Building More Than Boats
How a boat-building programme is helping an Indigenous community reconnect with its past while sailing toward the future
Boatbuilder and instructor,
Sunday, November 03, 2024
Mitchell Rogers (Samuel Maughn photo)
Plant-based products for hair and beard debuts at Favour’s Hair Therapy
Taking nail artistry to the next level
WHEN Falana Fraser established Favour’s Hair Therapy, it was out of love due to her son’s hair condition. Today, it has become a thriving small business empowering her to realise her true potential with her own haircare and beard products.
with rosemary oil became the best seller. She branded her products and went about to become a registered busi-
MANY nail technicians are trendy on social media, and Iana Ashanti Hercules, better known as “Girl Boss,” is one of those professionals who is also well-known among her peers for her unique skills. Among the ‘nail girlies’, she stands out because she gives you exactly what you need with any request regarding nails.
Nail artistry has become more modern, and Hercules has become something out of the ordinary, with people coming up with newer trends and designs to suit their tastes and styles.
The products include hair oil, hair pomade, beard oil, beard wash and conditioner, edge balm, shampoo and conditioner, hair mist, beard and hair tools.
Hercules has her nail salon at Croal and Alexander Streets, Georgetown, and she can recreate any nail inspiration from scratch, as she is well-versed in her craft, having gained experience and knowledge over the years.
The mother of one started as a nail technician in 2007, working at several salons in the city before going independent, working from home, and now renting her own salon space. Her salon offers specialised services in manicures, pedicures, and nail designs with gel x extensions.
According to her selfnamed business, Favour’s Hair Therapy, “promote(s) healthy and strong growth for all hair types”. It is a small business that started in the kitchen, and it had a trial period before the products were launched.
These days, it’s all about fashion, and some people have their nails designed specifically for occasions, functions, and what’s trending—and Hercules can even take on those challenges.
She will be celebrating her 35th birth anniversary next month, and it is her dream to open her own nail school and to have a separate, standalone nail salon. Hercules reported that she teaches nail courses monthly and has been in the nail technician business for the past 15 years.
Fraser is originally from Uitvlugt but resides at Anna Catherina, West Coast Demerara. She is married and has a three-year-old son.
Nail artistry is an acquired skill that must be mastered over time, and Hercules has done exactly that. She stated that, to stay in the nail technician business, it has to be for the love of it; you must be passionate about it instead of wanting to compete with others. She believes that there is money in the business for all those who have a solid skillset.
She explained that after the birth of her child, she noticed that he had issues with hair growth, and parts of his head were very patchy with no hair, and she wanted to change that.
Fraser led herself into detailed research, and after gaining knowledge, she experimented with some ingredients and made a hair oil from aloe, coconut oil and onion.
She began massaging the home-made oil into her son’s hair/scalp, and within a short time, she noticed a difference: his bald spots were replaced with new hair growth, and soon he had a full head of hair which could be held in a ponytail.
The transformation of her son’s once-patchy hair was replaced by full hair growth within three to four months, and today, his hair remains healthy and full.
Fraser told the Pepperpot Magazine that the positive results in her child’s hair process motivated her to make more of the plantbased hair oil and she began sharing it among family members.
The demand was great within her family tree, and one day, her father encouraged her to utilise her newfound skill to establish a small business to bring in an income to her home.
As such, in 2022, she launched her products in which the hair oil infused
is used in the production of the products, including essential oils.
Fraser added that as a
ness.
Fraser’s hair oil was then vetted as safe for use by the relevant authorities, certified and has its own label and packaging to market the products. She explained that the name “Favour” is a powerful Bible name which suited her small business.
small business, she operates from the confines of her home but has pick-up locations in the city and on the West Coast Demerara.
The entrepreneur related that her products are all plant-based and give a therapeutic feeling when used and everything from plants
registered with the authorities is an avenue for networking and marketing the products, and it is beneficial to have all your prod -
Over time, she earned the nickname “Girl Boss” due to her work. She can recreate any design to suit a customer’s preferences, and she has made a name for herself in the nail artistry business.
When she qualified and was looking for permanent work, she went to the Virgin Islands and practised for two years as a nail technician before returning to Guyana to invest and become an entrepreneur.
Realising her talent for nail artistry, Hercules found a way to express herself through her nail salon and has seen herself grow over time, becoming even better at what she does and enjoying every aspect of it. The nail technician told the Pepperpot Magazine that she is a self-starter who is motivated by customer satisfaction and providing value for money.
afloat. She added that her vision is to produce top-quality, effective products and she would like to become num-
She reported that scores of people were genuinely interested in the products and even encouraged her to produce more. She was also complimented on her attractive packaging.
nail technician business to become successful.
As a small business owner, Fraser says of all her products, three have been FDA-approved and she is working to get all certified but is registered with Guyana Marketing Corporation (GMC), GCCI and, GSMA and the Small Business Bureau. She related that being
ucts certified, labelled, and well-packaged.
“As a nail technician, I give people what they want. What makes me different is the kind of work I am known for, and my nails last longer; it’s all quality work. With me, you get what you pay for, and keeping customers satisfied keeps the business open,” she said.
Her advice to young ladies hoping for a spotlight in nail artistry is to focus on themselves first, and ensure they are qualified and can do a good job before trying to compete in the
The mother of one stated that she is constantly inspired by customers and their reviews and testimonials of the products, and being a small business isn’t ‘all bed of roses’. It requires hard work, dedication, consistency and money to stay
“There is potential in the nail technician business to become self-employed, but you have to be consistent, reliable, and put out the work. Your work has to be seen and felt by customers before you can achieve your goal of sustaining a small business,” she said.
Fraser stated that although all the manufacturing takes place at her home, she would someday like to have a separate facility for that purpose, along with a store to sell and display her products.
For Hercules, nails are her canvas, and she can do any design. She is willing to challenge herself and test the limits of nail artistry.
Hercules credits her success to her long-standing personal relationship with God and the will to become the best in nail artistry, along with the need to adapt to trends and modern fashion.
“I advertise my small business via social media, that is, Facebook and Tik Tok, and I often have to produce daily content to promote my products and I can say I have a few loyal
saved in Photography folder as Iana in October 28, 2024.
ber one in haircare and beard oils.
this year, I had a booth at the Emancipation Day cele brations in the National Park and I was pleased with the response I attracted through my products, which I am us ing as a motivating factor to keep going,” she said.
Photos
Iana Ashanti Hercules
Nail artistry done by Iana Hercules
Falana Fraser, entrepreneur. Favour’s Hair Therapy plant-based products (Yohan Savory photos)
Falana Fraser and her products.
‘Drones and AI are the future‘
One entrepreneur’s drive to create innovative solutions in Guyana
By Marissa V. Foster
GUYANA, like the rest of the world, is exposed to rapidly unfolding technological advancements, using various technologies to fast-track development. Recognising the potential these developments hold, local entrepreneur, Brian Smith, is a visionary who understands the importance of navigating technology in Guyana to create efficient business solutions. He is the founder of Dragonfly Drones and Geospatial Solutions and currently holds the title of Operations Lead for the company.
Dragonfly is more than a drone service provider; the company prides itself as a solutions company, excited to find resolutions using drone technology.
