 2010 to 2019 were for systems under 4kW. installations rose 7`%. Approximately 97% of all solar PV installations from 2010 to 2019 were for systems under 4kW. Solar PV installation numbers and capacity (2010-2019) Solar PV installation numbers Solar PV installation numbers and capacity (2010-2019) Year

Year

2010

Solar PV installation numbers

Solar PV installation capacity

PV <=4kW

PV 4-10kW

PV

PV <=4kW

PV 4-10kW

PV

111

3

2011

1,114 11 111 3 2012 1,279 10 2011 1,114 11 2013 1,166 10 2012 1,279 10 2014 811 8 2013 1,166 10 2015 1,164 11 2014 811 8 2016 174 11 2015 1,164 11 2017 124 11 2016 174 11 2018 102 18 2017 124 11 2019 61 21 2018 102 18 Source: Ofgem, Feed-in Tariff Installation Report, 2023 2019 61 21

2010

>10–

<=100kW 1

>10–

Solar PV installation capacity Individual (kWh)

Individual 260

year

year

Cumulative (kWh)

Cumulative 268

<=100kW

(kWh)

(kWh)

13 1 9 13 13 9 4 13 10 4 4 10 1 4 4 1 3 4

3,031 260 3,350 3,031 3,648 3,350 2,988 3,648 4,380 2,988 700 4,380 456 700 476 456 273 476

3,308 268 6,658 3,308 10,306 6,658 13,294 10,306 17,678 13,294 18,375 17,678 18,831 18,375 19,307 18,831 19,580 19,307

3

273

19,580

Source: Ofgem, Feed-in Tariff Installation Report, 2023 Heating type – Birmingham (2021) Like the rest of the UK, natural gas is Birmingham's most common heating fuel. In Birmingham, over 74% of all homes

Heating type – Birmingham (2021)

heat with mains gas, while 12% do so with electricity. 8% of households utilise two or more fuel types to heat their Like the rest of the UK, natural gas is Birmingham's most common heating fuel. In Birmingham, over 74% of all homes homes. Around 3% of heating sources are alternative fuel types such as oil, marketed fuel, renewable energy, and heat with mains gas, while 12% do so with electricity. 8% of households utilise two or more fuel types to heat their others; 2% of households don't have central heating, and the district or communal heat networks supply 1%. homes. Around 3% of heating sources are alternative fuel types such as oil, marketed fuel, renewable energy, and others; 2% of households don't have central heating, and the district or communal heat networks supply 1%.

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Heating Fuel Type (2021) Heating Fuel Type (2021)

Source: ONS, Central heating, (2023) Source: ONS, Central heating, (2023)

Energy Consumption of Parliamentary Constituencies in Birmingham

Energy Consumption of Parliamentary Constituencies in Birmingham

Electricity (2021)

Electricity (2021) Energy consumption varies significantly across different parliamentary constituencies in Birmingham. Sutton Energy consumption varies significantly across different parliamentary constituencies in Birmingham. Sutton Coldfield Coldfield has the highest average energy consumption, recording 3,952kWh/meter. Hodge Hill, on the other hand, has the highest average energy consumption, recording 3,952kWh/meter. Hodge Hill, on the other hand, has the has the lowest average usage, with 3,222kWh/meter. lowest average usage, with 3,222kWh/meter.

Around half of Birmingham's parliamentary constituencies (Edgbaston, Erdington, Ladywood, Selly Oak, and Sutton Around half of Birmingham's parliamentary constituencies (Edgbaston, Erdington, Ladywood, Selly Oak, and Sutton Coldfield) had greater average energy consumption per metre than the city-wide average of 3,435kWh/meter.

Coldfield) had greater average energy consumption per metre than the city-wide average of 3,435kWh/meter.

Meanwhile, the other half of Birmingham's constituencies (Hall Green, Hodge Hill, Northfield, Perry Barr, and Yardley) Meanwhile, the other half of Birmingham's constituencies (Hall Green, Hodge Hill, Northfield, Perry Barr, and Yardley) had lower energy usage per metre than the city. This data demonstrates the variety of energy use trends seen around had lower energy usage per metre than the city. This data demonstrates the variety of energy use trends seen around the city. the city.

