Precedent Studies for Green Street Edges

Page 1

Street art is any art developed in public spaces - that is, “in

the streets” — though the term usually refers to art of an illicit nature (as opposed to, for instance, government or community art initiatives). The term can include traditional graffiti artwork, though it is often used to distinguish modern public-space artwork from traditional graffiti and the overtones of gang territoriality and vandalism associated with it. Street art is the art on the streets. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=street+art

Environment art- Refers to art which involves the creation or manipulation of a large or enclosed space, many effectively surrounding its audience. Architectural (including landscape architectural) design might be said to qualify as environment art, although the term usually refers to artworks which do not function as either of these kinds of environmental design typically do. http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/e/environmentart.html

The difference between public and community art artsource encourages an understanding of the distinction between art in public places and community art. Ideally, art that is predominately designed and made by a professional artist, is public art. Public artworks may involve the community in various stages of consultation however a community art project is when non-artist members of the community actively participate in the making of the work. Ideally, a trained artist and/or community arts worker facilitates community arts projects. http://www.artsource.net.au/clientservices/client_def.htm

What is “Environmental Art”? Artwork created by artists concerned with the state of our environment worldwide, and with their local situation. Environmental artists often work in these ways: - Artists interpret nature, creating artworks to inform us about nature and its processes, or about environmental problems we face - Artists interact with environmental forces, creating artworks affected or powered by wind, water, lightning, even earthquakes - Artists re-envision our relationship to nature, proposing through their work new ways for us to co-exist with our environment - Artists reclaim and remediate damaged environments, restoring nature in artistic and often aesthetic ways http://www.eco-art.org/

Photos: http://www.bluejake.com/archives/2005/08/05/parisian_streetart.php

Community + Street + Environmental Art

http://www.greenmuseum.org/what_is_ea.php

ART Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ART? In a general sense, it is art that helps improve our relationship with the natural world. There is no definition set in stone. This living worldwide movement is growing and changing as you read this. Much environmental art is ephemeral, designed for a particular place (site-specific) and involves collaborations between artists and others such as scientists, educators and community groups. Some environmental art: - Interprets nature, creating artworks that inform us about nature and its processes, or about environmental problems we face - Is concerned with environmental forces and materials, creating artworks affected or powered by wind, water, lightning, even earthquakes - Re-envisions our relationship to nature, proposing through their work new ways for us to co-exist with our environment - Reclaims and remediates damaged environments, restoring ecosystems in artistic and often aesthetic ways


Tatsuo Miyajima 2003 3.2 x 2.2 m x 6 words

Street Art

ART

Community + Street + Environmental Art

Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta

2002-1999 [ARTIST]

Louise Bourgeois / MAMAN

[LOCATION]

TOKYO, JAPAN

[DIMENSIONS] 9.27

x 8.91 x 10.23(h)m

[MATERIALS] Bronze,

Stainless, Marble

Roppongi Hills Public Art and Design Project Artists from all of the World designed street funiture in Roppongi Hills with a concept of a “center of culture”. In 2003, Mori Building opened Mori Art Museum in the Roppongi Hills. The Museum is one of the largest in Japan, and attracts attention as a new focal point of art with a focus on contemporary art.

Roppongi Hills

[FOR MORE INFO] In the Field - http://roppongihills.com/jp/feature/publicart_design/

Karim Rashid 2003 sKape 0.7 x 9.0 x 1.94(h)m

Ron Arad 2003 Evergreen? 1.48 x 6.04 x 2.71(h)m

Tokujin Yoshioka 2003 Chair disappears in the rain Chair: 0.75 x 0.98 x 0.99(h) x 0.41(sh) Thomas Sandell Annas Stenar 0.77 x 1.5 x 0.45(h)m

2 | ART


Street Art

ART

Community + Street + Environmental Art

Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta

Clock Art Seattle Downtown Portland Wall Art

Photo: Bicycle parking sign, Seattle

Sign Bicycle Bench

Portland

3 | ART


Community Art

[FOR MORE INFO] In the Field - http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=504#

Community + Street + Environmental Art

Sunnyside Piazza is an inner Portland street intersection that surrounding neighbors converted into a community gathering place in September 2001. Working with the nonproďŹ t organization The City Repair Project, the residents of Sunnyside neighborhood designed their piazza, raised money for materials, and installed it themselves in accordance with a city ordinance that allows any Portland neighborhood to do such a project. The Piazza includes a giant street mural based on the image of a sunower, as well as a community kiosk and an art wall created with natural building techniques by residents and local artists.

Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta

SE 33rd & Yamhill Streets, Portland, OR

A street intersection that was turned into a community gathering place by residents.

Sunnyside Piazza

ART

Photo: Information for Community

4 | ART


Without sun there are no colours and life!

[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

Photo: Jonna Pohjalainen

COLOUR PENCILS ART

POHJALAINEN

adjust this box accordingly

[LOCATION]_ Environmental

Art workshop of the Open Air Art Museum in PEDVALE, LATVIA

(don’t forget, you can play around w/ both toolbar arrows to adjust your photos! i.e. ‘filled-in’ arrow + ‘notfilled-in’ arrow)

[YEAR]_ 2006 [MATERIALS]_

quik-tip! hit SHIFT + CTRL button while dragging your mouse to resize frame and photo at same time!

timber

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_ ““Colour Pencils” of Jonna Pohjalainen

brings forth the special challenges of the Environmental Art. This fine documentation of her work “Colour Pencils” shows us how the work is connected with its surroundings and how it changes during different weather conditions and times of the day.” - Lea Turto

Community + Street + Environmental Art

MAIN PHOTO(S)

Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ JONNA

From the Letter of Jonna Pohjalainen: “I travelled to work in

Pedvale with empty hands. I admired the lovely rural scene and the sunsets of Pedvale. I used local aspen in my work because of its lively forms and beautiful, grey colour. While you sharpen your pencils you can see time passing by. Colours bring joy and happiness in our everyday life. I chose a place of of my work because of the sunsets. You can sit and meditate near my work and look at the sunsets. Without sun there are no colours and life!”

Photos: Jonna Pohjalainen

[FOR MORE INFO]_

Photo: Jonna Pohjalainen

http://www.environmentalart.net/jonna_pohjalainen.htm http://www.elisanet.fi/jonna.pohjalainen/

Photo: Jonna Pohjalainen

6| ART


“An integral part of my work is audience participation: members of the public leave their mark while the art is being created...” - Lea Turto

[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

PLASTIC GARDEN ART

Photo: Lea Turto

[YEAR]_

Community + Street + Environmental Art

[LOCATION]_ HUTTINEN,

Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_LEA

TURTO

HELSINKI, FINLAND

2000, 2004

[MATERIALS]_ plastic

spoons, knives and forks

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_ “One of my concerns was: If we try to

dominate Nature, what will happen? We can control plastic gardens, but we will lose all the wildness by applying too much control.

Here are some photographs of my work: an installation of 12,000 plastic spoons, knives and forks. On each occasion I produce a new version appropriate for the chosen setting. “It was like a performance. I looked odd and members of the public came to talk to me. It looked like I was planting flowers and several people came to ask : What are these new flowers? They were surprised to find that my flowers were plastic and had no life. The public also took part in “planting” the plastic flowers.” - Lea Turto

Photos: Lea Turto, Marja Hakaka

Photo: Lea Turto

[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.environmentalart.net/turto/garden.htm “My works communicate with the social and cultural environment as well as with space and nature. “ - Lea Turto Photo: Lea Turto

Photo: Lea Turto

7| ART


Seat for Romance, Mätäjoki, Finland, 2000. The seat is made of wood and filled with straw.

[TITLE OF PROJECT]_ THE

STONES LIKE MUSHROOMS ART

Photo: Lea Turto

LATVIA

Air Art Museum in PEDVALE,

[YEAR]_ 2002 [MATERIALS]_clay [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_ Installation of four big stones shaped

with clay, depicting mushrooms.

“This was close to the idea of community art : to show art in the open air, in common spaces like parks, riversides, old empty factories…and to communicate directly with the public, so that they can meet the artist at work and become involved with making an art exhibition.”

Community + Street + Environmental Art

[LOCATION]_ Open

TURTO

Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ LEA

- Lea Turto

Photos: Lea Turto

[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.environmentalart.net/turto/teoksia.htm

Photo: Lea Turto

8| ART


Flowing Water Moon

Hydroglyph. Carved Sandstone.

[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

9’ x 6’ x 5”. Utah, 1992-95.

HYDROGLYPH

by Lynne Hull

ART

USA

[MATERIALS]_ stone, sandstone [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

Water capture basins for desert wildlife, holding from one to 5 gallons of rain or snowmelt. Lynne Hull’s habitat sculptures work at several levels, acting as ecoatonements to restore habitat damaged by human impact while encouraging humans to understand wildlife needs and shift attitudes toward our relationship with other species.

Community + Street + Environmental Art

[LOCATION]_ UTAH,

HULL

Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ LYNNE

“My focus is on trans-species art, sculptures contributing to wildlife habitat. I want to make a positive gesture toward the earth and express my concerns for nurturance of other species and endangered lifecycles.” - Lynne Hull

Upper left: Moonphases

hydroglyph 14”x2” to 4” by Lynne Hull

Upper right: Scatter

Beckoning Cistern hydroglyph 4’x3’x3” Near Moab, Utah, photo1987 credit: bybelltown’s Lynne Hullphotos-flickr

[FOR MORE INFO]_

(arial, 9pt, justify left, italics)

http://www.greenmuseum.org/content/artist_index/artist_id-7.html http://www.eco-art.org/ Artist working on “Hydroglyph” carving Photo: Lynne Hull

9| ART






The future is not just what lies ahead; it is what we create. -Richard T. T. Forman

PARKING STRIPS: DEFINiTION - SCOPE- OPPORTUNITIES

LANDSCAPE

[SCOPE & OPPORTUNITES]_

Drainage- FLOOD CONTROL and minimizing the flow of stormwater off site

Edges +Parking Strips

“That portion of street lying between the constructed curb and property line, exclusive of the sidewalk area: Provided, that if there is no constructed curb, then the “planting strip” means that portion of the street lying between a constructed sidewalk and the property line: Provided further, that if there is no constructed curb or constructed sidewalk, then planting strip means that portion of the street lying between the traveled way and the property line, exclusive of any established pedestrian path.”

Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

According to SDOT, the definition of Planting Strip is

MOBILITY

EDGES

by creating more space for plants and soil to absorb rainwater.

Water Quality-Utilize a combination of soils and plants to FILTER RAINWATER and allow it to seep into the ground.

COMMUNITY

Landscape-Designing the parking strips to be BEAUTIFUL as well as USEFUL. Mobility-Creating visual interest and thus, causing traffic to move at a SAFE pace. photo credit: www.ci.seattle.wa.us

Community-Creating an IDENTITY and a SENSE OF PLACE in the neighborhood. Education-Set an example for future ‘GREEN STREETS’ projects.

