Palm oil certification schemes

© Greenpeace / John Novis 19 November 2014 - Cameroon. Cocoa farming.

cases of mismanagement, and severe noncompliances in the areas of traceability, deforestation and farming in protected areas. As a consequence, some certificate holders have been decertified.’15 As well as acting against certified producers, the Rainforest Alliance issued warnings or suspensions to a number of CBs. According to the Washington Post, these CBs, mostly approved by UTZ, were responsible for 90% of certifications in Côte d’Ivoire in 2018.16

15 Rainforest Alliance (2019, 29 April) 16 Mufson, S. (2019, 29 October) • The Washington Post also cast doubt on the Rainforest Alliance’s claims of farm-to-ship traceability, saying that

‘industry experts’ claimed that this ‘would require a census, surveys and satellite maps that aren’t available’.17