ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE by Greeshma Susan

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE Greeshma Susan Baby

KMEA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

MAHATHMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY Kottayam 2016-2017 i

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Submitted By Greeshma Susan Baby, B.ARCH, KMEA College of Architecture

Under the Guidance of: Ar. Monolita Chatterjee Ar. Jency Kuruvila, Ar. Shajeena Venugopal

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

B. Arch (Bachelors in Architecture) MG University – Kottayam, Kerala, Pin – 686560

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation Role of Building Facades in Sustainable Architecture is the bonafide work of Greeshma Susan Baby submitted to the faculty of Kmea College of Architecture in partial fulfilment of the requirement towards the Bachelor Degree in Architecture awarded by Mahatma Gandhi University & recognized by the Council of Architecture.

Prof. Atule Kedia

Thesis Guide

Principal

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ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

PROJECT APPROVAL

This dissertation titled “Role of Building Facades in Sustainable Architecture “submitted by Ms. Greeshma Susan Baby is approved for the degree of Bachelors in Architecture under the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.

External Examiner

Internal Examiner

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the thermal effect and performance on energy efficiency of a double skin facade in warm humid climate and to describe the concept of Double Skin Facades based on different sources of literature. Since the concept of Double Skin Facades is complicated and its use and function affects different parameters of the building, the literature studied is from different fields.

The classification of the Double Skin Facades is important since the initial approach can influence the design stage. After selecting the type of Double Facade appropriate for the building, it is necessary to define the design and the technical parameters (such as the materials used) that can influence the function and the performance of the system and the physical properties of the cavity.

The advantages and disadvantages of double skin facades found in different literature sources are mentioned and described. Furthermore, examples of buildings with Double Skin Faรงades are presented. Finally a discussion and conclusions section is mentioned in which the point of view is given.

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This dissertation wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have been possible without the continuous guidance and direction of Ar. Monolitha Chatterji. I truly appreciate her interest and association with this dissertation. I would like to thank Ar. Jency Kuruvila and Ar. Shajeena Venugopal for the guidance and giving their valuable input contribution to the thesis. I am also grateful to Ar.Anand and Ar.Unni sir for being my juries and for patiently replying to all my email queries. I am indebted to my parents and my brother for encouraging me to complete this Dissertation, without their support I wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be here.

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgments Contents List of figures List of tables and graphs Chapter 1 - Introduction 1. 1. Introduction to the topic … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … …14 1. 2. Facade- General ... ... ... ... ... … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … …15 1. 3. Double Skin Facade-Definitions … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … 15 1. 4. Double Skin Facade Concept … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … …17 1. 5. Keywords … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … …… … … … …17 1. 6. Aim … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … … … …19 1. 7. Objective … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … …… … … … …19 1. 8. Limitations … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … …19 1. 9. Methodology … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … …… … … … 20 Chapter 2 - Significance

... … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … 22

Chapter 3 - Context … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … … … 22 Chapter 4- Passive Design … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … 25 4.1. Sustainable Facade Design … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … 25 4.2. Scope … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … … … 26 Chapter 5- Classification … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … 26 5.1. Material choice … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … 28 5.2. Orientation and Fenestration … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … 29 5.3. Advantages … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … …31 5.4. Disadvantages … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … 32 Chapter 6- Case Study Buildings with Double Skin Façade … … … … … .. … 33 7. Discussion and Conclusion ... … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … 61 8. Reference … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ... … … … … … … 62

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1.1. Typical Kerala house section showing the corridors

Fig. 1.2. Section of typical house

https://planologie.wordpress.com/2010/02/16/3-

made of mud (with cavity wall)

houses-that-fit-their-climate-perfectly/

Fig. 1.3. Section of a wall with two layer laterite wall and sand filling in between

Fig. 1.4. Typical nallukettu section

http://www.archiestudio.in/linkages_in_architectu re__traditional_to_modern/design_elements_as _linkages

Fig. 1.5 Classification of double skin

https://sadafadamarchitect.wordpress.com/2014/

faรงade systems

05/02/double-skin-facade/

Fig. 1.6. Jalli works denoting temple

http://navrangindia.blogspot.in/2014/12/the-

architecture in Padmanabhapuram

oldestlargest-wooden-building-in.html

palace Fig. 1.7. Tali temple in Kozhikode

https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/tali-

with wooden screens on the outer

temple-kozhikode/281

facade. Fig. 1.8. Jalli works on the faรงade of a https://redscarabtravelandmedia.wordpress.com mosque in Kozhikode

/2012/08/19/beautiful-mosques-of-malabar/

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ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

Fig .1.9. Exterior view of the mosque

http://www.keralawindow.net/famous_mosques.

in Kozhikode

html

Fig. 1.10. facade details in Kerala

http://www.archiestudio.in/linkages_in_architectu

architecture (which provides visual

re__traditional_to_modern/traditional_theory_of_

security, controlling light, ventilation

design_in_kerala

and creating visual imagery Fig .1.11. The external façade with

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/38920959277513382

wooden screens wooden details in

Padmanabhapuram palace

Fig .1.12. The interior view of the

http://www.pbase.com/oochappan/image/

screen along the corridor space in

26377320

Padmanabhapuram palace

Fig 1.13. Padmanabhapuram palace (palace corridor details) Fig 1.14. The exterior view of king’s

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/

council chamber in Padmanbhapuram

329044316495008111/

palace Fig 1.15. The interior view of king’s

http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?

council chamber in

t=638698&page=34

Padmanabhapuram palace

Fig 1.16. Section of

http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2012/01/

Padmanabhapuram palace where the

padmanabhapuram-palace.html

verandas are covered by timber structure which touches the steeply sloping roof acting as double skin facade Fig 1.17. figure explaining amount of