WATER-QUALITY

DRAINAGE

[FOR MORE INFO]_ In the Field - http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/plantingstrip.htm

1 | EDGES


[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

SEA STREETS, SEATTLE

EDGES

WA

[YEAR]_ 1999 [AREA]_ 2.3

acres

[COST]_ $850,000 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

Edges +Parking Strips

[LOCATION]_Seattle,

Public Utilities

Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

[DEVELOPED BY]_ Seattle

The Street Edge Alternatives (SEA) Streets Project transforms a typical north Seattle block into a curving, tree-lined strip with a better stormwater management system that uses swales and culverts. [FOR MORE INFO]_ photo credit: Mark

In the Field - http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_ Sewer_System/Natural_Drainage_Systems/Street_Edge_Alternatives/ index.asp

Beckoning Cistern photo credit: belltown’s photos-flickr (arial, 9pt, justify left, italics)

Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)

source: www.djc.com

photo credit: http://www.4culture.org photo credit: Shikha

photo credit: SPU

2 | EDGES


plan from community exhibit

[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

HIGH POINT, SEATTLE

Seattle, WA

[YEAR]_ Phase

I completed in 2006

[SITE AREA]_120

acres

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

The streets tilt slightly toward one side, and in place of gutters, shallow swales have been planted with a variety of native drought-tolerant shrubs, trees and grasses. The soil in the swales has been enriched with about 3 feet of compost much like the ground surface of a forest. The plants, soil and microorganisms function as a natural filter for toxins. Water from roofs, parking and streets is diverted to these swales, which, through natural processes, filter toxins from the water.

source: SVR

Edges +Parking Strips

[LOCATION]_ West

SHA

EDGES Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

[DEVELOPED BY]_ SPU,

[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.thehighpoint.com/expo/S_Natural.html http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/ Natural_Drainage_Systems/High_Point_Project/index.asp curb-cut for intake photo credit: Mark

photo credit: Shikha

photo credit: SPU/Parks

photo credit: Mark

3 | EDGES


Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)

signage explains the project to passersby

SW 12TH AVENUE, PORTLAND EDGES

of Portland BES

[LOCATION]_ Portland,

OR

[YEAR]_ 2005 [SITE AREA]_272

sq. ft.

[COST]_$34,000 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

source: Landscape Architecture magazine (September 2006)

Edges +Parking Strips

[DEVELOPED BY]_City

Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

photo credit: Mark

[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

This series of landscaped stormwater planters captures

and infiltrates approximately 8,000 square feet of street runoff. Nearly all this runoff, estimated at 180,000 gallons annually, is now managed by this system instead of heading directly into the Willamette River via a storm sewer. Notably, this project demonstrated that highly urbanized streetscapes could be sucessfully retrofitted to manage runoff while maintaining strong pedestrian circulation and on-street parking.

intake drain photo credit: Shikha

[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=34601&a=123776

photo credit: Shikha

source: Landscape Architecture magazine (September 2006)

4 | EDGES


signage at the project site

[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

SISKIYOU STREET, PORTLAND EDGES

of Portland BES

[LOCATION]_ Portland,

OR

[YEAR]_ 2003 [SITE AREA]_600

sq. ft.

[COST]_$17,000

Edges +Parking Strips

[DEVELOPED BY]_City

Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

photo credit: Mark

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_ source: Landscape Architecture magazine (September 2006)

This project was Portland’s first residential, on-street

stormwater management project. It was constructed in part to reduce the amount of runoff entering a combined sewer system (wastewater and stormwater) which was experiencing overflow events. Other project goals were to demonstrate how Portland could retrofit existing streets to manage stormwater flow and volume effectively and inexpensively.

intake drain photo credit: www.portlandonline.com

[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=34601&a=123777

photo credit: Mark

5 | EDGES


New Seasons Market [TITLE OF PROJECT]_

NEW SEASONS MARKET, PORTLAND EDGES

of Portland BES

[LOCATION]_ Portland,

OR

[YEAR]_ 2004 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

These street stormwater planters were part of complete

Edges +Parking Strips

[DEVELOPED BY]_City

Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

photo credit: Mark

stormwater management project at a Portland grocery store. As a whole, the project removes a whopping one million gallons of stormwater from the combined sewer system annually. [FOR MORE INFO]_ source: www.portlandonline.com

http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=123781

intake drain photo credit: www.portlandonline.com

source: www.portlandonline.com

photo credit: Mark

photo credit: www.portlandonline.com

6 | EDGES


[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

PEOPLE’S FOOD CO-OP, PORTLAND EDGES

[LOCATION]_ Portland,

OR

[YEAR]_ 2006 [COST]_$50,000 [BRIEF DESCIPTION]_

Edges +Parking Strips

of Portland BES

Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

[DEVELOPED BY]_City

This project drains roughly 5,000 square feet of street runoff through a combination of curb extensions and stormwater planters. In addition to the environmental benefits provided, this project also improved the pedestrian crossing and beautified the streetscape. [FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=131225 intake drain photo credit: www.portlandonline.com

photo credit: Mark

source: www.portlandonline.com

source: www.portlandonline.com

7 | EDGES


Using nature to protect nature is a way to guarantee clean water in Minnesota now and in the future. -http://www.maplewoodmn.govoffice.com

[TITLE OF PROJECT]_

GLADSTONE SOUTH, MAPLEWOOD, MN

EDGES

[LOCATION]_ Maplewood,

MN

[YEAR]_ 2002 [LENGTH]_2.7

miles

Edges +Parking Strips

of Maplewood

Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

[DEVELOPED BY]_ City

photo credit: http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

This project incorporated the use of swales, rain gardens and ribbon curb to manage stormwater. For the 250 homes in the neighborhood, 127 rainwater gardens were constructed, in addition to 3 large public gardens. [FOR MORE INFO]_ In the Field - http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us

photo credit: http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us source: http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us

8 | EDGES


AESTHETIC STRIPS AND EDGES

EDGES

Edges +Parking Strips

Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel

photo credit: http://forums2.gardenweb.com

photo credit: http://www.flickr.com/

Seattle, WA photo credit: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com Seattle, WA photo credit: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com

9 | EDGES


COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles [PEDESTRIAN SAFETY, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)]

IN-PAVEMENT LIGHTING

many more pedestrian crossing locations have now been treated with the in-pavement lighting system [FOR MORE INFO] theTraffic Engineering Manager for the City, Mr. David Godfrey at dgodfrey@ci.kirkland.wa.us http://www.ci.kirkland.wa.us/

Juanita-Woodinville Road, the flashing light is easily noticieable to the drivers

Great Streets / Complete Streets

in the fall of 1997 at two locations- Central Way and 4th Street and NE 124th Street at the North Kirkland Community Center

Noriko Marshall

KIRKLAND IN-PAVEMENT LIGHTING

STREETS

Other Intelligent Transportation System MICROWAVE DETECTOR

iIn-pavement flash light

COUNTDOWN SIGNAL

INFLARED DETECTOR

ANIMATED EYES DISPLAY

ILLUMINATED PUSHBUTTON

ACCESSIBLE SIGNAL

Easy to find button

Portland, OR Los Angeles, CA

Windsor, OT

Windsor, OT

Sweeden

Portland, OR Clearwater, FL

Original in-pavement lighting in NE 124th Street, Kirkland, WA

Problems

Devices (solutions)

Places (installations)

[FOR MORE INFO]

Many of the problems pedestrians face when crossing the street may be addressed using ITS technologies.of crashes, and noise level. Research on traffic-calming

An array of ITS devices have been developed to improve both mobility and safety for pedestrians.

Several communities throughout the US and Canada have installed ITS devices to meet the needs of pedestrians.

http://www.walkinginfo.org/ http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/index.cfmhttp://www.hsrc.unc.edu/ index.cfm

| STREETS


COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles [TRAFFIC CALMING TREATMENTS]

SEA STREET PROJECT (Street Edge Alternatives Project) 2nd Avenue NW, between NW 117th and 120th Streets.

Great Streets / Complete Streets

Noriko Marshall

serpentine

STREETS

2001 The serpentine, meandering shape of the roadway create visual interest and cause traffic to move at a safe pace. Accordingly, this is an ideal location for pedestrians and bicyclists. [FOR MORE INFO] http://cityofseattle.net/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Natural_Drainage_ Systems/Street_Edge_Alternatives/index.asp

Other Traffic Calming Treatments CURB EXTENSIONS

CHOKERS

CROSSING ISLANDS

MINI-CIRCLES

SPEED TABLE

Bainbridge Island, WA

Traffic calming is a way to design streets, using physical measures, to encourage people to drive more slowly. It creates physical and visual cues that induce drivers to travel at slower speeds. The reason traffic calming is such a powerful and compelling tool is that it has proven to be so effective. Some of the effects of traffic calming, such as fewer and less

severe crashes, are clearly measurable. Experience throughout Europe, Australia, and North America has shown that traffic calming, if done correctly, reduces traffic speeds, the number and severity of crashes, and noise level. Research on traffic-calming projects in the United States supports their effectiveness at decreasing automobile speeds, reducing the num-

bers of crashes, and reducing noise levels for specific contexts. Looking at a sample of various speed studies shows that typical speed reductions of 5 to 20 percent at the 85th percentile speed can be realized by the use of traffic-calming measures—including speed tables, minicircles, speed humps, and other standard traffic-calming devices. Use of several of the traffic-calming measures

RAISED PEDESTRIAN SPECIFIC PAVING CROSSING TREATMENT

Sunnyside Piazza, OR

have also resulted in substantial reductions in motor vehicle crashes. For example, the implementation of traffic mini-circles in Seattle has resulted in a reduction of approximately 80 percent of intersection accidents [FOR MORE INFO] http://www.walkinginfo.org/

| STREETS


COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles [BIKE LANES and BIKE TRAILS]

GENTLY SLOPED RAMP CONNECTING THE DOWNTOWN AND ESPLANADE

Noriko Marshall

Eastbank Esplanade Portland, Oregon Construction started in 1999 completed in 2001 [FOR MORE INFO] www.pdc.us/ura/central_eastside/eastbank.asp Esplanade

(Photos courtesy of pdc)

Esplanade

The width can accomodate the pedestrians and bicyclists comfortably

STREETS

Great Streets / Complete Streets

ESPLADE LOCATION

A bike trail on the edge of water can avoid dangerous intersections with automoviles

The Esplanade is 1.5 miles long, extending north from the Hawthorne Bridge, past the Morrison and Burnside Bridges, to the Steel Bridge with connections to eastside neighborhoods as well as across the river to Gov. Tom McCall Waterfront Park.

Photo taken by myself

This is a demonstration project as well for improved habitat areas for fish and wildlife and riverbank restoration.

(Photos courtesy of www.pedbikeinfo.org)

The photos on the left are some of the successful bike lanes along the automobile lanes. The width and location of the bike lanes are carefully designed in order to improve bicyclists’ safety.

