Thesis Research: Metamorphic Obsolescence by Gregory Barber

RENOVATION

EXTENSION

ADAPTIVE REUSE

METAMORPHOSIS

HYPOTHESIS: METAMORPHIC OBSOLESCENCE

WRITTEN BY GREGORY BARBER INSTRUCTED BY ANTONIO SANMARTIN

With special thanks to Antonio Sanmartin and Doh Young Kim

This book you now hold contains an entire semesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s worth of intensive work and research of the graduate architecture level. When first instructed to compose such an expansive book, one has no idea of the path he or she shall travel and the experiences to be had along the way. I confess, before commencing Hypothesis: Metamorphic Obsolescence, I had a strong idea of where I wanted to go, and for the most part I feel I have reached my intended destination. However, it has been the twist and turns of the road I have taken, the wrong turns, the dead ends, the same path I keep accidently returning to, that have turned this once organized trip into a wandering adventure of enlightenment the prior could never of achieved. What you are about to read are essentially my best journal entries of that adventure. Many are there, even more are not. Some are pertinent, others digressive. Certain ones are completely wrong, because I very much was, but none the less they accurately represent my process of how I arrived to where I am now. It would seem I have always known the general direction, but I certainly lost the map a few times along the way. That said, Hypothesis: Metamorphosis is a book anticipating the future, based upon the present, created by the past. The building the book eventually forms very much exists in a possible imminent future not so far away. It may very well turn out that the expert conjectures that helped inform that future are completely false, and the world we will eventually find ourselves in will have absolutely no need for my building that was long ago presented here today. Regardless, this book shamelessly participates in that infinite discussion of â&#x20AC;&#x153;where will we be?â&#x20AC;? and hopefully (perhaps idealistically) will somehow impact it.

Gregory Barber

CONTENTS: DISCOURSE

CONTEXT

PROGRAM

104

SPECULATION

126

PRECEDENTS

152

ANNEX

166

DISCO 16

OURSE 17

“Research by Boston Consulting Group... predicted that the first autonomous vehicles would be available for purchase in the year 2025, and that by 2035, roughly 10 percent of new vehicles sold will be fully autonomous, representing a global market worth $38 billion.” (Lipson and Kurman, p. 12) “According to the U.S. transportation data, each day 586 older drivers are injured in car accidents.” (Lipson and Kurman, p. 16) “Luis Martinez of the International Transport Forum, a think tank dedicated to transportation policy, predicted that fleets of self-driving vehicles could replace all vehicular public transportation taxi and bus trips in a city, providing as much mobility but with far fewer vehicles.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.25) “Using several years of actual data from previous transportation surveys, [Luis Martinez] calculated that if city inhabitants used fleets of shared autonomous taxis rather than privately owned cars and public transportation, the number of vehicles on the city’s roads could be reduced by 90 percent.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.26) “A report from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute supports these findings. The report concludes that the adoption of autonomous vehicles would reduce the number of cars owned by the average U.S. household from just over two to one vehicle per household.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.26) “A report from McKinsey calculates that driverless cars will be able to brake and accelerate more grad-ually, resulting in fuel savings of 15 to 20 percent and a reduction of CO2 emissions of 200 million to 100 million tons per year.” (Lipson and Kurman, p. 29) “[Donald] Shoup’s recommendation for curing downtowns of the negative side effects of cruising [for parking] is to raise the price of curbside parking. An even more effective way to reduce cruising would be to eliminate downtown parking together.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.32) “Like plaque clogging arteries, parked cars clog our streets. The typical parked car consumes, on aver-age, 14 square meters of pavement. It eats up even more space if you factor in the access road leading up to the parking spot, which makes the total footprint of a single parked car 100 square meters large. On average cars remained parked 95 percent of the time.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.33) 18

“Cars are greedy. Most require multiple parking spots: one at home, one at work, and, sometimes, and additional parking place after work if the car’s owner goes to the mall or the gym. These parking spots are rarely in use simultaneously: the one at home remains vacant while the car is parked at work.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.33) “Cars spend most of their time parked, on average, about twenty-three hours a day.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.33) “The newer the city, the greater its slavishness to parking space. Downtown Los Angeles boasts 107,441 parking spots; if these spots were laid out in a twodimensional place they would add up to a surface area of 331 hectares, or 81 percent of the city’s entire downtown area of 408 hectares.” (Lip-son and Kurman, p.34) “In older cities such as London and New York, parking eats up less of the downtown, about 18 per-cent.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.34) “If cars suddenly no longer needed to park downtown, city planners would find themselves with a huge blank canvas of unused space that could be constructively repurposed. Municipal codes, the local laws that dictate what sort of structures can be built where, could drop their requirement that each new business venture or residence be accompanied by the addition of a minimum number of new parking spaces. City planners could busy themselves with the more gratifying task of repurposing park-ing lots into human friendly space.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.34) “Without parking lanes, streets would instantly broaden into stately boulevards. With fewer cars cir-cling in search of an elusive parking spot, the air would be fresher and cleaner.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.35) “City dwellers and planner alike must figure out how to turn former downtown parking space into the equivalent of urban gold. The cities that will fare best in their liberation from parking will be those whose strategies are based on a broad and holistic view of the impact of driverless cars on the urban landscape.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.35) “As urban populations grow, cities will need to use their space wisely. When driverless cars become commercially available, forward-thinking city planners can repurpose urban parking lots as parks and affordable housing.” (Lipson and Kurman, p.38)

Images Courtesy of Audi at www.archdaily.com/777791/smartmoves-for-cities-the-urban-mobility-revolution-will-start-with-these-3-projects.

“PARKING SPACES ARE INTIMATELY INTERWOVEN INTO THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE MODERN URBAN DOWNTOWN. IN THE COMING DECADES, DRIVERLESS CARS WILL RENDER PARKING LOTS OBSOLETE, REARRANGING THE SHAPE OF MODERN CITIES.” HOD LIPSON AND MELBA KURMAN DRIVERLESS, P.37

“METAMORPHOSIS IS [AN] ‘ABRUPT CHANGE IN AN ANIMAL’S FORM AND WAY OF LIFE, USUALLY WITH A BREAK IN VEGETATIVE ACTIVITIES.’” BALLS AND BOWNES METAMORPHOSIS, P.1

Hypothesis: Metamorphic Obsolescence The old house, which had been too small for two, Turned into a temple. Forked poles became columns, The thatch grew yellow and became a golden roof, Figured gates appeared, and marble pavement Covered the ground. Then Jupiter said calmly, ‘And now, just old man, and woman worthy Of your just husband, ask whatever you want.’ Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book VIII 788-794 Translated and edited by Stanley Lombardo 1. With the advent of autonomous cars now visible on the horizon, the world finds itself on the cusp of what will perhaps be the greatest revolution in transportation history. 2. Ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft are already disrupting the automobile service status quo, and autonomous cars now pose to permanently alter the way people approach car manufacturing, technology, and architecture. 3. While both car manufacturing and technology poses more fluid foundations for adapting to the coming change, car architecture does not. Experts in the automobile development industry have already designed new and smarter parking garages exclusively for autonomous cars that may become 40% the size of traditional parking garages while still offering the same number of parking spaces.1 4. This development coupled with the projection of less autonomous cars needing parking as more of them take to the streets for ride sharing services will render today’s parking garages not only obsolete but also superfluous. This analysis faces two difficult challenges to contemporary automobile architecture: reinvent or die, and reinvent and die. 5. To overcome this seemingly paradoxically hopeless situation, the parking garage will have to transcend normal modes of architectural renewal and reuse. 6. To survive the coming mass obsoleting, the traditional garage will have to perform an architectural metamorphosis, an extreme and abrupt change in its form, structure, and substance if it is to survive.