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

heat entry into a building

Fig 1.18. Figure explaining visual security due to wooden screen faรงade

Fig 1.19. Wooden louvers details in

https://indiaheritagesites.wordpress.com/2014/0

Padmanabhapuram palace

6/19/padmanabhapuram-palace-an-ancientarchitectural-magic-of-south-india/

Fig 1.20. the external longer side

https://karmatrendz.wordpress.com/2010/06/12/

facade of South asian human rights

south-asian-human-rights-documentation-

documentation centre( SAHRDC) with

centre-by-anagram-architects/

the brick pattern Fig 1.21. Brick pattern used in South

http://www.archdaily.com/58519/south-asian-

asian human rights documentation

human-rights-documentation-centre-anagram-

centre (SAHRDC)

architects

Fig 1.22. View of South asian human

http://www.archdaily.com/58519/south-asian-

rights documentation centre

human-rights-documentation-centre-anagram-

(SAHRDC) from the road

architects

Fig 1.23. The view from the stair way

http://www.archdaily.com/58519/south-asian-

covered by the patterned brick wall

human-rights-documentation-centre-anagramarchitects

Fig 1.24. Section showing the interior

http://www.archdaily.com/58519/south-asian-

space the buffer bay and the brick

human-rights-documentation-centre-anagram-

patterned wall

architects/

Fig 1.25. plan of South asian human

http://www.archdaily.com/58519/south-asian-

rights documentation centre

human-rights-documentation-centre-anagram-

(SAHRDC)

architects/

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

Fig 1.26. View of KMC corporate

http://humanspaces.com/2016/05/31/kmc-

office

corporate-office-hyderabad-india-2012/

Fig 1.27. Visual imagery by the glass

http://rmaarchitects.com/architecture/kmc-

façade and green façade year.

corporate-office/

Fig 1.28. Interior view from conference http://www.archdaily.com/384408/kmcroom towards the green façade

corporate-office-rmaarchitects/51b160e3b3fc4bbb7a0002ab-kmccorporate-office-rma-architects-detail

Fig 1.29. Layers of façade details acting as a building envelope

Fig1.30. Figure shows the cavity

http://rmaarchitects.com/architecture/kmc-

space between the glass façade and

corporate-office/

green façade and maintance done on the green façade Fig1.31. Exterior view of green façade

http://rmaarchitects.com/architecture/kmc-

of KMC corporate office

corporate-office/

Fig 1.32. Exterior view of research

https://nayeemasif.wordpress.com/2014/04/02/c

institute, Centre for Development

enter-for-development-studies-cds-trivandrum-a-

Studies

sneak-peek/

Fig 1.33. Circular library tower at

http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2011/05/lau

Laurie Baker's Centre for

rie-bakers-centre-for-development.html

Development Studies Fig 1.34. Interior of library where the

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/29132666961507602

brick jalli work caste light patterns on

floor

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

Fig 1.35. Brick patterns used in Laurie

http://www.lauriebaker.net/

Baker's Centre for Development Studies Fig 1.36. Internal verandas around the

http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2011/05/lau

pool in Laurie Baker's Centre for

rie-bakers-centre-for-development.html

Development Studies Fig1.37. Jallies with brick as the

http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2011/05/lau

external wall

rie-bakers-centre-for-development.html

Fig1.38. Exterior view of the hostel

http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-centre-for-

building Laurie Baker's Centre for

development-studies-trivandrum-laurie-baker-

Development Studies

architecture-43165467.html

Fig1.39. Double skin faรงade (brick

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/29132666961507602

wall as internal wall and jalli wall as

external wall) were corridor act as cavity wall Fig 1.40. Brick jalli wall along the stair

http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in/2011/05/lau

ways

rie-bakers-centre-for-development.html

Fig 1.41. Sections through the

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh

courtyard in the breathing wall

Suresh, LRa(2016),

residence

http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects)

Fig 1.42. View of the living room to the Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh left and courtyard to the right

Suresh, LRa(2016), http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects)

Fig 1.43. View of breathing wall

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh

residence from the road

Suresh, LRa(2016), http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall

xii

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Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects)

Fig 1.44 The inner wall (sliding glass

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh

windows) in open position so as to

Suresh, LRa(2016),

ventilate the space

http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects)

Fig 1.45. The inner wall (sliding glass

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh

windows) in closed position so as to

Suresh, LRa(2016),

get privacy inside the room

http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects

Fig 1.46. Elevation of the breathing wall residence

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh Suresh, LRa(2016), http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects)

Fig 1.47. Second floor of the breathing wall residence

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh Suresh, LRa(2016), http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects

Fig 1.48. First floor of the breathing wall residence

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh Suresh, LRa(2016), http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects

Fig 1.49. ground floor of the breathing

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh

wall residence

Suresh, LRa(2016), http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects

Fig 1.50. view of the courtyard to the

Praveen Mohandas, Suneesh xiii

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

left and dining room to the right

Suresh, LRa(2016), http://www.archdaily.com /The Breathing Wall Residence / LIJO.RENY Architects

LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS Table. 1. 1. Classification of double skin faรงade systems (Source: Gelesz & Reith, 2011) Graph 1. Climatic graph of Mumbai /Bombay, India Graph 2. Climatic graph of Trivandrum, Kerala, India

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Chapter 1- Introduction

1.1. Introduction to the topic The development of infrastructure around the world has a great impact on the urban environment. Hence the impact on the natural environment and to improve the performance of internal space has become a concern of the sustainable and low energy building practice. These internal spaces are formed by building envelopes or facades of the building. And these façade has always been a design statement of a building.