A missing short stretch of BurkeGilman Trail in Seattle. There is a plan to connect this segment.

[FOR MORE INFO] Creating Livable Streets by Portland Metro http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/ Santa Cruz, CA

Madison, WI

http://bicyclinginfo.org by Department of Transportaion of Chicago

| STREETS


COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles [INTEGRATION]

STREETS

Vancouver was repeatedly chosen as a top quality-of-life by a qualified international human resources consultancy. The best performing cities should have reliable, integrated transport systems. After extensive study in 1999, bike path was improved and extended to accomodate increasing population as well as improve environmental quality. Vancouver has unusually wide array of transportation options. the best way to get around Vancouver and the North Shore is often by walking. Vancouver has some of the best trails, paths and walkways you’ll find anywhere. In major busstops, there is a metro representative to assist metro bus users and tourists.

Great Streets / Complete Streets

VANCOUVER, B.C. CANADA

Bicyclists in downtown Vancouver

Noriko Marshall

Vancouver Metro

[FOR MORE INFO] Creating Livable Streets by Portland Metro http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/ http://vancouver.ca/engsvcs/transport/plan/pdf/ppt681.pdf 1999bikeplan.pdf by City of Vancouver Engineering Service photos courtesy of John Bek

Rollerbladers at integrated trail in Stanley Park

photos courtesy of John Bek

Aquabus Streetcar plan

Pedestrians and cafe

Integrated trail in downtown waterfront photos courtesy of City of Vancouver Department of Transportation

| STREETS


COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles

TYPICAL REGIONAL BOULEVARD DESIGN

[GREEN STREET DESIGNS]

STREETS

Streetcar plan

South waterfront condo complex sidewalk, Portland, OR Currently partially complete (October, 2006)

TYPICAL REGIONAL STREET DESIGN

Great Streets / Complete Streets

Noriko Marshall

TYPICAL COMMUNITY BOULEVARD DESIGN

Information board of the green street designed by Kevin Perry, Oregon State University, Portland, OR

There are well studied and proven formula for the boulevards and streets. They are more or less standardized. However, the hydrogy has been neglected for many years and there is no standardized formula for how storm water should be treated. Water is dying worldwide. It is overdue to include stormwater design in the streets. [FOR MORE INFO] New Seasons Market sidewalk, Portland, OR 2005

High Point development, Seattle, WA 2000 ~ present

http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=ebbcf Creating Livable Streets by Portland Metro

photos by myself, illustrations by Portland Metro

| STREETS


[TITLE OF MATERIAL]_

[LOCATION]_ PORTLAND,

OR

Tanner Springs Park

Napier Neighborhood Mosaic Walk

Crown Street, Vancouver

Pedestrian Environments; Materials + Amenities

BC

PEDESTRIAN Amanda Bell

[LOCATION]_ VANCOUVER,

GROUND TREATMENTS

Jamison Square Park

photo credit: www.beltcollins.com

photo credits: City of Vancouver Engineering Services

photo credit: www.bergerpartnership.com

photo credits: Amanda Bell

photo credit: www.pedbikeimages.org

photo credit: www.bergerpartnership.com

photo credit: www.classicnursery.com

photo credit: Amanda Bell

| PEDESTRIAN


[TITLE OF AMENITY]_

LIGHTING

photo credit: www.schulershook.com

photo credit: www.seagulllighting.com

PEDESTRIAN

photo credit: www.pps.org

Roundabout

photo credits: Amanda Bell

Paver Lights

Pedestrian Environments; Materials + Amenities

Amanda Bell

[MATERIALS]_ LED

[TYPE]_ BOLLARD

photo credits: www.pedbikeimages.org photo credit: www.sharperimage.com

Lighted Bike Stand

[LOCATION]_ PORTLAND,

photo credits: www.lumileds.com

OR

photo credits: Amanda Bell

| PEDESTRIAN


[TITLE OF AMENITY]_ photo credit: Amanda Bell

photo credit: www.pedbikeimages.org

PEDESTRIAN

photo credit: Amanda Bell

photo credits: Amanda Bell

DESIGN

Pedestrian Environments; Materials + Amenities

[TYPE]_ SEPARATED

DESIGN

Amanda Bell

[TYPE]_ INTEGRATED

SEATING

photo credit: Amanda Bell

photo credit: www.allworthnussbaum.com

photo credits: Amanda Bell

[TYPE]_ TRADITIONAL

photo credits: www.landscapeforms.com

| PEDESTRIAN


[TITLE OF AMENITY]_ photo credit: www.bergerpartnership.org

photo credit: Amanda Bell

FURNISHINGS

PEDESTRIAN

photo credit: www.landscapeforms.com

Pedestrian Environments; Materials + Amenities

RACKS

Amanda Bell

[TYPE]_ BIKE

[TYPE]_ SHELTERS

photo credit: www.ncascades.org

photo credit: www.ggnltd.com photo credits: www.bergerpartnership.com

photo credits: Amanda Bell

[TYPE]_ TRASH

CANS

photo credits: Amanda Bell

photo credit: www.landscapeforms.com

| PEDESTRIAN


DECIDUOUS TREES PLANTING

Acer rubrum

From the southern USA, this magnolia exhibits timeless beauty in its magnificent foliage and pristine blooms. It grows well in moist conditions and competes for surface water making a difficult match with many ground-covers. However, with a history and shear beauty to back it, this tree is a match for the magnolia district.

RED MAPLE KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE Gymnocladus dioicus Native to the Eastern United States, this tree grows especially well in moist woodland areas. It produces fragrant white flowers in the early summer and seed pods containing seeds that were once ground to make coffee. Today, this tree’s large form can be seen gracing the likes of parks, golf courses, and large areas, but retains value for it’s tenacity in difficult environmental conditions.

Planting for Special Situations

Eric J H Berg

Also known as the scarlet maple or swamp maple, this species is perhaps best known for it’s brilliant fall color. The less used name swamp maple implies that this tree tolerates wet soils, but it is tolerant of many other conditions as well.

ARBUTUS

Magnolia grandiflora

Arbutus menziesii Native to the Pacific Northwest, and more specifically the bluffs of Magnolia itself, this specimen was originally mistaken for magnolia trees, giving Magnolia its name. It is a great drought tolerant tree.

SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA

NATIVE

| PLANTING


CONIFEROUS TREES + SHRUBS PLANTING

Another native, drought tolerant tree that is useful in large formal spaces. Calocedrus means ‘beautiful cedar’ and this specimen lives up to its name with its shapely, conical habit and extremely attractive foliage. Cultivars range its form for pyramidal to columnar and everywhere in between.

Known only as a fossil before World War II, the dawn redwood has been resurrected into magnificent form by way of a stand found in China. It is one of the truly deciduous conifers and loves moist conditions.

Calocedrus decurrens

ANGLOJAP YEW

INCENSE CEDAR

Taxus x media A hybrid between the Japanese and English yews, this evergreen shrub displays a wide variety of forms in the landscape, ranging from small, spreading shrubs, to groomed hedges. It is a drought tolerant variety able to survive in many different environments.

PONDEROSA PINE

Planting for Special Situations

Eric J H Berg

NATIVE

Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Pinus ponderosa Best suited for those extremely dry places, this stately pine dominates landscapes east of the cascades. The long needled form gives it a graceful appearance in almost any setting.

DAWN REDWOOD

NATIVE

| PLANTING


DECIDUOUS SHRUBS PLANTING

Magnolia stellata

STAR MAGNOLIA

RED-TWIG DOGWOOD Cornus stolonifera Red and yellow twigs adorn cultivars of this species making a highly attractive deciduous plant in winter. It is also a native commonly found in wetter areas.

NATIVE

OREGON GRAPE

Unique colors accentuate this non-native species. Grayblue leaves and near purple stems Mahonia aquifolium highlight this willow’s impressive attributes. Also, as a willow, this Much like many other native plants, species flourishes in high moisture the Oregon grape is a drought tolerant species. It’s holly-like leaflets give it a ornate situations. presence in many situations, labeling the Salix purpurea landscape as uniquely ‘Pacific Northwest’. With colors ranging from yellow flowers, to blueish-purple berries, and finally to ARCTIC WILLOW purple fall colors, the Oregon grape offers multi-seasonal benefits while meeting the environmental challenges of the Seattle climate.

Planting for Special Situations

Eric J H Berg

Another magnolia for Magnolia neighborhood. Smaller than it’s cousin, it’s flowers bloom before the leaves emerge stately large shrub in the early spring.

NATIVE

| PLANTING


VINES + GROUND COVERS PLANTING

More of a shrub than a true ground cover, salal’s are a native plant to the Pacific Northwest. Extremely drought tolerant, these plants have been showcased in the SEA street projects on the upper banks of bioswales and bio-infiltration sites.

Planting for Special Situations

Eric J H Berg

NATIVE

Gaultheria shallon

SALAL

ORANGE HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera ciliosa

CHAMELEON PLANT Houttuynia cordata A medium-sized ground cover found in aquatic environments of Eastern Asia, this plant is not yet considered a noxious weed in Washington, despite it’s classification in other states. The thing to remember when planting this plant is keep it in drier places with smaller pockets for growth (i.e. sidewalks, patios).

Growing on north slopes of river banks throughout the Pacific Northwest, this native vine exhibits the uniquely fused leaf and bright orange flowers. It is not a fan of dry areas, preferring itself to cooler locations. It also serves to attract hummingbirds and was once used by Native Americans as material for weaving

An evergreen variety of clematis, this species climbs up to 25 feet with white blooms early in the spring.

Clematis armandii

ARMAND CLEMATIS

NATIVE

| PLANTING


EXAMPLE GARDENS PLANTING

SHADE GARDEN Arisaema taiwanensis BSWJ 1879 Fuchsia ‘Big Mama’ Galega officinalis ‘Lady Wilson’ Geranium wallichianum ‘Buxtons Variety’ Helleborus corsicus Heuchera micrantha ‘Palace Purple’ Hosta ‘Fransis Williams’ Hydrangea Serrata ‘Bluebird’ Ligularia ‘Desdemona’ Ligularia ‘The Rocket’ Ligularia tussilaginia ‘Aureo-maculata’ Meconopsis Sarcococca ruscifola

PLANTING FOR SPECIAL SITUATIONS All of these examples are from Pacific Northwest gardens, so plants used in each are extremely suitable for our climate. Those printed in BOLD text are pictured in more detail. The main thing to remember when choosing plants for a specific garden is look for plants that thrive elsewhere under similar circumstances. For example, a simple hiking trip can yield an immense wealth of knowledge regarding plants suitable for drier places, as well as natural wetlands. All it takes is a little plant knowledge, a guide to native plants or something like it, and you can find yourself not only with a beautiful garden, but one that requires less resources to maintain. Native plants are not always the best route to follow and may not add that flair that you are looking for, but they do provide a good framework for more exotic plants as wells as an example for the environmental conditions on which plants should be chosen to match.