Electricity Consumption in Parliamentary Constituencies in Birmingham - kWh per meter (2021) Electricity Consumption in Parliamentary Constituencies in Birmingham - kWh per meter (2021)

Source: BEIS, Domestic Electricity Consumption by lower layer supper output area (LSOA), (2022) Source: BEIS, Domestic Electricity Consumption by lower layer supper output area (LSOA), (2022) BIRMING HAM EC ON OMIC RE VIEW 2023

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Median Energy Energy Efficiency Efficiency (2021) (2021) Median The Energy Energy Performance Performance Certificate The Certificate (EPC) (EPC) provides provides median median energy energyefficiency efficiencyscores, scores,which whichevaluate evaluatethe theenergy energy efficiency of ofbuildings buildingsbased basedonon various factors such as building materials, heating systems, and insulation.

The efficiency various factors such as building materials, heating systems, and insulation.

The energy energy efficiency scores from range21from 21 towith 100,100 withbeing 100 being the most energy-efficient building.

These scores efficiency scores range to 100, the most energy-efficient building.

These scores areare also also associated specific energy efficiency rating bands: a score greater than corresponds BandA,A,8181toto91 91to associated with with specific energy efficiency rating bands: a score greater than 91 91 corresponds toto Band to Band B, 69 to 80 to Band C, 55 to 68 to Band D, 39 to 54 to Band E, and 21 to refers Band Band B, 69 to 80 to Band C, 55 to 68 to Band D, 39 to 54 to Band E, and 21 to 38 38 refers to to Band F. F. Energy efficiency efficiency scores scores in Energy in Birmingham Birmingham are are below below 69 69 ininall allparliamentary parliamentaryconstituencies, constituencies,suggesting suggestingthat thatmost most households in in the the city city fall asas allall households fall within within the the efficiency efficiency rating rating of ofBand BandD. D.However, However,there thereisispotential potentialfor forimprovement improvement constituencies have have the the opportunity constituencies opportunity to to move move towards towards Band Band B. B. Efforts Effortsmust mustbe beundertaken undertakentotoimprove improveenergy energy efficiency and and boost boost the the overall overall rating rating of of Birmingham's Birmingham's buildings. buildings. efficiency Median Energy Energy Efficiency Efficiency Scores Scores in in Parliamentary Parliamentary Constituencies Constituencies in in Birmingham Birmingham (2021) Median (2021)

Current Current

Potential Potential

Difference Difference

Birmingham, Birmingham,Edgbaston Edgbaston

64 64

81 81

17 17

Birmingham, Birmingham,Erdington Erdington

62 62

82 82

20 20

Birmingham, Birmingham,Hall HallGreen Green

61 61

81 81

19 19

Birmingham, Birmingham,Hodge HodgeHill Hill

62 62

82 82

20 20

Birmingham, Birmingham,Ladywood Ladywood

68 68

81 81

12 12

Birmingham, Birmingham,Northfield Northfield

66 66

83 83

17 17

Birmingham, Birmingham,Perry PerryBarr Barr

61 61

82 82

21 21

Birmingham, Birmingham,Selly SellyOak Oak

62 62

82 82

19 19

Birmingham, Birmingham,Yardley Yardley

62 62

82 82

21 21

Sutton SuttonColdfield Coldfield

65 65

81 81

17 17

Source: ONS, ONS, Current Current and and potential potential energy energy efficiency efficiency of of housing, housing, England England and and Wales, Wales, (2023) (2023) Source:

Renewable Energy Energy Generation Generation Renewable The solar solarenergy energygeneration generationvalues valuesrange rangefrom from0.027 0.027kWh/meter kWh/meter Perry Barr 0.057kWh/meter in Edgbaston.

The inin Perry Barr to to 0.057kWh/meter in Edgbaston.

This This indicates there is variation amountofofsolar solar energy energy generated generated across indicates that that there is variation in in thethe amount across different differentareas. areas.Parliamentary Parliamentary constituencies like like Edgbaston Edgbaston and constituencies and Sutton Sutton Coldfield Coldfield have have higher higher solar solarenergy energygeneration generationand anda arelatively relativelyhigher higher percentage of of households households with with solar embracing solar percentage solar PV. PV. This This suggests suggeststhat thatthese theseareas areasmight mightbe bemore moreproactive proactiveinin embracing solar energy technologies technologies or or have have better better conditions conditions for solar installations. energy The overall overall low low percentage percentage of The of houses houses with with solar solar PV PV installations installationssuggests suggeststhat thatthere thereare arebarriers barrierstotosolar solarenergy energy adoption, such such as as initial costs, aa lack help the adoption, lack of of knowledge, knowledge,or orregulatory regulatoryobstacles. obstacles.Addressing Addressingthese theseissues issuesmight might help the region adopt adopt renewable renewable energy energy more more widely. widely. region Solar Energy Energy Generation Generation in in Parliamentary Parliamentary Constituencies Constituencies in Birmingham (2021) Solar