1 Quintal, Becky. “Smart Moves for Cities: The Urban Mobility Revolution Will Start With These 3 Projects.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 25 Nov. 2015, www.archdaily.com/777791/smartmoves-for-cities-the-urban-mobility-revolution-will-start-with-these-3-projects. 22

2 Images Courtesy of Audi at www.archdaily.com/777791/smartmoves-for-cities-the-urban-mobility-revolution-will-start-with-these3-projects. 3 Gilbert, Lawrence I., et al. Metamorphosis: Postembryonic Reprogramming of Gene Expression in Amphibian and Insect Cells. Academic Press, 2008. p.10.

CONT 24

TEXT 25

“ARCHITECTS THOUGHT OF JUNKSPACE FIRST AND NAMED IT MEGASTRUCTURE, THE FINAL SOLUTION TO TRANSCEND THEIR HUGE IMPASSE. LIKE MULTIPLE BABELS, HUGE SUPERSTRUCTURES WOULD LAST THROUGH ETERNITY, TEEMING WITH IMPERMANENT SUBSYSTEMS THAT WOULD MUTATE OVER TIME, BEYOND THEIR CONTROL.” REM KOOLHAAS JUNKSPACE, P.10

“INDEED BOTH KINDS OF CHANGE, ANATOMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL, HERALD AN ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION, FOR THEY ARE FOLLOWED BY RADICAL CHANGES OF HABITAT.” GILBERT AND FRIEDEN METAMORPHOSIS: A PROBLEMN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, P.22

If context is the site on and around which a building exists, and if this project will already have a large infrastructural building on its site, then what is the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s immediate context? Its surroundings or the garage itself? (Easy answer: both) And if this project really occurs thirty years in the future, where should it be built? Where will the first garage die? The first 28

answer that comes to mind is “who the hell knows!” but we all know that won’t work. Perhaps if we look into the history of parking itself and how it has evolved over the decades, maybe we can find a lead, a trajectory of where the end of the parking garage will begin. After all, hasn’t parking already become obsolete many times before? 29

WHERE DO MOST CARS T 1994 - St. Louis Metropolitan St. Louis and Vicinity Gousha, H.M. Shows St. Louis Highway, Roads, etc.

1981 - St. Louis St. Louis area 1981 traffic map Shows average traffic volume for major St. Louis area roads

TRAVEL TO IN ST. LOUIS? 1952 - St. Louis Edgar Kulla of St. Louis Post-Dispatch Staff St. Louis Post-Dispatch map of metropolitan St. Louis expressway plans

1929 - St. Louis Gross, H.W. Map of Saint Louis City and suburbs

FIRST TRAINS LEAD TO THE CITY CENTER

HOW DID ROADS COME T ST. LO 1896 - St. Louis Travilla, James C. Outline plan of St. Louis and Vicinity, showing sections, surveys, towns, steam, electric, and wagon roads

1904 - St. Louis Heurbach, Emil Comprehensive Map of the train system of St. Louis. Practival for the use in passenger traffic

MOST VALUED BUILDINGS IN THE CENTER OF THE CITY

TO LEAD TO DOWNTOWN OUIS? 1901 - St. Louis Gould, D. Official map of St. Louis showing streets, railroads, etc.

THE STREET CAR ARRIVES TO BRING 1904 - St. Louis Map of St. Louis with complete street car system Engraved and printed especially for the official Guide Company, c.1904 Shows streets, street car lines, railroad lines, outline of World’s Fair superimposed on Forest Park

1908 - St. Louis Schrowang Engraving Co. United Railways Co. of St. Louis and county tracks. Shows R.R.’s, townships, parks, roads, subdivisions

1914 - St. Louis Map of St. Louis and suburbs consisting of Clayton, Ferguson, Glendale, Kirkwood, Maplewood, Richmond Heights, University City, Webster Grove, Wellston, and other suburban places. Also East St. Louis, Brooklyn, Granite City, Madison, etc.

MORE PEOPLE TO THE CITY CENTER 1940 - St. Louis Foster Book Co. St. Louis City and suburbs Shows bus and car lines, cemeteries, street index

THE BUS JOINS T 1940 - St. Louis Gross, Hermon W. Published by the St. Louis Public Service Co. Shows street car rails, fares, etc.

THE STREET CAR 1950-1960 - St. Louis St. Louis and St. Louis County Includes Valley Park H.E. Gross map Shows most of St. Louis metropolitan area

THE AUTOMOBILE

E BECOMES KING

1964 - St. Louis Transit lines map bi-state transit system Shows bus lines for St. Louis area in Missouri and Illinois, reverse shows downtown detail for included cities 39

1964 - St. Louis Transit lines map bi-state transit system Shows bus lines for St. Louis area in Missouri and Illinois, reverse shows downtown detail for included cities 40

1988 - St. Louis Bi-State Development Academy St. Louis Metro Transit Guide Shows Metro bus routes, points of interest, enlargements of downtown business areas

IF MOST CARS ARE TR WHAT IS THE MOST SIG

RAVELING DOWNTOWN, GNIFICANT PARKING?

SITE

SIT

MACYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S PARKING KIENER WEST

KIENER EAST

3 PARKING GARAGES BUILT 1966 RETAIL SPACE ON GROUND FLOOR ALONG NORTH SIDE OF KIENER PLAZA MACY’S GARAGE CLOSED KIENER WES AND EAST AVERAGE 70% OCCUPANCY KIENER WEST HAS 1132 PARKING SPOTS KIENER EAST HAS 1233 PARKING SPOTS MACY’S GARAGE CLOSED AND HAS NO INFORMATION

DOUBLE HELIX RAMP CONSTRUCTION

CONCRETE PANEL FACADE

THREE EXIT DOUBLE HELIX SPIRAL RAMPS

TWO SKY BRIDGES

GROUND FLOOR RETAIL

PARKING COURTYARD 53

SITE PHOTOS

OBSOLETING OF THE EFFICIENCY SPEED OBSOLETING OF MUSIC PRODUCTION

FREQUENCY

PROG

L A I C

4-5 SONGS

ECONOMY FLEXIBILITY

LE I B

MO PRI VAT E

INDEPENDENCE

10-15 SONGS

LIBRARY SIZE AUTONOMY

PRIVATE MOBILE

LIBR

ARY

IMMERSION

E LIBRARY

OBSOLETING OF THE THEATER

GRAM

Image from Balls, Michael, and Mary Bownes. Metamorphosis. Clarendon Press, 1985. p.254.