Carex elata ‘Knightseyes’ Gunnera chilensis Hakonechloa macra ‘Aureola’ Iris pseucocoris ‘Variegata’ Primula bulleyana Primula florindae Primula involucrata Primula japonica Primula pulverulenta Sarracenia spp.

Planting for Special Situations

XERIC GARDEN

Eric J H Berg

Abella x “Edward Goucher’ Buddleia nivea Cenothus vetichianus Citus albidus Citus laurifolius Citus x corariensis Coronilla vaira Cotoneaster parneyi Cotoneaster salicifolia Elymus arenariuser Fraxinus ornus Magnolia x loebneri ‘Leonard Messel’ Phalaris arundinacea ‘Picta’ Pyrus calleryana ‘Autumn Blaze’ Ribes sanguineum Rosa rugosa Sorbus hupehensis Stachys lanata

BOG GARDEN

| PLANTING


PARKING STRIP EXAMPLES

Planting for Special Situations

wild strawberry

Eric J H Berg

PLANT PALETTE FOR STORM-WATER STREETS

PLANTING

liriope

common rushgrass

bearberry

drooping sedge

Bradford pear

sword fern heavenly bamboo

Taken from examples of storm-water streets in both Portland and Seattle, the plants and examples provided here show some possibilities for plantings on future streets in Magnolia as well as some structural elements that might be possible.

Photos by Eric Berg | PLANTING


GROWING VINE STREET [BECKONING CISTERN]

[LOCATION] [YEAR]

BUSTER SIMPSON

BELLTOWN, SEATTLE, WA

2003

[DIMENSIONS] [MATERIALS]

6’ diameter x 10’ height (tank)

painted aluminum, stainless steel

phot

o: be l

ltown

’s ph

otos

-flick

r

[DESCRIPTION]

Growing Vine Street includes Beckoning Cistern, Vertical Garden, and Cistern Steps - elements that add not only visual character but improved hydrologic function to Vine Street between First and Elliot Avenues in Seattle. Beckoning Cistern collects rainwater from the roof of 81 Vine Street, a residential building. The collected water can be used for local landscaping needs, accessed via a spigot near the bottom. When the cistern fills, water spills over the thumb and runs down a series of rock-filled pools, which help to clean as well as detain the water from entering the city’s storm sewer system.

Rainwater Harvesting + Storage

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]

RAIN WATER Justin Martin

THE INDEX FINGER OF AN OUTSTRETCHED HAND COLLECTS RUNOFF FROM A ROOF DOWNSPOUT IN ‘BECKONING CISTERN’ BY BUSTER SIMPSON

‘Vertical Garden’ transforms a traditional downspout into a sculptural planter, helping to slow and decrease the amount of storm runoff. photo: J. Martin

[FOR MORE INFO] In the Field - http://www.inthefield.info/growing_vine_street.pdf Buster Simpson - http://www.bustersimpson.net/ photo: J. Martin

photo: J. Martin

| RAINWATER


source: City of Seattle

CARKEEK PARK [ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING CENTER]

2003 3,500-gallon cistern; two 60-gallon rain barrels

[DIMENSIONS]

THE LARGE CISTERN AT THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF THE ELC BUILDING FEATURES A “ROOF SCRUBBER” TO CLEAN DEBRIS THAT MAY WASH DOWN FROM THE ROOF. IT ALSO INCLUDES AN INLET FOR FRESH CITY WATER (WHICH IS NOT PHYSICALLY CONNECTED, TO AVOID CONTAMINATION OF THE TREATED WATER SUPPLY) AND AN OVERFLOW OUTLET

photo: City of Seattle

plastic storage containers, plumbing hardware (piping, pumps, hose)

[MATERIALS]

[DESCRIPTION]

The Environmental Learning Center (ELC) building features two systems for rainwater catchment and storage, which helped to earn the building Seattle’s first Gold level LEED Green Building certification from the US Green Building Council. Rain water that is captured off of the roof is used for flushing toilets as well as irrigating the landscape. The 3.500-gallon cistern, which can be filled from the City’s water supply when rain water runs out, has enough capacity to store water well into drier periods of the year. The rain barrel system, which drains a smaller portion of the roof, illustrates a simpler and less costly option for rainwater harvesting. Together, these systems help to achieve an approximately 60% decrease in municipal water use on the site, as well as maintaining a more natural flow rate of runoff.

Rainwater Harvesting + Storage

[YEAR]

CARKEEK PARK, SEATTLE, WA

Justin Martin

[LOCATION]

RAIN WATER

Rainwater barrels provide an alternate catchment system at the back of the ELC building. photo: J. Martin

[FOR MORE INFO] Seattle Parks Dept. - http://www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/carkeekpark/elc.htm Seattle P-I article: http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/125406_carkeek06.html Carkeek ELC Floor Plan source: City of Seattle

photo: J. Martin

| RAINWATER


The storage pond under the deck being build . photo: UW Landscape Arch. Dept.

The storage pond under the deck - note the pump intake + overflow outlet

CASCADE PEOPLE’S CENTER [CASCADE ADOPT-A-PARK]

• RAINWATER IS COLLECTED ON THE ROOF, PASSES THROUGH AN INITIAL SCREEN (ABOVE RIGHT) • FIRST FLUSH OF WATER COLLECTS IN A SEPARATE TUBE (ABOVE LEFT) • WATER IS DIRECTED TO LARGE METAL CISTERN (RIGHT, ABOVE CENTER) OR HOLDING POND BELOW DECK (BELOW RIGHT) • WATER CAN BE PUMPED FROM POND INTO SMALL TANK FOR GRAVITY-FEED IRRIGATION (BELOW CENTER)

[YEAR]

2000 (+ ongoing)

[DESCRIPTION]

The landscape around the Cascade People’s Center, just northeast of downtown Seattle, includes a number of elements to demonstrate sustainable urban water use practices. The garden on the south side of the building was originally constructed by the UW Landscape Architecture Department’s Design/Build Program. Rainwater captured from the roof is directed across a small pergola, and then flows into a storage pond (with synthetic liner) below the octagonal deck. This water can then be pumped out to use for irrigation.

Rainwater Harvesting + Storage

THOMAS ST. & PONTIUS AVE. N SEATTLE, WA

[LOCATION]

RAIN WATER Justin Martin

UW LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN/BUILD & ECO-CASCADE

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]

Artwork encouraging rainwater storage and use, from the north wall of the People’s Center building. photo: J. Martin

On the north side of the building is a second, newer cistern that can also capture rainfall from the building’s roof.

[FOR MORE INFO] Cascade People’s Center - http://www.cascadepeoplescenter.org/index.htm Eco-Cascade - http://www.ecocascade.org/ UW Landscape Design/Build photos: J. Martin

http://www.caup.washington.edu/larch/Programs/design_build/cascade/cascade.php | RAINWATER


PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY [STEPHEN EPLER HALL - RAIN GARDEN]

[YEAR]

PORTLAND, OR

2003

[DESCRIPTION] photo: City of Portland

Epler Hall on the Portland State University Campus features a system to capture and re-use the runoff from approximately 12,000 ft2 of roof surface. Water is channeled from downspouts into stone-filled tubs, from where it flows out and crosses the walkway via a runnel paved loosely with stone. It then enters a series of vegetated beds, where it infiltrates through soil and gravel, and is piped to a large underground storage tank below the plaza. Stored water is used to flush toilets on the first floor of Epler, as well as to irrigate the surrounding landscape.

Rainwater Harvesting + Storage

[LOCATION]

Justin Martin

MITHUN, INTERFACE ENGINEERING, ATLAS LANDSCAPE ARCH.

DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]

RAIN WATER

A water infiltration cell fed by runoff from the building to the east of Epler photo: J. Martin

photo: J. Martin

It is estimated that this system saves over 100,000 gallons of municipal water a year.

[FOR MORE INFO] Portland State Sustainability: Water

photo: J. Martin

- http://www.pdx.edu/sustainability/cs_co_water.html

City of Portland, Office of Sustainable Dev.: Rainwater Harvesting -http://www.portlandonline.com/osd/index.cfm?a=bbehfa&c=ecbbd | RAINWATER


SEATTLE RAIN CATCHERS [SEATTLE PUBLIC UTILITIES PILOT PROJECT]

SEATTLE, WA

[YEAR]

2004 - ONGOING

photo: J. Martin

[DESCRIPTION]

SPU has initiated a pilot project to work on reducing the amount of storm runoff that goes directly from impervious surfaces into the combined sewer system. To do this, they have installed cisterns to collect roof runoff at the homes of a number of volunteer participants. The rainwater that is captured is prefiltered, then passes through a much finer filter as it exits the tank. During the rainy months, the tank outflows to the sewer system, but the flow is regulated by a 1/8� diameter orifice. In this way, the water from people’s property is detained before entering the sewer and storm drain systems, thus mimicking a more natural flow pattern for the watershed. Tanks generally range from 400-600 gallons, depending on the roof area that they collect. The rain storage unit (including the tank and associated plumbing, filters, etc) is estimated to cost around $1500 to install. SPU is paying for the systems that are part of its limited pilot project.

Rainwater Harvesting + Storage

[LOCATION]

photo: J. Martin

Justin Martin

SEATTLE PUBLIC UTILITIES (SPU)

DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]

RAIN WATER

A rain garden in a residential yard near Ballard. photo: J. Martin

[FOR MORE INFO] SPU - Residential Stormwater Control - http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Projects/ Residential_Stormwater_Control/index.asp

SPU - Rain Barrels Program -http://www.seattle.gov/util/Services/Yard/Natural_Lawn_&_Garden_Care/Rain_ diagram: SPU

photo: SPU

Barrels/index.asp

| RAINWATER


WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT STORMWATER DETENTION & CLEANSING?

STORM WATER

Stormwater is of concern for two main issues - one related to the volume and timing of runoff water (flood control and water supplies) and the other related to potential contaminants that the water is carrying (water pollution). Because impervious surfaces (parking lots, roads, buildings) do not allow rain to infiltrate into the ground, more runoff is generated than in the undeveloped condition. This additional runoff can erode watercourses (streams and rivers) as well as cause flooding when the stormwater collection system is overwhelmed by the additional flow. Because the water is flushed out of the watershed during the storm event, little infiltrates the soil, replenishes groundwater, or supplies stream base flow in dry weather.

Stormwater Detention & Cleansing

David Minnery & George Loew

Stormwater that does not soak into the ground becomes surface runoff, which either flows into surface waterways or is channeled into storm sewers.

photo credit: www.cityofnapa.org

STRATEGIES

MITIGATION

Natural drainage has become a standard tool for managing stormwater in Seattle, reducing flooding and improving environmental stewardship. Natural drainage systems strive to meet many goals: slow the flow of stormwater, allow the water to soak into the ground, filter and reduce pollution using the natural processes of soil and plants, reduce impervious (hard) surfaces, increase greenery, and make neighborhoods better places to walk and play.