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Source: Ofgem, Feed-in Tariff Installation Report, 2023 Source: Ofgem, Feed-in Tariff Installation Report, 2023 Tenure (2021)

Tenure (2021)

The housing tenure in Birmingham demonstrates a notable level of uniformity, with over 50% of households being The housing tenure in Birmingham demonstrates a notable level of uniformity, with over 50% of households being occupied by their owners, except for Ladywood, which exhibits the lowest percentage of owner-occupied houses at occupied by their owners, except for Ladywood, which exhibits the lowest percentage of owner-occupied houses at 27%. In contrast to the other parliamentary constituencies in Birmingham, Ladywood stands out with the highest 27%. In contrast to the other parliamentary constituencies in Birmingham, Ladywood stands out with the highest proportions of rental properties (38%) and social housing (35%). proportions of rental properties (38%) and social housing (35%).

On the other hand, Sutton Coldfield showcases the lowest percentage of social housing at 8.5% and rented properties On the other hand, Sutton Coldfield showcases the lowest percentage of social housing at 8.5% and rented properties at 13%, setting it apart from the rest of the constituencies regarding housing tenure patterns. at 13%, setting it apart from the rest of the constituencies regarding housing tenure patterns.

Tenure Type in Parliamentary Constituencies in Birmingham (2021) Tenure Type in Parliamentary Constituencies in Birmingham (2021)

Source: ONS, Tenure of households, 2023 Source: ONS, Tenure of households, 2023 Property Type (2021)

Property Type (2021)

Semi-detached and terraced houses are the predominant type of housing in different constituencies in Birmingham.

Semi-detached and terraced houses are the predominant type of housing in different constituencies in Birmingham.

Ladywood and Sutton Coldfield are outliers, with Sutton Coldfield having the higher percentage of detached housing Ladywood and Sutton Coldfield are outliers, with Sutton Coldfield having the higher percentage of detached housing BIRMING HAM EC ON OMIC RE VIEW 2023

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in Birmingham (37%) and Ladywood having the higher percentage of flats at 57%, mostly due to having a higher in Birmingham (37%) and Ladywood having the higher percentage of flats at 57%, mostly due to having a higher percentage of social housing. percentage of social housing.

In Sutton Coldfield, detached housing comprises a higher percentage (37%) of the overall housing stock, distinguishing In Sutton Coldfield, detached housing comprises a higher percentage (37%) of the overall housing stock, it from other areas in Birmingham, where semi-detached and terraced houses are more common. On the other hand, distinguishing it from other areas in Birmingham, where semi-detached and terraced houses are more common. On Ladywood stands out due to its higher percentage of flats at 57%, which is primarily attributed to a larger proportion the other hand, Ladywood stands out due to its higher percentage of flats at 57%, which is primarily attributed to a of social housing units in the form of flats. larger proportion of social housing units in the form of flats.

Property Type in Parliamentary Constituencies in Birmingham (2021) Property Type in Parliamentary Constituencies in Birmingham (2021)

Source: ONS, Accommodation type, 2023 Source: ONS, Accommodation type, 2023”

Air Pollution Data from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs’ Daily Air Quality Index shows that as of midAugust 2023, 86.3% of days had been scored as having a low level of air pollution and 13.3% had a moderate level, with one day or 0.4% having a high level. This compares unfavourably with the pre-pandemic levels. By the same point in 2019 only 11.9% of days had had moderate levels of air pollution in the West Midlands, though there had been a higher number of high pollution days in 2019 at 1.3%.

Average daily air pollution index West Midlands (ITL) and UK median

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Source: Defra, Daily Air Quality Index (DAQI) regional data – West Midlands Urban Area.

The daily index is determined by the highest concentration of five pollutants.

A daily score of 1-3 = low; 4-6 = moderate; 7-9 = high; 10 = very high.

It would appear that the number of days with high levels of air pollution has fallen since the introduction of the Clean Air Zone (CAZ) in Birmingham city centre, suggesting that the zone is having a positive impact on pollution levels within the region. That said, there have been significant changes in working patterns in recent years, with greater numbers of people working from home and not travelling to work, which the drop in pollution may also be attributable to. Deciphering the difference in impact would be challenging. Early interim reports do suggest that the CAZ area has had a positive impact on levels of pollutants such as Nitrogen Dioxide 36.