A double skin facade especially in Kerala was a part of vernacular architecture in Kerala which upholds the Kerala and temple architecture together along with the function of the space.

The building envelope serves to separate the interior and the exterior environments and plays an important role in solar heat gain management, thermal load control, air infiltration and exfiltration, ventilation, noise control, design quality and aesthetic definition. Traditional envelope design regarded the external skin as a barrier between the variable outdoor climate and the highly controlled interior environment.

Efficiency of the façade was measured by its ability to shield from the outdoor Environment so that the air conditioning system could cool as efficiently as possible. The façade design should be such that it achieves goals that are critical and important to the particular context it is being built in.

Facade is an important factor in a building as it is the first element to face the intensive heat, and also as said by yagoub in his case study, “Double skin facade (DSF) is to maintain a balance between the aesthetic, acoustics insulation, and visual benefits against the performance of the building 15

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

from energy point of view. “(Yagoub and Appleton and Stevens, 2010)

There are a number of strategies that are being developed to use the potential of the façade as a major energy saving component in building design. The primary goals of a façade in a hot region should be to reduce solar heat gain and provide day lighting. There are a number of strategies like using external/internal shading devices advanced glazing technology, passive/active ventilation systems, and double skin façade systems, by which these goals can be achieved.

The double-skin façade essentially refers to a pair of glass skins separated by an aircorridor. The air space between the two skins acts as insulation against temperature extremes, wind and sound, may also have shading devices, which may be controlled. This design is said to incorporate the passive strategies of natural ventilation, day lighting and solar heat gain into the fabric of a building which form the key components with respect to energy efficiency and comfort.

1 .2. Facade- General

Façade is an important element in a building, the intermediate between the exterior and interior space and as mention in Dewidar’s paper facade is a “the elements of a building that separate conditioned spaces from the exterior. A ‘building envelope’ to be any surface that separates the thermally conditioned interior of a building from its environment.” (Dewidar, 2012),

1 .3. Double Skin Façade- Definitions

In this portion, different and important sources introduce their part with different definition to describe briefly how they defined the Double Skin Façade System.

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

According to Vijaya’s research paper, he defines double skin facade as, “Double skin facades consist of an external façade, an intermediate air space and an inner façade. The outer layer provides protection against weather and acoustic insulation.” Yellamraju, (2004) “A double skin façade can be defined as a traditional single façade doubled inside or outside by a second, essentially glazed façade. Each of these two façades are commonly called a skin. A ventilated cavity - having a width which can range from several centimetres to several metres - is located between these two skins. The main difference between a ventilated double façade and an airtight multiple glazing, whether or not integrating a shading device in the cavity separating the glazing, lies in the intentional and possibly controlled ventilation of the cavity of the double façade”. (Ed. Stretcher, 2005) According to Ding “Double-skin facade is composed of an external facade, an inter-mediate space and An inner facade”. (Hasemi Ding, and Yamada 2005) “Double-skin façade is a multiple layer skins construction with an external skin (usually glass material), an intermediate space and an internal skin (usually glass material too) outside modern buildings.” (Ahmed and Abel-Rahman and Ali and Suzuki, 2016) Dewidar states double skin facade as, “Outer glazed façade to provide weather protection and sound insulation, intermediate space (air cavity) which is used to protect thermal impacts on the interior façade by presence of shading louvers and interior facade.” (Dewidar, 2012)

The concept of double skin facade system essentially refers to a pair of glass skins/ any other skin separated by an air corridor. The air space between the two skins will act as insulation from temperature extremes, wind and sound. It is one of the recommended solutions for nowadays for construction of energy efficient facades.

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

1 .4. Double Skin Facade Concept A DSF consists of a normal façade, an air cavity and an additional external skin usually made of glass. According to Gracia, “the main factors that encourage air movement in buildings with DSF are the movement of the surrounding wind and the pressure difference due to the thermal buoyancy that occurs in the cavity. The air inside the cavity is warmed up by the solar radiation and exhausted to outside from the top of the cavity. In naturally ventilated building, fresh air is often drawn from windows on the opposite side of the DSF, which passes through the occupant space before being extracted into the cavity of the DSF.” (Ahmed and Abel-Rahman and Ali and Suzuki, 2016)

1 .5. Keywords

In texts, articles and website revealed these types of systems are named in different ways, while gathering data related to the topic double skin facade. These include:

facade (DSF),

Efficient building, design,

comfort, sustainability, façade, façade,

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

Passive design, comfort, climate.

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

1 .6. AIM

To study and identify about the effectiveness of the double skin facade in warm humid climate zone in terms of thermal comfort and energy efficiency.

1 .7. OBJECTIVES



The main objective of this paper is for an efficient sustainable building facade taking into consideration of the environmental sustainability factor, which introduces the main principles for building facade concept and the governor concepts for forming sustainable building skins, also it is focused on the different facade techniques in terms of natural ventilation, shading techniques and energy conservation and its role in enhancing the internal environment.



To identify the various design issue and criteria based on the above evaluation for the physical application of the concept by the designers.



To study in detail about double skin facade systems.



To know the impact of double skin facade system through case studies.



To know the applicability of Double skin facade in our context (Warm humid climate)

1 .8. Limitations - Since the buildings are in India, actual measured data of the building energy performance is difficult to obtain. Therefore, the base case is essentially a simulated base case and there is no calibration with actual measured data. - The double skin strategy, which is also simulated, is therefore compared with the simulated base case. Hence, the error factor in simulation would be the same for both the cases holding the comparison still valid.

