Multiple MYCOTOXINS DETECTED in CORN SAMPLES received from five continents between October 2018 and March 2019
Jog Raj, Hunor Farkaš, Zdenka Jakovčević, Jasna Bošnjak-Neumüller and Marko Vasiljević PATENT CO., Mišićevo, Serbia
1
Mycotoxins are the biggest challenge for animal feed producers and therefore, regular monitoring of mycotoxins is necessary.
AIM
The aim of the present study was to screen corn samples for mycotoxins, received from different countries (five continents) between October 2018 and March 2019.
MATERIALS These corn samples were collected by our customers or distributors in different countries. The corn samples were analysed by LC-MS/MS triple quad (Agilent 6460 series) based multi-mycotoxin method for quantitation of all mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2, G1 and G2, Ochratoxin A (OTA), Zearalenone (ZON), Deoxynivalenol (DON), FB1&B2, T-2 & HT-2 toxins) regulated in EU in feed by EU Directive 2002/32/EC, 2006/576/EC and 2013/165/EU:
RESULTS
A total of 400 samples were received for analysis at PATENT CO. More than 95% of the samples were found contaminated with one or more mycotoxins.
Aflatoxins: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 y AFG2 Ochratoxin A (OTA) Zearalenone (ZON) Deoxinivalenol (DON) FB1 & FB2 Toxins T-2 & HT-2
400 samples 95% contaminated
2
The summary of mycotoxins analysis as per continent is as below:
98% contaminated samples
Table 1. Mycotoxins levels detected (ppb) in corn samples from Asia
ASIA
98 % of the corn samples received from India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Taiwan and Thailand were found contaminated with one or more mycotoxins (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Number (%) of mycotoxins per sample.
2
DON
AFB1
FB1
FB2
T-2
OTA
ZON
Average of mycotoxin detected
300
18
1.701
452
19
2
81
Maximum of positives
469
283
9.253
2.327
19
2
340
Median of positives
367
5
1.019
258
19
2
69
Figure 2. Percentage of mycotoxins detected
2 96 100
<LOQ
94
90 80
1 Mycotoxin
70
>1 Mycotoxins
60
94
72
50 40
DON, AFB1, FB1, FB2, T-2, OTA and ZON with an average of 300 ppb, 18 ppb, 1.701 ppb, 452 ppb, 19 ppb, 2 ppb and 81 ppb, respectively, were among the main mycotoxins detected (Table 1) in corn samples from Asia.
30
26
20 10
10 1
0
1
DON AFB1 FB1 FB2 T-2 OTA ZON
FB1 and FB2 were detected in the 94% of corn samples, while AFB1, ZON and DON, 72%, 26% and 10% of the samples, respectively (Figure 2).
The median for FB1 was 1.019 ppb, FB2 was 258 ppb and for DON median was recorded at 367 ppb.
CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Fusarium mycotoxins (FB1, FB2, DON, ZON)
and Aflatoxins were detected in 98% of corn samples tested using LC-MS/MS.
3
90% contaminated samples
Table 2. Mycotoxins levels detected (ppb) in corn samples from Europe
EUROPE
The corn samples were collected and delivered from Russia, France, Croatia and Balkan countries. 90% of these corn samples were found contaminated with one or more mycotoxins (Figure 3).
DON
AFB1
FB1
FB2
T-2
OTA
ZON
Average of mycotoxin detected
269
19
1.073
335
97
105
43
Maximum of positives
1.526
90
19.128
3.892
673
1.018
87
Median of positives
178
2
314
131
27
12
39
Figure 3. Number (%) of mycotoxins per sample.
10 10
Figure 4. Percentage of mycotoxins detected
67
70
80
60
53
50 40 <LOQ
30
1 Mycotoxin
20
>1 Mycotoxins
10 0
33
25
20
25
4 DON AFB1 FB1 FB2 T-2 OTA ZON
DON, AFB1, FB1, FB2, T-2, OTA and ZON with an average of 269 ppb, 19 ppb, 1.073 ppb, 335 ppb, 97 ppb, 105 ppb and 43 ppb, respectively, were among the main mycotoxins detected (Table 2).
By using LC-MS/MS, the following mycotoxins were detected in the samples (Figure 4): FB1 in 67% of the samples FB2 in 53% of the samples DON in 33% of the samples ZON and T-2 in 25% of the samples OTA in 20% of the samples AFB1 in 4% of the samples
The median for FB1 was 314 ppb, FB2 was 131 ppb and for DON median was recorded at 178 ppb.
CONCLUSIONS Therefore, these results demonstrate that Fusarium mycotoxins (FB1, FB2, DON, ZON) and Ochratoxin
A were mostly detected in the corn harvested in 2018 from European countries.
4
98% contaminated
Table 3. Mycotoxins levels detected (ppb) in corn samples from Africa
samples
AFRICA
The lab received corn samples from Uganda, Kenya, South Africa and Egypt. 98% of these corn samples were found contaminated with one or more mycotoxins (Figure 5).