Electric Vehicles & Charging Infrastructure Whilst transport may be one of the highest polluting industries in the Greater Birmingham region, there has been rapid growth in the private ownership of ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) within the area. At the end of 2019, before the pandemic, there were 2,876 privately owned ULEVs in Greater Birmingham. As of the end of 2022 there are 10,971, a 281% increase in ULEV ownership. However, whilst uptake of ULEVs is increasing, they still only account for around 1.1% of private owned vehicles, slightly lower than the 1.5% of privately owned cars in England which are ULEVs. There is movement in the right direction though within the region, and it is anticipated that ULEV ownership will continue to increase as the infrastructure builds and policies such as the banned sale of new combustion engine vehicles (now expected in 2035) come into effect.

Number of privately owned ultra-low emission vehicles Greater Birmingham

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Brum Breathes. (2022) Clean Air Zone Six-month report BIRMING HAM EC ON OMIC RE VIEW 2023

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Source: DfT, Table VEH0132: Ultra-low emission vehicles by fuel type, keepership and local authority Widespread adoption in the medium-term however, largely depends on the development of charging infrastructure, however charger availability has not been increasing at the rate of adoption by consumers. The lack of charging infrastructure is one of the main reasons slowing the uptake of ULEVs by private owners 37.

In total, as of July 2023, there are currently 870 charging points in the region. Comparative to the same time in 2022, this is a 32.2% increase in the number of public charging points. 34.8% (303) of these publicly available chargers are rapid chargers, which is much higher than the England proportion (18.5%).

As can be seen in the graph below, the number of publicly available chargers greatly differs by local authority, with Birmingham having the highest number, accounting for 54.3% of electric vehicle (EV) chargers within the region. This means per EV charger in Birmingham there are around 8.8 EV cars (it should be noted that this is based on cars registered in the area, and does not include people who might be travelling in for work). Coverage is not this good in every region however; whilst 9.8% of total EV cars are registered in Lichfield, there are only 23 EV chargers (2.6% of the total in the Greater Birmingham region), this means there are about 46.6 cars registered in this local authority area per publicly available EV charging point. Across the region in total per EV charging point there are around 12.6 cars.

This is worse than the England rate where there are around 11.2 cars per EV charger.

Number of EV chargers and the number of EV cars per charger, by local authority, July 2023

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OFGEM. (2021) Consumer survey 2021 - Electric vehicles BIRMING HAM EC ON OMIC RE VIEW 2023

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Source: DfT, Electric vehicle charging device statistics, July 2023 Source: DfT, Table VEH0132: Ultra-low emission vehicles by fuel type, keepership and local authority

Dr Magda Cepeda Zorrilla, Research Fellow, City-REDI, University of Birmingham.

Global problems that that the theUK UKgovernment governmentcan canaddress addresswith withthe the net“Globalwarming warmingand andfossil fossilfuel fuel shortage shortage are are two two main problems netzero this policy policy for for the thetransport transportsector, sector,itithas hasset setup up2030 2030asasa adeadline deadlinetotoend end the sale zero carbon carbon policy. policy. As part of this the sale ofof new electric vehicles (EVs) in in the new petrol petroland anddiesel dieselcars. cars.And Andwith withthis, this,totoincrease increasethe theproduction productionand andconsumption consumptionofof electric vehicles (EVs) 38 38 UK withwith this will to be G7 country to decarbonise carscars andand vans. theand UK and this be willon becourse on course tothe be first the first G7 country to decarbonise vans.

In terms of business growth, according to a Tracxn report there are 18 electric vehicles start-ups in Birmingham39.

In terms of business growth, according to a Tracxn report there are 18 electric vehicles start-ups in Birmingham 39. And And the electric car market is growing steadily since by June 2022 there were 1.8 million electric vehicles in Britain40. the electric car market is growing steadily since by June 2022 there were 1.8 million electric vehicles in Britain 40.

Data shows that by the third quarter (July to September) of 2022, 14% of new car registrations in the UK were Data shows thatvehicles by the third quarter to September) of 2022, 14%electric of newvehicles car registrations in the UK were battery battery electric (BEV) with a(July further 5% being plug-in hybrid (PHEV). And the average CO2 electric vehicles (BEV) registered with a further 5% being plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Andquarter the average CO2 emissions emissions for vehicles for the first time in the UK decreased by 1% in(PHEV).