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1 .9. METHODOLOGY

1 .9 .1. Data Collection The first step in the procedure of the research is to collect data about the case study buildings in India, mainly in warm humid climate, one building in Mumbai and one building in Hyderabad and others in Kerala, data related to information about the building and the weather data of the cities.

1 .9 .2. Building Information The drawings of each building will be obtained which included plans, sections and elevations. Basic information about the building mechanical systems will be also obtained.

1 .9 .3. Weather Data The weather data of each city will be available in the weather database from the web study.

1 .9 .4. Basic Building Information This input is in terms of its name, location, type and period of evaluation.

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

Architectural drawings Building Information Mechanical information

Data collection Kerala Weather Data

Mumbai Hyderabad

Reduce Solar Heat Gain

Problem Identification

Provide day-lighting

Facilitate ventilation

Layering Evaluating wall/window properties and details

Orientation

Transparency

Analysing result

Design Goals

Materials

Design Parameters

Physical Design

Defining guidelines

Conclusion

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

Chapter 2- Significance The significance of double skin facade or the importance of the double facade for the natural environment and the occupants inside the space is described clearly in different source of literature. According to Özlem Eren and Banu Erturan, “The intelligent facade reduces the primary energy consumption of a building, use of natural, renewable energy sources, such as solar radiation, air flows and creates a comfortable environment for the occupants.”(Eren and Erturan, 2013) And khaled states in his paper that, “The role of building facades and particularly ‘Smart Skin’ (Compagno, 1999) as an innovative solution that makes buildings sustainable to different conditions and responsive to different environmental needs.” (Dewidar, 2012) Article on double skin faced states that, “A ‘double skin facade’ is optimally one of the best options in managing the interaction between the outdoors and the internal spaces. It also provides some architectural flexibility to the design. Double skin façade (DSF) building is one of the available energy conservation opportunities through recent intelligent buildings.” (Ahmed and Abel-Rahman and Ali and Suzuki, 2016)

Chapter 3- Context In this research paper the context chosen is warm humid climate, for the purpose of primary case studies the warm humid climate in Kerala is chosen and whereas for secondary case studies the general warm humid climate across the globe is chosen. And when combining warm humid climate along with double skin façade, Matthias Haase and Alex Amato in their paper states that, “Analysis of energy consumption pattern shows that 50% of the energy used for ventilation in buildings can be conserved in warm-humid climate.” (Haase and Amato, 2006). 23

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Selection of building materials shall be based on local Architecture. “Design for thermal comfort in hot humid climates, namely the comfort zone, the minimisation of cooling needs and techniques for cooling and dehumidification.” (Poirazis, 2006)

3.1. Traditional double skin facade techniques used in Kerala

The external and inside façade of the corridor as well as internal courtyard, verandas acts as a double skin façade provide insulation.

CORRIDOR

Fig. 1.1. Typical Kerala house section showing the corridors

In warm humid climate especially in kerala, traditional building construction techniques include mud cavity wall where the wall will have two layers and there will be cavity between these two walls which act like an insulation from heat and sound. Some of the cavities where also filled with sand to get more energy efficient façade.

ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 ` THATCHED ROOF

MUD CAVITY TAMPERED

WALLS

WINDOW

PLINTH

Fig. 1.2. Section of typical house made of mud (with cavity wall) SAND FILLING

Some of the walls in traditional building also had double layered laterite walls in which, it had sand filling in between these two laterite wall Fig. 1.3.Section of a wall with two layer laterite wall and sand filling in between Attic floor as a filter

Courtyard as a private

LATERITE

open space controlling the microclimate

External passage as

Visual privacy

a filter LIVING

LIVING

SPACE

Indirect light and heat

LIVING SPACE

LIVING OPEN COURTYARD NADUMUTTAM

Fig. 1.4. Typical nallukettu section

SPACE

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Chapter 4- Passive Design

Increasing concerns about global warming present the building industry with a challenge to cut its energy consumption. However, this energy consumption can be reduced significantly by adopting passive environmental solutions instead of mechanical solutions. According to review by Harris poirazis, he describes passive design as, “Passive design can be referred to a way of designing buildings that takes advantage of the prevailing climate and natural energy resources, such as daylight, wind and thermal buoyancy, to achieve a comfortable environment while minimising energy use and reliance on mechanical systems.”(Poirazis, 2006)

According to Oesterle, significant energy savings can be achieved only where “Double Skin Facades make window ventilation possible or where they considerably extend the period in which the natural ventilation can exploited.” (Oesterle and Lieb and Lutz and Heusler, 2001)

4 .1. Sustainable Facade Design A three steps approach is proposed that is related to the work of Lysen “The energy triangle approach is based on the following considerations. First, it is necessary to analyse the energy that is consumed in order to be able to estimate the potential savings. It is second essential to reduce the energy consumption by using energy in the most efficient way. Third, the remaining energy need should be produced by means of renewable energy sources.” (Lysen, 1996)

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4 .2. Scope

The term double skin facade covers a wide range of facade system and the use of double skin facade has increased significantly over the last 10 to 15 years, primarily due to the benefits attributed to them in regard to increased energy efficiency and improved day lighting. This study will explore the effectiveness of double skin facade system and its practicality in our context (warm – humid climate).