Smith describes himself as a “country boy” from Buxton, a village with a rich legacy of resilience and community spirit. He has always explored various avenues in academia and considers himself more of a generalist than a specialist. He holds a degree in International Relations, which laid the foundation for his engagement with broader social and economic issues. Subsequently, he pursued a Master’s in Natu-
ral Resources Management, opening a world of possibilities, particularly in Geospatial Intelligence and drone use in land use planning. This complemented his growing interest in how technology can reshape our approaches to managing and conserving natural resources. “My path definitely wasn’t linear,
but each step has uniquely equipped me to lead a business that blends technology with meaningful social and environmental impacts. In hindsight, I can definitely credit my diverse academic background for distinct areas
wide range of equipment. Brian highlighted its use in the current agricultural sector, geography and even national security. Instead of spraying fertilisers manually, farmers can now use drones to spray—saving time and
of success”, said Smith.
Dragonfly was the local organising team for Guyana’s first drone show, where they collaborated with One Communications and Lunalite. Smith shared that his inspiration to create Dragonfly Drones came during the pandemic and was a pivot from the regular ‘9-5’ job.
“Starting from there, supported by my wife, we found our niche and began expanding as Guyana’s real estate sector surged. I was able to make a great leap forward after winning the Black Entrepreneurs Association Emancipation Pitch competition – where I won two million dollars to invest,” Smith shared.
Smith’s subsequent participation in the US Embassy YLAI Programme also allowed him to travel to Lincoln, Nebraska, to build on his pitch-winning solution. When asked why he committed to drones over other technological advancements, Smith said, “Drones and robots are the future.”
His journey in the drone sector has been filled with learning, growth, and a sense of purpose. This leading drone business initially started with one little drone and now has an expanded
increasing production. Brian stressed that many people still see drones as “toys” rather than valuable tools for industry.
Smith emphasised that there is still some misconception and apprehension about drones, highlighting the importance of educating clients and partners to show how drones can improve
efficiency and safety. Under his lead, Dragonfly Drones remains open to discussions, demonstrations, and knowledge-sharing sessions to break down these misconceptions. To date, the company’s drones have been used to help complete road designs, and they are also currently working with local farmers to apply drones to plant protection and fertilisers.
The drone technology
sector is still developing, and Smith advises upcoming entrepreneurs to follow the rules of the Guyana Civil Aviation Authority for safe and responsible use. He also mentioned that upcoming entrepreneurs can connect with Dragonfly to learn how to fly drones. On the topic of safety, it is important to
Brian Smith flying the DJI M350 with L2 Lidar Unit Drone from Dragonfly Drones.
Brian Smith on the Young Leaders of the Americas Initiative programme 2024.
Dragonfly Drones depicting the national Jaguar at the One Communications Drone Show.
Brian Smith poses with the judges and representatives of the Emancipation Pitch Business Competition, after winning two million dollars.
Photo Credits: Brian Smith.
SEE PAGE XVII
Building More Than Boats
How a boat-building programme is helping an Indigenous community reconnect with its past while sailing toward the future
By Shaniya Harding.
ALL across Guyana changes are happening - with development in areas like infrastructure being the most prominent. But in communities like Orealla, more subtle changes are happening, such as better awareness and education.
Orealla is one of several Amerindian communities that are determined to develop their people in this way.
Most recently, the riverine community of Orealla has been leading the way in this, with a number of interesting and captivating ideas. The community has begun boat building, a necessary but rare skill implemented by the Board of Industrial Training, with instructors from the community taking the local lead. This initiative marks a significant step forward in preserving traditional skills while adapting to modern needs.
Mitchell Rogers has been a boat builder for as long as he’s been a villager of Orealla—his entire life. He learned the basics of boat building from his father, who taught him the art of canoe carving. Now, years later and with decades of experience, Mitchell is leading a team of young men in learning a dying skill.
“I never expected my students would learn so quickly. I really appreciate how they cooperate and handle things. I often only have to show them something once or twice before they understand the entire process,” he said.
“When I was asked if I would be the instructor for boat building, I thought, ‘Wow, can I really do this?’ I had never taught anyone before, but I enjoy the process now. Working with my students and watching them learn has been very rewarding.”
Although the boat-building business may be alive and lucrative, traditional boat-building practices are fading. “My father used to make canoes, but that skill is fading in our community. We don’t have canoes in our village anymore. I’d love to pass on what I know about building canoes, especially since they’re more durable
than boats. A canoe lasts for years, whereas a boat, with constant beating from the waves, wears out faster,” he explained.
Mitchell further added, “With boats, we now have modern tools: planes, sanding machines, and drills, which make the process easier. It’s why people are more inclined to build boats than canoes nowadays.” The shift from traditional canoe-making to modern boat building reflects the broader changes in Amerindian communities as they balance cultural preservation with contemporary needs.
A new generation of builders
For thirty-two-year-old Tyrell Pablo, the programme represents more than just learning a trade. “I never knew how to build a boat, but now I see that this programme is very important for me and others. Everyone is gaining knowledge and ideas on boat building,” he explained. As a fisherman,
Pablo sees the practical benefits of these skills. “I chose this course because I am a fisherman, and in the future,
I want to build my own boat. It’s very expensive to pay for one,” he said. His concern about preserving these
skills is also evident: “If we don’t do something, we will forget what we learned.”
The enthusiasm shown by young participants like Pablo demonstrates the community’s commitment to maintaining their connection to the river, which has always been central to their way of life.
Beyond building: creating sustainable futures
The programme’s impact extends beyond just boat construction. Thirty-four-yearold father, Roderick Herman, sees it as a stepping stone to professional development. “I’m a boat captain, and I’m learning to build a boat from scratch, which adds to my trade. This training is helping me learn things I never knew before,” he shared. The programme also ensures that its graduates are certified, something Roderick is happy about. “Most of us don’t have a licence, and after this training, we’ll be able to acquire one. It’s not just about building the boat but also about learning the rules and regulations of the river,” he said. For Roderick, the benefits are deeply personal: “This will help me take better care of my family once I apply what I learned from this
training,” he explained. His perspective highlights how the programme is helping to formalise traditional skills within modern regulatory frameworks.
Fifty-four-year-old Jacob Jack represents an older generation embracing new opportunities. “I’m really happy for this training. Many times, I wanted to build a boat but lacked the experience,” he said. Jacob appreciates the accessibility of the programme. “Things are hard here; at times, you have to pay a trainer to teach you. I’m thankful to the government; we never had training like this before.” Like many others, he sees the programme as a bridge between generations: “I have children, and I want to train them to build something.”
While modern methods may have replaced traditional canoe carving, the spirit of craftsmanship, knowledge-sharing, and appreciation for tradition remain intact. As these skills pass from one generation to the next, they carry with them technical expertise and the cultural heritage of a people determined to navigate their own course into the future.
The three trainees, along with their instructor, Mitchell Rogers. (Samuel Maughn photo)
Boatbuilder and instructor, Mitchell Rogers (Samuel Maughn photo)
Agro-processing the healthy way with solar-dried trail mix and dried fruits
By Michel Outridge
DR. SHOBA Rachel Gobin
has turned a 15-acre plot of land at Parika, East Bank Essequibo, into a farm where she sources fruits and vegetables to produce her trail mix and her ‘Yummy’ brand of dried fruits, among other products.
the space as a processing facility to prepare and dry the fruits before they are packaged for supermarket shelves.