2022 third compared to 2021 41 for vehicles for the first time in the UK decreased by 1% in 2022 third quarter compared to 2021 third third quarter.registered

quarter. 41 One of the short-term challenges for the electric vehicle owners and the UK Government is the shortage in charging infrastructure. The ratio between EV and charging infrastructure is essential and plays an important role in facilitating One of the short-term challenges for the electric vehicle owners and the UK Government is the shortage in charging the use and ownership of EVs. Diverse reports and studies consistently shown that the lack of infrastructure provision infrastructure. The ratio between EV and charging infrastructure is essential and plays an important role in facilitating is a concern for many consumers and is a main barrier to mass uptake42 and therefore efficient and sustainable the use and ownership of EVs. Diverse reports and studies consistently shown that the lack of infrastructure provision charging infrastructure network is essential to achieve the transition to electric vehicles43. is a concern for many consumers and is a main barrier to mass uptake 42 and therefore efficient and sustainable charging infrastructure network is essential to achieve the transition to electric vehicles 43.

GOV.UK. 2020. Government takes historic step towards net-zero with end of sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030.

Tracxn. (2023) Electric Vehicles Startups in Birmingham 40 Jackman Josh, 2023. Electric Vehicle Statistics: State of the Industry 41 Vehicle licensing statistics: July to September 2022 42 SMMT Report. 2022. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure position paper 43 University of Birmingham, 2019. Transition to Electric Vehicles: Stimulating Local Authorities to address charging infrastructure challenges 38 39

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Norway, percent of of Norway,forforinstance, instance,has hasthe thelargest largestnumber numberofofEVs EVson on the the roads. roads. These These account account for for more more than 20 20 percent

passengervehicles vehiclesininthe thecountry countryand andmore morethan than80 80percent percentofofnew newvehicles vehiclessold sold5 and passenger and to to date, date, they they count countwith withmore more than 22,000public publicchargers chargerstotoservice servicethe themore morethan thanhalf halfaamillion millionEVs EVson onthe theroads. roads.44 than 22,000

44

The charging infrastructure in the UK started in 201145 and in Figure 1 to 3 we can see that although there has been 45 and in Figure 1 to 3 we can see that although there has been a The charging increase infrastructure the UK started in 2011 the a sustained in theininstallation of chargers big increase has been for slow and fast charging, rather than in the rapid and ultra, makes of a difference for people spending to slow charge their Torather compare thein sustained increase in thewhich installation chargers the big increase has longer been for and fastvehicles. charging, than four charging speeds, we can see that the Slow Charging Devices represents 3 kilowatts (kW) to 6 kW; the Fastthe rapid and ultra, which makes a difference for people spending longer to charge their vehicles. To compare the four Charging Devices 7kW 22kW; the Rapid Charging Devices represents(kW) 25kW 100kW and the Ultra charging speeds, werepresents can see that thetoSlow Charging Devices represents 3 kilowatts to to 6 kW; the Fast-Charging Rapid Charging Devices represents 100kW plus.

Devices represents 7kW to 22kW; the Rapid Charging Devices represents 25kW to 100kW and the Ultra Rapid Charging Devices represents 100kW plus.

Installed UK public charging devices, midnight, 1 of month, since 2015

Installed UK public charging devices, midnight, 1 of month, since 2015

Source: DfT. 2023. Electric vehicle charging device statistics: January 2023 (table EVCD_02) Source: DfT. 2023. Electric vehicle charging device statistics: January 2023 (table EVCD_02)

UK public rapid charging or above devices, midnight, 1 of month, since 2015 (table EVCD_02)

UK public rapid charging or above devices, midnight, 1 of month, since 2015 (table EVCD_02)

Mark Kane. 2023. Norwegians replace a fifth of their cars with electric ones. From “What Norway’s experience reveals about the EV charging market”.

45 SMMT Report. 2022. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure position paper 44

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Source: DfT. 2023. Electric vehicle charging device statistics: January 2023 (table EVCD_02) Source: DfT. 2023. Electric vehicle charging device statistics: January 2023 (table EVCD_02)

Public charging devices by charging speed, since 1 January 2022

Public charging devices by charging speed, since 1 January 2022

Source: DfT. 2023. Electric vehicle charging device statistics: January 2023 (table EVCD_02b) Source: DfT. 2023. Electric vehicle charging device statistics: January 2023 (table EVCD_02b)

To date in the UK there are 31,476 charging connectors at 11,274 locations – the majority (25%) of these are in Greater London46. In the West Midlands there are charge points at train stations and car parks. So far, the train To date in the UK there are 31,476 charging connectors at 11,274 locations – the majority (25%) of these are in Greater stations that have charge points are: Bromsgrove, Longbridge, Solihull, Rowley Regis, Tile Hill and Yardley Wood.