Chapter 5- Classification

The exact definition of a double skin varies with different situations and these can be classified according to the space and the way it is divided and the nature of air flow within the space. The classification of the Double Skin Facades is important since the initial approach can influence the design stage. “The type of Double Façade appropriate for the building, it is necessary to define the design and the technical parameters (such as the materials used) that can influence the function and the performance of the system and the physical properties of the cavity.” (Poirazis, 2006)

Oesterle, (2001) categorize the Double Skin Facades mostly by considering the type (geometry) of the cavity. Very similar is the approach of Saelens (2002) and E. Lee et al. (2002) in “High Performance Commercial Building Facades”. (Poirazis, 2006)

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Table 1.1. Classification of double skin faรงade systems (Source: Gelesz & Reith, 2011) Ventilation mode

Non- ventilated buffer systems

Partly or fully ventilated (naturally or mechanically)

Operation mode/ Construction type

Buffer zone

Outdoor air curtain Indoor air curtain Air supply Air exhaust

Window type systems

Compound window

Box- type window

Double skin facades

Vertically and horizontally partitioned

Box- type window

Horizontally partitioned

Corridor faรงade

Multi- story

Multi- story facade

Mixed Partitioning mode

Shaft- box type faรงade

The types are described below: 1. Box window type: In this case horizontal and vertical partitioning divide the faรงade in smaller and independent boxes 2. Shaft box type: In this case a set of box window elements are placed in the facade. These elements are connected via vertical shafts situated in the facade. These shafts ensure an increased stack effect. 3. Corridor faรงade: Horizontal partitioning is realized for acoustical, fire security or ventilation reasons. 4. Multi storey Double Skin Facade: In this case no horizontal or vertical partitioning exists between the two skins. The air cavity ventilation is realized via large openings near the floor and the roof of the building. (Poirazis, 2006)

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Fig. 1.5. Classification of double skin facade systems

5 .1. Material choice

Material choice differs according to the location and context at which the building is constructed as it has to go with the natural environment around it. Uuttu, (2001) describes the support structure materials used for the facades. According to her “Designers should take care when choosing materials to be used together with glass. This is not simply because of possible incompatibilities in natural properties of the base material, such as coefficient of thermal expansion. It is also because the coatings used with materials may be incompatible or may need maintenance that is difficult to carry out without harming the glass or its coatings in some way”. (Poirazis, 2006) Apart from double glazing different material can also be used for double skin facade, ”the dynamic facade has been conceived as a contemporary interpretation of the traditional ’mashrabiya’: a popular form of wooden lattice screen found in vernacular architecture and used as a device for achieving privacy while reducing glare and solar gain.”(CTUBH innovation award winner page no: 172, Al bahar tower-external automated shading system)

When considering Kerala, wood was mostly use for the external façade and laterite for internal façade wood doesn’t retain heat for a long time hence it as a heat insulating system and hence create cool effect in the rooms and internal spaces.

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Another material which worked as an insulating material was sand, which used to be filled in between two laterite walls and hence act like a double skin façade.

In the later stage, bricks and brick jallies were used as a facade material which goes well with Kerala’s warm humid climate, and as design evolution happened architecture materials like layers of glasses were used along with other materials to act as double skin façade.

5 .2. Orientation and Fenestration

The exposure to sunlight determines the orientation of a building. When a building is designed to take advantage of its orientation, comfortable living and working conditions inside the building will be achieved at a relatively low consumption of energy. The buildings were placed so that the sunlight will fall on the shorter side of the building hence reducing the heat absorption by the building and provided cross ventilation.

Fenestration components (windows, curtain walls, clerestories) are significant elements of facade design, from both aesthetic and performance perspectives (Aksamija, Ajla (2009)

Fenestration shape, size and character changes according to the building purpose. For example, temple and mosques in Kozhikode, Kerala , both have wooden screen covering along the external façade which act like an double skin façade, but the difference is the jalli or window of façade details differ and in mosques Copulas and minarets seems to be absent because the mosque built like a temple. The prayer hall will be well ventilated and there is a wooden member with beautiful motifs. These wooden screens also serve the purpose of windows by providing visual privacy and better ventilation.

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Fig. 1.6. jallie works denoting temple Architecture in Padmanabhapuram palace

Fig. 1.8. jalli works on the faรงade of valiya juma mosque in Malappuram

Fig. 1.7. thalli temple in Kozhikode with wooden screens on the outer facade.

Fig. 1.9. exterior view of the valiya juma mosque in Malappuram

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5.3. Advantages The main advantages of double skin facades are: 

Thermal insulation



Reduce the wind pressure



Controlling amount of light



Better ventilation



Visual imagery and security



Acoustic insulation



Act as a sun shade

Fig. 1.10. facade details in Kerala architecture (which provides visual security, controlling light, ventilation and creating visual imagery The advantages of the double-skin facade is des cribbed in the research paper by Halil Z. Alibaba and Mesut B. Ozdeniz , “it provides acoustic insulation, thermal insulation, and the reduction of the effects of wind pressure; this approach allows natural or fan-supported ventilation and the possibility of rehabilitating existing single-skin facades by the addition of a second skin.” (Alibaba and Ozdeniz , 2011)

Harris Poirazis point out most of the advantages in points in his research paper as, “Lower construction cost, Acoustic insulation, Thermal Insulation, Better protection of the shading or lighting devices, Reduction of the wind pressure effects, Transparency – Architectural design, Natural Ventilation, Thermal comfort – temperatures of the internal wall, Fire escape.” (Poirazis, 2004) 32

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5.4. Disadvantages The main disadvantages for the double skin facades are: 

High cost of construction



Maintenance



Reduction of interior space



High air flow velocity



Structure weight increases

The disadvantages of the system are its higher cost, the lack of practical information on fire protection, the reduction of available space for offices, and less room-to-room or floor-to-floor sound insulation. (Alibaba and Ozdeniz , 2011)

Higher construction costs, Fire protection, Reduction of rentable office space: Additional maintenance and operational costs, Overheating problems, Increased air flow velocity, increased weight of the structure (Poirazis, 2004)

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES 6. 1. Padmanabhapuram palace Padmanabhapuram Palace is an exceedingly outstanding example of wood architecture of South Asian region, which has no representation at all either on the World Heritage List or the Tentative Lists. The wood architecture displayed at Padmanabhapuram Palace is testimony of Keralaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique traditional knowledge system where there is strict adherence to the principles laid out by Taccusastra that not only produced buildings pleasingly proportioned and in complete harmony with nature but also resulted in the creation of a well-defined style, unique to Kerala.