• Wetpond

• Vegetated Swale

• Sand Filters

• Constructed/Pocket Wetland

• Infiltration Trench

• Biofiltration Areas C | STORMWATER


STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:

WET POND

Constructed stormwater retention basin that has a permanent pool (or micropool). Runoff from each rain event is detained and treated in the pool primarily through settling and biological uptake mechanisms.

• Typically 2 to 6 feet deep • Maximum contributing drainage area of 10 acres for surface sand filter; 2 acres for perimeter sand filter • Sand filter media with underdrain system

ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Applicable to small drainage areas • Good for highly impervious areas • Good retrofit capability

DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • High maintenance burden • Not recommended for areas with high sediment content in stormwater or clay/silt runoff areas • Relatively costly • Possible odor problems

Stormwater Detention & Cleansing

DESIGN CRITERIA:

David Minnery & George Loew

KEY CONSIDERATIONS

STORM WATER

photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.wetland.org www.manchester.gov.uk

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Inspect for clogging – rake first inch of sand • Remove sediment from forebay/chamber • Replace sand filter media as needed

POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 50/30%

Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal

50%

Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal

70%

Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER


STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:

CONSTRUCTED or POCKET WETLAND

Constructed wetlands are constructed basins that have a permanent pool of water throughout the year (or at least throughout the wet season) and differ from wet ponds primarily in being shallower and having greater vegetation coverage.

STORM WATER

DESIGN CRITERIA: • Minimum contributing drainage area of 25 acres; 5 acres for pocket wetland • Minimum dry weather flow path of 2:1 (length:width) should be provided from inflow to outflow • Minimum of 35% of total surface area should have a depth of 6 inches or less; 10 to 20% of surface area should be deep pool (1.5- to 6-foot depth)

ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Good nutrient removal • Provides natural wildlife habitat • Relatively low maintenance costs

DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS:

Stormwater Detention & Cleansing

David Minnery & George Loew

KEY CONSIDERATIONS

photo credit: www.eng.cmu.ac.th www.ufz.de

• Requires large land area • Needs continuous baseflow for viable wetland • Sediment regulation is critical to sustain wetlands

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Replace wetland vegetation to maintain at least 50% surface area coverage • Remove invasive vegetation • Monitor sediment accumulation and remove periodically POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 40/30%

Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal

50%

Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal

70%

Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER


STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:

VEGETATED SWALE or BIOSWALE

Bioswales are open, shallow channels that collect and slowly convey runoff to downstream discharge points. They are designed and constructed to capture and treat stormwater runoff within dry or wet cells formed by check dams or other means.

• Bottom width of 2 to 8 feet • Side slopes 2:1 or flatter; 4:1 recommended • Should be able to adequately convey a 25-year storm event

ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Combines stormwater treatment with runoff conveyance system • Less expensive than curb and gutter • Reduces runoff velocity

DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • Higher maintenance than curb and gutter systems • Cannot be used on steep slopes • Possible resuspension of sediment • Potential for odor / mosquitoes (wet swale)

Stormwater Detention & Cleansing

DESIGN CRITERIA: • Longitudinal slopes must be less than 4%

David Minnery & George Loew

KEY CONSIDERATIONS

STORM WATER

photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.portlandonline.com www.thehighpoint.com George Loew

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Maintain grass heights of approximately 4 to 6 inches (dry swale) • Remove sediment from forebay and channel

POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 50/50%

Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal

40%

Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal

no data

Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER


STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:

VEGETATED SWALE or BIOSWALE

Bioswales are open, shallow channels that collect and slowly convey runoff to downstream discharge points. They are designed and constructed to capture and treat stormwater runoff within dry or wet cells formed by check dams or other means.

STORM WATER

Stormwater Detention & Cleansing

David Minnery & George Loew

photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.portlandonline.com Davifd Minnery

POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 50/50%

Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal

40%

Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal

no data

Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER


STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:

INFILTRATION TRENCH

Excavated trench filled with stone aggregate used to capture and allow infiltration of stormwater runoff into the surrounding soils from the bottom and sides of the trench.

• Soil infiltration rate of 0.5 in/hr or greater required • Excavated trench (3 to 8 foot depth) filled with stone media (1.5- to 2.5-inch diameter); pea gravel and sand filter layers • A sediment forebay and grass channel, or equivalent upstream pretreatment, must be provided • Observation well to monitor percolation

ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Provides for groundwater recharge • Good for small sites with porous soils

DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • Potential for groundwater contamination • High clogging potential; should not be used on sites with fine-particled soils (clays or silts) in drainage area • Significant setback requirements • Restrictions in karst areas • Geotechnical testing required, two borings per facility

Stormwater Detention & Cleansing

DESIGN CRITERIA:

David Minnery & George Loew

KEY CONSIDERATIONS

STORM WATER

photo credit: www.stormwatercenter.net Davifd Minnery

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Inspect for clogging • Remove sediment from forebay • Replace pea gravel layer as needed POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 60/60%

Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal

90%

Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal

90%

Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER


STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:

SAND FILTERS

Multi-chamber structure designed to treat stormwater runoff through filtration, using a sediment forebay, a sand bed as its primary filter media and, typically, an underdrain collection system.

• Typically 2 to 6 feet deep • Maximum contributing drainage area of 10 acres for surface sand filter; 2 acres for perimeter sand filter • Sand filter media with underdrain system

ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Applicable to small drainage areas • Good for highly impervious areas • Good retrofit capability

DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • High maintenance burden • Not recommended for areas with high sediment content in stormwater or clay/silt runoff areas • Relatively costly • Possible odor problems

Stormwater Detention & Cleansing

DESIGN CRITERIA:

David Minnery & George Loew

KEY CONSIDERATIONS

STORM WATER

photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.limnoterra.com

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Inspect for clogging – rake first inch of sand • Remove sediment from forebay/chamber

POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 50/25%

Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal

50%

Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal

40%

Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER


STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:

BIORETENTION AREA Shallow stormwater basin or landscaped area that utilizes engineered soils and vegetation to capture and treat runoff.

• Maximum contributing drainage area of 5 acres • Often located in landscaping islands or nature strips • Treatment area consists of grass filter, sand bed, ponding area, organic/mulch layer, planting soil, and vegetation • Typically requires 5 feet of head

ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Applicable to small drainage areas • Good for highly impervious areas, particularly parking lots • Good retrofit capability • Relatively low maintenance requirements • Can be planned as an aesthetic feature

DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • Requires extensive landscaping • Not recommended for areas with steep slopes

Stormwater Detention & Cleansing

DESIGN CRITERIA:

David Minnery & George Loew

KEY CONSIDERATIONS

STORM WATER

photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.portlandonline.com www.thehighpoint.com Davifd Minnery

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Inspect and repair/replace treatment area components

POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 60/50%

Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal

unknown Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal no data Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER


OREGON CONVENTION CENTER RAINGARDEN photo credit: www.portlandonline.com

Downtown Portland, OR 2003

Downspout photo credit: meyer/reed.com

Raingarden photo credit: Portland OR tourism; www.pova.com

The raingarden at the Oregon Convention Center in Portland provides an aesthetic urban demonstration that integrates stormwater filtration gardens as a visitor attraction. The raingarden mimics nature’s processes of retaining and cleansing water before it is released back to the Willamette River.

The Oregon Convention Center features a “raingarden” which collects as much as 1,000 cubic feet of stormwater runoff (that’s just under 7,500 gallons) from the 5.5 acre roof area. The raingarden is a 318 ft. long channel that simulates a mountain stream with basalt columns, wetland plants, native vegetation and grasses. The raingarden consists of terraced cobbled sedimentation basins that act to slow the water, allowing sediments to filter out and increase time for water to infiltrate into the ground. The water course is lined with 12 tons of Iron Mountain flag-stone and 90 tons of river rock, and vegetated with Common rush, dwarf willow, red osier dogwood, sedges, Yellow Flag Iris, Siberian Iris and water Iris. These plants help to reduce the total volume of storm water runoff as well as help to filter out pollutants and to stabilize the soils. The garden is not only an attractive addition to the exterior of the Convention Center, but also returns water to the city sewers cleaner than it came in.

Urban + Residential Raingardens

landscape architect : MEYER/REED

Ashley Thorner

URBAN RAINGARDEN

RAIN GARDEN

for more information:

Raingarden photo credit: Portland OR tourism; www.pova.com

www.portlandonline.com, Portland Bureau of Environmental Services http://www.mayerreed.com/occl.html, Meyer/Reed Landscape Arch. profile http://www.mayerreed.com/occl.html http://www.pova.org

RAINGARDEN


SEA STREET: street-edge-alternative RAIN GARDEN

SEA Streets,bioswale photo credit: City of Seattle; www2.cityofseattle.net

NORTHWEST SEATTLE, WA 2003 Bioswales are along both sides of the road with grasses, sedges and rushes that filter the pollutants out of stormwater. Designers followed the concept of “right plant, right place,� selecting non-invasive species that can survive with little maintenance in our local climate. Trees with smaller root systems fit more easily within the right-of-way; plants that thrive in wetlands have been placed in the lower, moist areas of the stormwater swales and ponds. To slow down traffic and reduce impervious surfaces the roads were designed curvy and narrow, reducing impervious surfaces by 11%.

SEA Streets is a Seattle Public Utilities and natural drainage project located in northwest Seattle. it is a prototype project designed to provide drainage and infiltration that mimics the natural processes. SEA Street breaks the 150 year convention of standard street design, using narrow curbs, curved streets, open drainage swales and an abundance of diverse and native plants. Gardens front the street integrating home and neighborhood, uniting the community visually, environmentally and socially.

Urban + Residential Raingardens

SEATTLE PUBLIC UTILITIES

Ashley Thorner

SEA STREETS: NATURAL DRAINAGE

A concept drawing of the $800,000 SEA project shows 14-foot-wide curved street, swales, additional trees, vegetation and diagonal parking areas for cars. Credit: DJC Seattle Journal of Commerce: Environment

for more information: SEA Streets, curvy road photo credit: City of Seattle; www2.cityofseattle.net

http://www2.cityofseattle.net/util/tours/seastreet/ http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/ http://www.djc.com/news/co/11149502.html

RAINGARDEN


RESIDENTIAL RAINGARDENS RAIN GARDEN

DIG IT! RESIDENTIAL RAINGARDENS Raingardens are an easy and fun way to create beautiful landscape features that manage stormwater on site. They are planted depressions that are designed to take the excess rainwater run-off from a house and its surrounding landscape. The plants used are a selection of wetland edge vegetation, such as sedges, rushes, ferns, shrubs and trees that absorb the excess water, and through the process of transpiration return water vapor into the atmosphere. Local Pacific Northwest Raingarden

Raingardens are beneficial for many reasons: they lessen the effects of drought, remove pollutants from run-off, make paved areas more attractive, and provide interesting planting opportunities. They encourage wildlife and biodiversity, tie together buildings and their surrounding environments in attractive and environmentally advantageous ways, as well as making a significant contribution to environmental problems that affect us all.