8.5%

32.6%

“ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO, A GENERATION OF CONCEPTUAL BREAKTHROUGHS AND SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGIES UNLEASHED AN ARCHITECTURAL BIG BANG. BY RANDOMIZING CIRCULATION, SHORT-CIRCUITING DISTANCE, ARTIFICIALIZING INTERIORS, REDUCING MASS, STRETCHING DIMENSIONS, AND ACCELERATING CONSTRUCTION, THE ELEVATOR, ELECTRICITY, AIR-CONDITIONING, STEEL, AND FINALLY, THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURES FORMED A CLUSTER OF MUTATIONS THAT INDUCED ANOTHER SPECIES OF ARCHITECTURE. THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF THESE INVENTIONS WERE STRUCTURES TALLER AND DEEPER – BIGGER – THAN EVER BEFORE CONCEIVED, WITH A PARALLEL POTENTIAL FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF THE SOCIAL WORLD – A VASTLY RICHER PROGRAMMATION.” REM KOOLHAAS AND BRUCE MAU S,M,L,XL, P.497-499

“THOSE GREAT DRIVES, FEEDING AND SEX, ARE OF COURSE UNIVERSAL. THEY INVOLVE LARGE METAMORPHOSES ONLY WHEN THE ANIMALS PURSUE THEM, NOT TOGETHER, BUT CONSECUTIVELY, DIVIDING THEIR LIVES INTO STAGES, EACH OCCUPIED PRIMARILY OR EXCLUSIVELY WITH ONE OR THE OTHER FUNCTION. THEN METAMORPHOSIS ENTERS LIKE A RITE OF PASSAGE, CLOSING ONE PHASE AND PREPARING FOR THE NEXT.” GILBERT AND FRIEDEN METAMORPHOSIS: A PROBLEM IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, P.4

When presented with the blank canvas of a vacant site, the possibilities are endless when determining the function and size of a building. Instead of just mindlessly building and filling to any whimsical intent, it is best to have an idea of how area your function needs. Thus the typical question asked when programming a building is 108

“how much space do we need?” However, in this project, there is no vacant site. Three eight story, double-helix parking garages dictate what can or cannot be accomplished on their site. Consequently the question is not “how much space do we need?” but rather “how much space do we have?” With that said… 109

1" 14'-112 1" 8'-112 1'-6"

1'-6"

1" 1'-64

1'-6"

1" 1'-62

1'-6"

1'-53 4"

D 1'-53 4"

262,983 FT²

1'-53 4"

1" 19'-44

5,776 FT LINEAR DISTANCE 1'-53 4"

1'-53 4"

L 1" 1'-62

HOW MUCH SPACE DO THE THREE GARAGES ACCOMODATE? 1'-5"

1" 1'-64

1" 1'-62

1" 1'-72

22'-23 4"

1" 1'-72

1" 1'-62

14 1" 1'-62

15 1" 1'-64

1" 1'-64

1" 1'-62

1" 19'-74

422,682 FT²

1'-5"

6,475 FT LINEAR DISTANCE 1'-5"

1'-5"

1" 1'-62

1" 1'-64

110

APPROXIMATELY 1,031,533 FT² 17,794 FT LINEAR DISTANCE 6

22'-23 4"

1'-53 4"

1'-6"

1" 1'-62

1" 1'-52

1'-6"

1" 1'-52

1'-6"

1'-53 4"

1'-5"

1" 1'-52

1'-5"

345,862 FT²

1'-5"

19'-13 4"

1'-6"

5,543 FT LINEAR DISTANCE

1'-6"

1'-53 4"

111

THATS A 1

1" 14'-112

1" 8'-112

1'-6"

1" 1'-64

1'-6"

1" 1'-62

1'-6"

1'-53 4"

1" 19'-44

1'-53 4"

1" 1'-62

1'-5"

2 1" 1'-64

3 1" 1'-62

4 1" 1'-62

5 1" 1'-72

6 1" 1'-72

7 1" 1'-72

8 1" 1'-72

22'-23 4"

9 1" 1'-72

10 1" 1'-72

11 1" 1'-72

12 1" 1'-72

13 1" 1'-62

14 1" 1'-62

15 1" 1'-64

1" 1'-64

1" 1'-62

1" 19'-74

1'-5"

SO WHAT CAN FIT INSIDE 1'-5"

WHATEVER 1'-5"

1'-5"

1" 1'-62

1" 1'-64

112

ABOUT... 3 MI 1

2 1'-53 4"

1'-53 4"

1'-6"

4 1" 1'-62

4X 5

1" 1'-52

SITE

22'-23 4"

1'-6"

1" 1'-52

1'-6"

1'-53 4"

1'-5"

3 1" 1'-52

LES

1'-5"

19'-13 4"

1'-6"

E 12 ST. LOUIS BLOCKS? I

1'-6"

YOU WANT! 1'-6"

1'-6"

1'-53 4"

113

WHERE WILL ST. LOUIS BE IN 50 YEARS W

WHAT WILL TH WHAT WILL TH

NO ONE SO THAT IS NOT THE

WE KNOW AUTONOMOUS CARS WILL M

WHAT ELSE WILL

WELL WHAT IS ALR

114

WHEN AUTONOMOUS CARS TAKE OVER?

HE CITY NEED? HE CITY WANT?

KNOWS E RIGHT QUESTION

MAKE PARKING GARAGES OBSOLETE

L BE OBSOLETE?

READY OBSOLETE?

115

OBSOLETING OF LAND TRANSPORTATION

EFFICIENCY SPEED

FREQUENCY

ECONOMY FLEXIBILITY INDEPENDENCE

AUTONOMY

116

OBSOLETING OF MUSIC PRODUCTION

IA C O

4-5 SONGS

LE I B

MO PRI VAT E 10-15 SONGS

LIBRARY SIZE PRIVATE MOBILE

LIBR

ARY

1000+ SONGS

PRI ILE MOB FREE

VAT E LIBR

ARY

â&#x2C6;&#x17E; SONGS 117

IMMERSION

OBSOLETING OF THE THEATER

8.5%

32.6%

100% 118

OBSOLETING OF THE LIBRARY

119

OBSOLETING OF THE TEMPORARY LODING INDUSTRY

$$$ $$

120

$$$$-$

OBSOLETING OF EVERYTHING

121

HOW CAN WE PRESERVE THAT WH

HOW CAN WE USE THAT WHICH

HOW CAN WE ENHANCE THAT WH HOW CAN WE LEARN FROM THAT W

HOW CAN WE TEACH THAT WHIC

HOW CAN WE PRODUCE THAT WH HOW CAN WE PREVENT THAT WH

HOW CAN WE ENJOY THAT WHIC HOW CAN WE SHARE THAT WHIC

122

HICH IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE?

H IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE?

HICH IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE? WHICH IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE?

CH IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE?

HICH IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE? HICH IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE?

CH IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE? CH IS AND WILL BE OBSOLETE?

123

PROG AGENCY FOR O

124

GRAM: OBSOLESCENCE

125

SPECUL

LATION Images from nextstl.com/2015/08/remake-of-kiener-plaza-gets-go-ahead-the-runner-to-remain/ Ihnen, Alex. “Remake of Kiener Plaza Gets Go Ahead, ‘The Runner’ to Remain.” NextSTL, 10 Mar. 2016, nextstl.com/2015/08/remake-of-kiener-plaza-gets-go-ahead-the-runner-to-remain/.

“THE MORE PRESCRIPTIVE THE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS, THE MORE THE BOX APPROACHES ITS IDEAL STATE. NOT IN ITS GUISE AS THE OFFICE OR THE INDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSE BUT AS THE STILL MORE ANONYMOUS FORM OF THE PARKING GARAGE [WHICH] IS THE BOX AT ITS MOST PROFOUND (CLOSELY FOLLOWED BY THE BUDGET HOTEL). IN THE PARKING GARAGE – A MIRACLE OF TYPOLOGICAL PURITY – THE BOX ACQUIRES THE STATUS OF A MASTERPIECE. THE DESIGN OF A PARKING GARAGE, ESSENTIALLY A STORAGE FACILITY, IS VOID OF EGO: IT SERVES ONLY TO ACCOMMODATE THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CARS. SPACE IS A PARADIGMATIC FEATURE, BUT ONLY IN THE SENSE THAT THERE NEEDS TO BE AS LITTLE OF IT AS POSSIBLE. DESIGNING A PARKING GARAGE IS LIKE SOLVING A MATHEMATICAL EQUATION, ONE OF THE FEW INSTANCES WHERE THE ARCHITECT’S BRIEF IS UNEQUIVOCALLY CLEAR, AND WHERE THE PROVISION OF QUALITY IS IN PERFECT TANDEM WITH THE PROVISION OF QUANTITY. IT IS NOT HIS OR HER PEERS WHO PASS THE VERDICT, BUT NUMBERS ALONE. AT LAST, THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY TO BE THE UNEQUIVOCAL BEST. (WHEN IT COMES TO THE DESIGN OF A PARKING GARAGE, ANY HOPE TO BE THE FIRST IS IN VAIN.) DESPITE THEIR STRICT FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS, PARKING GARAGES HAVE GIVEN RISE TO A SURPRISING NUMBER OF TYPOLOGICAL INVENTIONS THERE ARE CONTINUOUS-RAMP ONES, SPLIT-LEVEL ONES, FLAT ONES WITH AN EXTERNAL SPIRAL, CORKSCREW ONES. THE PARKING GARAGE IS A STRAITJACKET THAT ALLOWS MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS, ONE THAT INSPIRES CREATIVE FREEDOM PRECISELY BECAUSE THERE IS NONE.” REINIER DE GRAAF FOUR WALLS AND A ROOF, P. 76

“EACH FORM, LARVAL AND ADULT, PURSUES ITS OWN PROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT RELATIVELY INDEPENDENT OF THE OTHER. EACH IS CONTROLLED BY ITS OWN CONSTELLATION OF GENES THAT ADVANCE AND RECEDE IN THEIR LEVELS OF ACTIVITY. EACH HAS ESTABLISHED INDEPENDENTLY ITS OWN ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND ADAPTATIONS; AND LOOKED AT IN LONGER PERSPECTIVE, EACH HAS PURSUED ITS OWN EVOLUTION.” GILBERT AND FRIEDEN METAMORPHOSIS: A PROBLEM IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, P.5

WITH TWELVE ST. LOUIS BLOCKS TUCKED AWAY WITHIN THESE THREE GARAGES, THE SPECULATIVE POSSIBILITIES OF THESE STRUCTURES ARE INFINITE. MOVIE THEATERS CAN BE SLID IN USING THE NATURAL SLOPES OF THE RAMPS. ROOFTOP GOURMET RESTAURANTS CAN MAKE USE OF THE GARAGESâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; PRIME LOCATION AND VIEWS TO ATTRACT PEOPLE FROM ACROSS TOWN. APARTMENT UNITS COULD EASILY BE INSTALLED ON THE UPPER FLOORS TO INTRODUCE AF130

FORDABLE HOUSING IN THE HEART OF DOWNTOWN. THE LIST GOES ON AND ON WITH PLENTY OF SPACE TO SPARE, BUT WHAT NEEDS TO DONE WITH THESE GARAGES? AND HOW WILL IT AFFECT THE GARAGES’ FORM, FUNCTION, PERFORMANCE, ETC.? DESIGNED SOLELY AS A PARKING GARAGE WITH NO INTENTION OF REPURPOSING, THE BUILDINGS’ INTRINSIC TYPOLOGY PRESENT NUMEROUS PROBLEMS TO BE OVERCOME. 131

KIENER EAST PARKING ABOVE, RESTAURANTS BELOW WITH KIENER WEST, CREATES FORMIDABLE WALL WITH A TRENCH BREAKING THROUGH LEADING NORTH

PEABODY BUILDING OFFICES CONTEXTUALLY OFFENSIVE BUILDING

WAINRIGHT BUILDING OFFICES LOUIS SULLIVAN ARCHITECTURALY SIGNIFICANT BUILDING HISTORICALLY PRESERVED BUILDING

100 NORTH BROADWAY OFFICES VERY GENERIC

KIENER WEST PARKING ABOVE, RESTAURANTS BELOW BRUALLY UGLY FACADE CREATES BORDER WALL ON NORTH PLAZA

KIENER PLAZ

KIENER PLAZ 7TH STREET LEADS TO: WASHINGTON AVENUE EDWARD JONES DOME

CHESTNUT STREET LEADS TO: NOTHING

MARKET STREET LEADS TO: SCOTT TRADE CENTER UNION STATION HOTEL FOREST PARK UNIVERSITY CITY

132

6TH STREET LEADS TO: WASHINGTON AVENUE EDWARD JONES DOME

NORTH BROADWAY LEADS TO: WASHINGTON AVENUE EDWARD JONES DOME BUSCH STADIUM

HILTON HOTEL UGLY TOWER

MIKE SHANNONâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S RESTAURANT BRUTALIST BUILDING