Fig. 1.11. the external faĂ§ade with wooden wooden screens details in Padmanabhapuram palace

Fig. 1.12. The interior view of the screen along the corridor space in Padmanabhapuram palace

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Fig. 1.13. Padmanabhapuram palace (palace corridor details) External corridor with wooden building envelope around the building is a great example to the double skin facade. The double skin facade separates the inner room from direct heat and hence providing thermal comfort

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Council Chamber King’s Council chamber is the most beautiful part of the entire palace complex with wooden screen with carvings covering the first floor of the chamber. It has windows, with coloured mica, which keep the heat and the dust away, and the interior of the council chamber remains cool and dark. Delicate and beautiful lattice work can be seen all over the council chamber.

Fig. 1.14. the exterior view of king’s council chamber in Padmanbhapuram palace

Fig.1.15. The interior view of king’s council chamber in Padmanabhapuram palace

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The Thai Kottaram, the first structure to come up in this palace complex is a double storied traditional nalukettu structure (a house with a central courtyard open to the sky, with rooms on all four sides), with a mortar-less chiselled granite base, timber superstructure and steeply sloping timber roof covered with terracotta roof tiles.

Council Chamber on the first floor of the reception hall has features like wooden louvers to admit air and light, that helps maintain a pleasant temperature indoors.

Fig. 1.16. Section of Padmanabhapuram palace where the verandahs are covered by timber structure which touches the steeply sloping roof acting as double skin facade

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Fig. 1.17. figure explaining amount of heat entry into a building Due to wooden external wall and laterite wall acting as a double skin faรงade, the amount of heat entering into the building is less. Better view and wind flow due to the louvered on the external faรงade.

Fig. 1.18. figure explaining visual security due to wooden screen facade

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Fig.1.19. wooden louvers details in Padmanabhapuram palace The Padmanabhapuram palace complex is a masterpiece showcasing the peak of excellence in traditional timber architecture in South India, which is a welldocumented process and unparalleled in the world for its design, craftsmanship and motifs. Padmanabhapuram Palace showcases the unique features and building methods using locally available material as prescribed in the Taccusastra (science of `tacoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or carpentry),

6.1.1.CRITICAL ANALYSIS

This building is one of the most dominant example for double skin facade from Kerala tradition ,where the verandahs are covered by timber structure which touches the steeply sloping roof and act like a barrier from heat(since wood doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t conduct heat much), dust, rain and sound, protecting the interior spaces and creating pleasant temperature inside. Here there is mix in double skin facade material as it has timber outer structure and internal laterite wall and the verandahs act like the air corridors. It also provides visual security and imagery. The wooden screen even acts as window and provides better ventilation.

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6.2.South asian human rights documentation centre( SAHRDC) . South asian human rights documentation centre( SAHRDC) sits on a tiny piece of land on a busy street, with its long wall facing the sun. anagram architects used a traditional techique to keep it a little cooler and quiter. They have constructed a brick jaali screen tat acts as a double skin to shade the building. They also got a quality and complexity in the masonry.

Fig.1.20.The external longer side facade asian rights

of South human

documentation centre( SAHRDC) with the brick pattern

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Fig.1.21. Brick pattern used in South asian human rights documentation centre (SAHRDC)

The construction of the screen wall was a result of a five week process of learning and unlearning masonry techniques on site. From verification of plumbness to the structural bonding of the brick courses,methods of brick laying were devised through a deep on site collaboration between the masons and the architects. This single repeating brick module creates a visually complex pattern in the manner of traditional south asian brise soleils.

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Fig. 1.22. View of South asian human rights documentation centre( SAHRDC)

Fig. 1.23.The view from the stair way covered by the patterned brick wall from the road

The wall with brick pattern is located to the stair ways which act as a buffer bay for the interior space of the building from the outside pollution since the building is located next to a busy road. The screen serves a number of functions, allowing light and air while providing security and privacy, but it is also really gorgeous, inside and out.

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The buffer bay also acts like a breathing thermal barrier along the sun facing side . by situating the staircase and toilet stack in this bay, the internal workspaces are protected. The porosity of the wall ensures that the buffer bay is well ventilated and yet shaded so as to reduce the amount of heat transmitted to the workspaces. A six brick module is laid in staggered course that create twirling vertical stacks and an undulating surface.

Fig.1.24. Section showing the interior space the buffer bay and the brick patterned wall Brick patterened wall Buffer bay(stair way)

Fig 1.25. Plan of South asian human rights documentation centre( SAHRDC)

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6.2.1.CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Here the building has a brick wall which is the external façade and the wall of the stair act like interior wall and the stair way(buffer bay) act as a cavity space which provide a better quality interior space by providing insulation from direct heat and dust and noise from the road beside the building. Since the building’s longer side is towards the sun the double skin façade reduces the heat inside the space. And the brick patterned wall also give a asthetic value to the building.

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6 .3. KMC CORPORATE OFFICE, HYDERABAD, INDIA (Architect: RMA Architects Mumbai, India)

Two eight-story corporate office buildings feature a double, green faรงade that helps meld the buildings into the surrounding area. The trellises extend across the entire elevation and a portion of the roof terrace.