London 46. In the West Midlands there are charge points at train stations and car parks. So far, the train stations that

Thecharge UK government recognises thatLongbridge, a focus on vehicles only halfRegis, of theTile challenge delivering net zero road have points are: Bromsgrove, Solihull,isRowley Hill andto Yardley Wood.

transport the Net Zero, charging infrastructure is essential and plans that by 2030, there would be at least 300,000 public charge points as a minimum in the UK47.

The UK government recognises that a focus on vehicles is only half of the challenge to delivering net zero road

Althoughthe EVsNet canZero, helpcharging to achieveinfrastructure net zero by 2030, to achieve the targets for2030, 2050,there researchers hadatstated that transport is essential and plans that by would be least 300,000 requires more than as only electric vehicles, by47reducing distance travelled and by consistent investment in active public charge points a minimum in the UK .

travel. EVs can help to achieve net zero by 2030, to achieve the targets for 2050, researchers had stated that Although requires more than onlyignore electricthe vehicles, byEVs reducing travelled and by consistent investment in active travel.

Moreover, we cannot fact that are notdistance the solution to other social and environmental problems.

By Moreover, cannot research, ignore the EVs are the solution other social andNet environmental problems. By reviewingwe empirical wefact canthat conclude thatnot although EV cantohelp in delivering Zero road transport,

these vehicles don’t contribute a sustainable future for different reviewing empirical research, we to can conclude that although EV can reasons. help in delivering Net Zero road transport, these vehicles don’t contribute to a sustainable future for different reasons.

One reason is that they do not contribute to reduce traffic congestion. According to the West Midlands Combine

One reason (WMCA) is that they not contribute to reduce traffic Accordingwith to the Westcongestion Midlands Combine Authority 62%do of people in the West Midlands said congestion. they were dissatisfied current levels48.

Authority of people in the West Midlands were dissatisfied currentof congestion .A A report(WMCA) from the 62% Chamber of Commerce stated that insaid thethey region, there are 41% with of journeys less than 2levels miles48in report from of Commerce statedat that in the region, 41%Birmingham of journeys of lessthird than most 2 miles in length length thatthe areChamber undertaken by car (whereas national level is there 38%)49are . And is the congested 49. And cityare in England andby that average,at where motorists the city spent 9% of theiristotal timecongested in the traffic that undertaken caron(whereas national level isin38%) Birmingham the journey third most city in

congestion, costing to the city £407motorists million ininlost and9% onof average, £990 to each driver.

England and that on average, where therevenue city spent their total journey time in the traffic congestion,

costing the hand, city £407 million in lost on average, £990 toimpacts each driver.

On the other hand, research On thetoother research shows thatrevenue “batteryand production significantly the environment and resources, 50 shows that “battery production impacts the environment and resources, and battery materials recycling and battery materials recyclingsignificantly and remanufacturing present considerable environmental and economic values” .

50. In fact, In fact, according topresent research, the greening of electricity is critical to reducing carbon emissions during battery and remanufacturing considerable environmental and economic values” according to the research, the

life cycle. “ greening of electricity is critical to reducing carbon emissions during the battery life cycle. 51 51

46 University of Birmingham, 2023. EV Infrastructure – beyond charging points 47 Taking charge: the electric vehicle infrastructure strategy 48 Transport for West Midlands (TfWM)

49 Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce. Congestion in Greater Birmingham: What Does It Mean for Businesses?.

50 Xin Lai, Quanwei Chen, Xiaopeng Tang, Yuanqiang Zhou, Furong Gao, Yue Guo, Rohit Bhagat, Yuejiu Zheng. 2022. Critical review of life cycle

assessment of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: A lifespan perspective, eTransportation, Volume 12, 100169, ISSN 2590-1168.

51 Idem BIRMING HAM EC ON OMIC RE VIEW 2023

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CONTACT US For queries related to the Birmingham Economic Review for 2023, please contact:

EMI LY STUBBS

Senior Policy and Projects Manager Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce E.Stubbs@birmingham-chamber.com

CONTACT US ALICE PUGH

For and queries related to the Birmingham Economic Policy Data Analyst City-REDI, of Birmingham ReviewUniversity for 2023, please contact: A.Pugh@bham.ac.uk

EMI LY STUBBS

Senior Policy and Projects Manager Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce E.Stubbs@birmingham-chamber.com

ALICE PUGH

Policy and Data Analyst City-REDI, University of Birmingham A.Pugh@bham.ac.uk

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