Gobin’s Farm and Kitchen is a family-owned busi-
well-known gynaecologist Dr Neville Gobin, and her children.
Two of Gobin’s three products, the ‘Yummy’ and ‘Squibo Trails’ fruit mixes, double as snacks and pleasing travel companions for any trip when hunger strikes. The latter is a mix of seasonal fruits with cassava and sweet potato, to which cashew nuts and peanuts have been added. The former is simply a collection of tasty dried fruits. The third product is a pepper sauce, which Gobin has named ‘Hot Fuh So,’ in keeping with current trendy local names.
Dr Shoba Gobin was born in Mumbai, India, on December 18, 1950, and met her husband, the late Dr Neville Gobin, in 1968 while he was studying in Mumbai. The pair married in 1973 after both completed their MBBS degrees, and she joined him in Guyana in 1974.
The Gobins returned to Mumbai in 1978 to specialise in separate fields within the medical arena. Dr Neville specialised in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, while Shoba specialised in Anaesthesia. They then returned to Guyana to practise.
the farm was well-organised when purchased, with groves of fruit trees, including mangoes, oranges, limes, cashews, sapodillas, and many others, including rambutan and cocoa, though many trees required care to restore their productivity.
Within 18 months, they had harvested more than 1,000 pineapples and, with such an abundance, were at a loss as to what to do, given the already saturated local market.
tured out on a large scale, and all advertisement is by word of mouth,” she said.
As an agro-processor, she is enthusiastic about promoting healthy eating. At her Ogle, East Coast Demerara property, Shoba utilises
ness producing healthy, local snacks that are delicious without added sugars, preservatives, or additives. In 2012, Shoba created a project that specialises in the production of seasonal dried fruits. Her partners in the enterprise are her late husband, the
The couple are parents to five children, three of whom are medical doctors like their parents, while the other two have a PhD in Economics and an MSc in Science Education, respectively.
In 2011, while contemplating retirement, the Gobins acquired a 15-acre plot in Parika, and it was named Gobin’s Farm and Kitchen after being registered in 2012. Shoba explained that
Realising that Parika, East Bank Essequibo, was reputed for sweet pineapples and hot peppers, the Gobins decided to plant both, not realising they would have to cope with the abundance while the market also faced a glut.
According to Shoba, their venture began with the purchase of 300 pineapple seedlings from a Parika farmer.
“Thus, we started our dehydrated fruit project and named it ‘Yummy’— the Healthy Snack. It is completely natural, with absolutely no additives. We also have Yummy Rolls made from fruit pulp,” she said.
Shoba added that once they began cultivating cassava and sweet potato, they created the ‘Squibo’ Trail Mix, combining cassava, sweet potato, and nuts.
“As all of us have fulltime jobs, we have not ven-
Gobin’s Farm and Kitchen at Parika, East Bank Essequibo, is open for picnics, tours, retreats, and photoshoots, all of which must be pre-scheduled. They recently hosted a tour for cancer survivors.
Shoba revealed that there is no added sugar or preservatives in her products. She says local fruit has more than sufficient natural flavouring. She recommends her snacks for health-conscious consumers and hopes they will become a regular feature in children’s lunch bags.
The ideal healthy snack.
Squibo Trail Mix.
Sweet treats with a difference
By Michel Outridge
KAYLIN Duncan aspires to become the best version of herself and has adopted a mature mindset to take on responsibility at a young age. She is an entrepreneur striving for a better life and is paving her path to success through her small baking business. She is the owner of KK’s Sweet Treats, a home-based bakery, where she bakes delectable cinna-
mon rolls with toppings, cheesecakes, and sponge cakes.
As a city girl, she balances her personal life alongside her student life and incorporates God as a vital part of her daily routine, keeping her focused and motivated. Duncan is a first-year student at the University of Guyana (UG) and aspires to become a lawyer, inspired by her mother, who also attended UG and is a Probation Officer.
The 19-year-old said she does online studies, and in the times she isn’t researching or doing homework, she decided to use her free time wisely by starting a small business. Kaylin told Pepperpot Magazine that baking is in her genes; both her mother and grandmother are caterers, excellent cooks, and bakers who fulfil orders for food and cakes. She grew up watching them bake and, one day, had a sudden craving for
cinnamon rolls, so she made a batch for herself. She was pleasantly surprised when they turned out better than expected and, in a short time, were completely sold out among family members. Duncan explained that she became excited, and a lightbulb went off in her head, leading her to start her own small baking business.
per week.
According to Duncan, managing a small business isn’t always profitable due to the high cost of groceries. She buys in bulk to offset costs while keeping her products affordable. “I’ve learned to accept that sometimes I won’t make a profit, but it’s worth it because I want everyone to be able
is also seeking job opportunities to gain experience and knowledge.
Duncan explained that the hardest part of being a small business owner is starting; once it gets going, the will to persevere comes naturally. She added that starting a business when young is better because, though risky, once you have
She makes cinnamon rolls from scratch with toppings like strawberry, cookies and cream, double chocolate, white chocolate, and cream cheese, along with sponge cake and cheesecake with strawberry toppings.
In June 2023, her life changed as she took on the responsibility of launching her venture into a small business while also balancing her studies, and her personal life. Her business was named after her childhood nickname, KK, and she decided to use it for her logo, brand, and packaging. Duncan advertises the small business on social media, including Instagram and TikTok, and she has three baking days
to buy my products,” she reasoned.
She added that she can keep her business going due to strong family support, for which she is grateful. Duncan says she gives more than she receives, but that’s fine since she was taught that it is more blessed to give than to receive.
The young entrepreneur, from North Ruimveldt, Georgetown, comes from an extended family with her parents, grandmother, uncle, and three younger siblings.
Although her hobby turned small business isn’t highly profitable, she loves it, and with her motto, “Love at first bite,” KK’s Sweet Treats is her first love. She
the confidence to take the first step, it gets easier.
“Being a small business owner at my age isn’t easy, but I am disciplined enough to manage it. It has groomed me into a more responsible person, financially and otherwise,” she said.
With two more years at UG, Duncan explained that she needs a stimulating job to stay active, but she has set her sights on opening her own cosy little bakery one day. Duncan believes her cinnamon rolls are more than classic because she has introduced her unique homemade toppings.
KK’s Sweet Treats cinnamon rolls A sample box
Kaylin Duncan, the gifted young baker
The good doctor who is a cooking sensation on social media
Andre Hidar
By Michel Outridge
WITH a positive mindset to balance work and personal life, Dr Andre Hidar, a cooking sensation on TikTok, is a well-put-together young man whose videos inspire and calm his audience. The doctor told Pepperpot Magazine that he became obsessed with cooking and making TikTok videos about a year and a half ago.
Originally from Number Two Village, East Canje, Berbice, Andre has been living in Region Four since he was attending high school. After completing his internship as a doctor, he returned home briefly. While living away from home, he had to learn to cook, mentored by his uncle who is well-versed in cooking and often cooks for weddings and other events.
