Gut Health Management: how to link abnormalities to possible causes? Monita Vereecken
Background - History
Increased Genetic Potential + Improved Management & Nutrition
Massive amount of nutrients in a very short time in order to meet (genetic) demand.
Days to Market : 2.9kg broiler
50's
60's
1972
1992
2012
70's 80's 90's 2000's
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Antibiotic treatment in broilers (the Netherlands)
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Reason for treatments in broilers (the Netherlands)
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Background - Normal GIT

Short but efficient 6
Background - Normal GIT functions Digestion Absorption Secretion
Supply of Nutrients
BARRIER FUNCTION of INTESTINAL LINING
Colonization (and
invasion) of (food borne) pathogens Intake of toxins, infectious agents etc.
Protection
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Background - Normal GIT
Structural integrity Long and wide villi: greater surface for absorption Small crypts: lower tissue turn over, less energy and protein required for recovery Goblet cells: produce protective mucines
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Background - Normal GIT
Structural integrity
Strong tight junctions: prevent bacteria and toxic substances to enter the cells and the blood, and cause inflammation and ‘leaky gut’
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Host-Microbiota Interactions B A L A N C E
GIT has an extremely large surface Intensive contact with outside world GIT is the largest immunologic organ in the body
INTERACTION
Microbiome :differs/ location- age- feed etc…
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Healthy versus Unhealthy
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Reasons for impaired gut health ? Broilers – Turkeys- Rearing pullets- breeders – laying hens Age Evolutions in time Not often one cause
Monitoring gut health is important to maintain healthy situation
Beak and Mouth
Esophagus Crop
Proventriculus
Jejunum
Ileum
Caeca
Cloaca
Gizzard
Large intestine Duodenal Loop
Meckels Diverticulum
• Fumonisine B1 • Ochratocin A • DON • T2 • Aflatoxin •…
Management
• Digestibility • ANF • Enzymes • NSPs • Feed form • Digestable protein • Vitamins, minerals •…
Mycotoxins
Feed quality
Non-infectious causes • Hygiene • Drinking water quality • Late feed intake • Low floor temperature • High CO2 levels •…
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Non starch polysaccharides (NSP’s)
Soluble NSP-fractions store large amount of water ↑ viscosity digesta ↓ feed passage rate microbial overgrowth Dysbacteriosis (gut damage)
Insoluble NSP fractions ‘trap’ nutrients:
NSP enzymes 15
Dysbacteriosis
Scoring of 10 different parameters ďƒź Score: present (1) or not (0) ďƒź
Cranial
Caudal
Meckels Diverticulum
Scoring for “dysbacteriosis”
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Inflammation (cranial-caudal)
Score 1
Score 0 Slide 19
Tonus (cranial-caudal)
Score 0
Score 1 Slide 20
Abnormal content (cranial-caudal)
Score 0
Score 1 Slide 21
Thickness (cranial-caudal)
Score 0
Score 1 Slide 22
Quantification of the problem Too much work?
Slide 23
Digitalisation
• Fumonisine B1 • Ochratocin A • DON • T2 • Aflatoxin •…
Management
• Digestibility • ANF • Enzymes • NSPs • Feed form • Digestable protein • Vitamins, minerals •…
Mycotoxins
Feed quality
Non-infectious causes • Hygiene • Drinking water quality • Late feed intake • Low floor temperature • High CO2 levels •…
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Feed Form
Particle size - grinding (Svihus, 2011) Coarse particles (>2-3 mm): Gizzard ↑, reflux ↑, longer and more regular transit, enzyme functions ↑ High content of fines (<1 mm): too quick transit, reflux↓ & absorption ↓
Fine mash or pellets with high content fines: (Huang et al. 2011; Serrano et al., 2013) Quicker transit Wet litter and increased FPD
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Proventriculus – Gizzard Etiology ? Feed related Idiopathic Viral (transmissible viral proventriculitis)
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Proventriculus dilatation 3
2
3
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1
0
Mycotoxins ď&#x192;ź Secondary toxic compounds produced by
different types of fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium) ď&#x192;ź 2000 known mycotoxins and mycotoxin metabolites
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Mycotoxins 6 mycotoxines and their metabolites
responsible for 98-99% of all mycotoxicosis
AFLA- OTA- DON- T2- ZEA- FUM
Field origin (Fusarium) or storage origin
(Aspergillus, Penicillium, Egot) Co- occurrence
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Mycotoxins – Effects on GIT Work by G. Anthonissen and colleagues, Fac. Veterinary Medicine,
Ghent university Impact on intestinal barrier function
Viability enterocytes
Villus height, villus surface
Intestinal epithelial integrity (permeability )
Mucus production
Oxidative stress 31
Mycotoxins – Effects on GIT Impact on intestinal microbiotia
Microbiota shift
Necrotic enteritis
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Mycotoxins â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Effects on GIT
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• Fumonisine B1 • Ochratocin A • DON • T2 • Aflatoxin •…
Management
• Digestibility • ANF • Enzymes • NSPs • Feed form • Digestable protein • Vitamins, minerals •…
Mycotoxins
Feed quality
Non-infectious causes • Hygiene • Drinking water quality • Late feed intake • Low floor temperature • High CO2 levels •…
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Management
Importance of brooding on gut development In brooding period: cell growth from crypts and mid part of the villi After brooding : only from crypts Impaired gut health in
brooding: impact for life Dr. Richard A. Bailey
Management
Stability of the gut microbiota is usually reached in 7-10 days Treatment with antibiotics at
early age will compromise this development Probiotics after antibiotic treatment
Dr. Richard A. Bailey
Brooding ď&#x192;ź
Retained yolk
Lactobacilli
Lactobacilli, Enterococcus,
Highest microbiological cell densities
Microbiome – caeca Important
for gut health:
Highest densities of microbiota Longest residence time (12-20 h)
Important for water regulation, urate recycling and
carbohydrate fermentation
Dr. Richard A. Bailey
Microbiome- Caeca
Dozens of families Phyla: only a few
Oakley et al., 2014
Microbiota CTL: control Formic acid, propionic acid & MCFA to : FO: Feed only WO: Water only FW: Feed and Water
Oakley et al., 2014
Microbiota No significant impact of organic acid feed additives ď&#x192;ź Significant impact of age ď&#x192;ź
Oakley et al., 2014
Normal versus abnormal?