Urban + Residential Raingardens

Ashley Thorner

Tasmaninan Raingarden photo credit: http://www.rtbg.tas.gov.au/

Raingardens provide a way to use and optimize any rain that does fall, by reducing or avoiding the need for irrigation. They allow a residence to deal with excessive rainwater runoff without burdening the public storm water networks.

for more information: A rain garden in Philadelphia, designed by Edgar David. Rainwater that flows from the house roof to the stone cistern is used to irrigate an intimate collection of woodland plants

Raingarden- residential bog garden photo/design credit: Mike Broili

http://www.raingardens.org/Index.php; raingardens of West Michigan http://www.bbg.org/gar2/topics/design/2004sp_raingardens; Brooklyn Botanical Gardens http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/wm/nps/rg/littleone/small.htm

RAINGARDEN


RESIDENTIAL RAINGARDENS RAIN GARDEN

Western Mountains and Pacific Northwest Raingarden vertical layers http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/waterquality.html; Virginia tech

Choosing Plants

Planting a raingarden is the fun part. A variety of native wildflowers, ferns, grasses, shrubs, and trees thrive in moist soil. Your raingarden can be divided into three wetness zones. In the lowest zone, plant species that can tolerate short periods of standing water as well as fluctuating water levels, because a raingarden will dry out during droughts or at times of the year when precipitation is sparse. Species that can tolerate extremes of wet soils and dry periods are also appropriate for the middle zone, which is slightly drier. You can put plants that prefer drier conditions at the highest zone or outer edge of your raingarden. Plant as many species as you can to enhance your raingarden’s value as wildlife habitat. If your raingarden is shaded, plant smaller understory trees and shrubs such as river birch and sweet pepperbush, as well as ferns, sedges, and wildflowers. Re-creating the vertical layers found in a natural forest will provide a number of different habitat niches for a variety of birds and other creatures. If you are planting in a sunny area, a wet meadow full of colorful prairie wildflowers and grasses is an appropriate choice.

Raingarden design Brooklyn Botanical Garden web page

Raingarden vertical layers http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/waterquality.html; Virginia tech

Wildflowers, Ferns, Grasses, and Sedges: Aquilegia formosa, Columbine Aralia californica, Elk clover Aruncus dioicus, Goatsbeard Caltha leptosepala, Marsh marigold Camassia quamash, Camas Cimicifuga laciniata, Bugbane Darmera peltata, Umbrella plant Heracleum lanatum, Cow parsnip Mimulus guttatus, Monkeyflower Adiantum pedatum, Maidenhair fern Athyrium filix-femina, Lady fern Woodwardia fimbriata, Chain fern Carex obnupta, Sedge Carex testacea, Orange New Zealand Sedge Juncus patens, Grooved rush Liriope muscari. Big blue lily turf

Urban + Residential Raingardens

raingarden plant list

Ashley Thorner

DIG IN! PLANTING YOUR RAINGARDEN

Trees and Shrubs: Acer circinatum, Vine maple Clethra alnifolia, Sweet pepperbush Cornus alternifolia, Pagoda dogwood Cornus sericea, Creek dogwood Gaultheria shallon, Salal Ilex verticillata, Winterberry Physocarpus capitatus, Pacific ninebark Ribes sanguineum, Red-flowering currant Rubus spectabilis, Salmonberry Salix purpurea ‘Nana’, Dwarf blue willow Salix scouleri, Scouler’s willow

for more information: http://www.raingardens.org/Index.php; raingardens of West Michigan http://www.bbg.org/gar2/topics/design/2004sp_raingardens; Brooklyn Botanical Gardens http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/wm/nps/rg/littleone/small.htm http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/waterquality.html; Virginia tech

RAINGARDEN


public school raingardens:

RAIN GARDEN

Raingarden photo credit: Portland Bureau of Environmental Services

Glencoe Elementary school is part of the Oregon Green Schools program which promotes raising awareness, resource conservation and reducing the impact of schools on the environment in creative and educational ways. The Glencoe elementary school raingarden is multifunctional. It collects runoff from adjacent streets, reduces storm water in the sewer system and helps prevent local basement flooding and combined sewer overflows. It mimics natural conditions by allowing storm water to filter through vegetation and soak into the ground as it moves slowly through the garden, infiltrating into the base flow. The raingarden also serves to beautify the campus with native foliage and is used as an outdoor educational resource.

Urban + Residential Raingardens

2003

Ashley Thorner

glencoe elementary school Portland Bureau of Environmental Services: designer: kevin perry Portland, OR

for more information: www.portlandonline.com, Portland Bureau of Environmental Services http://glencoe.pps.k12.or.us/schools/glencoe/staff/pletz/stormwater_ www.oregongreenschools.org https://mttabor.pps.k12.or.us

RAINGARDEN


URBAN FORESTRY

Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)

SEEING THE FOREST FOR THE TREES

photo credit: http://www.djc.com/special/ landscape/c10008171.html

TREES

BENEFITS OF STREET TREES

The need for trees in the city has probably never been greater. In addition to visual appeal, street trees help replenish oxygen, filter particulate pollutants, prevent soil erosion, provide a buffer from sun, wind and rain and provide valuable habitat in our urban areas.

Urban Forestry + Street Trees

The Cooperative Forestry Act of 1978 defines urban forestry as “the planning, establishment, protection, and management of trees and associated plants, individually, in small groups, or under forest conditions within cities, their suburbs, and towns.” Urban forestry is also a way of looking at the trees in your community as part of a larger ecosystem that can both contribute to community health, economic vitality and ecological function.

H. Flint Chatto

URBAN FORESTRY - WHAT IS IT?

CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHOOSING STREET TREES

Species Selection - Choosing the right tree for the right place Siting of Trees - Placement & Function Special Considerations Tree Care & Maintenance Design Opportunities

FOR MORE INFO

Mature Street Trees Photo Credit: H. Flint Chatto 34th Avenue, Magnoliia Neighborhood, Seattle, WA

- “Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June 2002. - “Urban Forestry Notebook. University of Washington Center for Urban Horticulture, et al. January 1, 1990. - “The Downtown Street Tree Handbook,” The Oregon Downtown Development Association. Salem, OR, 2001 - City of Seattle Street Tree Planting Procedures, http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/treeplanting.htm -”Trees in the Urban Landscape: Principles & Practice”. Anthony Bradshaw, et al.E & FN Spon/Chapman & Hall, 1995.

photo credit: http://www.wburg. com/0104/context/editor.html

If you want to be happy for a year...plant a garden. If you want to be happy for a lifetime, plant a tree. - Author unknown, The Downtown Street Tree Handbook

| TREES


CHOOSING THE RIGHT TREE

TREES

2) Consider the desired function: - screening - shade - aesthetics & character - traffic calming - habitat improvement - stormwater management 3) Consider the basic care and needs of the prefered species: - sun, water and space needs - maintenance requirements (e.g. weeding, mulching, pruning, etc.) TREE INVENTORY Use an inventory of existing trees to help determine future plans for tree placement and care. The inventory should include location, species, approximate age and size, general health and notable problems.

Street Trees Provide Street Definition Photo Credit: H. Flint Chatto Downtown Portland, OR

“Trees provide shade and can keep homes and buidlings up to 20 degrees cooler in the summer.” - Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June

FOR MORE INFO - “Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June 2002. - “Urban Forestry Notebook. University of Washington Center for Urban Horticulture, et al. Janurary 1, 1990.

Traffic Calming

Urban Forestry + Street Trees

H. Flint Chatto

SPECIES SELECTION: RIGHT TREE RIGHT PLACE 1) Review existing trees using a tree inventory to develop goals and plans for future tree planting.

Screening

Shade & Enclosure

Stormwater Management

photo credit: (from top): H. Flint Chatto, except as noted - traffic circle at High Point Community, Seattle, WA; Parking lot screening, Whole Foods Market, Portland, OR; Street trees, http://mysite.wanadoo-members. co.uk/homecitrusgrowers/Athens-street-trees.jpg; Parking lot stormwater swale, Pollution Control Facility, Portland, OR.

| TREES


TREE PLACEMENT & FUNCTION

TREES

Canopy Features

Urban Forestry + Street Trees

H. Flint Chatto

Treelined Walkway

Visual & Spatial Perception

Treelined Walkway photo credit: H. Flint Chatto Portland, OR

SPATIAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Each sidewalk activity takes up at least his much width:

8 ft. 5 ft. 5 ft. 5 ft. 5 ft. 5 ft. 3 ft. 2 ft.

Transit shelter or ADA platform Transit stop with a bench Two way pedestrian traffic Wheel chair turnig area Planting strip or tree well Outdoor dining tables Bench Miscellaneous street furniture

FOR MORE INFO - “Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June 2002.

“I think that I shall never see a poem as lovely as a tree - Joyce Kilmer, American Poet

| TREES


DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES

TREES

Urban Forestry + Street Trees

H. Flint Chatto

Courtyard tree planter privedes shady summer seating - Downtown Portland, OR

Education & Demonstration - Downtown Portland, OR Green Streets Project developed by the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Tree Art - Magnolia Village, Seattle, WA

Decorative tree grate allows for drainage and ADA pedestrian access photo credit : H. Flint Chatto, Porland OR

Planters - Portland Residential Street

Tree Wells - Downtwon Portland

Informal Swales - High Point Residential Community

Formal Swales - Downtown Portland

| TREES


TREE PROTECTION & CARE

TREES

Photo credit: H. Flint Chatto (unless noted otherwise) - Street tree grate, Portland, OR; Magnolia 1/2 grate and planter, Seattle WA; Street tree grate, Portland, OR; Open tree well, Portland, OR; Decorative tree support,-”Trees in the Urban Landscape: Principles & Practice”. Anthony Bradshaw, et al.E & FN Spon/Chapman & Hall, 1995; Base fence, New York, 3. http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/trees_greenstreets/tree_care_tips/tree_tips_main.html

Urban Forestry + Street Trees

Tree Base Conditions

The City of Seattle encourages the planting of trees along public streets. A property owner may plant a tree in a street planting strip if he or she first obtains a permit from the City Arborist’s Office. There is no charge for the permit, but the procedure allows the City Arborist to review the type of tree and the planting location. After you receive the permit to plant, you will be responsible for properly planting and maintaining the tree. This includes watering during the drier seasons, mulching and pruning.