IMOS PIZZA RESTAURANT FAMOUS ST. LOUIS PIZZA

ST. LOUIS OLD COURTHOUSE COURTHOUSE HISTORICALLY PRESERVED BUILDING SIGNIFICANT ST. LOUIS ATTRACTION

SPIRE BUILDING OFFICE PHILIP JOHNSON

HILTON HOTEL PARKING GARAGE GARAGE MORE PARKING

ZA FACADES

ZA STREETS NORTH BROADWAY LEADS TO: BUSCH STADIUM

7TH STREET LEADS TO: BALLPARK VILLAGE

133

NOT ENOUGH SUNLIGHT VIEWS BLOCKED UGLY FACADE

REMOVE FACADE PANELS

OPENED VIEWS TO CITY VISUAL CONNECTIONS GREATER SUNLIGHT AND SOLAR HEAT GAIN BRISE SOLEIL OPEN FACADE

134

OPEN VIEWS

FLOOR SLABS TOO DEEP SUNLIGHT DOES NOT PENETRATE DEEP ENOUGH

REDUCE FLOORS CEILINGS CAN BE TOO LOW EXCESS OF FLOOR AREA

OPEN VIEW EVEN GREATER BETTER SOLAR HEAT GAIN TALLER SPACES

ENHANCE LIGHT

135

“A FULL-CIRCLE RAMP HAS THE MINOR DISADVANTAGE OF LOSING THE WASTE SPACE IN THE CORE OF THE RAMP, BUT A GREAT ADVANTAGE IS THE HIGH LEVEL OF SPEED POSSIBLE.”1

136

Burrage, Robert H., and Edward G. Mogren. Parking. Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control, 1957. p.271

NARROW FLOOR SLABS STEEPER INCLINE LOST MIDDLE SPACE

ADD UNITS

APPRECIATES CENTER SPACE RAMP FOR EASY AND QUICK CIRCULATION

ACTIVATE SPACE

137

MINIMUM UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LIVE LOADS OF PARKING GARAGES = 40 PSF

9’ X 18’ PARKING SPOT = 162 FT² 4000 LBS CAR + 5(200 LBS PERSON) = 5000 LBS 5000 LBS / 162 FT² = 31 PSF

STRUCTURE GOOD

WHAT CAN THE STRUC NEED STRUCTURE 9’ X 18’ PARKING SPOT = 162 FT² 2 FT² / PERSON 162 FT² / (2FT² / PERSON) = 81 PEOPLE 1 PERSON = 200 LBS 81 PEOPLE X 200 LBS = 16200 LBS 16200 LBS / 162 FT² = 100 PSF 138

CAT WALKS RESIDENTIAL ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS UNINHABITABLE ATTICS WITHOUT STORAGE UNINHABITABLE ATTICS WITH LIMITED SOTRAGE HABITABLE ATTICS AND SLEEPING AREAS ALL OTHER AREAS EXCEPT BALCONIES AND DECKS

40 PSF 10 PSF 20 PSF 30 PSF 40 PSF

HOTELS AND MULTIPLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS PRIVATE ROOMS AND CORRIDORS SERVING THEM

40 PSF

FIRE ESCAPES ON SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS ONLY

40 PSF

ASSEMBLY AREAS AND THEATERS FIXED SEATS (FASTENED TO FLOOR) FOLLOW SPOT, PROJECTIONS AND CONTROL ROOMS) LOBBIES MOVABLE SEATS STAGES AND PLATFORMS

60 PSF 50 PSF 100 PSF 100 PSF 125 PSF

CTURE ACCOMODATE? BALCONIES ON ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY RESIDENCESONLY, AND NOT EXCEEING 100 SQ FT DANCE HALLS AND BALLROOMS

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OFFICE BUILDINGS CORRIDORS ABOVE FIRST FLOOR LOBBIES AND FIRST FLOOR CORRIDORS OFFICES

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International Building Code. International Code Council, 2006. p.285-286

139

STRUCTURE CAN SUPPORT VAST WEIGHTS

ROOF TOP IS DULL AND INACTIVE

W OR

USE STRUCTURE

ROOF ACTIVATED WITH LARGE AND VARIED FUNCTIONS MAKES USE OF GREAT LOCATION AND VIEWS

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140

STRUCTURE TOO WEAK FOR GENERAL ASSEMBLY FUNCTIONS ROOF IS DULL AND INACTIVE

AY B

ENHANCE STRUCTURE

GARAGE CAN HOPEFULLY NOW ACCOMMODATE LARGER ASSEMBLY FUNCTIONS MORE VARIED PROGRAM

ACTIVATE ROOFTOPS

MAKES USE OF LOCATION AND VIEWS 141

NEW OLD

BUILDING ONTOP OF EXISTING STRUCTURE ADDITION EXISTING

Keuning, David. “Too Big to Faile.” Mark, Mar. 2017, pp. 56–71. 142

ENHANCE STRUCTURE

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CAN WE CHANGE THE INTERSECTION? 145

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ACTIVE DORMANT DORMANT DORMANT VERY ACTIVE 147

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TEMPORARILY CLOSE STREETS

BRING PLAZA INTO CITY FABRIC

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PRECE 152

EDENTS 153

Elbphilharmonie Hamburg

Herzog & de Meuron Hamburg, Germany Concept 2001, concept phase 2003, project 2004-2014, realization 2006-2016 (From the architects Herzog & de Meuron) Between Hanseatic Hub and HafenCity The Elbphilharmonie on the Kaispeicher marks a location that most people in Hamburg know about but have never really noticed. It is now set to become a new centre of social, cultural and daily life for the people of Hamburg and for visitors from all over the world. Too often a new cultural centre appears to cater to the privileged few. In order to make the new Philharmonic a genuinely public attraction, it is imperative to provide not only attractive architecture but also an attractive mix of urban uses. The building complex accommodates a philharmonic hall, a chamber music hall, restaurants, bars, a panorama terrace with views of Hamburg and the harbour, apartments, a hotel and parking facilities. These varied uses are combined in one building as they are in a city. And like a city, the two contradictory and superimposed architectures of the Kaispeicher and the Philharmonic ensure exciting, varied spatial sequences: on the one hand, the original and archaic feel of the Kaispeicher marked by its relationship to the harbour; on the other, the sumptuous, elegant world of the Philharmonic. In between, there is an expansive topography of public and private spaces, all differing in character and scale: the large terrace of the Kaispeicher, extending like a new public plaza, responds to the inwardly oriented world of the 154

NEW OLD Philharmonic built above it. The heart of the complex is the Elbphilharmonie itself. A space has emerged that foregrounds music listeners and music makers to such an extent that, together, they actually represent the architecture. The philharmonic building typology has undergone architectural reformulation that is exceptionally radical in its unprecedented emphasis on the proximity between artist and audience â&#x20AC;&#x201C; almost like a football stadium. Urban Architecture for Lovers of Culture The new philharmonic is not just a site for music; it is a full-fledged residential and cultural complex. The concert hall, seating 2100, and the chamber music hall for 550 listeners are embedded in between luxury flats and a five-star hotel with built-in services such as restaurants, a health and fitness centre, conference facilities. Long a mute monument of the post-war era that occasionally hosted fringe events, the Kaispeicher A has now been transformed into a vibrant, international centre for music lovers, a magnet for both tourists and the business world. The Elbphilharmonie will become a landmark of the city of Hamburg and a beacon for all of Germany. It will vitalize the neighbourhood of the burgeoning HafenCity, ensuring that it is not merely a satellite of the venerable Hanseatic city but a new urban district in its own right. The Archaic Kaispeicher The Kaispeicher A, designed by Werner Kallmorgen, was constructed between 1963 and 1966 155