Andre is the son of a canecutter who grew up with modest means. His mother, now retired, was a teacher. He is the only doctor in his family, a feat made possible by strong family support.
He comes from an East Indian background and has four siblings. Andre credits his success to his parents, who made significant sacrifices to ensure he could pursue his dream of becoming a doctor. Andre grew up watching his parents care for his bedridden grandparents, inspiring him to become a doctor to help his family and others.
The doctor shared that he enjoys assisting others and is passionate about bringing medical relief to people. When his mother suffered her second stroke, he took extra steps to ensure she adhered to her medication and a proper diet.
Andre is a general medical officer (GMO) in internal medicine who sees in-patients at the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation (GPHC). He loves his job, but his true joy comes
from helping others improve their health.
During COVID-19, Andre developed a love for cooking - which he had known since he was young - and began posting videos of himself preparing meals.
He explained that he consults his uncle for tips to ensure he’s using the right ingredients. Through these videos, he became known as “Mr Adobo,” named after his favourite seasoning, which
a local supplier gifted him when he ran out.
The doctor is a staunch Adventist and loves travelling. Despite his serious-looking face, Andre is approachable, down-to-earth, and clear about his goals. Andre’s mother cooks but isn’t fond of it- however, she is a great baker. Andre prepares the daily meals, which is a relief to his mother.
“Work can be consuming and overwhelming, so you must balance it with what you love,” he said. Though often tired after work, Andre still composes himself to make cooking videos, knowing his viewers anticipate them, bringing him joy in helping others. Andre stated that his greatest joy at work is seeing patients recover and live healthy lives. His favourite meal is a plate of dhal, rice, fried okra, fried fish, and coconut choka.
Dr.
Is what we believe in our lives surely our true values, or do we choose on random temptations?
IN my mid-teens, a young lady friend asked me to accompany her to a priest, and then to the hospital to see her infamous “bad man” cousin. I began to complain, but she assured me that she had the money.
“Suh wha’s the problem with yuh bad-man cousin?” I asked.
She replied, “Like somebody poison he in jail. He feel that he gon dead, suh he want fuh talk to this priest. Yuh got any more questions?”
“Nah,” I replied sensibly to her irritated response, and we continued to our two destinations.
At the hospital, I was told where to stand; next to her sceptical brother, completely out of earshot. Some other older relatives were there, and the priest, an elderly man, was seated next to the bed. The patient on the next bed quietly got up and drifted away. I waited there for about an hour or more until her relative seemed to fall asleep. She came over to me, and said, “He’s resting now, and don’t ask meh no stupidness. We gon talk later.” I shook my head in humble agreement, and we left.
The summoning of the priest kept me thoughtful for a while. I know my environment, and men like
this usually sought so-called spiritual guidance from other sources, such as ‘guard rings’ and so on. The bottom line with our human world is its variety of choices when cast upon the landscape of myriad circumstantial challenges. It appears that none is above temptation
respect the teachings of his denomination, along with the principles of his folks, yet it was obvious he had made decisions outside of those teachings, as our deceptive social realities may impose and logically dictate.
I downloaded a paper by Baldwin M. Way and
ana’s colonial heritage was steeped in racism and marginalisation. My experiences have shown me that one can be embraced at a stratum, but this does not mean acceptance. Thus, rude awakenings into realisation can compel one to gravitate to subcultural or other norms to
ly “saintly” or honourable hands within the clique one once admired.
In life, there are always alternatives that beckon. That man who required the priest at his deathbed had dual interpretations from those whom I enquired who really knew him. He was tough, but
and interpret the social environment in which we dwell.
I grew up in a world where the term, ‘Principle’, encompasses what is expected, and how one is remembered.
In closing, I remember a favourite saying: “I know duh person good;
or the embrace of darkness, except for a discreet few. Our culture, indeed, shapes us. This man who wanted a priest at his bedside before he died was no doubt brought up to
Matthew D. Lieberman on genetic contributions to cultural differences. I also think that the nature of society can develop cultural norms by force.
For example, Guy -
facilitate the required social regime, sometimes not to impress those of past encounters, but to suffice self, upon realising that the snobbery experienced before came not from particular-
principled, yet he had a bad side. My conclusion was that he was human, and that the human world requires boldness and self-nurturing; a common intelligence to adopt
deh got principle. If deh seh deh gon do that, deh gon do just duh. If deh can’t mek it, deh gon tell yuh; deh ent gon lie, and hide.”
BLACK CROWS FLYING
A T-REX IN MY BACKYARD
God.
How, then, did evil interrupt her life?
No one had an answer.
cautiously, wondering,
SHE stood at the water’s edge, her torn dress swirling around her legs, a lone figure shrouded in the shadows of the night. A foreboding silence hung over the beach as the tamed wind gently lifted the dark tresses of hair falling over her face. A pretty face it was, streaked with sand and dry tears.
ly grieving family, who just couldn’t process the fact that she was no more in their lives.
What happened to her?
“Why did I alone hear this? What is it, an alien ship maybe?”
A young girl in pain, alone, at the beach in the dead of the night.
The deep, haunting look in her eyes, the ashen face and colourless lips told a story of something cold.
Hushed were the wind and water as something bad unfolded the night before on the sandy beach. No one heard her cries, her pleas on the deserted beach and when they were gone, a young body was left on the sand, helpless and broken.
I dared myself to look out the kitchen window, and what I saw made my blood freeze. Standing in my backyard was a T-Rex, as massive, alive, and real as you could imagine.
“Oh my God,” I mut -
She turned and walked back to the mangrove trees, no footprints in the sand, for late that night the pain had ebbed away like the tide, and one last tear trickled from her eyes as she took her last breath.
I LOOKED out my window, across the green, lush lawn and the border of flowering shrubs to the woods beyond, dark and mysterious. Tonight, the distant howl of a coyote came riding on the wind. I like to think of the woods as that daunting island in Costa Rica of the Jurassic Dynasty, where many mysteries unfold and close encounters with the fascinating creatures that walked the earth over 70 million years ago happened.
“How did this happen?” she cried, “They were my friends, whom I trusted to take me home.”
Her heart beat no more, and the coal-black eyes shed no more tears, but she was not going into the light, not now. It was not her time. She did not have to die, not that way. Not for someone who revered God and had good values. She was a classical dancer and a teacher, recognised for her talent and as an educator, it was all wrong, her death.
I flicked through the pages of the Encyclopaedia of Dinosaurs that I was reading, and my eye caught on the magnanimous Tyrannosaurus Rex, a species that truly fascinates me. It’s a powerful killer, 40 feet long, and charges at a speed of 20 miles per hour.
She was supposed to have ridden home with her two friends, Aruna and Preity, that night after the cultural pro gramme, but a late change of plans by them to go out with their boyfriends caused her to ride home instead with two male friends she knew very well. The other two boys she had met only once at a wedding reception, but they seemed like nice guys. On the way home, she had a bottle of fruit drink, and a slight drowsiness overcame her, which she thought was tiredness, but it must have been something else. She became dazed and did not notice the detour on the lonely road to the beach that would be deserted at that hour.
My obsession with dinosaurs is so great that I have followed written facts about their existence to their extinction fervently. I often wonder: will they ever return? Will there be a world again where dinosaurs rule? Is there, perhaps, a fossil somewhere from which scientists can extract DNA and recreate them?
tered, “It’s not Christmas yet. I didn’t ask Santa for a live T-Rex.”