H. Flint Chatto

Street Tree Planting Procedures (excerpt from city guidelines)

PLANTING & INSTALLATION - Proper Planting & Drainage - Secure support - Approriate soil ammendment - Protective Base/Trunk Treatment MAINTENANCE & CARE - Irrigation - Mulching - Pruning - Treatment for disease & pests - Monitoring Underpinning to Secure tree Base. Municipal Tree Manual. Published by the International Society of Arboriculture Municipal Tree Manual. Published by the International Society of Arboriculture

“Keep a green tree in your heart and perhaps the singing bird will come.” - Chinese Proverb

| TREES


SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

TREES

Overhead Wires

Sidewalk Curves to Protect Mature Trees photo credit: H. Flint Chatto Neighborhood Street, Portland, OR

Utility Poles

Heritage or Culturally Significant Trees

Call for Utility Locates before you dig!

Urban Forestry + Street Trees

Underground wires, pipes and other unknowns

H. Flint Chatto

?

Trees must be planted to the following standards: 3½ feet back from the face of the curb. 5 feet from underground utility lines 10 feet from power poles (15 feet recommended) 7½ feet from driveways (10 feet recommended) 20 feet from street lights or other existing trees. 30 feet from street intersections.

Municipal Tree Manual. Published by the International Society of Arboriculture; City of Seattle Street Tree Planting Procedures, http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/treeplanting.htm

“Trees provide shade and can keep homes and buidlings up to 20 degrees cooler in the summer.” “Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June 2002.

| TREES


URBAN HABITAT As urban, built-up areas are increasingly important to the survival of wildlife and you can find a huge variety of animals and plants if you know what signs to look for. Already, high-rise buildings have become inland cliffs for roosting seabirds, wasteland has been transformed into wildflower meadows and railway embankments are home to families of badgers and foxes. HABITAT INFORMATION

What is “Environmental Art�? Artwork created by artists concerned with the state of our environment worldwide, and with their local situation. Environmental artists often work in these ways: - Artists interpret nature, creating artworks to inform us about nature and its processes, or about environmental problems we face - Artists interact with environmental forces, creating artworks affected or powered by wind, water, lightning, even earthquakes - Artists re-envision our relationship to nature, proposing through their work new ways for us to co-exist with our environment - Artists reclaim and remediate damaged environments, restoring nature in artistic and often aesthetic ways

Micro-habitat : Buildings / Dockland /Parks, gardens and allotments / Roads and pavements / Railway embankments Wasteland and rubbish tips Species : Mammals / Birds / Invertebrates / Reptiles / Amphibians / Plants

Urban habitat features Desired patterns

HABITAT URBAN HABITAT FEATURES

YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU

ECO-ART

DESITED PATTERNS Environmental design -Combined nature and ecology with art & architecture Local ecology -Collaborative assemblage installation in community settings with indigenous materials (can create positive connections between us and our environment)

Eco-art


Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)

Photo by Gary Hightshoe http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/

TYPES OF CORRIDORS

browse/landscap/landscap.htm

A

B

E

Functions and Benefits

strips of narive habitat, such as hedgerows and greenways, that link habitat patches.

These corridors enable animals to move among habitat patches and are the essence of what many biologists mean when they use the term.

Elongated habitats that follow long, narrow landscape features such as rivers, ridgelines, or rights-of-way.

Although these “corridors” do not necessarily connect larger habitat pathches, they may protect important habitats.

A series of stepping stone refuges for migrating birds.

These may be a useful alternative to a true movement corridor for birds and other migratory animals.

Tunnel under highways (or bridges over them) that allow animals to move across the landscape.

These linkages help prevent roadkills and keep populations genetically connected.

Megacorridors, which are essentially large, oblong nature reserves.

Corridors that are wide enought to contain the average home range of large carnivores--up to 14 miles (22 km) wide --may help in large-scale conservation effots, such as the Y2Y initiative.

C CORRIDORS

D

Types of Corridor and Description

Several different types of landscape fuature have been referred to as “ corridors.” These include strips of native habitate (a), long narrow habitat types (b), series of stepping stone refuges (c), bridges over highways (d), and tunnels under them (e), and megacorridors, which are essentially large, elongated reserves (not shown.)

Urban habitat features Desired patterns

TYPES OF HABITAT CORRIDORS

YUKO ONO / YA-CHI FUH

ECO-ARTAT

Photo by Gary Hightshoe In the Field -http://www.igsb. uiowa.edu/browse/ landscap/landscap. htm

practical ecology photo credit: Conservation Planning P.149

[FOR MORE INFO]_ applications, conservation plannign in Practical Ecology, 2005, lincoln Instute of Land Policy, WA

Eco-art


Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)

The Center for Land Use Interpretation included this work in its 2001 survey of the current status of Earthworks.

MILL CREEK CANYON EARTHWORKS

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ HERBERT [LOCATION]_ Kent,

BAYER

WA

[YEAR]_ 1979-82. [DIMENSIONS]_ 2.5

acres

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

Herbert Bayer’s grass mound (1955), a 40 foot diameter mound at the Aspen Art Institute in Colorado, is considered the first example of contemporary environmental art. “It offered a balanced community where livelihood, sports, culture and art could be pursued amidst the beauty of nature.”16

Urban habitat features Desired patterns

Herbert Bayer, Mill Creek Canyon Earthworks, 1979-82. 2.5 acres. Kent, WA.

YUKO ONO / YA-CHI FU

ECO-ART

photo credit: http://greenmuseum. org/c/ecovention/grass.html

photo credit: http://www.asla.org/ lamag/lam03/march/feature3.html

photo credit: http://slaggarden.cfa.cmu.edu/ weblinks/FrostGIF/Frost01.gif

l Herbert Bayer, grass mound, 1955 Aspen Art Institute, Colorado (Photo Credit: Center for Land Use Interpretation, 2001)

SIDE BAR photos, phrase, quote, drawing, diagram, etc... (arial, 10pt, justify left) photo credit: http://greenmuseum.org/c/ecovention/grass.html

Eco-art


Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)

After it has passed through the flow form it goes into ponds. At this point the water can sustain life and these ponds will contain fish and many plants.

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ BETSY [LOCATION]_ CHENGD,

DAMON

SICHUAN, CHINA

[YEAR]_ 1995-1998 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

On a 1995 trip to Chengdu, Damon was introduced to the City GovernmentĂ­s five-year plan to clean up the Fu and Nan Rivers that merge there. Having founded Keepers of the Water, she was already devoted to communicating the significance of water. She suggested the city add a water garden to help clean the river and to educate people about water, conservation, and treatment. They asked her to coordinate this. Working with local specialists and Philadelphia-based landscape designer Margie Ruddick, she completed a conceptual design that included her innovative flow forms. The Living Water Garden has received several international design awards.

Urban habitat features Desired patterns

First, water is taken from the river into a settling pond. Around the settling pound is a large place to walk and learn. There is a 6’ (in diameter) living-water-drop in the center of the pond. Carved into stones is information about water and life. Then, in the settling pond the larger materials settle to the bottom, Microbiology will be injected into the pond to bring back the life that can eat pollution

ECO-ART YUKO ONO / YA-CHI FU

What is in the Living Water Garden?

THE LIVING WATER GARDEN

photo credit: http://www. wellnessgoods.com/garden.asp

keepers of waters photo credit: http://www.keepersofthewaters. org/

photo credit: http://greenmuseum.org/c/ecovention/flowforms.html

Eco-art


Fair Park Lagoon

[LOCATION]_ Dallas,

Johanson

Texas

[YEAR]_ 1995 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

Funded by a generous grant from the Meadows Foundation, The Leonhardt Lagoon Nature Walk features twenty-five numbered markers and four descriptive panels highlighting the birds and insects, plants and trees, fish and other wildlife that make their home at the Leonhardt Lagoon in Fair Park. A printed walking-guide, keyed to the markers, helps visitors learn more about the flora, fauna and wildlife living around the area of each of the markers.

Urban habitat features Desired patterns

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ Patricia

YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU

ECO-ART

[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.varoregistry.com/johanson/index.html

“My idea was to take things that are enfineered and built, and transform them into fountains and gardens” This thinking paved the way for an entirely new approach to integrationg nature and the urban infrastructure Ducks and turtles sun themselves on emergent parts of the sculpture

Her massive paths reference two native Texas plants; 1) a 225’ by 112’ by 12’ sprawiling causeway in the form of a “Pteris Multifada” fern and 2) a 235’by175’by 12’ entabgled amss of pathways reminiscent of the “Saggitaria Platyphylla” Eco-art


Endangered Garden

providing food and habitat for butterflies, shelfich, waterfowl, and small mammals, as well as human access to beaches, marshes, and the longshore barrier spit

[LOCATION]_ San

Johanson

Francisco Bay

[YEAR]_ 1987 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

Her art creates conditions that permit endangered species to thrive in the middle of urban centers

a linear park along San Francisco Bay, the functional structure which is a pump station and holding tank for water and sewage was presented this as a work of art and a productive landscape. Other goals included increasing food and habitat for wildlife, and providing maximum public access to San Francisco Bay. Tidal sculpture, butterfly meadow, habitat restoration, seating, and overlook are all incorporated into the image of the endangered San Francisco Garter Snake, as is a public access baywalk, thirty feet wide and one-third of a mile long that coincides with the roof of the new transport/storage sewer.

Urban habitat features Desired patterns

[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ Patricia

YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU

ECO-ART

[FOR MORE INFO]_

http://www.patriciajohanson.com/

For over twenty years Patricia Johanson has patiently insisted that art can help to heal the earth. For the last ten years she has been creating large-scale projects that posit a radical, yet utterly practical vision. She works with engineers, city planners, scientists and citizens’ groups to create her art as functioning infrastructure for modern cities. Johanson’s designs for sewers, parks, and other functional projects not only speak to deep human needs for beauty, culture, and historical memory. She also answers to the needs of birds, insects, fish, animals, and micro-organisms. Her art reclaims degraded ecologies and creates conditions that permit endangered species to thrive in the middle of urban centers.... Using the structures of nature as a way of thinking, she reconciles delicacy with strength, generosity with power, and creativity with consequence.

Eco-art


constructed entirely of used freeway materials and (mostly) native California plants

Mandela Artscape/ Garden to Go

[LOCATION]_ West [YEAR]_ 1998-9

Leibovitz Steinman

Oakland, CA

/ 2001

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

Mandela Artscape

Artist Susan Leibovitz Steinman salvages materials directly from community waste streams to construct public art installations that connect common daily experiences to broader social issues. Projects include conceptual sculpture gardens that meld art, ecology and community action. [FOR MORE INFO]_

.

http://www.steinmanstudio.com/publicart/urban.html

Urban habitat features Desired patterns

[PERFORMANCE ARTIST]_ Susan

YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU

ECO-ART

Garden to Go

Installed by neighborhood volunteers and youth participating in “learn and earn� summer eco-gardening program Eco-art


Turtle island

Hull

[LOCATION]_ Lincoln

Memorial Gardens Springfield, Illinois [YEAR]_ 1997 Her sculpture and installations provide shelter, food water or space for wildlife, as eco-atonement for their loss of habitat to human encroachment

[MATERIALS]_

tree branches

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_

As she learns about different eco-zones, she explores the needs of local wildlife in order to devise appropriate structures. Most of her works are designed with “biofeedback loops,” which is to say that the support of one species leads to the support of another species, and this leads to greater biodiversity

Urban habitat features Desired patterns

[ Environmental Sculptor/Trans-species Artist]_ Lynne

YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU

ECO-ART

Although Trans-species art (art created for animals) doesn’t alter the environment, it must also fit in with the surrounding ecology. Some trans-species works withstand the elements to make lasting contributions to the lives of the animals they support. Some last only as long as it takes for restoration to begin and for nature to take over again. In the Field - http://www.eco-art.org/

“I believe that the creativity of artists can be applied to real world problems and can have an effect on urgent social and environmental issues” Once Hull’s works are installed, biologists monitor them to determine their effectiveness

“I prefer direct collaboration with wildlife specialists, environmental interpreters, landscape architects, and local people for design integration” Research and consultation are essential to project success.