Fig.1.26. view of KMC corporate office, Hyderabad

The facade was handcrafted in a village in South India. Working closely within the process of cast aluminium, the development of the exterior trellis utilised skilled craftsmen not only in their existing knowledge, but also in developing new methods for on-site fabrication. This decision, to handcraft the trellis, was intended to demonstrate the skill and craft that could be brought to bear on materials that are otherwise associated with mass production.

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The green façade is punctured with glass cubes for conference rooms and executive offices. The interior façade and the back of the green façade are accessible via a catwalk for maintenance. Fig. 1.27. visual imagery by the glass façade and green façade.

The façade is composed of four modular panels that are configured to create 16 distinct options, which is all the variation the team required. These four simple components were produced through unskilled labour, but created complex variations through their arrangement on the façades. The panels were never larger or heavier than what it would take two people to carry, hoist and install. In total, there are 675 individually crafted and numbered panels. The construction of the panels required die making, casting, notching, welding, sanding, shot blasting and anodising. Afterwards, the panels were brought to the site and assembled. The strategic separation of the façades allowed for the outer skin to be evolved over 24 months while the basic shell of the building was completed and ready to be occupied in 14 months. In this way, the building responds to the client’s need to quickly realise

Fig. 1.28. Interior view from conference room towards the green facade the value of their capital investment in the building.

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In this project, the screen also takes on an aesthetic function of a dynamic facade where assorted species are organised in such a way as to create patterns, as well as

Fig.1.29. Layers of faรงade details acting as a building envelope

bloom at various times of the year, bringing attention to different parts of the facade through the changing seasons. The landscape plans consider the change in patterning through various seasons to create a highly dynamic faรงade.

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Fig.1.30. figure shows the cavity space between the glass faรงade and green faรงade and maintance done on the green faรงade

The misting system hydrates the foliage and creates a temporal cloud that cools the interior spaces of the building. The proximity of gardeners to the interior office spaces drives a daily visual conversation of the varied participants that function in and around the building. The visual penetration of the building by two very disparate

Fig. 1.31. Exterior view of green faรงade of KMC corporate office

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groups (both socially and economically) also softens the social threshold created by class differences that are inevitable in corporate organisations in India.

Graph 1.climatic graph of Mumbai /Bombay, India According to the temperature graph, all types of plants for different season have been include into the green faรงade hence covering the building with green for the entire

6.3.1.CRITICAL ANALYSIS The faรงade in KMC office building is a dynamic faรงade, which keep on changing its character throughout the year and it also serves the aesthetic function for the building. Since the faรงade is a green faรงade it also contributes to the environment around. The building also provide visual imagery, protect from direct sun, heat, dust and give acoustic insulation along with adding up the beauty of the building.

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6.4. LAURIE BAKER'S CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (CDS), TRIVANDRUM (Architect: Laurie Baker) The campus for the research institute, Centre for Development Studies, is one of Laurie Bakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best campus designs, located in a residential area on the northern outskirts of Thiruvananthapuram. The 10 acre campus stretching across a heavily wooded site houses the Library, Computer centre, Auditorium, hostels, guesthouses and residential units for the staff.

Fig.1.32. exterior view of research institute, Centre for Development Studies

The design is a response to the sloping contoured site and. There is hardly a straight line with each structure curling in waves, semicircles and arcs. Baker pays careful attention to the contours on the site and also the location of trees. The forms of the buildings also follow the site with curved walls and building forms along the contour.

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Often, when trees are obstructing the building, Baker simply moulds his walls around the trees so as not to disturb it

There are little courtyards in between buildings, often acting as an extension of the building itself and also pools of water which help in microclimatic control through evaporative cooling. The roofs had often interesting shapes with funny openings at certain location. These openings were Bakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interpretation of the gables which were tilted into the wind direction funnelling it into the space.

Fig.1.33. internal verandahs around the pool in Laurie Baker's Centre for Development Studies

The main administrative building is the focus of the campus, with the 6 storey circular library tower behind. The main entrance is majestic, sloping up towards the sky with the side walls welcomingly sloping outwards towards a wide set of steps. Baker has symbolically not provided a front door. The building is totally open, symbolic of an institution whose aim is to promote research into helping the poor.

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Fig.1.34. brick patterns used in Laurie Baker's Centre for Development Studies

Fig.1.35. circular library tower at

Fig. 1.36. interior of library where the

brick jalli Laurie Baker's Centre For

work caste light patterns on floor

Development Studies

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The library tower is a circular tower with an external jaali wall which encloses a circular staircase in the centre. The staircase winds around a circular shaft which runs from the bottom level all the way till the top. Baker has used this shaft to provide forced ventilation inside the spaces. There are small openings in this shaft at each floor level. The air is forced through these openings and escapes through the open top of the shaft, maintaining a good flow all around. This shaft is based on the simple principle of Stack effect. The perforated jaali wall on the external side allows plenty of diffused natural light inside and creates a beautiful ambience for reading.

Fig.1.37. exterior view of the hostel building Laurie Baker's Centre for Development Studies

Exposed brick walls in beautiful patterns and bonds, exposed concrete sloping roofs with filler slabs of Mangalore tiles forming beautiful patterns and jaalis in the brick walls of numerous designs creating amazing patterns of light and shade inside the buildings while at the same time letting in wind and light. The plinths of the buildings are all of exposed random rubble granite, the white contrasting with the red of the brick. Baker has used lime mortar for his walls, making the lime in the site itself by burning sea shells (from the beach a few miles away) and grinding it. The flooring is in red oxide which imparts a cool comfortable base to walk on while complementing the earthy materials of the walls and the roof. There are external pavements in 53

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concrete, inset with granite aggregates in the shape of flowers and leafs. Baker often gave freedom to the masons and the workers to experiment and play and bring out their creativity.