All the media houses carried the story, and shock rippled through her community and the nation. The boys who had given her a ride home were held for questioning, but they all stated that they knew nothing.
life. The Sauropods, those giant plant eaters, the largest dinosaurs ever to live on land, were there. The Brachiosaurus, one of the “Giraffes” of the dinosaur world, its neck reaching up to fifty-two feet, was there too.
Their story was that she had received a phone call on the
It was awesome. And the Diplodocus, the ten-ton beast, stood there with its tail stretching out for up to forty-six feet. They were all in their own habitats. The T-Rex finally stopped by a narrow lake. On the other side was a small flock of Pterosaurs, which had stopped on their lifelong journey to drink the precious water.
On the day of her funeral, she went back home in her spiritual form to comfort her family and to confront her killers. They would be in attendance, she knew, amongst the huge turnout of mourners.
All her friends were there, those who were true, who had regrets. She saw their tears, heard their shocked whispers as prayers and songs eulogized her life. She stood amongst her family, holding her mother’s and father’s hands, hugging her brother and sister, wiping their tears.
But they were not aware of her presence. Her mother, though, seemed to sense something and whispered, “Aryana?”
The family turned to look at her mother, and she broke down crying, “She’s here with us. My baby is here.”
The father hugged her, helping her to stay strong as the highly emotional services paid tribute to their young daughter’s life and honouring her departed soul to guide her on her final journey.
A cynical smile played on Aryana’s lips as the viewing began, and she whispered, “It’s showtime.”
Betrayed by those who masqueraded as friends.
“Why? Where is my wrong?” were her soundless, agonising cries.
way home and asked them to stop for someone else to pick her up.
She raised her head slowly and stood up, looking at the heavens, a burning passion of pain and anger in her voice, “I will not come home, not until I have destroyed the monsters who took my honour and my life.”
Aruna and Preity just couldn’t stop crying. Such were their regrets for leaving her that night, but the fury burning in Aryana could not forgive them, so she threw out the fresh roses they brought for her. There were loud gasps from those close enough to see what happened, and the two friends stepped back, scared. Her killers were also approaching her coffin bearing red roses, and she called upon her emissaries of the dark world, “It’s time.”
She looked up at the heavens and continued to cry, “You are my God. I believed in you. Where were you when I cried for help?”
The beach was silent as the lone figure sat with her head bent. There was no place in the world for her anymore.
It lowered its head towards me, lunging a little, and before I knew what was happening, I was sliding down its back, holding on for dear life. As it strode through the woods in gigantic strides, trees and saplings fell like rag dolls. The wind whistled shrilly in my ears, and I thought I heard it say, “Where are you going, little boy?”
“I died,” she moaned, “My mother and father have lost their little girl.”
She stretched her arms out, and from the abyss of death and darkness, she screamed, unleashing fury and agony.
“I call on dark forces to lend me the evil power to destroy those spawned from evil, and for that, I will give you my soul.”
The sky rumbled, the water became restless, and the wind howled as she waited under the mangrove trees.
The sight of the black crows, their loud cawing and wild fluttering wings, created a frightening scene as they flew circles around her coffin, then among the mourners who scattered to avoid the vicious birds. The birds were gone as fast as they came, but left in their wake were fear and shock. Never had anything of that nature happened at a funeral service. What could have triggered something so ominous was the burning question.
Aryana watched her killers hurriedly leave and smiled, cold fury in her eyes, “It’s just the beginning.”
To be continued…
I went to bed embracing that thought, saying goodnight to the miniature T-Rex beside my bed. It was late; the quarter moon had slipped behind some clouds, and the twinkling stars were like bejewelled sentries in the dark sky. Within the woods, a stifled crash grew in crescendo as it came nearer, and then from nowhere, as though part of the sky had fallen, a loud growl shook the very foundation of the house. I stumbled out of bed and looked around wildly.
A fisherman had discovered her body lying on the sand early the next morning. She stood there, unseen in her spiritual form, watching as the police cordoned off the area and canvassed the scene for clues. Word spread, and a crowd gathered, shocked and angry that such a horrible thing had happened to a decent young girl.
She had watched helplessly as her father, shocked beyond words, sank to his knees and broke down, crying as he looked at her lifeless body.
He had looked up at the heavens, his hands clasped, his voice breaking, “Why…why God? Why, my little girl?”
Suddenly, from nowhere, three raptors, swift, vicious, and deadly, attacked the flock as they tried to take flight. The T-Rex roared in aggressive defence, and I fell hard on the rugged ground. The raptors crossed the lake in leaps and bounds, and a battle ensued between predators and prey. I scrambled into a clump of conifer trees and came face to face with a young raptor. It nudged me onto the ground and opened its deadly jaws. I screamed, knowing any second I would be eaten, but the T-Rex crushed it in its mighty jaws, and the other raptors wisely retreated, not chancing a further battle with this colossal creature.
One night, two nights passed, then on the third morning, just before the break of dawn, as the high tide rushed across the sand and the wind whistled shrilly, four black crows appeared from the far horizon. She stood up, her coal-black eyes watching as the crows drew closer and closer and alighted on the mangrove trees. Her wait was over.
The dark abyss had answered her call to fight evil with evil.
I wasn’t sure if it was talking to me, and a great feeling of fear entered my racing heart. Suppose I cannot return and may never see my family again? Then, magically, I found myself in a strange land, a land of huge mountains, expansive rugged landscapes, and stands of conifer, maple, and beech trees – a land I had seen many times in documentaries, a land of the Mesozoic Period.
When the hours had gotten late last night, and she hadn’t yet come home, her phone turned off, and her mother experienced a deep feeling of dread, her father, brother and cousins had begun searching until daylight.
“For each new day, now,” she vowed, “stones will bleed.”
The journey continued, and I was starting to get tired. I must have dozed off, for when I opened my eyes, I was in bed, and everything around me was normal again. I ran to the window, but what did I expect to see? Not a T-Rex in my backyard. It was all a dream, but what a dream! I patted my mini T-Rex on its head and whispered, “Thank you.”
No one could console her father. What should she tell her mother, who was waiting at home battling her fears?
“What is happening? Mum, Dad!” I screamed, rushing into their room. They were sleeping peacefully as ever. I ran across to my sister’s room, and she too was in slumber, nestled among her Barbie Dolls. I crept down the stairs
It took my breath away, and fear took a nosedive as I marvelled at the sight of these amazing creatures. All my imaginings had come to
Even the heavens trembled that day at the mother’s cries for the child she had brought into this world, a blessing from
As I closed the door, I thought I heard a soft growl.
A wake had been going on at her home, and friends, family and people from everywhere had been attending to express their sympathies. There was no comfort, though, to her deep-
Media and misplaced justice
HAVE you ever witnessed something that incited a great amount of anger within you? It may have been an incident that affected a family member or friend, or it may have happened to a stranger. Yet, when you saw what you believed to be an injustice taking place, you might have felt angry and upset on behalf of the person experiencing
it. Human beings have learned to connect in beautiful ways. This connection means we are often inclined to help each other, even if it is a stranger in need of assistance.