Eco-art


Creating urban wildlife habitat in your yard does not mean you will be attracting bears....

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT

[why?]

photo credit: www.nwconx.net

Here are only some reasons for creating wildlife habitat in your own backyard: photo credit: www.home.comcast.net

photo credit: www.x7b.xanga.com

...what you call your yard is an inhospitable stretch of green death for many animals....

- Its an enjoyable experience to be able to watch wildlife in your own yard everyday. - Its a relaxing to be close to nature and its wildlife. - Creating wildlife habitat, makes your yard more attractive. - The habitat created lasts all year long, and is especially important to animals during the winter.

Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale

Most yards are not adequate living areas for many species. Large lawns and little foliage represent desert like landscapes for animals searching for food, water, shelter, and places to raise their young.

Aaron R. Luoma

Where do you live?

- By helping wildlife you also help the environment as a whole photo credit: www.nwf.org

- You can be recognized by the National Wildlife Federation with a certification process that is fun to do with neighborhood friends and the community. - Once your yard is certified as wildlife habitat through NWF, you will receive additional resources helpful for maintaining and expanding your habitat.

photo credit: www.jaimeandjoshseattle.tripod.com

Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)

[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/

Creating urban wildlife habitat does not mean skunks will begin to be a calling your backyard home...

photo credit: www.protectwildlife.org

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 1


Belted Kingfisher

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT

[the birds]

- There are a variety of species in Western Washington that are quite attractive, displaying bold colors. - Many birds have a beautiful song to sing Yellow headed Blackbird

photo credit: www.bird-bath.com

photo credit: www.x7b.xanga.com

- They will eat a lot of annoying insects

Birds need important infrastructure if they are to call your backyard home. Providing clean fresh water for bathing, nesting boxes, and feeders year-round will attract many different species.

- The variety of birds in your yard can act as an ecological indicator for a healthier environment as a whole. Planting plants that provide food and shelter is a vital part in creating wildlife habitat for birds. (Examples shown are Oregon Grape, Miscanthus, and Crab-apple.)

Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale

- They will eat many of the berries and other fruit in your yard.

Aaron R. Luoma

Here are a few reasons to provide habitat for birds:

Yellowrumped Warbler

*See last page of plant list for wildlife

photo credit: www.blueskynursery.com

House Finch

photo credit: www.nestbox.co.uk.com

photo credit: www.parasolgarden.com

photo credit: www.windpoppy.com

photo credit: www.mukwonago.k12.wi.us

[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/

The American Robin prefers lush lawns only because of the tasty worms photo credit: www.protectwildlife.org

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 2


Fallen logs and other woody debris create excellent habitat for a variety of insects

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT

photo credit: www.gov.ns.ca

CENTIPEDE

- Eat insects (no pesticides)

- Healthier plants

- Less maintenance

- Pollinators

- Attractive

- Decomposers (compost)

Beneficial Insects: Minute Pirate Bug -- Leafhopper nymphs, Spider mites, Thrips Predatory Mite -- European Red Mites, Spider Mites photo credit: www.nestbox.com

photo credit: www.isledegrane.com

Praying Mantis -- Also predates beneficial

LACEWING

Rove Beetle -- Aphids, Cabbage Maggot, Flies, Mites, Springtails Soldier Beetle -- Aphids, Beetle larvae, Caterpillars, Corn Rootworm, Cucumber Beetle, Grasshopper eggs ; Attracted by Goldenrod, Milkweed, Hydrangea Spined Soldier Bug -- Caterpillars, Sawfly larvae

photo credit: www.nestbox.com

Tachinid Fly -- Caterpillars

WOOD PILE photo credit: www.asergeev.com

Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale

BUMBLEBEE BOX

Aaron R. Luoma

BUG HOUSE

WILDLIFE HABITAT

[Bees and bugs]

Tiger Beetle -- General predator Yellowjacket -- Flies, caterpillars

photo credit: www.mamba.bio.uci.edu

photo credit: www.allenbukoff.com

photo credit: www.annesgrovegardens.com

LADYBUG

BUMBLEBEE

GROUND BEETLE

photo credit: www.cirrusimage.com

photo credit: www.myfourthirds.com

photo credit: www.1000plus.com

Beneficial Insects: Assassin Bug -- Caterpillars, Flies

[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/

Big-Eyed Bug -- Aphids, Caterpillars, Leafhoppers, Mites; attracted by Clover, Goldenrod, Soybeans. Braconid Wasp -- Aphids, Armyworm, Cabbageworm, Cornborer, Codling Moth, Elm Bark Beetle, Horn Worm; Attracted by Dill, Parsley, Yarrow.

Damselbug -- Aphids, Caterpillars, Leafhoppers, Thrips; Attracted by Alfalfa.

Hover Fly (Syrphid Fly) -- Aphids Ichneumon Wasp -- Beetle larvae, Caterpillars, Sawfly,

Ground Beetle -- Caterpillars, Cabbage Maggot, Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae, Cutworms, Slugs, Snails; Attracted by Clover. Honeybee -- Pollinator

Lacewing -- Aphids, Corn Earworms, Mites, Thrips Lady Beetle -- Aphids

http://wdfw.wa.gov/ URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 3


Fallen logs and other woody debris create excellent habitat for a variety of insects

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT

[Butterflies]

photo credit: www.carolinanature.com

Ediths Checkered Spot

Some examples of flowers that attract butterflies:

photo credit: www.prairiestarflowers.com

photo credit: www.nestbox.com

Globe Amaranth

Butterfly Weed

Calendula

Aster

Chrysanthemum

Cigar Plant

Purple Coneflower

Cosmos, Daylily

Geranium

Goldenrod

Impatiens

Marigold

Pansy

Pentas

Plumbago

Mexican Bush Sage

Speedwell

Mexican Sunflower

Zinnia

Blackfoot Daisy

Bluebonnet

Brown-eyed Susan

Cardinal Flower

Columbine

Frostweed

Indian Blanket

Gayfeather

Mexican Hat

Indian Paintbrush

Salvia

Coreopsis

Phlox

Purple Horsemint

Red Admiral

Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale

Aaron R. Luoma

Butterflies act as pollinators and bring a bright array of color to your yard. It is important to provide nesting boxes for shelter as well as the appropriate plants for food. Plants could be selected to attract butterflies as well as to attract the caterpillars. Additional feeding troughs can be placed for increased nectar.

Mormon Fritillary

Hydaspe Fritallary

photo credit: www.greathousebutterfliesinc.com

photo credit: www.meredith.com

Blanket Flower attracts butterflies with is bold red and yellow bloom [FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/

photo credit: www.msu.edu

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 4


Shade created by vine maples and other plants help shelter wildlife

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT

[Other wildlife]

photo credit: www.nwf.org

photo credit: www.corante.com

photo credit: www.rocket.box.plan.com

photo credit: www.mattheweathers.com

Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale

photo credit: www.nestbox.co.uk

Aaron R. Luoma

By creating wildlife habitat, you open your yard to a lots of different animals. Some of these potential neighbors could include frogs, toads, bats, squirrels, and mice. Again it is important to provide food, water, shelter, and places to raise young for these species. Bat houses can be built, to attract these winged creatures of the night. Frogs will welcome any site of open water and will also patrol your yard for pesky bugs.

photo credit: www.content.answers.com

This frog has found a home in a vacant bird bath [FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/

photo credit: www.mcfitz.com

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 5


URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT

[Tukwila, WA]

photo credit: City of Tukwila, WA

Tukwila hosts their annual Backyard Wildlife Festival which celebrates and promotes urban wildlife habitat at the residential scale. Much of the support is driven by local citizens and different organizations present within the community. The backyard to the left showcases the diverse amount of planting, woody debris, built structures and food available to wildlife. It also highlights the importance of having several levels of vegetation.

photo credit: Backyard Wildlife Festival

Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale

In 2002 Tukwila, WA was the first community to be certified as a Community Wildlife Habitat by the National Wildlife Federation. Other communities such as Alki and Bellingham have also recently completed the certification process. The Pacific Northwest could also become one of the first internationally recognized eco-regions certified by the NWF.

Aaron R. Luoma

Tukwila Wildlife Habitat Project

photo credit: Backyard Wildlife, Tukwila, WA

A local stream passes through the community of Tukwila, WA [FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/

photo credit: City of Tukwila, WA

URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 6


URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT [Tukwila, WA]

photo credit: City of Tukwila, WA

The graphic below shows the different types of birds that like to nest in different levels of vegetation.

HABITAT AREAS

Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale

Here is a sample of a residence in the planning stages of creating wildlife habitat. Notice how sections of the yard are planned based upon the existing micro-climates of the area, and what vegetation is needed to support different habitats.

Aaron R. Luoma

SAMPLE CONCEPT LAN FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT

WILDLIFE HABITAT

photo credit: http://wdfw.wa.gov/

[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/ URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 7


URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT

[Tukwila, WA]

photo credit: City of Tukwila, WA

The final planting plan shows the variety of plants used to support different species for their food and shelter. The plants used represent mostly native species that birds and other wildlife are attracted too. The placement of built structures, such as feeders are also important.

Required Criteria For Community Certification • 500 certified individual residence sites. • 75 certified sites at apartment buildings. • 5 schoolyard sites.

Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale

Aaron R. Luoma

SAMPLE PLANTING PLAN FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT

• 100 business participants. • 2 or more public demonstration sites. • Scrapbook documenting the project. • At least ten elective projects.

photo credit: http://wdfw.wa.gov/

[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/

Blue Elderberry

Cascara

Bitter Cherry

Pacific Dogwood

Oregon Grape

Blue Elderberry

Hawthorn

Serviceberry

Wild Rose

Mountain Ash

Hooker’s Evening-primrose

Kinnickinick

Cottonwood

Oregon Ash

Willow

Red-Osier Dogwood

Douglas Fir

Oregon White Oak

Western Service Berry

Salal

Salmonberry

Red Columbine

Beach Strawberry

http://wdfw.wa.gov/ URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 8


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