• Clostridium perfringens • (Clostridium colinum) • Escherichia coli • Salmonella • Campylobacter • Brachyspira spp.
Parasitic
• Rotavirus A • Rotavirus D • Chicken astrovirus • Avian nephritis virus 3 • Adenovirus • Reovirus
Bacterial
Viral
Infectious causes (direct & indirect) • Eimeria spp. • (Histomonas meleagridis) • Helminths
• IBDV, IBV • NDV, AI • AE,
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• Clostridium perfringens • (Clostridium colinum) • Escherichia coli • Salmonella • Campylobacter • Brachyspira spp.
Parasitic
• Rotavirus A • Rotavirus D • Chicken astrovirus • Avian nephritis virus 3 • Adenovirus • Reovirus
Bacterial
Viral
Infectious causes (direct & indirect) • Eimeria spp. • (Histomonas meleagridis) • Helminths
• IBDV, IBV • NDV, AI • AE,
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Viral Several viruses identified Clinical importance? Prevalence study from the Netherlands (GD Deventer, Teun Fabri) Macroscopic scoring Histology PCR viruses
Viral Several viruses identified Clinical importance? Prevalence study the Netherlands High prevalence intestinal viruses Peak in first week
Viral Often simultaneous infections Continuous state of intestinal infection during grow-out Runting & stunting syndrome, MAS Inflammation, malabsorption Predisposing for bacterial infections
Viral â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fowl adenovirus
Gizzard erosions: Etiology ?
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2
2
3
3
Gizzard erosions: Etiology ? Toxins Infectious agents Microbiological colonisation Feed related
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2
2
3
3
Mouth lesions
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Mouth lesions
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Gizzard erosions: Etiology ? Toxins Infectious agents Microbiological colonisation Feed related
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2
2
3
3
Viral â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fowl adenovirus
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2
2
3
3
• Clostridium perfringens • (Clostridium colinum) • Escherichia coli • Salmonella • Campylobacter • Brachyspira spp.
Parasitic
• Rotavirus A • Rotavirus D • Chicken astrovirus • Avian nephritis virus 3 • Adenovirus • Reovirus
Bacterial
Viral
Infectious causes (direct & indirect) • Eimeria spp. • (Histomonas meleagridis) • Helminths
• IBDV, IBV • NDV, AI • AE,
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Bacterial causes
Dysbacteriosis Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine Caecal microbiota shifts
Typical signs Wet litter ‘diarrhoea’ loose faecal droppings Feed intake stable for a couple of days (should increase) Increase water/feed ratio
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Microbiome- Caeca
Microbiological shifts
• • • • •
• Clostridium perfringens • (Clostridium colinum) • Escherichia coli • Salmonella • Campylobacter • Brachyspira spp.
Parasitic
• Rotavirus A • Rotavirus D • Chicken astrovirus • Avian nephritis virus 3 • Reovirus
Bacterial
Viral
Infectious causes (direct & indirect) • Eimeria spp. • (Histomonas meleagridis) • Helminths
IBDV IBV NDV AI AE Day et al., 2007; Pantin-Jackwood et al., 2008; Pantin-Jackwood et al., 2011; Mettifogo et al., 2014
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Impact of coccidiosis
Ileum 3weeks old ; 650x ; Source: P. Augustine
Impact of coccidiosis in poultry
Coccidiosis Clinical (diarrhoea, decreased performance, mortality) Subclinical (decreased performance) Impairing general health status, facilitating other diseases
COST: 10 Eurocent/bird 61
Impact of coccidiosis in poultry
Provoking other enteric diseases
(by destroying intestinal lining, mucosa) NE Dysbacteriosis ; Bacterial Enteritis
Rendering the bird more vulnerable for other problems zoonotic agents multi-organ disorders
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Coccidiosis in chickens
Appearance and location of gross lesions Oocyst morphology
DIAGNOSIS
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Monitoring: field example Cocci peak â&#x2020;&#x2019; stop in growth ! Cocci 2017 Body weight 2017 Dysbacteriosis 2017
Conclusion Gut health influenced by many different factors What is of importance for you? Aim low FCR- good growth- low antibiotic use
Know the situation Follow up Act: Preventive preferable above treatment
Thank you!
Questions?
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