DON
AFB1
FB1
FB2
T-2
OTA
ZON
Average of mycotoxin detected
405
11
465
196
8
77
43
Maximum of positives
2.274
29
2.271
661
17
372
87
Median of positives
247
2
232
124
6
38
39
Figure 6. Percentage of mycotoxins detected
Figure 5. Number (%) of mycotoxins per sample. 90 80
30
84
70
2
68
60 50
46
40 <LOQ
30
1 Mycotoxin
20
>1 Mycotoxins
10
32
30 11
8 0
0
DON AFB1 FB1 FB2 T-2 OTA ZON
DON, AFB1, FB1, FB2, OTA and ZON with an average of 405 ppb, 11 ppb, 465 ppb, 196 ppb, 8 ppb and 77 ppb were among the main mycotoxins detected (Table 3).
Through LC-MS/MS, the following mycotoxins were detected in the samples of corn that were analyzed (Figure 6): DON in 84% of the samples FB1 in 46% of the samples FB2 in 32% of the samples AFB1 in 8% of the samples ZON in 30% of the samples OTA in 11% of the samples
FB1 with 232 ppb median, FB2 with 124 ppb and DON with 247 ppb median were detected in corn samples.
CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that Fusarium mycotoxins (FB1, DON, FB2, ZON)
were present in most of the corn samples tested for mycotoxins using LC-MS/MS.
5
Table 4. Mycotoxins levels detected (ppb) in corn samples from North and South America
99% contaminated samples
NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA The lab also received corn samples from USA, Mexico, Chile, Brazil and Argentina. 99% of these corn samples were found contaminated with one or more mycotoxins (Figure 7).
DON
AFB1
FB1
FB2
T-2
OTA
ZON
Average of mycotoxin detected
505
1
1.609
460
15
2
139
Maximum of positives
1475
2
17.676
5.424
22
2
450
Median of positives
463
1
736
190
14
2
95
Figure 8. Percentage of mycotoxins detected
Figure 7. Number (%) of mycotoxins per sample
120
16
99
100
1
83
80 60 40
<LOQ 1 Mycotoxin
80
20 0
22
21 8
6
3
DON AFB1 FB1 FB2 T-2 OTA ZON
>1 Mycotoxins
Using LC-MS/MS, the following mycotoxins were detected in the samples analyzed (Figure 8): DON, AFB1, FB1, FB2, T-2, OTA and ZON with an average of 505 ppb, 1 ppb, 1.609 ppb, 460 ppb, 15 ppb, 2 ppb and 139 ppb were among the main mycotoxins detected, respectively (Table 4).
DON in 22% of the samples FB1 in 80% of the samples FB2 in 99% of the samples AFB1 in 8% of the samples ZON in 21% of the samples OTA in 3% of the samples T-2 in 6% of the samples
FB1 with 736 ppb median, FB2 with 190 ppb, ZON with 95 ppb and DON with 463 ppb median were detected in corn samples using LC-MS/MS.
CONCLUSIONS Analysis of these results show that Fusarium mycotoxins remained in
high percentage in the tested corn samples using LC-MS/MS
6
Los resultados From this mycotoxin obtenidos muestran survey, mycotoxins que el adsorbente remain a topic of MP es un concern in potente animal adsorbente que feed and multipuede reducir los mycotoxin efectos nocivos de occurrence las micotoxinas en continues to be a los parámetros threat. Constantde salud y producción monitoring and en animales. research on the prevention and or remediation of mycotoxin contamination is therefore necessary.
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
This survey concludes that corn harvested around the world in 2018 is mostly contaminated with Fumonisins.
Other than Fumonisins, DON in 30%, AFB1 26%, ZON in 21% and OTA in 11 % samples were also detected.
In more than 400 samples analyzed worldwide, Fumonisins were present in most of the samples (78%) with a median of 668 ppb and a total of 95% corn samples were found contaminated with one or more mycotoxins.
Field mycotoxins such as Fumonisins, DON and ZON were the most commonly detected in corn samples received from North and South America, Africa and Europe. Fumonisins and AFB1 were predominant in Asia.
Global prevalence of mycotoxins in different regions based on percentage of positive corn samples (Oct 2018-March 2019)
Europe
North, Central and South America DON AFB1 FB1 FB2 T-2 OTA ZON
22% 8% 80% 99% 6% 3% 21%
DON AFB1 FB1 FB2 T-2 OTA ZON
33% 4% 67% 53% 25% 20% 25%
Asia
Africa
Percentage of detected mycotoxins in corn samples Moderate risk: 0 – 25% of samples above risk threshold High risk: 26 – 50% of samples above risk threshold Severe risk: 51 – 75% of samples above risk threshold
DON AFB1 FB1 FB2 T-2 OTA ZON
84% 8% 46% 32% 0% 11% 30%
DON AFB1 FB1 FB2 T-2 OTA ZON
10% 72% 94% 94% 1% 1% 26%
Extreme risk: 76 – 100% of samples above risk threshold
7