METAMORPHOSIS ADAPTIVE REUSE and used as a warehouse until close to the end of the last century. Originally built to bear the weight of thousands of heavy bags of cocoa beans, it now lends its solid construction to supporting the new Philharmonic. The structural potential and strength of the old building has been enlisted to bear the weight of the new mass resting on top of it. Our interest in the warehouse lies not only in its unexploited structural potential but also in its architecture. The robust, almost aloof building provides a surprisingly ideal foundation for the new philharmonic hall. It seems to be part of the landscape and is not yet really part of the city, which has now finally pushed forward to this location. The harbour warehouses of the 19th century were designed to echo the vocabulary of the city’s historical façades: their windows, foundations, gables and various decorative elements are all in keeping with the architectural style of the time. Seen from the River Elbe, they were meant to blend in with the city’s skyline despite the fact that they were uninhabited storehouses that neither required nor invited the presence of light, air and sun. But not the Kaispeicher A: it is a heavy, massive brick building like many other warehouses in the Hamburg harbour, but its archaic façades are abstract and aloof. The building’s regular grid of holes measuring 50 x 75 cm cannot be called windows; they are more structure than opening. The New Glass Building The new building has been extruded from the shape of the Kaispeicher; it is identical in ground plan with the brick block of the older building, above which it rises. However, at the top and bottom, the new structure takes a different tack from the quiet, plain shape of the warehouse below: the undulating sweep of the roof rises from the lower eastern end to its full height of 108 metres at the 156

Kaispitze (the tip of the peninsula). The Elbphilharmonie is a landmark visible from afar, lending an entirely new vertical accent to the horizontal layout that characterises the city of Hamburg. There is a greater sense of space here in this new urban location, generated by the expanse of the water and the industrial scale of the seagoing vessels. The glass façade, consisting in part of curved panels, some of them carved open, transforms the new building, perched on top of the old one, into a gigantic, iridescent crystal, whose appearance keeps changing as it catches the reflections of the sky, the water and the city. The bottom of the superstructure also has an expressive dynamic. Along its edges, the sky can be seen from the Plaza through vault-shaped openings, creating spectacular, theatrical views of both the River Elbe and downtown Hamburg. Further inside, deep vertical openings provide ever-changing visual relations between the Plaza and the foyers on different levels.

“Elbphilharmonie Hamburg / Herzog & de Meuron” 26 Dec 2016. ArchDaily. Accessed 15 Dec 2017. <https://www.archdaily.com/802093/ elbphilharmonie-hamburg-herzog-and-de-meuron/> ISSN 0719-8884

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Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa Heatherwick Studio Cape Town, South Africa Completed 22 September 2017

(From the architects at Heatherwick Studio as seen on Archdaily) The Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa (Zeitz MOCAA), was unveiled today ahead of its public opening on 22 September 2017 at Cape Town’s V&A Waterfront. It will be the world’s largest museum dedicated to contemporary art from Africa and its diaspora and is designed by internationally acclaimed designers Heatherwick Studio, based in London. The museum is housed in 9,500 sq metres of custom designed space, spread over nine floors, carved out of the monumental structure of the historic Grain Silo Complex. The silo, disused since 1990, stands as a monument to the industrial past of Cape Town, at one time the tallest building in South Africa, now given new life through the transformation by Heatherwick Studio. The galleries and the atrium space at the centre of the museum have been carved from the silos’ dense cellular structure of forty-two tubes that pack the building. The development includes 6,000 sq metres of exhibition space in 80 gallery spaces, a rooftop sculpture garden, state of the art storage and conservation areas, a bookshop, a restaurant, bar, and reading rooms. The museum will also house Centres for a Costume Institute, Photography, Curatorial Excellence, the Moving Image, Performative Practice and Art Education. 162

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The R500 million (£30 million) development of Zeitz MOCAA, announced in November 2013, has been created in a partnership between the V&A Waterfront and Jochen Zeitz, as a not-for-profit public cultural institution in the heart of one of most visited cultural and historical hubs in Africa. Set on the edge of a natural, historic working harbour, with the iconic Table Mountain as its backdrop, and sweeping views of the ocean, city bowl and mountain peaks, V&A Waterfront attracts up to 100,000 people a day.

All images and text from Heatherwick Studio. “Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa / Heatherwick Studio.” ArchDaily, 17 Sept. 2017, www. archdaily.com/879763/zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio. 163

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All images and from Heatherwick Studio. “Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa / Heatherwick Studio.” ArchDaily, 17 Sept. 2017, www. archdaily.com/879763/zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio.

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Obsolete: Merrian-Webster: n. 1a : no longer in use or no longer useful an obsolete wordb : of a kind or style no longer current : OLD-FASHIONED an obsolete technology farming methods that are now obsolete 2of a plant or animal part : indistinct or imperfect as compared with a corresponding part in related organisms : VESTIGIAL Wikipedia: Obsolescence is the state of being which occurs when an object, service, or practice is no longer wanted even though it may still be in good working order. Obsolescence frequently occurs because a replacement has become available that has, in sum, more advantages compared to the disadvantages incurred by maintaining or repairing the original. Obsolete refers to something that is already disused or discarded, or antiquated.[1] Typically, obsolescence is preceded by a gradual decline in popularity. Encyclopedia Britannica: • Features and problems from the article dictionary (reference work) The goal of the big dictionaries is to make a complete inventory of a language, recording every word that can be found. The obsolete and archaic words must be included from the earlier stages ... • New Testament literature from the article biblical literature From the late ad 40s and until his martyrdom in the 60s, Paul wrote letters to the churches that he founded or guided. These are the earliest Christian writings that the church has, and in them he ... • World War II (1939–1945) By the early part of 1939 the German dictator Adolf Hitler had become determined to invade and occupy Poland. Poland, for its part, had guarantees of French and British military support should it be ... • Pragmatic theories of art from the article art, philosophy of There are theories of art that differ from one another in what they allege to be the real purpose or function of art but are at one with each other in the belief that art is a means to some end, ... • geopolitics (political science) geopolitics political science analysis of the geographic influences on power relationships in international relations. The word geopolitics was originally coined by the Swedish political scientist ... • Germanic languages The special characteristics of the Germanic languages that distinguish them from other Indo-European languages result from numerous phonological and grammatical changes. Proto-Indo-European had 12 ... • floor covering Early machine processes employed hand or water power to duplicate processes originally performed completely by hand. The invention of the power loom greatly reduced the amount of time and labour, ... • defense economics “How much defense is enough defense?” is the great unanswerable question of defense economics. Those charged with preparing a defense capability tend to be more cautious about the level of ... • North Africa campaigns (World War II) On November 18, 1941, the British 8th Army, as the forces in the Western Desert had been rechristened, launched Operation Crusader. The British undertook that offensive with more than twice as many ... • name The science that studies names in all their aspects is called onomastics (or onomatology—an ob 178