To keep the interiors of the computer building cool, Baker has devised the imaginative use of a false external jalli screen wall which acts as a skin. The air trapped in between acts as insulation and keeps the interiors cool. All the buildings in the campus are climatically so efficient that even fans are not required. The interiors are cool and comfortable.

Fig. 1.38. jallies with brick as the external wall

Bakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture is more than just the materials and cost effectiveness. He plays with spaces, light and shadows, creating comfortable spaces.

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Fig.1.39. double skin faรงade (brick wall as internal wall and jalli wall as external wall) were corridor act as cavity wall

Fig.1.40. brick jalli wall along the stair ways

Graph 2. Climatic graph of Trivandrum, Kerala, India

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6.4.1.CRITICAL ANALYSIS

According to the temperature graph, precipitation in Kerala is high and brick is a suitable material for building purpose as it goes well with the climate. For this building the double skin faรงade is made of red brick masonry, were the external wall is made of brick jalli works which ventilate the spaces especially the corridors and the inner walls are made up of ordinary brick masonry. And the corridor between these two walls acts as a cavity space.

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6.5. BREATHING WALL RESIDENCE (Architect: Lijo, Reny .Architects, Thrissur, Kerala)

Project description Project: The Breathing Wall Residence Location: Nellikkunnu, Thrissur, India Site: 169 Sq. m (4.10 Cents) Total Built Up Area: 2,200 Sq.ft Completed: December 2015 Architect: Lijo Reny Architects, Thrissur, Kerala Interiors: Lijo Reny Architects Landscape: Lijo Reny Architects Design Team: Ar. Reny Lijo And Ar. Lijo Jos Structures: Rosmey, Keystone engineers

Fig. 1.41. View of breathing wall residence from the road The plot was narrow with an equally tight public road to the west, a private road on the north, a house that abuts the boundary on the south and the client’s brother’s residence at the back.

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Fig. 1.42. View of the living room to the left and courtyard to the right

design occupies a site that measures just 6 x 16 meters. a centrally positioned atrium rises through the centre of the home, providing both natural light and ventilation. This landscaped core connects the building with a staircase that adjoins the two enclosed blocks to the east and west. in order to facilitate ventilation through other parts of the home, the design team used a weathering steel wall — resistant to the region’s harsh tropical climate.

Fig.1.43.Sections through the courtyard in the breathing wall residence

The ground level contains provision for a parked car, as well as the home’s primary living accommodation and one of the residence’s three bedrooms. Another bedroom is found at the storey above, alongside a spacious family area and a more private study. The uppermost level houses a further bedroom, with a private bathroom and a roof terrace. 58

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Fig. 1.44. The inner wall (sliding glass windows) in open position so as to ventilate the space

Fig. 1.45. The inner wall (sliding glass windows) in closed position so as to get privacy inside the room The linear foot print was divided into two east-west bays of 3.3 mts and 1.8 mts each to which functional spaces were allocated in the possible logical order. Here the courtyard act as the cavity space and wooden screen which is perforated act as the external wall of double skin faรงade and the glass sliding window as a second wall in double skin facade .

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Fig. 1.46.elevation of the breathing wall residence

The central volume thus achieved was assigned as a landscaped skylight atrium with a stair that connected the two blocks to the east and west. However as the north and south was open, it was necessary to find a solution for a

Fig.1.47. Ground floor of the breathing wall residence

‘wall’ that was secure, robust, and resistant to the harsh tropical weather, perforated to facilitate the much needed ventilation. The ‘Breathing wall’, in cortex steel, became an aesthetically pleasing solution to all the functional issues posed by the situation.

Fig. 1.48. First floor of the breathing wall residence

Full height courtyard space which act like a buffer space within the residence

Fig. 1.49.Second floor of the breathing wall residence

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Fig.1.50. view of the courtyard to the left and dining room to the right

6.5.1.CRITICAL ANALYSIS

In this building the double skin faรงade varies from all other case studies ,the external perforated wall as the external wall which act as a jalli by ventilating the inner space , and the internal walls are sliding glass windows that are open able and the cavity spaces are the green spaces and courtyards in between these two walls. These walls control the amount of wind and light entering into the building. And the cavity space also act as a part of nature inside the residence.

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Chapter 7- Discussion and Conclusion

All facades create barriers between the exterior and interior environment, providing building occupants with thermally, visually, and acoustically comfortable spaces. Sustainable and high-performance facades allow optimal levels of comfort using the least amount of energy. To achieve this high performance, designers need to consider many variables—climate and climate-based design approaches, thermal performance, day lighting, solar shading, glare, moisture transport, materials and their environmental impact, etc.

And largely façade affects the building operation, efficiency performance and indoor comfort more than others systems may. To ensure a pleasant and sustainable environment, the double skin building must be able to perform several operations at the same time, for example, provide sufficient views to the outside, and let enough light in, block unwanted solar heat gain, protect people from outside noise, provide cool and clear indoor air quality, and ensure resistance to weather and many more.

In case studies, the evaluation of the double-skin façade generally in India, show that a typical façade defined as ‘a pair of glass skins separated by an air corridor’. However, it proves to be energy efficient when used in combination with other opaque materials, in the right proportion and along the appropriate orientation as it is shown in other case studies.

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ROLE OF BUILDING FACADES IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 2016 `

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