Our younger generation, in particular, has a deep bond with other members of society due to new technological tools, such as social media. While this has been an amazing
development, it has also introduced some downsides, as this bond through technology manifests differently than traditional human connections.
Today, we are capable of not just relating stories and incidents verbally but also allowing others to witness them firsthand through videos or photographs. This extraordinary capability gives us the chance to involve others in important discussions about society by sharing personal experiences. After all, a burden always becomes lighter when shared with others. However, this is where a rather strange problem comes into play: the problem of misplaced justice.
Justice is a highly complex concept. It is so complex, in fact, that people spend years studying it to be qualified enough to maintain it in society and to help others acquire it. Social media has gradually developed into a tool that allows even a random person to enforce this complex idea with their understanding of right and wrong.
Videos, images, and information posted on the internet can be edited or posted out of context to propagate a specific narrative. While false information and miscommunication are issues in themselves, they can also instigate entire crowds to engage in negative actions and discussions based on incorrect information.
Imagine witnessing an individual treating another cruelly in a public place. You might feel inclined to intervene and advise the person to desist. Depending on the severity of the situation, you may even call the police or get help to deal with it. This is where most people would stop involving themselves. Once it is clear that the victim is safe, we would continue with our day.
However, if this very situation were filmed and placed on social media, the boundary at which it is normal to stop intervening disappears. People cannot neutralise the situation through social media, so they instead begin to carry out what they believe is justice. This can range from leaving nasty comments to finding the individual’s personal details with the intent of harm. The person who posted the video no longer controls their potentially large audience and their actions. Imagine the plight of the alleged ‘attacker’ if the video were edited or faked. They would be experiencing punishment for a crime they did not commit.
Are ‘doxing’, cyber-bullying, and threats of violence really acceptable if directed towards someone who appears to have done wrong? If so, who decides what consequences another human being should face for an action they may not have even committed? Can the rules of justice be allowed to fade simply because the action is carried out on a virtual platform?
Technology empowers us in many ways. It gives us a voice and a new pair of eyes to view the world. However, like a giant unaware of its strength, we often tend to be careless about the impact we leave on the digital world. Every time we leave a comment or engage in the pursuit of justice on social media, we must ensure we have all the information required to do so. More importantly, we must consider whether it is necessary to act at all.
Financial abuse needs more awareness
The new era of ‘Digital Activism’
I JOINED social media while I was in high school to connect with friends and family, play farmyard games, and share memes that I found funny. I am sure many of you also joined for similar reasons. The older I get, the more I see the power of social media through its wider reach and connectivity.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, I was one of many young people who used social media to combat misinformation by sharing posts and information from credible sources. I also started to post short “think pieces” on my status. Prior to the pandemic, I utilised my physical platforms in certain projects or spaces to advocate. During the pandemic, I simply navigated that advocacy through online platforms, and that is just one example of what digital activism is. If you’re an avid reader of Youth Perspective, you’d know that this writer enjoys labelling things for what they truly are. As such, I am here to tell you that advocacy and activism come in many forms, and Digital Activism should not be excluded from that list.
WHEN you are defining the term “abuse”, do you ever consider financial abuse in those definitions? Often, when I listen to people discuss abuse, I rarely ever hear them mention the category of financial abuse. That can be for a lot of different reasons. Perhaps people are unfamiliar that a person can be financially abused, or they simply do not accept this as a type of abuse. Whatever the reason may be, there are many studies and statistics to prove that people all across the world are being financially abused. For me, the first thing that comes to mind is when the elderly have their money or assets taken away from them without their consent. As with most cases of abuse, financial abuse also entails a struggle or imbalance of power.
Financial abuse can be overt or very unnoticeable. It is a form of family violence. Universally, I do not think enough people speak about the damaging effects
Digital activism does not only happen through social media. Some activists utilise online blogs, virtual events, online groups, and even virtual petitions to highlight their work or raise awareness on various topics. Before the digital age of advocacy, fundraisers had to be done in person. Instead of planning a BBQ fun day to raise funds for a major surgery, people can now set up ‘GoFundMe’ pages.
making them stay in an abusive relationship. Studies have shown that in 99% of the domestic violence cases that occur, financial abuse is also present. Contrary to the belief that only impoverished people can be victims of financial abuse, this
tionships where an abusive partner restricts and limits their partner’s access or ability to spend money. The “allowances” will be fewer and fewer as months go by, and the victim is
This does not limit the number of people who can donate, nor does geography stand as a barrier to donations. With that in mind, I want to emphasise the reach that Digital Activism can have.
Some activists, like Malala Yousafzai, can share information with millions of people at once. Her followers can share with their followers, thus creating a ripple effect of information sharing and connectivity. Many activists understand their roles, but not many understand their responsibility. Whether on online platforms or in person—I urge you all to fact-check your information before sharing. It would be very irresponsible to share misinformation, and it could also cause your followers to mistrust your judgement on certain matters. You should also be mindful and respectful while creating a safe space online. I have seen ‘advocates’ campaign for men-
The abuser may use manipulation, fear tactics or even physical abuse to force these ideologies onto the victim if they do not comply. Some cases are often so extreme that even access to purchase food or visit a doctor is affected. Most times, victims are unable to leave these abusive relationships because of their lack of finances, assets or even education on financial independence and literacy. Most times, when victims leave their homes they’re either forced into a shelter or they return to their abusive partner where homelessness is not a concern. This is a key issue that needs further attention on all levels. Money gives one a sense of security and stability. Abusers use it as a tactic to control victims. If victims don’t abide by or obey them, they lose that sense of security or stability by receiving limited or no money.
This creates an unhealthy dependency. Financial abuse may also come in the form of leaving people in debt unknowingly, stealing the victim’s property, false insurance claims, evading child support or refusing to pay bills. It is not black and white. There are many ways that people can become victims of financial abuse. As such, I am pleading with you all to consider spreading awareness of what financial abuse is and let victims realise that they are indeed victims. Money is used as a powerful tool of control and oppression, and I hope that financial abuse in all of its forms is addressed effectively and efficiently at all levels.
Climate change, renewable energy, low carbon development – What do these terms mean?
REVISITING THE TOPIC OF MANGROVES
THIS column will again touch on Mangroves because of its importance historically, socially and economically.
When the Dutch colonisers first visited Guyana in the 17th century, they observed that Mangroves were growing along the entire coast, in some parts so thick that they could be considered mangrove forests.
The Dutch first settled on the coast and utilised the mangrove as a convenient and easy source of wood for house building, fires for cooking, and even for making boats and rafts. Only when they had cut down large stretches of mangrove and the sea had begun to come up on the land did they understand the importance of mangroves as an effective defence against the sea and flooding. They held up to their mangrove depletion, and to avoid the threat of constant flood-
ing, they began to move their settlements to the river banks towards the end of the 18th century. In 1815, when Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice finally ceded to Britain, they were united in 1831 to form the colony of British Guiana.
The British developed their colony much faster than the Dutch. Like the Dutch, they empoldered their agricultural land and built sea defences, but it was only in the 20th century, with the growth of Ecological Studies and a deeper understanding of the environment, that the full importance of mangroves came to be grasped.