solete word). The subject of this science is broad because almost everything can have a name and because ... Oblivion: Merrian-Webster: n. 1: the fact or c ondition of not remembering : a state marked by lack of awareness or consciousness seeking the oblivion of sleep drank herself into oblivion 2: the condition or state of being forgotten or unknown contentedly accepted his politicaloblivion Wikipedia: Places • Limia River, which Livy identifies as “the Oblivion” • Lethe, the river of Greek myth Books • Oblivion, a novel by Peter Abrahams • Oblivion, a 2012 book in The Power of Five series by Anthony Horowitz • Oblivion: Stories, a 2004 book by David Foster Wallace • Oblivion: The Mystery of West Point Cadet Richard Cox, a 1999 book by Harry Maihafer about Richard Colvin Cox • Oblivion (Stone novel), a Dr Who book Fictional characters[edit] • Oblivion (comics), a Marvel Comics character • Oblivion, the alias used by Nick Aldis in the Gladiators UK TV series Films • Oblivion (1994 film), a western/science fiction film from Full Moon Entertainment • Oblivion (2013 film), a science fiction film starring Tom Cruise Games • The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, a 2006 video game Music Artists • Oblivion (band), a former Chicago-area punk rock band • Oblivion (metal band), an American technical death metal band from the California Bay Area Albums • Oblivion (Orphanage album) • Oblivion (Utopia album) • Oblivion, a 1991 album by D-Rok • Consign to Oblivion, by gothic Dutch band Epica Songs • “Oblivion” (Grimes song) • “Oblivion” (Hastang song) • “Oblivion” (M83 song) • “Oblivion” (Mastodon song) • “Oblivion” (Bastille song) • “Oblivion”, a song on the eponymous album by 30 Seconds to Mars • “Oblivion”, a song by Lacuna Coil from the 2009 album Shallow Life • “Oblivion”, a song by Mors Principium Est from the 2003 album Inhumanity • “Oblivion”, a song by Mudhoney from the 1998 album Tomorrow Hit Today • “Oblivion”, an Argentine tango written by Ástor Piazzolla 179

• “Oblivion”, a 2010 song by M. Pokora • “Oblivion”, a song by Suffocation • “Oblivion”, a 1994 song by Terrorvision • “Oblivion”, a 2007 song by Wintersleep • “Oblivion”, a song by Patrick Wolf from the 2009 album The Bachelor • “Oblivion”, a 2013 song by The Baptist Generals • “Oblivion” a 2015 song by The Winery Dogs • “Oblivion” a song by Astor Piazzolla • “Oblivion” a song by Lustmord Other uses • Oblivion (roller coaster), the world’s first vertical drop roller coaster located at Alton Towers, England • Oblivion: The Black Hole Coaster in the Gardaland, Italy • Eternal oblivion, believed by many atheists to be an eternally unconscious state that occurs after death See also • Oblivion Records, an American independent record label 1972–76 • Ash heap of history Encyclopedia Britannica: • Oblivion (film by Kosinski [2013]) • Edward Hyde, 1st earl of Clarendon (English statesman) After Charles II’s escape to France from his unsuccessful invasion of England in the fall of 1651, Hyde rejoined him in Paris and followed him to Cologne in 1654 and Bruges in 1656. His object was ... • Simon Raven (English writer) Raven, Simon English writer in full Simon Arthur Noël Raven December 28, 1927 Leicester, Leicestershire, England May 12, 2001 London English novelist, playwright, and journalist, known particularly ... • William Blake (British writer and artist) Blake’s profession was engraving, and his principal avocation was painting in watercolours. But even from boyhood he wrote poetry. In the early 1780s he attended the literary and artistic salons of ... • Lethe (Greek mythology) Lethe Greek mythology (Greek: “Oblivion”), in Greek mythology, daughter of Eris (Strife) and the personification of oblivion. Lethe is also the name of a river or plain in the infernal regions ... • Theory of tragedy from the article tragedy (literature) As the great period of Athenian drama drew to an end at the beginning of the 4th century bce, Athenian philosophers began to analyze its content and formulate its structure. In the thought of Plato ... • Marguerite Taos Amrouche (Algerian singer and writer) Amrouche, Marguerite Taos Algerian singer and writer original name Marie-louise Amrouche , also called Marguerite Taos March 4, 1913 Tunis April 2, 1976 Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire, Fr. Kabyle ... • William Douglas, 10th Earl of Angus (Scottish rebel) Angus, William Douglas, 10th Earl of Scottish rebel c. 1552 March 3, 1611 Paris, Fr. Scottish rebel and conspirator, a convert to Roman Catholicism during the reign of James VI. He joined the ... • Yuan dynasty: 1206-1368 from the article Chinese literature Fleeing from the Jin (Juchen) Tatars, who captured their capital in 1127, the Song officials and courtiers retreated southward. For almost a century and a half, China was again divided. And in spite ... • Alfred Brendel (Austrian musician) 180

Brendel, Alfred Austrian musician Jan. 5, 1931 Wiesenberg, Czech. renowned Austrian pianist whose recordings and international concert appearances secured his reputation. Brendel studied the piano ... Metamorphosis: Merian-Webster: n. 1a : change of physical form, structure, or substance especially by supernatural means the metamorphosis of humans into animalsb : a striking alteration in appearance, character, or circumstances The company has gone through a series of metamorphoses. 2: a typically marked and more or less abrupt developmental change in the form or structure of an animal (such as a butterfly or a frog) occurring subsequent to birth or hatching the metamorphosis of caterpillars into butterflies Wikipedia: Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal’s body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Metamorphosis is iodothyronine-induced and an ancestral feature of all chordates.[1] Some insects, fishes, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, cnidarians, echinoderms, and tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is often accompanied by a change of nutrition source or behavior. Animals that go through metamorphosis are called metamorphoses[citation needed]. Animals can be divided into species that undergo complete metamorphosis (“holometaboly”), incomplete metamorphosis (“hemimetaboly”), or no metamorphosis (“ametaboly”). Scientific usage of the term is technically precise, and it is not applied to general aspects of cell growth, including rapid growth spurts. References to “metamorphosis” in mammals are imprecise and only colloquial, but historically idealist ideas of transformation and monadology, as in Goethe’s Metamorphosis of Plants, have influenced the development of ideas of evolution. Encyclopedia Britannica: metamorphosis (biology) metamorphosis biology in biology, striking change of form or structure in an individual after hatching or birth. Hormones called molting and juvenile hormones, which are not species specific ... • The Metamorphosis (story by Kafka) Metamorphosis, The story by Kafka symbolic story by Austrian writer Franz Kafka, published in German as Die Verwandlung in 1915. The opening sentence of The Metamorphosis has become one of the most ... • Postembryonic development from the article animal development After partially developing within the egg membranes or within the maternal body, the newly formed individual emerges. The new animal is then born (ejected from the mother’s body) or hatched from the ... • eel (fish) Eels have a remarkable life cycle. Broadly, it consists of development and early growth in the open ocean: the planktonic (free-floating) dispersal of eggs and larvae, metamorphosis, juvenile ... • Maria Sibylla Merian (German-born naturalist and artist) Merian, Maria Sibylla German-born naturalist and artist also known as Anna Maria Sibylla April 2, 1647 Frankfurt am Main [Germany] January 13, 1717 Amsterdam, Netherlands German-born naturalist and ... • Classification from the article insect (arthropod class) The class Insecta is divided into orders on the basis of the structure of the head, including eyes, 181

