SPAIN. THE CRISIS OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME 37

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4 ARTISTIC EVOLUTION

As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, it was necessary to increase construction and do it quickly and cheaply, so new and industrial materials were introduced. In addition, styles and trends were created in painting that broke with tradition.

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Modern architecture

It was characterised by the use of iron, glass and concrete, which were first used in utility buildings such as greenhouses, railway stations, etc. because they were rejected by traditional architects as industrial products lacking in beauty. But over time, the new materials became widespread. In the United States, a new architectural design called the Chicago School was born. It came about due to a fire in 1871 that destroyed part of Chicago and its reconstruction was planned based on high-rise buildings without wood, to compensate for the lack of soil. In this city concrete was used in the foundations and in the structure, and iron and glass were used, which allowed for the building of the first skyscrapers, such as the Monadnock Building, by Burnham and Root; Sullivan’s Carson Stores and the Auditorium Building; and the Flatiron Building, by Burnham. In Europe, its diffusion was due to the universal expositions and buildings such as the Eiffel Tower in Paris, built for the Universal Exhibition of 1889. Between 1890 and 1910, modernism emerged, a new aesthetic movement, which was known as Art Nouveau in France and the Modern Style in Great Britain. It tried to reconcile the useful with the artistic. To do this, it used new materials, whilst seeking beauty through the use of undulating and asymmetrical shapes inspired by nature. Of importance were Victor Horta (The Hôtel Tassel, Brussels), Hector Guimard (Paris metro stations) and Henry van de Velde (Van de Velde House, Uccle, near Brussels). Eiffel Tower, Paris. Glazed courtyard of the Rookery Building. Chicago School.

Understand, think, apply...

1 With the help of a dictionary define these words: concrete and foundations. 2 Why did the Chicago school take the name of this city? 3 Look at the picture of the Eiffel Tower and write what you know about it. 4 Listening. Listen to the audio ‘The Flatiron Building’ at anayaeducacion.es and answer the questions: a) Why is the Flatiron Building so unique?b) What inventions allowed the appearance of skyscrapers? c) Why do you think skyscrapers are a symbol of industrial society? The pictorial movements. Impressionism, expressionism and the first avant-gardes At the end of the 19th century, painting took new paths, which culminated in the early twentieth century with the appearance of the first avant-gardes. Impressionism Impressionism emerged around 1870. The painters of the school, such as Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir and Edgar Degas, painted in the open air as they tried to capture the ‘impression’ of each moment, the instantaneous effects of the atmosphere and light. Post-impressionism Post-Impressionism developed around 1886. It is a personal review of impressionism by independent painters such as Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh.

Mademoiselle Gachet in her garden at Auvers-sur-Oise. Van Gogh. Musée d’Orsay (Paris).

The first avant-gardes

The first avant-gardes, at the beginning of the 20th century, sought to break with traditional art. Fauvism emerged in 1904, it attached great importance to drawing and applied colour regardless of reality (Henri Matisse). Expressionism began in 1905, and sought to capture feelings using and applying colours arbitrarily (Edvard Munch and Ernst L. Kirchner). Cubism, started by Pablo Picasso in 1907 with The Young Ladies of Avignon, meant a break with the traditional pictorial norms of the Renaissance, by representing objects from different viewpoints simultaneously.

El estudio. York). Picasso. Museum of Modern Art, MoMA (New

Understand, think, apply...

5 Reading. Read the text and answer the questions: ‘[…] The triumph of colour. From Van Gogh to Matisse. Collections from the Musée d’Orsay and the de l’Orangerie; is an exhibition made up of 72 masterpieces signed by some of the most important painters who lived between the 19th and 20th centuries, such as Seurat, Signac, Cezánne and Picasso, in addition to Van Gogh and Matisse, and many others who used colour to convert the direction of their work from impressionism to avant-garde painting, distancing themselves, little by little, from nature an getting closer to abstraction’. José Ángel Montañés, ‘Concentration of geniuses’, El País, 9-10-2015 (adapted).

a) Summarise the text. b) Match the artists you know to the movement they belonged to. 6 Match each painter to a pictorial movement: a) Picasso 1. Impressionismb) Munch 2. Post-Impressionismc) Monet 3. Cubism d) Cézanne 4. Expressionism 7 Look at the two paintings on this page and answer the questions: a) Take a look at this work and the one on the previous page and say what style they each belong to. b) Differentiate between the two styles.

Unit 5

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