The United Nations recognised the importance of mangroves by declaring a Mangrove Day each year with a relevant motto. In this year 2024, the motto is “Mangroves matter. Safeguarding our Coastal Guardians for tomorrow”.
Many consumers, and indeed citizens as a whole, have expressed confusion over the termsclimate change, renewable energy, low carbon development, and clean energy, which are frequently mentioned in the media but often without precise definitions. Numerous volumes have been written on these concepts; here, we will try to explain them briefly and discuss Guyana’s role in addressing climate change.
Though this motto identifies the most important function of mangroves, that is to guard against the flooding by the sea and tidal waves and make the soil less fertile when it would have been impregnated with salt; other positives emanate from mangroves.
Mangroves provide a home for bees as well as feeding grounds since a large number of flowering plants grow among the mangroves. When hives are established in the vicinity, they provide bountiful honey supplies. Consumers much value mangrove honey.
Mangroves are a carbon sink and enhance Guyana’s efforts against climate change. They provide a livelihood for many coastal communities, one food resource being the varieties of fish that live among the mangroves. They are an ecotourism attraction with the rich biodiversity that mangrove forests offer, and the Guyana Tourism Authority and the Ministry of Agriculture are cooperating in this development. Mangrove restoration and preservation support several sustainable development goals (SDGs), to the degree that Guyana is seriously committed to achieving them.
The term ‘Climate Change’ is relatively recent but describes a phenomenon planet Earth has experienced for thousands of years. Parts of the planet that were once hot have become cold and vice versa, and areas that once supported lush vegetation, forests, and rivers were transformed into deserts. The Sahara Desert is one such example. Climate Change has also led to the destruction of civilisations. Mohenjodaro, a civilisation as grand as Egypt and Babylon,
At the recent function of unveiling the plaque at the Kingston Seawall Esplanade in commemoration of International Mangrove Day 2024, the Minister of Agriculture summarised the importance and impact of Mangroves: “Mangroves are our coastal guardians, vital to Guyana’s environmental and economic health”, he said, “they act as natural barriers against coastal erosion and surges, protecting our communities and infrastructure. With over 23,000 hectares of Mangroves, they support fisheries, livelihoods, and food security and provide habitats for diverse wildlife… Mangroves are important in sequestering carbon, enhancing efforts against climate change as outlined in Guyana’s Low Carbon Development Strategy
The State has developed a 10-year National Mangrove Action Plan and an Inter-Agency Committee dedicated to promoting sustainable Mangrove management, and over 500 hectares of mangrove have been restored. Since 2010, over $1.9 billion has been invested in mangrove preservation and restoration, and regular injections of money are expected to be made as required. For example, $275 million has been allocated this year to rehabilitation initiatives in Regions Two and Five.
disappeared because its rivers dried up, its climate became hotter, and its soils turned sandy and less fertile, making it uninhabitable. These ancient climate changes were due to natural causes and were gradual.
In the past 300 years, however, Climate Change has accelerated much faster than before, primarily due to human activity. Many areas that never flooded are now experiencing floods that destroy agriculture and threaten human and animal survival. Heatwaves are more frequent, and many low-lying coasts, like Guyana’s, and islands, such as the Maldives, face rising sea levels.
The mid-18th century saw the advent of the Industrial Revolution, where coal and, later, fossil fuels began to be consumed to power new machinery and for social use. These fuels release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and in the last two centuries, billions of tonnes of carbon have been emitted, driving the changing climate. This effect has been exacerbated by the deforestation of much of the planet. Trees absorb carbon, so forests are termed a “carbon sink.” Now, governments and populations worldwide recognise that Climate Change will degrade the quality of life and make parts of the world uninhabitable unless concerted efforts are made to halt or reverse it. One solution is to replace coal and fossil fuels with carbon-free energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydropower. Guyana has committed to a mix of solar, hydro, and gas, with hydro expected to become the primary power source, while isolated hinterland communities may continue to use solar.
Solar and hydro are called
‘Drones and AI are ...
FROM PAGE III
remember that users share the skies with others and should be conscious of the risks, which is why Dragonfly is a strong advocate for the safe use of the skies and regulatory compliance.
Dragonfly’s future is focused on continuing to provide high-quality services while expanding the ways they support Guyana’s development. “With our engineering deliverables, we are already helping projects save time and keep workers out of hazardous situations, but we see even more potential on the horizon. We are about to launch our artificial intelligence additions to our operations to enhance data analysis and deliver smarter, faster, and more actionable insights to our clients,” he said.
Smith and team are nurturing new talent through their drone kids and drone girls programme, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports. They’re expected to restart this programme in the new year. “We believe that through education we can ensure we keep the skies safe while delivering solutions for the future. Our overarching goal is to contribute meaningfully to the modernisation and safety of industries across Guyana, leveraging technology to make lasting impacts in our communities,” he said.
Dragonfly Drones hopes to expand and diversify into new service areas. They look forward to creating strong partnerships with both local and international stakeholders. Dragonfly Drones and Geospatial Solutions can be found on Facebook or Instagram @dragonflydronesgy or contacted on 687-2714. Visit their website, dragonflyguyana.com.
The new era of ‘Digital...
FROM PAGE XV
tal health support while using the same platforms to belittle or distress others. You ought to be responsible. Otherwise, you have no right to wear the title of an advocate or activist.
Social media, when mixed with advocacy, can be draining and frustrating at times. As such, it is also important to have boundaries in your advocacy because of how it can affect your own mental health. In social development, digital activism is on the rise, with many international agencies now taking their fight for justice online. If leveraged effectively, digital activism can also turn into a potential career path. As social issues and challenges become more complex, we ought to find innovative ways to address them, and I urge young advocates and activists to utilise social media to help raise awareness of the injustices they see. You can start small by using a hashtag or participating in an online social movement trend. Consider using social media or even a blog the next time your church’s youth group wants to address drug abuse or when your local biology club wants to help raise awareness of the impacts of climate change. Your Digital Activism does not have to be elaborate and extensive. In my opinion, it does not matter the size of your impact because helping even one person is better than helping none at all.
Brian Smith and his wife at the Black Owned Businesses Mixer.
Facial Expressions
THE study of dentistry is by no means confined to the mouth and teeth. In fact, initial courses are designed “not to treat teeth but to treat people with teeth.” Such training is essential when we learn, for example, that the adage ‘the eyes are the windows to the soul’ may be accurate, as humans learn in early childhood to manipulate facial expressions to fit a given social situation, which in turn allows them to engage in deceitful behaviour. A person who is angry with their superior may display a social smile rather than an angry scowl when asking for a raise.
When observing others, most people focus on the lower part of the face. However, if a person’s true feelings are “leaked” to the observer, they are more likely to appear on the upper face and may easily be missed. Studies show that the lower portion of the face (nose, lips, and cheeks) is more active than the upper face (eyes, brows, and forehead) when individuals engage in deceitful intentions.
To better understand the brain’s recognition and processing of facial manifestations of emotion, researchers briefly showed 50 people line drawings of human faces displaying different emotions on the upper versus lower face, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and neutrality. Participants viewed the drawings in either the left or right visual field and most often identified the lower face emotion, regardless of the visual field. When subjects were instructed to focus on the upper face, they did so best when pictures were shown in the left visual field (processed by the brain’s right side). However, most continued to identify the lower facial emotion when viewing in the right visual field (processed by the brain’s left side).