mouthparts, and antennae; the thorax, including legs and wings; and the abdomen, including ... • amphibian (animal) amphibian animal Amphibia any member of the group of vertebrate animals characterized by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The name amphibian, derived from the Greek ... • Caudata (amphibian order) Most salamanders are terrestrial or semiterrestrial as adults, but many return to aquatic habitats to breed. Courtship, which is relatively simple in hynobiids and cryptobranchids, is increasingly ... • cirripede (crustacean) In general, barnacles are simultaneous hermaphrodites (that is, each individual has both male and female reproductive systems). Although some species are known to self-fertilize if no partners are ... • Franz Kafka (German-language writer) Kafka, Franz German-language writer July 3, 1883 Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary [now in Czech Republic] June 3, 1924 Kierling, near Vienna, Austria German-language writer of visionary fiction ...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY All Things Considered. “Parking Garages: A Multilevel History.” NPR, NPR, 18 Nov. 2009, www.npr.org/templates/story/story. php?storyId=120545290. “Automated Vehicles for Safety.” NHTSA, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 16 Nov. 2017, www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated-vehicles-safety. Balls, Michael, and Mary Bownes. Metamorphosis. Clarendon Press, 1985. Bertoncello, Michele, and Dominik Wee. “Ten Ways Autonomous Driving Could Redefine the Automotive World.” McKinsey & Company, McKinsey & Company, June 2015, www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/ten-waysautonomous-driving-could-redefine-the-automotive-world. Bilton, Nick. “Disruptions: How Driverless Cars Could Reshape Cities.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 7 July 2013, bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/07/disruptions-how-driverless-cars-could-reshape-cities/. Bliss, Laura. “A Car Maker Talks About What Comes After Driving.” CityLab, CityLab, 27 Apr. 2017, www.citylab.com/ transportation/2017/04/a-carmaker-talks-about-what-comes-after-driving/524127/. Burrage, Robert H., and Edward G. Mogren. Parking. Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control, 1957. De Graaf, Reinier. Four Walls and a Roof the Complex Nature of a Simple Profession. Harvard University Press, 2017. Douglass-Jaimes, David. “How Driverless Cars Could, Should - and Shouldn’t - Reshape Our Cities.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 22 Jan. 2016, www.archdaily.com/780512/how-driverlesscars-could-should-and-shouldnt-reshape-our-cities. “Elbphilharmonie Hamburg / Herzog & de Meuron” 26 Dec 2016. ArchDaily. Accessed 15 Dec 2017. <https://www.archdaily. com/802093/elbphilharmonie-hamburg-herzog-and-de-meuron/> ISSN 0719-8884 Frieden, Earl, and Lawrence I. Gilbert. Metamorphosis: a Problem in Developmental Biology. Plenum, 1981. Gansterer, Nikolaus. Drawing a Hypothesis: Figures of Thought: a Project. De Gruyter, 2017. Gilbert, Lawrence I., et al. Metamorphosis: Postembryonic Reprogramming of Gene Expression in Amphibian and Insect Cells. Academic Press, 2008. Heatherwick Studio. “Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa / Heatherwick Studio.” ArchDaily, 17 Sept. 2017, www.archdaily. com/879763/zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio Ihnen, Alex. “Remake of Kiener Plaza Gets Go Ahead, ‘The Runner’ to Remain.” NextSTL, 10 Mar. 2016, nextstl.com/2015/08/ remake-of-kiener-plaza-gets-go-ahead-the-runner-to-remain/. International Building Code. International Code Council, 2006. Jaffe, Eric. “7 Benefits and 1 Huge Problem With a World Full of Driverless Taxis.” CityLab, CityLab, 30 Apr. 2015, www.citylab. com/life/2015/04/7-benefits-and-1-huge-problem-with-a-world-of-driverless-taxis/391952/. Jaffe, Eric. “Why Aren’t America’s Cities Ready for Driverless Cars?” CityLab, CityLab, 8 Dec. 2015, www.citylab.com/solutions/2015/12/why-arent-urban-planners-ready-for-driverless-cars/419346/. Kafka, Franz, and Joachim Neugroschel. The Metamorphosis and Other Stories. Simon & Schuster, 1995. Keuning, David. “Too Big to Faile.” Mark, Mar. 2017, pp. 56–71. Koolhaas, Rem. Mutations. ACTAR Editorial, 2001. Koolhaas, Rem, and Hal Foster. Junkspace: with, Running Room. Notting Hill Editions Ltd, 2016. Lipson, Hod, and Melba Kurman. Driverless: Intelligent Cars and the Road Ahead. The MIT Press, 2017. Missouri Department of Transportation. “2015 St. Louis District Traffic Volume and Commercial Vehicle Count Map” Missouri Department of Transportation Transportation Planning, 2015, http://www.modot.org/safety/documents/2015_Traffic_SL_06212016. pdf Office for Metropolitan Architecture, Rem Koolhaas, and Bruce Mau. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large. Edited by Jennifer Sigler, The Monacelli Press, 1995. 184

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Hypothesis: Metamorphic Obsolescence With the advent of autonomous cars now visible on the horizon, the world finds itself on the cusp of what will perhaps be the greatest revolution in transportation history. Ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft are already disrupting the automobile service status quo, and autonomous cars now pose to permanently alter the way people approach car manufacturing, technology, and architecture. While both car manufacturing and technology poses more fluid foundations for adapting to the coming change, car architecture does not. Experts in the automobile development industry have already designed new and smarter parking garages exclusively for autonomous cars that may become 40% the size of traditional parking garages while still offering the same number of parking spaces. This development coupled with the projection of less autonomous cars needing parking as more of them take to the streets for ride sharing services will render todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parking garages not only obsolete but also superfluous. This analysis faces two difficult challenges to contemporary automobile architecture: reinvent or die, and reinvent and die. To overcome this seemingly paradoxically hopeless situation, the parking garage will have to transcend normal modes of architectural renewal and reuse. To survive the coming mass obsoleting, the traditional garage will have to perform an architectural metamorphosis, an extreme and abrupt change in its form, structure, and substance if it is to survive.