Recognition of emotional displays on the lower face appears to be processed by the brain’s left hemisphere as part of the social- or learned-emotional system, whereas emotional displays on the upper face appear to be processed in the brain’s right hemisphere as part of the primary- or inborn-emotional system. These findings help us gain a better understanding of the neurological basis for effective communication, which will enhance a physician’s ability to assess how diseases, such as stroke and dementia, alter these functions.
People may naturally focus on the lower face to aid in speech comprehension during a conversation, especially in noisy environments. Social conventions may also play a role, as many cultures consider it unacceptable to look someone directly in the eyes, fearing the “evil eye.” This may be interpreted as aggressive or threatening behaviour similar to those observed in certain animal species.
A natural curve for acquiring the skills to read facial displays of emotion begins in early childhood. We certainly can train ourselves to pay more attention to upper facial displays to better read a person’s true emotional state. For example, judges can learn to detect if a person may be guilty of a crime by reading their facial expressions when first confronted by an accuser in court. However, this ability has a downside due to social conventions.
Climate change, renewable energy, low...
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“renewable power” or “clean energy” because they are supplied by nature and do not produce carbon or leave any environmental footprints.
Alongside this energy transition, reforestation efforts and the preservation of existing forests are critical. In Guyana, forests are maintained and protected, serving as a carbon sink to balance emissions from oil extraction.
Guyana’s drive against Climate Change led to the establishment of the Guyana Energy Agency (GEA), which encourages the use of clean and renewable energy. Dr Mahender Sharma, the GEA’s Director, has highlighted several achievements: 30,000 solar panels were installed in riverine and hinterland homes, each unit equipped with 2 nine-watt LED lamps, a twelve-watt fan, and a charger. Solar farms were set up, including a 1 MW farm in Linden, a 1.5 MW farm in Bartica, and a 0.6 MW farm in Leguan, as well as hydropower plants at Kumu (1.5 MW) and Moco Moco (0.7 MW).
This access to electricity has greatly improved the quality of life in hinterland regions. Mobile phones can now be charged, schools have access to TV and educational channels, and people can use the Internet. Health centres that were previously limited at night now benefit from electricity.
Guyana’s commitment to renewable energy and forest preservation effectively balances its carbon emissions from oil extraction, giving it the proud status of a carbon-neutral nation.
It is vital for Guyanese citizens to understand these terms, as climate change and its associated concepts are of growing importance to their future.
THOUGHT FOR TODAY
When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property. PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826) Remark to Baron von Hum- boldt, 1807, Rayner, Life of Jefferson (1834), p. 356
NOVEMBER 03, 2024
Dear Student, Welcome dear reading friend. Sometimes to help you understand and evaluate the information given in a passage, you are asked to compare several passages on the same subject. Go ahead to make mental comparisons between what you already know and the amount of information each new text brings to you as well as its possible bias. Anyway, know that comparing several texts is only one way of systematizing what usually takes place in your mind when you read. Be wise.
Love you.
READING THE PASSSAGE
A.. Recognising equivalence and the use of general words to cover more specific ones
Reminders:
1) A synonym is a phrase or word that has the exact meaning as another phrase or word o (or nearly the same meaning) in the same language. For example, ‘beautiful’ and ‘attractive’ are synonyms of each other because they both refer to someone or something that looks good.
2) An antonym is a word that meansthe opposite of another word. For instance, the antonym of ‘wet’ may be ‘dry.’ However, do remember that a word may have more than one antonym.
The root words for the word ‘antonym’ are the words ‘anti,’ meaning ‘against’ or ‘opposite,’ and ‘onym,’ meaning ‘name.’
3) Equivalence means a state or fact or property of being equivalent; equality in value, force, significance, etc. an instance of this; an equivalent. Chemistry. the quality of having equal valence.
Also expressed,the relation regarding two statements:– ascertain if they are either both true or both false so that to affirm one and to deny the other would result in a contradiction.
Read the passage carefully and then answer the question set after it.
The throw-away spirit or the spirit of wastefulness has become part of American life and consumption only keeps rising. Besides, according to the economists, we depend so much on this wasting and buying that people will probably be encouraged to consume even more in the years to come if the US economy is to prosper. In other words, these marketing experts say that ‘the average citizen will have to step up his buying by nearly per cent in the next dozen years, or the economy will sicken.’ This means that the producer of household commodities, i.e. a television manufacturer, will have to find some new means of making further sales since nine out of ten American homes nowadays have one television have one television set. He could, for
instance, launch a campaign to induce people to have a second TV set – or one for each member of the family – or he could produce a TV set so sophisticated that people would wish to replace their old set.
(From Vance Packard’s “The Waste Makers”)
a) Find at least one instance of synonym.
b) Find at least one instance of antonym.
c) Find at least three markers of equivalence. Which of these three words (produce(s): i) an example; ii) a rephrasing of what has been said before; and iii) an equivalent expression?
d) Using general words to cover more specific ones: i) As an instance of ‘producer of household commodities’, the writer mentions -------.
ii) In the passage, the word ‘marketing expert’ is one instance (i.e. it is less general) of what the writer meant when using the word ‘economist’ before. The relationship between two words can be shown as follows: economist -→ marketing expert.
Now follow the example and complete the following relationship.
Producer of household commodities -→ -------.
READING THE POEM
Note: a) That poetry is the language of human souls, and that they are sincere, precise, stylish records of human feelings and thinking are among the praises of poets. These stalwarts are a special breed of influential writers of lines which can help readers to realise how wonderful and exciting it is to discover the world anew.
b) Connotation is what meaning a word suggests or implies. A connotation includes the emotions or associations that surround a word.Word specialists say that, for example, the word ‘independent’ can mean unfriendly, standoffish, private, impartial self-sufficient in different contexts.
Read the following poem and see how it makes you aware of the beauty as well as the fragility of starfish and then answer the helpful questions that follow.
They were lovely in the quartz and jasper sand
As if they had created terrariums with their bodies
On purpose; adding sprigs of seaweed, seashells, White feathers, eel bones, miniature Mussels, a fish jaw. Hundreds; no –Thousands of baby stars. We touched them, Surprised to find them soft, pliant, almost Living in their attitudes. We would dry them, arrange them.
Form seascapes, geodesics … We gathered what we could
In the approaching darkness. Then we left hundreds of
Thousands of flawless five-fingered specimens sprawled
Along the beach as far as we could see, all massed Together: little martyrs, soldiers, artless suicides
In lifelong liberation from the sea. So many
Splayed hands, the tide shoveled in.
1. What is the meaning of each of these terms found in the poem? jasper; terrariums; geodesics; artless; martyrs; splayed
2. Why does the poet associate ‘terrariums’ with the starfish?
3. What characteristics of the starfish does the poet pay special attention to in the first ten lines of the poem?
4. a) What are the connotations of the word ‘specimens’ in line 11?
b) What is the effect of the words ‘sprawled’ (line 11) and ‘shoveled’ in (line 15)?
c) How do these words signal a shift in the poet’s attitude toward starfish?
5. a) What sound devices does the poet use?
b) Where are these devices used for emphasis?
